Big IV Borneo

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA

AND SURROUNDING AREAS
3rd Edition, April 2011
J.T. VAN GORSEL
IV. BORNEO
www.vangorselslist.com
IV. BORNEO
This chapter of the bibliography contains about 1490 titles on the Borneo region, about 875 of which are from
the Indonesian side of Borneo island (Kalimantan). It is subdivided in three chapters:
IV.1. Borneo General, Kalimantan, Mahakam Delta
IV.2. North Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei)
IV.3. Makassar Straits.
The island of Borneo is subdivided among three countries, Indonesian Kalimantan in the South and Brunei and
East Malaysia (Sarawak and Sabah) in the North. Although the absence of present-day major earthquakes
and active volcanism makes it look like a relatively stable block, its Cretaceous- Miocene history is one of
great tectonic activity.
Early sketch map of Borneo, showing distribution of Jurassic-Cretaceous Danau Fm oceanic deposits (Molengraaff 1909).
Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 1 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

IV.1. Borneo (General, Kalimantan, Mahakam Delta)
Borneo consists of a core of Paleozoic or older continental crust metamorphic rocks in the SW part of the
island. The 'traditional' interpretation has been that SW Kalimantan is part of the 'Sundaland' complex of
Gondwana-derived plates (together with South China, Indochina, East Malaya) that had been part of Eurasia
since the Permian-Triassic (e.g. Metcalfe 1987). More recently it was proposed to be a separate microplate
that broke off the NW Australia margin as late as Jurassic ('Argoland'; Hall et al. 2009, Metcalfe 2010). This
requires that the NW part of Kalimantan is a separate microplate (Semitau Block of Metcalfe (2010), because
its Late Carboniferous- Jurassic faunas clearly belong in the 'Cathaysian' realm, not Gondwana. Debate on
this will undoubtedly continue.
Paleomagnetic data suggest SW Borneo has been near the equator at least since the Jurassic, and rotated
counterclockwise by about 90 since the Jurassic, a bout 50 since the Cretaceous. These results have b een
consistent between three separate academic groups and are therefore rather compelling.
The SW Borneo continental terrane is intruded by a belt of late Early Cretaceous Schwaner Mts granite
batholiths (~100-130 Ma; Williams et al. 1989), which are the exhumed deeper parts of a volcanic arc that
formed above a South-dipping subduction of the 'Proto-China Sea' oceanic plate.
Younger arc volcanics include a Late Cretaceous (Campanian; ~75-80 Ma) belt of smaller granite plutons in
the Kalimantan- Sarawak border area and possible multiple Tertiary belts, like the Middle Eocene Nyaan
Volcanics. The youngest and best-defined belt is the Late Oligocene- Early Miocene (~30-16 Ma) Sintang
Intrusives belt, which is associated with several gold mines.
The North side of the SW Borneo continental core is a series of Cretaceous-Miocene accretionary complexes.
The oldest of these is the (Late Jurassic?-) Early Cretaceous melange of radiolarian cherts, red siliceous
shales and ultrabasic rocks ('Danau Fm' of Molengraaff, 1910), also called Semitau/ Selangkai/ Boyan
Melange, Kapuas Complex, Telen- Kelinjau melange, etc.) (see also next chapter on N Borneo). This old
melange belt may continue East as far as the Mangkalihat Peninsula (often portrayed as a microcontinental
block, but nearest Pre-Tertiary outcrops and well penetrations look more like 'Danau melange').
N-S cross-section Semitau area, NW Kalimantan (Molengraaf 1902).
N-S cross-section Sarawak-N Kalimantan border area (Molengraaff 1902). Showing from left: intensely deformed 'Old
Slate Fm' of U Kapuas Mts (2), folded Mesozoic Danau Fm (3), unconformably overlain by Cretaceous claystone (12a) and
Tertiary sandstone Fm (16), overlain by young volcanics (32).
The Meratus Mountains in SE Kalimantan, with its outcrops of melange and serpentinites and associated
oceanic crust rocks, have long been regarded as a suture zone between colliding continental blocks at the SE
edge of Sundaland. There is indeed ample evidence of mid-Cretaceous age (~90 Ma) ophiolite obduction, with
a blueschist-grade metamorphic sole, but the ophiolite sheet is nearly flat and it is not clear (1) whether the
subduction zone was NW or SE dipping, and (2) what collided here. The present relief of the Meratus

Mountains is the result of post-Middle Miocene uplift, and does not necessarily parallel Cretaceous basement
grain.
The melange below the ophiolite contains radiolarian cherts, varying in age from early Middle Jurassic to late
Early Cretaceous, representing the ages of the pelagic cover scraped off during subduction. This suggests the
age of subducted oceanic crust was at least partly older than M Jurassic ('Meso-Tethys' oceanic plate?).
Ophiolite obduction in the Meratus Mountains was followed by a period of Late Cretaceous arc volcanism,
mainly in a marine environment.
The E-W trending Melawi and Ketungau sedimentary basins formed across C Kalimantan, probably mainly in
the Early Tertiary, and may link to the West Kutai basin. The Melawi Basin is probably older than the Ketungau
Basin, and the two are separated by the Late Cretaceous 'Boyan melange'/ 'Semitau High'. Heryanto (1991)
interpreted these as forearc basins between N-migrating uplifted accretionary prisms, filled with clastics
derived from these uplifting Boyan and Lubuk Antu accretionary complexes in the North. Thick sandstones and
non-marine and brackish-water facies make dating difficult.
The Kutai Basin of E Kalimantan probably has the thickest sediment fill (12-14 km) of all Indonesian basins. It
has been suggested that parts are underlain by oceanic crust (Wain and Berod,1989, Moss 1998). Part of the
accommodation was tied to extension during the M Eocene and younger rifting of the Makassar Straits, but
parts have to be older.
Significant angular unconformities have been reported from the Kutai and Tarakan basins in the late Middle
Eocene and around the Early- Middle Miocene boundary (Achmad and Samuel 1984, Moss 1998, etc.). These
two uplift/ early inversion events have been linked to the Luconia and Dangerous Grounds/ Palawan
continental blocks collisions at the N margin of Borneo.
W-E cross-section Kutai Basin near Samarinda and Sanga-Sanga oilfield, E Kalimantan (Jezler, 1916)
Most of Borneo island shows evidence of kilometers of young uplift. The Schwaner Mountains granite plutons
formed at >6 km depth, and are now in outcrop. Maturation and diagenesis of Early Tertiary sediments in the
West Kutai basin, etc., suggest up to 5 km of erosion. The Mount Kinabalu granite rose over 6 km in the last 7
million years. Some of this uplift was early, around the E-M Miocene boundary, much of it is of Pliocene and
younger age.
Most of the oil and gas fields in Kalimantan are along the East coast, in the Mahakam and Tarakan delta
complexes and associated Makassar Straits deep-water slope channel and submarine fan deposits. The
Tanjung field in the Barito basin is one of the few fields producing from Late Eocene sandstones.
Hydrocarbons have also been found in the Eocene of the NE Kutai Basin, but are uneconomic,
Eocene and Oligo-Miocene carbonates are present in all E Kalimantan basins, but, with the exception of the
non-commercial Kerendan gas field in the upper Kutai basin, have not yielded any hydrocarbons.
Finally, several areas of Kalimantan has been known to yield diamonds. They are all in alluvial deposits and
their origin is unknown. Some yielded Archean ages (3.1 Ga; Smith et al. 2009) and somehow must have
come from a Gondwanan terrane. A series of papers have speculated on their origin, but no definitive answers
have been presented yet.

Suggested reading- Kalimantan
General, Tectonics Molengraaff (1910), Haile (1974), Hartono (1984, 1985), Doutch (1992), Van de Weerd
and Armin (1992), Simanjuntak (1999), Tate (2001)
CCW Rotations: Haile et al. (1977), Untung et al. (1987), Schmidtke et al. (1990), Fuller et al. (1991,
1999), Sunata and Wahyono (1991, 1998)
Tertiary Stratigraphy: Leupold and Van der Vlerk (1931), Baumann (1972), Samuel and Muchsin (1975),
Achmad and Samuel (1984), Pieters et al. (1987), Tate (1991), Heryanto (1993, 2000)
Paleozoic- Mesozoic fauna: Martin (1888, 1889, 1898), Krekeler (1932), Von Koenigswald (1939),
Rutten (1943, 1947), Schairer and Zeiss (1992)
Igneous complexes, Minerals: Williams and Harahap (1986), Williams et al. (1984-1990), Simmons and Brown
(1990), Van Leeuwen et al. (1990), Harahap (1993, 1996), Suparka (1995), Abidin and
Sukardi (1997), Hartono et al. (1999), Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1999), Amiruddin (2009),
Prouteau et al. (1996, 2001), Davies et al. (2004, 2008), Hartono (2003, 2006)
W Kalimantan: Molengraaff (1902), Wing Easton (1904), Loth (1920), Ter Bruggen (1935),
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven (1939), Williams et al. (1986, 1990)
Melawi-Ketungau basins: Martin (1898), Rose and Hartono (1978), Williams et al. (1984), Heryanto (1991-1996),
Yulihanto et al. (2006), Passe et al. (2008)
Tarakan Basin: Samuel (1980), Achmad and Samuel (1984), Wight et al. (1993),
Biantoro et al. (1996), Lentini and Darman (1996), Noon et al. (2003),
Subroto et al. (2005), Sukanta et al. (2009)
Kutei Basin: Ubaghs (1936), Samuel and Muchsin (1975), Panigoro (1983), Nuay et al. (1985),
Land and Jones (1987), Ott (1987), Van de Weerd et al. (1987), Moss (1988),
Sunaryo et al, (1988), Wain and Berod (1989), Biantoro et al. (1992, 1994),
Saller et al. (1992, 1993), Sardjono and Rotinsulu (1992), Chambers and Daley (1995,
1997), Bates (1996), Stuart et al. (1996), Tanean et al. (1996), Paterson et al. (1997),
Endharto (1997), Ferguson and Clay (1997), Paterson et al. (1997), Cloke et al.
(1997, 1999), Moss (1998), Moss and Finch (1998), Guritno and Chambers (1999),
Moss and Chambers (1999), Chambers and Moss (1999), Feriansyah et al. (1999),
Saller and Vijaya (2002), Chambers et al. (2004), Camp et al. (2009)
Mahakam Delta: Gerard and Oesterle (1973), Allen et al. (1976, 1979), Loiret and Mugniot (1982),
Carbonel and Moyes (1987), Allen and Chambers (1998), Duval et al. (1998),
Sidi et al. (1998), Peters et al. (1999), McClay et al. (2000), Nummedal et al. (2000),
Peters et al. (2000), Snedden et al. (2001),Lambert et al. (2003),
Roberts and Sydow (2003), Subroto et al. (2006), Cibaj et al. (2007- 2010)
Barito basin: Hooze (1893), Verbeek (1875), Krol (1920, 1925), Siregar and Sunaryo (1980),
Campbell and Ardhana (1988), Kusuma and Darin (1989), Mason et al. (1993),
Rotinsulu et al. (1993), Satyana et al. (1993-1999), Bon et al. (1996)
Meratus Mts: Priyomarsono (1986), Sikumbang (1986, 1990), Yuwono et al. (1988),
Wakita et al. (1997, 1998), Koji et al. (1998), Parkinson et al. (1998),
Monnier et al (1999), Pubellier et al. (1999), Hartono et al. (1999),
Hartono (2000), Satyana and Armandita (2008)
Oil and gas fields: Courteney et al (1991) + too many to include here; see bibliography
Diamonds: Wing Easton (1894), Krol (1922), Witkamp (1932), Koolhoven (1935), Bergman et al.
(1987, 1988), Spencer et al. (1988), Burgath and Mohr (1991), Smith et al. (2009)

The geology of onshore North Borneo is mainly represented by a series of W-E to SW-NE trending
accretionary complexes, composed of intensely folded, predominantly South-dipping, imbricated deep water
sediments of Early Cretaceous to Middle Miocene age, with fragments of ophiolitic rocks. These demonstrate
that the North Borneo margin was a long-lived active margin, with subduction of 'Proto-South China Sea'
oceanic crust to the South, under Kalimantan/ Sundaland, creating E-W trending volcanic arc systems in
Kalimantan. This subduction zone may be traced Westward towards the Natuna- Anambas islands, and
possibly links to the N Vietnam- SE China ' Yenshanian' magmatic arc.
The long duration of subduction suggests subduction of a large oceanic plate. The presence of latest Jurassic
and Early Cretaceous age radiolarian chert blocks in the accretionary prism (Jasin 1996, 2000) suggest the
subducting ocean crust was of Late Jurassic or older age. It was therefore probably not a South China Sea-
type marginal basin, but may have been part of an early Pacific Ocean sea floor (Aitchison 1994, Honza et al.
2000).
Multiple accretionary complexes have been distinguished and named, younging in N direction. The oldest
complex is mainly in North Kalimantan and was called the Danau Formation by Molengraaff (1910), who
already recognized these folded radiolarian cherts, red siliceous shales and ultrabasic rocks as oceanic
deposits. It is of (latest Jurassic?-) Early Cretaceous age. In the N Kutai Basin this is known as Telen- Kelinjau
melange.
Further North, straddling the Kalimantan- Sarawak border, is the Late Cretaceous (Santonian)- E Eocene
Rajang- East Crocker Belt (Embaluh Group in Kalimantan). It is unconformably succeeded in onshore
Sarawak and Sabah by the Late Eocene- Early Miocene West Crocker Belt.
The closing of the ocean basin was probably diachronous, and was punctuated by microplate collisions, like
the Luconia/ Miri Block collision, which caused a Middle-Late Eocene uplift event in onshore N Borneo
('Sarawak Orogeny').
Subduction and arc volcanism ceased completely by the end of the Early Miocene (~16 Ma), after collision of
the Dangerous Grounds-Palawan Block ('Sabah orogeny'). This also stopped the opening of the South China
Sea and caused uplift across much of N Borneo- Kalimantan, leading to major acceleration of progradation of
deltas around the E-M Miocene boundary in Sarawak and the Tarakan, Kutai and Barito basins in Kalimantan.
Except for the large Miri oil field, discovered in 1919, all North Borneo oil and gas discoveries are in the
offshore. Two main hydrocarbon play areas may be distinguished, the oil-prone M Miocene- E Pliocene Baram
Delta system in the East (off Brunei- Sabah) and the gas-prone Luconia Province in the West (off W Sarawak),
with Oligocene sandstone and M-L Miocene carbonate reservoirs. Useful recent summaries of N Borneo
hydrocarbon provinces are in Sandal et al. (1996) and Petronas (1999).
Suggested reading- North Borneo
Text Books: Liechti et al. (1960), Sandal et al. (1996), Hutchison (2005)
Tectonics: Kirk (1968), Haile (1969), McManus and Tate (1983), Levell (1987),
Hutchison (1988-2010), Tjia (1988), Hinz et al. (1989), Rangin et al. (1990),
Tongkul (1990-2006), Tate (1992), Hazebroek and Tan (1993),
Tongkul (1994), Omang (1995, 1996), Swauger et al (1995, 2000),
Omang and Barber (1996), Clenell (1996), Milsom et al. (1997),
Ismail (1999), Leong (1999), Balaguru et al. (2003), Morley et al. (2003),
Tingay et al. (2005, 2009), Morley and Back (2008), Balaguru and
Hall (2009), Cottam et al. (2010), Cullen (2010), King et al. (2010)
W Sarawak Paleozoic- Mesozoic: Cummings (1961), Bayliss (1966), Sanderson (1966), Kon'no (1972),
Tamura and Hon (1977), Fontaine (1990), Beauvais and Fontaine (1990),
Vachard (1990), Jasin and Said (1999), Jasin (2000),
Takuya and Takeshi (2002), Sakamoto and Ishibashi (2002)

Accretionary complexes: Molengraaff (1910; Danau), Stauffer (1967), Tan (1982), Benard et al. (1990),
Aitchison (1994), Hutchison (1994, 1996), Tongkul (1987-2006),
Harahap (1995- Boyan), Moss (1998; Embaluh), Honza et al. (2000),
Crevello (2001), Van Hattum et al. (2003, 2006), Lambiase et al. (2008)
Hydrocarbons- Mio-Pliocene clastics: Redfield (1922), Wilford (1961), Schaar (1976), Rijks (1981),
Johnson et al. (1989), Ismail et al. (1995), Koopman and Schreurs (1996),
Carter et al. (1997), Mat-Zin and Swarbrick (1997), Schreurs (1997),
Graves and Swauger (1997), Tan et al. (1999), Bait (2003),
Darman and Damit (2003), Saller and Blake (2003), Ingram et al. (2004)
Hydrocarbons- Luconia carbonate play: Ho Kiam Fui (1978), Epting (1980, 1989), Doust (1981), Ho (1990),
Madon and Hassan (1999), Vahrenkamp et al. (1998, 2004), Ho et al. (2003),
Bracco et al. (2004), Zampetti et al. (2004), Kob and Ali (2008)
IV.3. Makassar Straits

The deep water Makassar Straits today is a major faunal dividing line (Wallace's Line) between predominantly
Asian flora and fauna to the West and more Australian in the East. Geologically it is not a major tectonic
suture, but an Eocene rift basin, which widens to the North into the Celebes Sea, in which M-L Eocene
oceanic crust was penetrated by ODP wells. It formed on the Cretaceous accretionary crust of the (now)
eastern side of Borneo and separated a slice off E Borneo to form West Sulawesi in the Middle Eocene.
There is ongoing debate on how much of Makassar Straits is underlain by oceanic crust (probably more
common in North) versus highly extended continental crust (dominant in South).
Deep water hydrocarbon discoveries include gas and oil in Miocene- Pliocene submarine fan and slope
channel sands in front of the Mahakam Delta.
Suggested reading
Tectonics: Burollet and Salle (1981), Situmorang (1982), Untung et al. (1985),
Cloke et al. (1999), Fraser and Ichram (1999), Guntoro (1999),
Moss et al. (2000), Lin et al (2005), Nur'Aini et al (2005), Hall et al. (2009)
Deep water hydrocarbon exploration: Lumadyo (1999), Musgrove et al. (1999), Saller et al. (2000),
Guritno et al. (2003), McKee and Dunham (2006), Sawada et al. (2007),
Sugiaman et al. (2007), Heri et al. (2009), Siregar et al. (2010)

III. BORNEO
IV.1. Borneo General, Kalimantan, Mahakam Delta
Abidin, H.Z. (1996)- Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic and subvolcanic rocks from the Muyup gold
prospect: implications for the tectonic development of the east Central Kalimantan volcanic belt. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. 6, 57, p. 209.
Abidin, H.Z. (1998)- The tectonic history and mineral deposits of the east-Central Kalimantan volcanic belt,
Indonesia; a comparative study of the Kelian, Muyup and Masa Ria gold deposits. Ph.D Thesis University of
Adelaide, 260 p.
(East-Central Kalimantan Early Miocene volcanic belt as result of subduction of South China Sea plate below
Kalimantan. Andesitic and dacitic volcanics are host to several gold deposits in Kutai (Kelian, Muyup) and
Barito (Masupa Ria) basins)
Abidin, H.Z. (1998)- The genesis of Muyup gold prospect, East Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 8, 81, p.
10-22.
Abidin, H.Z. (2003)- Occurrence of coal seams within the Lower Tanjung Formation, Astambul District, South
Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 13, 139, p. 2-
Abidin, H.Z. & A.S. Hakim (2001)- Dismembered ophiolite complex in Mt. Kukusan Area, Batulicin District,
South Kalimantan: synthetic origin and economic important. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 28,
p. 75-88.
(Kukusan area, E of Meratus Mts, SE Kalimantan, dismembered ophiolite complex with ultramafic rocks, chert
and volcanic flows. Ultramafic rocks dominate and consist of dunite, serpentinite, harzburgite. Reddish chert
outcrops in N area, formed in deep sea environment and structural contact with ultramafics. Origin of Kukusan
ophiolite complex still controversial (obduction or plutonic intrusion, maybe result of Oligocene W-ward
obduction of E Sulawesi ophiolite and Miocene- Pliocene collision of Sula micro continents)
Abidin, H.Z. & B.H. Harahap (1996)- Geochemistry of young volcanic rocks from the Kelian gold prospect,
East Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (J. Geol. Min. Res.) 60, 4, p. 2-8.
Abidin, H.Z., P.E. Pieters & D. Sudana (1993)- Geology of the Long Pahangai Sheet, Kalimantan 1:250,000.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(C Kalimantan map sheet, showing Permo-Triassic Busang Fm igneous and metamorphic rocks, overlain by
folded Cretaceous Selangkai Gp sediments, unconformably overlain by near-horizontal Late Eocene sediments.
In North Embaluh melange composed of imbricated Late K- Paleo-Eocene sediments and some Danau
ultramafics. Late Oligocene- E Miocene Sintang andesite intrusives, etc.)
Abidin, H.Z. & E Rusmana (1997)- Petrology and geochemistry of the Tertiary volcanic/sub volcanic rock from
the Masupa Ria Gold prospect, East Kalimantan. Proc. 26th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 237-
253.
Abidin, H.Z. & Sukardi (1997)- Geochronology and geology of the East-Central Kalimantan volcanic belt,
Indonesia. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 7, 64, 8 p.
(Calk-alkaline volcanic belt ~400 km long across C and E Kalimantan. K-Ar age dates of magmatism from 14.2
- 24.6 +/- 0.4 Ma (E Miocene) and 1.53 - 0.97 Ma (Pleistocene))
Achmad, Z. & L. Samuel (1984)- Stratigraphy and depositional cycles in NE Kalimantan basins. Proc. 13th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 109-120.
(Stratigraphy of NE Kalimantan Basin can be grouped into five major depositional cycles. )
Addison, R., R.K. Harrison, D.H. Land & B.R. Young (1983)- Volcanogenic tonsteins from Tertiary coal
measures, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int. J. Coal Geol. 3, 1, p. 1-30.

(Laterally persistent tonsteins (kaolinite-mudstones of wide stratigraphical extent), up to 30 cm thick, in coal
seams and associated sediments in Miocene SSW of Samarinda. Probably of volcanogenic origin)
Ade, W.C., I.T. McMahon & W. Suwarlan (1988)- Seismic lithology (AVO) interpretation at the Badak and
Nilam fields in the Sanga Sanga Block, Kalimantan. Proc. 17th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 325-358.
(On Badak and Nilam gas-oil fields 7.4 and 6.0 TCF original gas in place. Seismic amplitude responses can be
used to detect gas sands)
Adriansyah, P. Sembiring, M. Badri & A. Akhtar (2005)- High frequency borehole seismic acquisition and its
applications for reservoir delineation of the Bunyu Field, Onshore Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 30st Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 391-404.
Akuanbatin, H. & T. Rosandi (1983)- Lingkungan pengendapan Formasi Tabul dan Formasi Tarakan serta
hubungannya dengan potensi hidrokarbon di Pulau Bunyu. Proc. 12th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI),
p. 9-20.
('Depositional environment of the Tabul and Tarakan Formations and relations with hydrocorarbons on Bunyu
Island')
Akuanbatin, H., T. Rosandi & L. Samuel (1984)- Depositional environment of the hydrocarbon bearing Tabul,
Santul and Tarakan Formations at Bunyu Island, NE Kalimantan. Proc. 13th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
p. 425-441.
(Bunyu Island up to 80 hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir zones between 500-2500m in M Miocene- Pleistocene
deltaic deposits. Overall shallowing-upward series, progradation from W and SW)
Alam, H., D.W. Paterson, N. Syarifuddin, I. Busono & S.G. Corbin (1999)- Reservoir potential of carbonate
rocks in the Kutai Basin region, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 203-214.
(Kutai Basin few carbonate reservoirs: Oligocene (Bebulu Lst)- Late Miocene (Dian Lst). Build-ups composed
of platy-corals, encrusting red algae and larger benthic foraminifera. Generally isolated mounds, up to 1000
thick. Primary porosity preservation generally poor, due to calcite cementation. Secondary porosity
sevelopment limited, due to retardation of subsurface fluid flow by non-permeable layers, and absence of
subaerial exposure dissolution and karstification. Porosity mainly vugs, best in coarse-grained shelf-margin
facies, not filled by calcite cement. Early hydrocarbon migration may retard diagenesis and preserve porosity)
Albrecht, J.C.H. (1946)- Contributions to the geology of the region between Soengai Klindjau and Soengai
Belajan, Northern Koetai, Borneo. Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Utrecht, Kemink, Utrecht, 115 p.
(Study of N Kutai Basin samples collected by Witkamp 1922-1925, incl. Eocene limestones w. Pellatispira/
Biplanispira)
Allen, G.P. (1985)- Deltaic sediments in Modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta. Field Guide to Indonesian
Petroleum Association Excursion. IPA, p.
Allen, G.P. (1996)- Sedimentary facies and reservoir geometry in a mixed fluvial and tidal delta system- the
Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Petrol. Expl. Soc. Australia J. 24, p. 140-155.
Allen, G.P. & J.L.C. Chambers (1998)- Sedimentation in the modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta. Indonesian
Petrol. Assoc. Guidebook, 236p.
Allen, G.P. & J.L.C. Chambers (1998)- Regional setting of the Mahakam Delta. In: Sedimentation in the
modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta, IPA Fieldtrip Guidebook, Chapter 6, p. 79-89.
Allen, G.P. & J.L.C. Chambers (1998)- Regional geology and stratigraphy of the Kutei basin. In: Sedimentation
in the modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta, IPA Fieldtrip Guidebook, Chapter 9, p. 159-171.
(Brief overview tectonic history and stratigraphy Kutei basin)

Allen, G.P., D. Laurier & J.M. Thouvenin (1976)- Sediment distribution patterns in the modern Mahakam
Delta. Proc. 5th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 159-178.
(First of many Allen studies on modern Mahakam Delta deposits)
Allen, G.P., D. Laurier & J. Thouvenin (1979)- Etude sedimentologique du delta de la Mahakam. TOTAL
Comp. Franc. Petroles, Notes et Memoires 15, 156 p.
('Sedimentological study of the Mahakam Delta'. Comprehensive study of sedimentology of modern Mahakam
Delta, a mixed tide- and fluvial delta in a humid equatorial climate )
Allen, G.P. & F. Mercier (1994)- Reservoir facies and geometry in mixed tide and fluvial-dominated delta
mouth bars: example from the Modern Mahakam Delta (East Kalimantan). Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 1, p. 261-273.
Amarullah, D., U. Margani, S.N. Priatna, Priono & Sudiro (2002)- Inventarisasi dan evaluasi endapan batubara
Kapubaten Barito Selatan dan Barito Utara, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Kolokium Direktorat Inventarisasi
Sumber Daya Mineral,(DIM) 2002, p. 20/1- 20/19.
(Inventory and evaluation of coal deposits in South and North Barito Districts, Kalimantan)
Amarullah, D. & D.P. Simatupang (2009)- Coal bed methane potential of Tanjung Formation in Tanah Bumbu,
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Amiruddin (2000)- Characteristics of Cretaceous Singkawang and Triassic Sanggau batholiths, West
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19, 3, p. 167-176.
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batholiths, tied to 'mid'-Cretaceous subduction of oceanic crust below continent, emplaced from 86- 129 Ma
and (2) two belts of 'Caledonian-type' 'post-collisional' Late Cretaceous (75-81 Ma) isolated plutons, the E-W
trending Sambas- Mangkalihat belt and Meratus)
Amiruddin & Andi Mangga (1999)- Geochemistry of Cretaceous peraluminous granite plutons in head water of
the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (J. Geol. Min. Res., GRDC) 9, 88, p. 2-10.
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Anonymous (1921)- Yzerertsafzetting in Borneo. Verslagen Meded. Indische Delfstoffen en Hare

Toepassingen, Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.- Indie, Bandung, 9, p.
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Anshari, G., A.P. Kershaw & S. Van der Kaars & G. Jacobsen (2004)- Environmental change and peatland
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low diversity with Psilonichnus, Skolithos, Ophiomorpha, Monocraterion, Teichichnus, Arenicolites, Planolites,
Thallasinoides, escaping traces and Glossifungites ichnofacies; (2) estuarine tidal bar, balanced diversity with
Psilonichnus, Ophiomorpha, Arenicolites, Skolithos, Siponichnus, Monocraterion, Paleophycus, Helminthopsis,
Teichichnus, Planolites, Chondrites, Paleodictyon, crawling traces, and vertebrate tracks; (3) interdistributary
area, medium diversity/ high bioturbation with Arenicolites, Ophiomorpha, Conichnus, Skolithos,
Scaubcylindrichnus, Diplocraterion, Rosselia, Teichichnus, Chondrites; (4) mouth bar, with Ophiomorpha,
Planolites, grazing traces, crawling traces, fecal casting, and abundant Skolithos like dwelling tubes)
Armein, D. Woelandari & A. Bachtiar (1998)- Identifikasi fosil rombakan di lapisan Miosen cekungan Kutai
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Atmawinata, S., N. Ratman & Baharuddin (1995)- Geological map of the Muara Ancalong Quadrangle,
Kalimantan, 1: 250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
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implication to hydrocarbon potential in Kutai Basin, based on outcrop observation. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon.
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(Samarinda area outcrop section description of 200m of M Miocene (N9-N14) tide-influenced delta plain-delta
front facies)
Aziz, S. (1999)- Alluvial diamond potential in the offshore South and West Kalimantan. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv.
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Bachtiar, A. (1993)- The inter-relationships of some maturity parameters of source rocks in Kutai Basin. Proc.
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Mutiara field area, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 26th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 85-104.
(Sedimentology of outcrop and seismic shotholes over Mutiara field, Sanga Sanga anticline, onshore Kutei
basin, SW of Mahakam delta. M-U Miocene Balikpapan- Kampung Baru Fm sediments of paleo-Mahakam
Delta. 30 shallow reservoir sands mapped (73% channels, others bar sandstones. Channel width- thickness
ratio around 50. Example of M Miocene paleogeography map showing S-ward prograding delta plain-front )
Baharuddin (1994)- The petrology and geochemistry of the Cretaceous Schwaner volcanic/ subvolcanic rocks
and its implication to the tectonic evolution of Sundaland. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1,
p. 271-290.
(Schwaner Mts Cretaceous E-W belt of Early Cretaceous granitoids (130-100 Ma). Also Late Cretaceous
Kerabai volcanics, probably associated with slow, low-angle subduction, and Tertiary volcanics (30-16 Ma))
Baharuddin (1999)- Petrology and mineral geochemistry of the Cretaceous volcanic and subvolcanic rocks from
the Schwaner Mountains, West Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Mineral 9, 89, p. 10-20.

Baharuddin (2002)- Cretaceous Selangkai Formation of West Kalimantan and its tectonic implication. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. 12, 123, p. 2-
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Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan, dan potensi mineral ekonomisnya. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ.
28, p. 61-73.
(Bobaris ophiolite complex along W flank of Meratus Mts, SE Kalimantan, is dismembered ophiolite sequence
emplaced in Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous)
Baharrudin, B. Djamal & B. Harahap (2003)- Geochemistry of the Tertiary rhyolite from West Kalimantan and
its geodynamic implications. Bul. Geologi 35, 2, p.
Baharuddin, P.E. Pieters, D. Sudana & S. Andi-Mangga (1993)- Geology of the Long Nawan sheet area,
Kalimantan. 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(C-E Kalimantan-Sarawak border area map, dominated by intensely folded Late K-Paleogene Embaluh Fm,
intruded by Late Cretaceous Topai granite, locally overlain by M Eocene Nyaan volcanics and Pliocene
Metulang Fm volcanics)
Baillie, P., H. Darman & T.H. Fraser (2004)- Deformation of Cenozoic basins of Borneo and Sulawesi. In: R.A.
Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and Frontier Exploration in Asia and Australasia Symp., Jakarta 2004,
Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 443-461.
(Geological evolution since Oligocene result of two opposing forces; opening of S China Sea which started in
Oligocene and W-directed compression as micro-continental material from Australian Plate moved W since
Miocene. Overall sinistral wrenching produced zones of deformation extending through Borneo that are loci of
Neogene delta systems. Neogene compression produced W Sulawesi Fold Belt)
Bambang, S. & L.M. Le Bel (1987)- Discovery of a new tin province, Long Laai area, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. In: C.S. Hutchison, (ed.) Tin and Tungsten Granites, Proc. IGCP Project 220 Mtg Sept. 1986,
Technical Bull., 6. SEATRAD Centre, Ipoh, p. 61-82.
Bassi, D., L. Hottinger & Y. Iryu (2009)- Reassessment of Boueina pacifica' Ishijima, 1978 (Orbitolininae,
Foraminiferida), formerly considered a green halimedacean alga. J. Foram. Res. 39, 2, p. 120-125.
(Boueina pacifica Ishijima 1978, from Aptian shallow-water carbonates at Seberuang, W. Kalimantan,
originally ascribed to halimedacean algae, but is an orbitolinid foraminifer. Type specimens no diagnostic
features to ally it to any genus or species of orbitolinids)
Bassoulet, P. (1984)- Study of hydrosedimentological processes within Barito Estuary, Delta Pulau Petak,
Kalimantan Indonesia. IFREMER Centre de Brest, 82 p.
(Barito estuary studied in 1983 for 40km from mouth. Upsteam limit of saline water in 1983 dry season 38 km
from mouth. )
Bassoulet, P., R. Djuwansah, D. Gouleau & C. Marius (1986)- Hydrosedimentological processes and soils of
the Barito estuary. Oceanologica Acta 9, 3, p. 217-226.
(Barito estuary studied for 40km from mouth. Controlled by tidal currents)
Batchelor, D.A.F. (1993)- Late Pleistocene sedimentation and landform development in western Kalimantan
(Indonesian Borneo); discussion. Geol. Mijnbouw 71, 3, p. 281-286.
(Critique of Thorp et al. 1990 paper)
Bates, J. (1996)- Overpressuring in the Kutai Basin: distribution, origin and implications for the petroleum
system. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 25, 1, p. 93-115.
(Overpressuring ubiquitous in Kutei Basin. Sequences affected by overpressuring younger from W to E,
consistent with easterly progradation. Primary mechanism for overpressure is Disequilibrium Compaction, and

is pervasive in sand-poor distal and deeper marine clastics. Three pressure zones: hydrostatic, transition and
hard overpressure. Large percentage of reserves in Transition Zone; commercially productive hydrocarbon
reservoirs not encountered in Hard Overpressure Zone in Sanga-Sanga PSC. Seal capacity of shales in
Transition Zone enhanced relative to Hydrostatic Zone and results in larger hydrocarbon columns)
Baumann, P. (1972)- Les faunes de foraminiferes de lEocene superieur a la base du Miocene dans le basin de
Pasir, Sud de Kalimantan. Rev. Inst. Franc. Petr. 27, 6, p. 817-829.
(Late Eocene- Early Miocene planktonic foraminifera zonation in Pasir Basin, SE Kalimantan)
Bazin, B., E. Brosse & F. Sommer (1997)- Chemistry of oil-field brines in relation to diagenesis of reservoirs 1.
Use of mineral stability fields to reconstruct in situ water composition. Example of the Mahakam Basin. Marine
Petrol. Geol. 14, 5, p. 481-495.
Beauchamp, J.B. (1980)- Seismic resolution in the Mahakam delta. Proc. 9th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
p. 327-349.
(Conventional seismic with average wave length of 100m not adequate to differentiate 20m thick sandstone
reservoirs)
Beets, C. (1941)- Eine Jungmiocane Mollusken-Fauna von der Halbinsel Mangkalihat, Ost-Borneo (nebst
Bermerkungen uber andere Faunen von Ost-Borneo; die Leitfossilien-Frage). Verhand. Geol.-Mijnbouwk. Gen.
Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser.13, p. 1-282.
(A Late Miocene mollusk fauna from the Mangkalihat Peninsula, E Kalimantan)
Beets, C. (1947)- On probably Pliocene fossils from the Mahakkam Delta region, East Borneo and from dessah
Garoeng (Lamongan), Java. Geol. Mijnbouw, N.S., 9, p. 200-203.
Beets, C. (1950)- On Quaternary Mollusca from the Islands of Boenjoe and Tarakan, E. Borneo. Leidse Geol.
Meded. 15, p. 241-264.
Beets, C. (1950)- On probably Young Miocene fossils from the coal concession Batoe Panggal near
Tenggarong (Samarinda), Eastern Borneo. Leidse Geol. Meded. 15, p. 265-281.
Beets, C. (1950)- On fossil Mollusca from the island of Mandul, East-Borneo. Leidse Geol. Meded. 15, p. 291-
304.
Beets, C. (1950)- Pliocene Mollusca from a coral limestone of a hill near Sekurau, E. Borneo. Leidse Geol.
Meded. 15, p. 305-318.
Beets, C. (1981)- Late Miocene Mollusca from Tapian Langsat and Gunung Batuta, Sungai Bangalun area,
Kalimantan (E. Borneo). Scripta Geol. 59, p. 13-28.
Beets, C. (1981)- Note on Mollusca from the Lower Mentawir Beds, Balikpapan Bay area, Kalimantan (East
Borneo). Scripta Geol., Leiden, 59, p. 1-12,.
(Mentawir Beds NE of Balikpapan originally assigned to M Miocene Tf2 (Miogypsina, Lepidocyclina), but
molluscs suggest probably Late Miocene/Tf3 age)
Beets, C. (1983)- Miocene molluscs from Muara Kobun and Pulu Senumpah, Sangkulirang Bay, northern Kutai
(East Borneo). Scripta Geol. 67, p. 1-21.
(Mollusks from two localities around Sangkulirang Bay, E Kalimantan, collected by Schmidt in 1902 and
Rutten 1912 mainly gastropods of Preangerian age)
Beets, C. (1983)- Miocene (Preangerian) molluscs from Kari Orang, northern Kutai, East Borneo. Scripta Geol.
67, p. 23-47. (online at: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/148759)

(Molluscs collected by Witkamp in 1908 on N flank Kari Orang anticline 27 species are of Preangerian age
(Late Miocene; Tf3). Associated corals described by Felix 1921 and Gerth 1923)
Beets, C. (1983)- Preangerian (Miocene) Mollusca from the Lower Sangkulirang Marl Formation, Kari Orang,
Kalimantan (East Borneo). Scripta Geol. 67, p. 49-67.
(Molluscs collected by Rutten in Lower Sangkulirang Marls Preangerian, Tf3 (Late Miocene) age, not Early
Miocene (Tf2) as originally interpreted)
Beets, C. (1984)- Mollusca from Preangerian deposits of Mandul island, Northeastern Kalimantan (East
Borneo). Scripta Geol. 74, p. 49-80. (online at: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/148808)
(Molluscs collected in 1916 by BPM from Mandul Island, Tarakan basin. First examined by K Martin in 1916:
22 species, and age 'uppermost Old Miocene' or 'Upper Miocene'. Restudy identified 42 species, suggesting
mixed faunas and Miocene age)
Beets, C. (1986)- Preangerian (Late Miocene) Mollusca from a hill near Sekurau, northern Kutai, Kalimantan
Timur (East Borneo). Scripta Geol. 74, p. 1-37. (online at: www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/148710)
(Molluscs fossils collected Schmidt in 1902 from hill near Sekurau, N Kutai, in Late Miocene clays with
limestones and sandstones, overlain by Pliocene coral limestones. Sixty species suggesting Preangerian age
(Tf3) and shallow marine conditions)
Beets, C. (1986)- Molluscan fauna of the Lower Gelingseh Beds s.str., Sangulirang area, Kalimantan Timur
(East Borneo). Scripta Geol. 82, p. 1-82. (online at: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/148740)
(Compilation of investigations of molluscs collected Rutten from Late Miocene Gelingseh Beds, E Kalimantan)
Bellorini, J.P., T. Debertrand & M. Iskandar Umar (1989)- Handil Field development- example of geological
reservoir study. Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc, I, p. 91-106.
(Handil Field in Mahakam Delta 1974 discovery in Mio-Pliocene deltaic sandstones, with 330 wells in 1989.
Complex reservoir geometries)
Bergman, S.C., D.P. Dunn & L.G. Krol (1988)- Rock and mineral chemistry of the Linhaisai Minette, Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the origin of Borneo diamonds. The Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 1, p. 23-43.
(Lihaisai minette dykes from C Kalimantan, just E of Muller Mts dated at ~7.8 Ma. Primitive nature and
probably of mantle origin. Do not contain diamonds; alluvial diamonds must derive from elsewhere.
Stratigraphy of area: Late Paleozoic metamorphics overlain by marine Cretaceous, overlain bi Oligocene(?)
Plateau sandstone, intruded by Neogene igneous rocks))
Bergman, S.C., W.S. Turner & L.G. Krol (1987)- A reassessment of the diamondiferous Pamali Breccia,
southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia: intrusive kimberlite breccia or sedimentary conglomerate? Geol. Soc.
America, Spec. Paper 215, p. 183-195.
(Pamali Breccia along margin of Bobaris ophiolite often regarded as kimberlite source of Borneo diamonds
(Koolhoven 1935), but is fluvial conglomerate with angular ophiolite fragments)
Biantoro, E., M.I. Kusuma & L.F. Rotinsulu (1996)- Tarakan Sub-basin growth faults, northeast Kalimantan:
their roles in hydrocarbon entrapment. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 175-189.
(Tarakan sub-basin 5 provinces separated by normal faults, controlled by Oligocene to Pliocene growth fault
systems. Fault development in three periods: Late Oligocene-E Miocene rift faulting, M-L Miocene growth
faulting, and Mio-Pliocene growth faulting. Miocene faults rejuvenation of previous faults, coinciding with
change from transgression to regression. Hydrocarbons trapped by growth faults: four way dip, roll-over
against fault, fault traps, and unconformity closures)
Biantoro, E., B.P. Muritno & J.M.B. Mamuaya (1992)- Inversion faults as the major structural control in the
northern part of the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 45-59.
(Kutai Basin deepest Tertiary basin in Indonesia with >10 km sediments. Structural pattern is anticlinorium
trending almost N-S, gradually changing to E-W at N edge. Compressional faults in N Kutai Basin are

inversion faults, rejuvenating Eocene-Pliocene extensional faults. Late compression by coupling between
Paternoster and Sangkulirang dextral strike slip faults in Plio-Pleistocene)
Biantoro, E., T.S. Priantono & J.M.B. Mamuaya (1994)- Potensi reservoir Eosen daerah Bungalun Barat,
Cekungan Kutai Utara: prediksi dari interpretasi seismik. In: Proc. 19th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geophys.
(HAGI), p. 355-373.
(Eocene reservoir potential in the W Bangulan area, N Kutai basin: prediction from seismic interpretation)
Biantoro, E., B. Yulian & I. Muchlis (1991)- Identifikasi gejala diapirik dalam hubungannya dengan
pemerangkapan hidrokarbon di lapangan Sangatta dan sekitarnya. Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), Energy Min. Res., p. 163-179.
('Identification of diapyric features and its relation with hydrocarbon in the Sangatta field and surroundings')
Billman, H.G. & L.Witoelar Kartaadipura (1974)- Late Tertiary biostratigraphic zonation, Kutei Basin, offshore
East Kalimantan. Proc. 3rd. Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 301-310.
(First Late Miocene- Recent biozonation based on rotaliid benthic foraminifera for use in deltaic sediments
where planktonics and larger forams are usually absent)
Bishop, W.P. (1980)- Structure, stratigraphy and hydrocarbons offshore southern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bull.
Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. 64, p. 37-58.
(Java Sea S of Kalimantan stratigraphy)
Bladon, G.M., P.E. Pieters & S. Supriatna (1989)- Catalogue of isotopic ages commissioned by the Indonesia-
Australia Geological Mapping Project for igneous and metamorphic rocks in Kalimantan. Geol. Res. Dev.
Centre, Bandung, p. (unpublished)
Boettger, O. (1875)- Die fossilen Mollusken der Eocnformation auf der Insel Borneo. In: R.D.M. Verbeek et
al., Die Eocanformation von Borneo und ihre Versteinerungen, Palaeontographica Suppl. III, 1, p. 9-59.
(Fossil mollusks of the Eocene of Borneo. Includes descriptions of molluscs from Eocene Tanjung Fm near
Pengaron, Meratus Mts. 18 species of gastropods and many more bivalves, most of them marine, but the lowest
clay beds associated with coals have mainly large fresh-brackish water Cyrena species)
Boettger, O. (1877)- Die fossilen Mollusken der Eocanformation auf der Insel Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Oost-Indie 6 (1877), 2, p. 16-110.
(Same paper as above)
Boichard, R., P.F. Burollet, B. Lambert & J.M. Villain (1985)- La plate-forme carbonate du Pater Noster, Est de
Kalimantan (Indonesie), etude sedimentologique et ecologique. TOTAL Comp. Fran. Ptr., Notes et Mem. 20,
101 p.
('The carbonate platform of Paternoster, East of Kalimantan'. Sedimentological- ecological study of recent
sediments, all m-c grained carbonate sands. On reef islands mainly fragments of corals, algae and
foraminifera, between reef complexes mainly benthic foraminifera. In some sheltered lows abundant Halimeda
algae. On E slope of platform common planktonic foraminifera, coccoliths and glauconite)
Bois, M., Y. Grosjean & L. de Pazzis (1994)- Shale compaction and abnormal pressure evaluation application
to the Offshore Mahakam. Proc. 23rd Annual Convention Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 245-259.
Bon, J., T.H. Fraser, W. Amris, D.N. Stewart, Z. Abubakar & S. Sosromihardjo (1996)- A review of the
exploration potential of the Paleocene Lower Tanjung Formation in the South Barito Basin. Proc. 25th Ann.
(Barito Basin ~5000 m Cretaceous- Tertiary clastics with minor carbonates. M-Late Miocene compression
divided basin along "Tanjung Line": to N deformed zone with reverse faulted anticlines; to S virtually
undisturbed sediments dipping down to axis of asymmetrical basin. Discoveries restricted to inverted area N of
"Tanjung Line". Tanjung Fm in undisturbed S Barito Basin shows Paleocene and Cretaceous sediments in

Lower Tanjung Fm (previously assigned to Lower Eocene). Primary reservoir basal transgressive sand (63
Ma), equivalent to Z860 sandstone in Tanjung Field. Principal source rocks are coals and coaly claystone with
Type III kerogens. Claystones associated with flooding surfaces of sequence-4 seal in Tanjung Field and also
expected to provide seals in study area)
Boudagher-Fadel, M.K., A.R. Lord & F.T. Banner (2000)- Some Miogypsinidae (foraminifera) in the Miocene
of Borneo and nearby countries. Revue Paleobiol. 19, 1, p. 137-156.
Boudagher-Fadel, M.K., J.J. Noad & A.R. Lord (2000)- Larger foraminifera from Late Oligocene- Earliest
Miocene reefal limestones of North-East Borneo. Rev. Espan. Micropal. 32, p. 341-361.
Boudagher-Fadel, M.K. & M.E.J. Wilson (2000)- A revision of some larger foraminifera from the Miocene of
East Kalimantan. Micropaleontology 46, p.153-165.
(Burdigalian- Serravallian (Tf1-Tf2) larger forams from Batu Putih limestone patch reefs inland from
Mahakam delta)
Brahmantio, R., C.M. Adam, A. Laffaure, E. Chavanne & N. Syarifuddin (2008)- Structural uncertainty study:
an example from Sisi-Nubi Fields. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, IPA08-G-097, 9 p.
(Sisi and Nubi gas fields, off Mahakam delta, faulted anticlinal structures, compartmentalized by major NNE-
SSW faults, creating 6 main compartments; 4 in Nubi, 2 in Sisi)
Brandon-Jones, D. (2001)- Borneo as a biogeographic barrier to Asian-Australasian migration In: I. Metcalfe et

al. (eds) Faunal and floral migrations and evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. Balkema, Lisse, p. 365-372.
BRGM (1982)- Geological mapping and mineral exploration in northeastern Kalimantan 1979-1982; Final
Report. Bureau de Recherches Geologique et Minieres, Rapport 82.RDM.0007 AD, p. (unpublished)
Brouwer, H.A. (1910)- On micaleucite basalt from Eastern Borneo. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. 12, p.
148-154. (online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl)
(English version of 1909 paper 'Glimmerleucitbasalt van Oost-Borneo'. Leucite-bearing basalts, previously
known only from Ringgit (Java), Bawean and SW Sulawesi, also present in E Bawoei Mts, Upper Kajan area,
Kalimantan. Rock type named kajanite)
Buijs, D.W., H. Witkamp, F.H. Eendert, H.C. Siebers & F.D.K. Bosch (1927)- Midden-Oost-Borneo Expeditie
1925. Indisch Comite voor Wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen, Kolff, Weltevreden (Bogor), 407 p.
(Report on Central- East Borneo Expedition April- December 1925, sponsored by 'Indies Committee for
Scientific Research'. Primarily a botanical study, with brief summary of geology by H. Witkamp (p. 105-116).
Rocks from this expedition were described by Rutten (1947))
Burgath, K.(1988)- Platinum-group minerals in ophiolitic chromitites and alluvial placer deposits, Meratus-
Bobaris area, Southeast Kalimantan. In: H.M. Pritchard et al. (eds.) Proc.Geo-Platinum 87 Symposium, Milton
Keynes 1987, Elsevier, p. 383-403.
Burgath, K.P. & M. Mohr (1986)- Chromitites and platinum-group minerals in the Meratus- Bobaris ophiolite
zone, southeast Borneo. Metallogeny of basic and ultrabasic rocks. In: M.J. Gallager et al. (eds.) Mineralogy of
basic and ultrabasic rocks, Inst. Mining and Metallurgy, London, p. 333-349.
Burgath, K.P. & M. Mohr (1991)- The Pamali Breccia near Martapura in South-East Kalimantan (Indonesian
Borneo); a diamondiferous diatreme? Geol. Jahrbuch (Festschrift M. Kuersten) 127, p. 569-587.
Burollet, P.F., R. Boichard, B. Lambert & J.M. Villain (1986)- Sedimentation and ecology of the Pater Noster
carbonate platform. Proc. 15th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 155-169.
(Pater Noster Platform broad shallow platform off SE Kalimantan. Recents sediments m-c grained carbonate
sand. Reef islands and vicinity sands composed of coral fragments, red algae, molluscs and foraminifera. Some

sheltered lows up to 80% Halimeda algae. Open marine area sands mainly forams, often larger ones. On E
slope and medium deep terraces of Massa Lima, sediments rich in planktonic foraminifera and coccoliths;
glauconite may be abundant)
Burroughs, H.C. (1972)- Attaka Oil Field. Proc. 1st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 128-139.
(Attaka Field 1970 discovery in anticlinal structure in NE part Mahakam Delta. Stacked reservoirs in Early
Pliocene deltaic sands)
Burrus, J., E. Brosse, G. Choppin de Janvry, Y. Grosjean & J.L. Oudin (1992)- Basin modelling in the
Mahakam Delta based on the integrated 2D model TEMISPACK. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.
1, p. 23-43.
(Coal-rich, normally pressured delta-plain facies in synclines most effective source rock, rather than deep
overpressured marine shales. Migration mostly parallel to bedding/ updip along structure flanks rather than
vertically across bedding)
Burrus, J., E. Brosse, J. De Choppin & Y. Grosjean (1994)- Interactions between tectonism, thermal history,
and paleohydrology in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia: model results, petroleum consequences. AAPG Int.
Conf. Exh., Kuala Lumpur 1994, AAPG Bull. 78, 7, p. 1186 (Abstract only)
(Mahakam Delta 2-d maturity models along 70-km-long transects confirm fluid inclusions evidence that region
cooled by up to 25C in recent time. Cooling caused by topography-driven circulation in Late Miocene Fresh
Water Sands, charged along 600-m-high Pliocene coastal uplift. Best-fit age of uplift ~3 Ma. Most of flow
system has disappeared due to erosion. Discharge of meteoric waters along listric normal faults at periphery of
present-day delta. Observed temperatures and paleotemperatures agree with hypothesis that opening of N
Makassar basin was Paleogene rather than Oligocene- E Miocene age sometimes proposed)
Burrus, J., K. Osadetz, M. Gaulier, E. Brosse et al. (1993)- Source rock permeability and petroleum expulsion
efficiency: modelling examples from the Mahakam Delta, the Williston Basin and the Paris Basin. In: Proc. 4th
Conf. Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe, Geol. Society London, p. 1317-1332.
Busono, I., H. Alam & S. Corbin (1997)- Controls on the reservoir quality of Lower Miocene sandstones, Kutei
basin. In: J.V.C. Howes & R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum Systems SE Asia and Australasia,
Jakarta 1997, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 745-749.
(Burial depth, temperature and related maturation of carbonaceous material and pressure major controls on
diagenesis of sandstones)
Butterworth, P.J., P. Cook, R.A. Ripple, M. Drummond et al. (2001)- Reservoir architecture of an incised-valley
fill from the Nilam Field, Kutai Basin, Indonesia. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 537-555.
(Thick, multi-storey M Miocene G053B reservoir with 180 BCF OGIP interpreted as incised valley fill (IVF)
back-stepping sequence, deposited during relative sea level rise. IVF interpretation, rather than highstand
distributary channel model based on clear incision and basinward shift in facies, coeval sediment-starved
interfluves, and abnormal aspect ratio (3 km wide, 40 m thick))
Cahyo, N., D. Aryanto, Koesnadi H.S, Setyanto & N. Sukmana (2000)- Indikasi keberadaan dan kandungan
mineral kasiterit di perairan selatan Kalimantan. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 61-72.
(Poster abstract. 'Rich indications and cassiterite mineral content in the S Kalimantan area')
Camp, W.K., E.E. Guritno, D. Drajat & M.E.J. Wilson (2009)- Middle-Lower Eocene turbidites: a new
deepwater play concept, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
IPA09-G-001, 15p.
(E-M Eocene turbidite deposits penetrated by a few wells and also exposed onshore along uplifted area S of
Mangkalihat Peninsula, NE Kalimantan)
Campbell, K. & D. Wayan Ardhana (1988)- Post Convention Field Trip 1988: Barito Basin, South Kalimantan,
Guide Book. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., 54 p.

Caratini, C. & C. Tissot (1987)- Le sondage Miredor- Etude palynologique. In: Geochimie organique des
sediments Plio-Quaternaires du delta de la Mahakam- Le Sondage Misedor, Edit. TECHNIP, Paris, p. 137-
(Palynogical study of 647m deep Misedor core hole on Handil Anticline, Mahakam delta. TD in Upper
Pliocene, continous deltaic facies)
Caratini, C. & C. Tissot (1988)- Paleogeographical evolution of the Mahakam delta in Kalimantan, Indonesia,
during the Quaternary and Late Pliocene. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyn. 55, p. 217-228.
(Mahakam delta MISEDOR well (638.5m) reaches U Pliocene. Palynology markers Phyllocladus hypophyllus,
Podocarpus imbricatus and Stenochlaena laurifolia helped locate Plio-Pleistocene boundary at ~400 m.
Uniform paleogeographical features below this depth and great variability of conditions above it. Indications of
climatic changes in several periods of low sea level with rise of detritus and high frequencies of grass pollen,
due to savanna development in response to colder climatic conditions)
Carbonel, P. & T. Hoibian (1988)- The impact of organic matter on ostracods from an equatorial deltaic area,
the Mahakam Delta, Southeastern Kalimantan. In: T. Hanai et al. (eds.) Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda, its
fundamentals and applications. Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Ostracoda, Shizuoka, Elsevier Developments in
Paleontology and Stratigraphy 11, p. 353-366.
Carbonel, P., T. Hoibian & J. Moyes (1987)- Ecosystemes et paleoenvironnements de la zone deltaique de la
Mahakam depuis la fin du Neogene. In: Geochimie organique des sediments Plio-Quaternaires du delta de la
Mahakam- Le Sondage Misedor, Edit. TECHNIP, Paris, p. 85- 135.
(Good overview of Mahakam delta plain environments and distribution of foraminifera, ostracodes plus data
from Misedor core hole on Handil Anticline)
Carbonel, P. & J. Moyes (1987)- Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of the Mahakam Delta (Kalimantan,
Indonesia). Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 61, 3-4, p. 265-284.
(Paleoenvironments in deltas can be defined by biological tracers, mainly benthic foraminifera and ostracods.
In 200 m of core these biomarkers show four transgressive marine sequences since 125,000 yr B.P., with sharp
asymmetry in a transgression/progradation cycle)
Carter, I.S. & R.J. Morley (1995)- Utilising outcrop and palaeontological data to determine a detailed sequence
stratigraphy of the Early Miocene deltaic sediments of the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. In: C.A. Caughey et
al. (eds.) Int. Symp. Sequence Stratigraphy in Southeast Asia, Jakarta 1995, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 345-361.
(Sequence stratigraphic subdivision of >5000m of Early Miocene sediment in onshore Kutai Basin establishing
high-resolution palynology zonation between 20-16 Ma)
Cartier E.G. & A.K. Yeats (1973)- The Lower Tertiary in Kaltim Shell Contract area, East Kalimantan. Results
of 1972-1973 Field Surveys (Kaltim Shell), p.
(Unpublished Shell report. Hutchison 1996: Embaluh Group of the Upper Mahakam and Boh rivers of
Kalimantan yielded M Eocene planktonic foraminifera)
Casson, N., M. Wannier, J. Lobao & P. George (1999)- Modern morphology- ancient analogue: insights into
deep water sedimentation on the active tectonic margin of West Sabah. Proc. GEOSEA 98, Bull. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia 43, p. 399-403.
Cater, M.C. (1981)- Stratigraphy of the offshore area South of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 10th Ann. Conv.
Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., p. 269-284.
(S Kalimantan Offshore Area altered pre-Tertiary, overlain separated unconformably by Eocene-Recent
sediments. Karimundjawa Ridge separates main basins to E from Billiton Basin in W. Billiton Basin Oligocene
-earliest Miocene in continental facies, more marine conditions in E with variable amounts of limestone)

Chambers, J.L.C., I. Carter, I.R. Cloke, J. Craig, S.J. Moss & D.W. Paterson (2004)- Thin-skinned and thick-
skinned inversion-related thrusting- a structural model for the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: K.R.
McClay (ed.) Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon systems, AAPG Mem 82, p. 614-634.
(Regional compression reactivated basement extensional faults, inverting Paleogene depocenters as anticlines
often flanked on one side by basement thrusts. Neogene section detached near top overpressured zone and
deformed as thin-skinned fold-thrust belt. Response to inversion of Paleogene rift section controlled in part by
heterogeneity in shallow section: syndepositional loading, delta progradation, normal faults, facies changes)
Chambers, J.L.C. & T. Daley (1995)- A tectonic model for the onshore Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, based on
an integrated geological and geophysical interpretation. Proc. 24th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, 1,
p. 111-130.
(Models for Samarinda Anticlinorium included gravity slumping, shale diapirism and thrusting. Structures in
Runtu Block are rigid deltaic- shelf sediments deformed into box-folds above folded shaly prodelta- bathyal
sediments. Detachment at top or within over-pressured shales at base of Lower Miocene deltaics. Gravity data
suggests semi-regional uplifts of over-pressured strata. Basement not visible on seismic, but gravity and
aeromagnetics show it between 7-14 km. Models imply small amounts of shortening across near-surface
structures and relatively large uplift. C Kutai Basin inversion of deep Palaeogene rift basin gave rise to broad
regional folding of shale-rich over-pressured section. Closer spaced folding in near surface, normally
pressured, less ductile deltaic -shelf section of Samarinda Anticlinorium result of same inversion)
Chambers, J.L.C. & T.E. Daley (1997)- A tectonic model for the onshore Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. In: A.J.
Fraser, S.J. Matthews & R.W. Murphy (eds.) Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia. Geol. Soc. London Spec.
Publ. 126, p. 375-393.
(Similar to above paper)
Chambers, J.L.C. & S. Moss (1999)- Depositional modelling of rift episodes and inversion of the Kutei Basin,
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Petroleum Expl. Soc. Aust. J., 27, p. 9-24.
(Re-interpreted Tertiary facies distributions in Kutai Basin used to build models of tectonic basin evolution and
depositional environments arrangements in relationship to major basin phases. Rift-related depocentres may
offer alternative exploration target to proven Miocene systems. New understanding of basin development is
important for appreciation of resource distribution in this basin and similar rift basins of Borneo and SE Asia)
Chiang, K.K. (2002)- Geochemistry of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of Borneo and tectonic implications. Ph.D.
Thesis, Royal Holloway and Bedford College, University of London, 364 p.
Chiang, K.K., C. Macpherson, R. Hall & M. Thirlwall (2000)- A comparative study of the geochemistry and
tectonic setting of Cenozoic igneous rocks from East Kalimantan and Sabah, Borneo. Goldschmidt 2000 Conf.,
Oxford 2000, p. 305 (Abstract only)
(E Miocene (~24-18 Ma) rocks in Kutei Basin E-W trend of intrusive rocks belonging to Sintang suite that
extends E-W across Kalimantan. Youngest stages of Sintang episode overlap with eruptive volcanism in SE
Sabah and precede intrusion of Kinabalu pluton in M Miocene. This period of igneous activity in NW Borneo is
coeval with opening of Sulu Sea. Late Plio-Pleistocene volcanics of Borneo NE-SW trend)
Christensen, K., A. Nurhono, R.U. Zahar, S. Chipchase et al. (1998)- The Sepinggan Field: reducing field
modelling and reserve calculation cycle time. Proc. 26th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 329-339.
(Sepinggan Field off E Kalimantan complexly faulted deltaic sandstone, shales, and minor carbonates. In
deltaic section only mappable units are coals. Over 100 M-L Miocene reservoir zones over more than 5,000)
Cibaj, I. (2009)- A fluvial series in the Middle Miocene of Kutei Basin: a major shift from Proto-Mahakam
shallow marine to the continental environment. In: Variations in fluvial-deltaic and coastal reservoirs deposited
in tropical environments, AAPG Hedberg Conf., Jakarta 2009, 11p. (online at:
www.searchanddiscovery.com:16080/abstracts/pdf/2010/hedberg_indonesia/abstracts/ndx_cibaj.pdf)
(In Proto-mahakam delta outcrops early Middle Miocene fluvial sand-rich interval, ~700-800m thick, above
deeper water marine facies, and overlain by more marine deltaic series)

Cibaj, I. (2010)- Fluvial channel complexes in the Middle Miocene of Lower Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan- the
stacking pattern of sediments. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA10-G-053, 13p.
(600m thick M Miocene(N9-N13) section exposed near Samarinda. At bottom of section reefal carbonates
(called 10.5 Ma_mfs, but on Fig 1 Batu Putih shown as NN4-NN5= 14-18 Ma range; also called N8 by Allen &
Chambers 1998), abruptly overlain by fluvial channel sands, flood plain shales and 1-3m thick coals. Stacked
fluvial parasequences, each 40-50 m thick. Transition to fluvial deposits interpreted as SB 10.2 Ma (should be
older?; HvG) and influx of coarse-grained sediment tied to tectonic uplift in hinterland.)
Cibaj, I., F. Lafont, E. Chavanne & G. de Tonnac (2006)- Upper Miocene fluvial deposits offshore modern
Mahakam Delta. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta06-PG-29, 4p.
(Producing Upper Miocene (Messinian) Fresh Water Sands Fm offshore Mahakam Delta in Sisi-Nubi Field
previously interpreted as deltaic sequence. Recent 3D seismic shows meandering features, evidence of fluvial
deposit 30 km offshore from modern delta and <10 km from present shelf break)
Cibaj, I., N. Syarifuddin, U. Ashari, A. Wiweko & K.A. Maryunani (2007)- Stratigraphic interpretation of
Middle Miocene Mahakam Delta deposits: implications for reservoir distribution and quality. Proc. 31st Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA07-G-116, 11p.
(Samarinda area outcrops of 450 m M Miocene deltaic deposits studied. Overall thickening upward sequences
interpreted as indicating regressive evolution of deltaic parasequences)
Cibaj, I. & A. Wiweko (2008)- Recognition of progradational shelf deposits in the Middle Miocene of Kutai
Basin. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA08-G-171, 14p.
(Outcrop study of M Miocene progradational deltaic deposits NW of Samarinda. Upward transition from a
slope-basin environment to slope and from slope to shelf. No documentation of age control)
Cities Service Co. (1980)- Hydrocarbon plays in Tertiary, S.E. Asia basins. Oil and Gas J. 78, 29, p. 90-96.
Clark, T., J. Hadiwijoto, B. Zagalai, S. Martinez & D. Staples (1994)- Serang Field re-evaluation. Proc. 23rd
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 339-353.
(Serang field N of Attaka field, N Mahakam, E Kalimantan, evolved from non-commercial discovery in 1973 to
a field with proven reserves of 35 MBO and 275 GCF in Late Miocene deltaic sands)
Clark, T., M. Turk, J. Hadiwijoto & Y. Partono (1999)- Serang Field- discovery within a seismic "fault
shadow". Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 323-341.
(Serang field off E Kalimantan. Structure for long time hidden in shadow under large listric normal fault. Main
reservoir Upper Miocene fluvio-deltaic channel sands. Reefal carbonates preferentially developed on upthrown
block in M Miocene- early late Miocene (reservoir quality rel. poor) and in Pliocene (very porous))
Clauer, N., T. Rinckenbach, F. Weber, F. Sommer, S. Chaudhuri & J.R. O'Neil (1999)- Diagenetic evolution of
clay minerals in oil-bearing Neogene sandstones and associated shales, Mahakam delta basin, Kalimantan,
Indonesia. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 83, 1, p. 62-87.
(Study of clays in Handil and Tunu fields. Cllay fraction of Mahakam Delta Basin mixed-layer illite/smectite,
kaolinite/dickite, detrital illite, and chlorite. Hydrocarbon generation took place in deeper synclinal zones and
that oil migrated upward with brines,probably inducing most of illitization in upper sequence)
Cloke, I.R. (1997)- Structural controls on the basin evolution of the Kutai Basin and Makassar Straits. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of London, 376 p.
(Flexural modelling of Neogene load of Mahakam Delta suggests sediments 20 km landward of present day
shelf-break loaded lithosphere with high elastic thickness, corresponding to oceanic lithosphere of 47 Ma.
Landward of this point, the elastic thickness is less and suggesting stretched continental crust.)

Cloke, I.R., J. Craig & D.J. Blundell (1999)- Structural controls on the hydrocarbon and mineral deposits within
the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. In: K.J.W. McCaffrey et al. (eds.) Fractures, fluid flow and mineralization,
Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 155, p. 213-232.
(Deep Kutai Basin formed in M Eocene extension, linked to opening of Philippines Sea, Celebes Sea and
Makassar Straits. Seismic profiles across N Kutai Basin show M Eocene NNE-SSW and N-S half-graben. Late
Oligocene extension on NW-SE trending faults, reactivating basement structures. Syn-rift coals sufficiently
deeply buried to generate hydrocarbons prior to inversion. Shortening since E Miocene resulted in breaching of
traps and generation of new traps. M Eocene, Late Oligocene- E Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene volcanic
activity set up several mineral deposits. Reactivation of NW-SE and NE-SW trending basement structures
controlled location of hydrocarbon and mineral deposits)
Cloke, I.R., J. Milsom & D.J.B. Blundell (1999)- Implications of gravity data from East Kalimantan and the
Makassar Straits: a solution to the origin of the Makassar Straits? J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 61-78.
(Gravity modeling and flexural backstripping suggest North Makassar basin underlain by Middle Eocene
oceanic crust)
Cloke, I.R., S.J. Moss & J. Craig (1997)- The influence of basement reactivation on the extensional and
inversional history of the Kutai Basin, Eastern Kalimantan. J. Geol. Soc. London 154, p.157-161.
(Kutai basins formed in M- Late Eocene above Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary orogenic comple. Basement
fabrics influenced extension and inversion. Basement fabric on margins and Tertiary cover dominated by NE-
SW, NW-SE and NNE-SSW-trending structures. Larger scale NW-SE narrow linear gravity lows cut NNE-SSW
highs on gravity data within basin. NNE-SSW basin-bounding faults overlap in right stepping en-echelon
manner. Opposing antithetic and synthetic half-grabens linked by oblique NW-SE transfer faults. Inversion
utilized extensional faults as reverse faults; however, NWSE-oriented structures were reactivated as zones of
lateral offset along fold-thrust belt, whilst fault kinks oriented NE-SW reactivated as oblique-slip reverse faults)
Cloke, I.R., S.J. Moss & J. Craig (1999)- Structural controls on the evolution of the Kutai Basin, East
Kalimantan. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 137-156.
(Kutai Basin formed in M Eocene by extension linked to opening of Makassar Straits. N margin inverted NNE-
SSW trending Eocene half-grabens. Late Oligocene extension on NW-SE trending en-echelon faults under
different stress regime, indicating rotaion of extension direction between 45- 90. Early Miocene N6-N8
inversion along E-facing half-grabens on N and S margins. WNW-vergent thrusts indicate compression from
ESE. Miocene collisions with N and E Sundaland triggered punctuated basin inversion. Inversion concentrated
in weak continental crust below Kutai Basin and various Sulawesi basins, while stronger oceanic crust or
attenuated continental crust of Makassar Straits acted as passive conduit for compressional stresses)
Coggon, J (2010) Application of the 190Pt-186Os isotope decay system to dating platinum-group minerals.
Doct. Thesis, Unversity of Durham, p..
(online at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/398/1/Jude_Coggon_THESIS_with_corrections.pdf)
Coggon, J., G. Nowell, D. Pearson, J. P. Lorand, T. Oberthur & S. Parman (2010)- Dating Platinum
mineralisation using the 190Pt-186Os system: examples from the Bushveld Complex, RSA and the Meratus
Ophiolite, Borneo. In: 11th Int. Platinum Symp. 2010, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release- Data
269, 4 p. (Extended abstract)
(Pt-Os isochron age of 202.5 8.3 Ma for a placer Platinum Group Mineral population derived from Meratus
ophiolite, SE Borneo. Interpreted as the age of formation of grains during chromitite genesis in lower oceanic
lithosphere (latest Triassic))
Coggon, J., G.M. Nowell1, D.G. Pearson & S.W. Parman (2011)- Application of the 190Pt- 186Os isotope
system to dating platinum mineralization and ophiolite formation: an example from the Meratus Mountains,
Borneo. Economic Geol. 106, 1, p. 93-117.
(Pt-Os dating of detrital Platinum Group Minerals from Pontyn River, Asem Asem Basin, SE of Meratus
Mountains, SE Kalimantan, gave precise isochron age of 197.8 8.1 Ma + near triassic- Jurasic boundary).
Interpreted as age of formation of PGM grains in lower oceanic lithosphere)

Combaz, A. & M. de Matharel (1978)- Organic sedimentation and genesis of petroleum in Mahakam Delta,
Borneo. AAPG Bull. 62, 9, p. 1684-1695.
(Mahakam delta organic material in source rocks generally continental and vegetal origin. Oils paraffinic,
increase in gravity with depth, and very low sulfur content. Accumulations probably not far from source rocks,
but originate at greater depths. Hydrocarbons could have migrated vertically about 3,000 m along faults)
Core Laboratories (1996)- Regional sequence stratigraphic and geochemical study of the Tarakan Basin,
Northeast Kalimantan. Unpublished Multi-client study, p.
Core Laboratories (2006)- Deep water reservoirs, Asia- a regional evaluation, Phase I- Indonesia and The
Philippines. Unpublished Multi-client study, p.
(Study of deep water wells from Makassar Straits, Sulu Sea, S China Sea)
Courteney, S., P. Cockcroft, R. Lorentz, R. Miller, H.L. Ott, S. Wiman et al. (eds.) (1991)- Indonesia- Oil and
Gas Fields Atlas, 5, Kalimantan. Indonesian Petroleum Association, p. 1-25, A1-A8.
(Introduction to Kalimantan geology and summary of oil and gas fields. Oil seeps first described from E
Kalimantan in 1865, first oil production in 1899 on Tarakan Island by BPM predecessor. )
Crumeyrolle, P., I. Renaud & J. Suiter (2007)- The use of two- and three-dimensional seismic to understand
sediment transfer from fluvial to deepwater via sinuous channels: example from the Mahakam shelf and
comparison with outcrop data (South Central Pyrenees). In: R.J. Davies et al. (eds.) Seismic geomorphology:
applications to hydrocarbon exploration and production. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 277, p. 85-103.
(Pleistocene Mahakam delta lowstand delta/ fans)
Curiale, J.A., J. Decker, R. Lin & R.J. Morley (2006)- Oils and oil-prone coals of the Kutei Basin, Indonesia.
Abstract AAPG Int. Conf. Exh., Perth 2006, AAPG Bull. 90 Program Abstracts.
(Kutei Basin Miocene and Eocene coals have oil-prone source rock potential. Nine Miocene and Eocene coals
(15- 36 Ma) on Borneo compared with oils from same basin. Several coals qualify as oil-prone potential source
rocks, but no single coal correlatable with any single oil)
Curiale, J., R. Lin & J. Decker (2005)- Isotopic and molecular characteristics of Miocene-reservoired oil of the
Kutei Basin, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 36, p. 405-424.
(Thirty-two oils from Miocene sands of Kutei Basin examined. Isotopic data discriminate single megafamily of
oils dominated by angiosperm debris. Separable into two sub-families: onshore and continental shelf oils (low
lupanoid ratio) and continental slope oils (high lupanoid ratio).
Darman, H. (1999)- Extracting flow pattern and point-bar characteristics of a modern river: a case study from
the Wahau River, East Kalimantan. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. p. 403-414.
(Study of modern Wahau River deposition)
Darman, H. (1999)- Tectonics and sedimentation of Tarakan basin. In: H. Darman & F.H. Sidi (eds.) Proc. 1st
FOSI Regional meeting, p.
Darman, H. (1999)- Carbonate slope deposit of Bengalun River, East Kalimantan. Berita Sedim. (Indon. Geol.
Forum) 10, p.
(Bengalon River near NE margin Kutei Basin exposes thick Paleogene and Neogene deep marine to
fluviomarine sediments. Early Miocene (zone N4) bathyal marine calcareous shales with bioclastic
calciturbidites. Presence of carbonate sediments suggests nearby carbonate-producing shelf)
Darman, H. (2003)- Seismic expression of shelf breaks: examples from Borneo/Kalimantan basins. Berita
Sediment. (Indon. Sediment. Forum FOSI) 18, p. .
(Examples of shelf breaks/clinoforms on previously published seismic examples from offshore Kutai, Tarakan,
Sandakan, and NW Borneo)

Darman, H. & K. Handoyo (2008)- Deltaic reservoir characteristics of Kutei and Baram giant fields. In: J.A.
Katili et al. (eds.) Tectonics and resources of Central and Southeast Asia (Halbouty volume), Pusat Survei
Geol., Bandung, Spec. Publ. 34, p. 109-123.
(Kutei and Baram giant oil-gas fields both produce mainly from Miocene deltaic- shallow marine sandstones.
These are part of progradational sequences, formed after large amounts of generally quartz-rich sediments
began to pour from C Kalimantan into deep basins to N, W and E of Borneo in Early Miocene. Sands in Kutei
basin structures generally larger, but deltaic reservoirs discontinuous. Baram coastal and shallow marine
sandstones generally more continuous, but structures smaller)
Darman, H., M. Lentini, A. Fauzi & N. Heriyanto (1995)- Petroleum geology of the Tarakan Basin. In:
Pertamina BPPKA (ed.), Petroleum Geology of Indonesian Basins V, Tarakan Basin, Northeast Kalimantan, p.
1-36.
Darman, H. & Y. Zaim (1994)- Sedimentology of coal conglomerate deposits within channel facies in
Samarinda Region, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bul. Geologi, ITB Bandung 24, 1-2, p. (also in Berita Sedim.
(Indon. Sedimentol. Forum) 17 (2001)
(Conglomerates with rounded-subrounded coal fragments in channel deposits of fluvial-deltaic Balikpapan Fm
in Samarinda Region. Coal fragments may be transported wood or reworked fragments from older coal seam)
Daulay B. (1994)- Tertiary coal belt in Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia: the influence of coal quality on coal
utilization. Ph.D. Thesis, Wollongong University, Australia, 326p.
(Study to evaluate lateral and vertical variations in coal thickness and chemical and physical properties, with
discussion of economic uses of E Kalimantan coals. Vitrinite and liptinite dominant macerals in both Eocene
and Miocene coals. Inertinite is minor component, but higher in Miocene coals. Mineral content low in most
coals except in some Eocene coals. Rank of Miocene coals soft brown coal to high volatile bituminous, Eocene
coals subbituminous to high volatile bituminous. Miocene coals in Sangatta area altered to semi-anthracite by
igneous intrusion.)
Daulay, B. & H. Panggabean (2001)- Batubara sebagai sumber hidrokarbon: studi kasus cekungan Kutai dan
Barito. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 11, 118, p.
('Coal as hydrocarbon source: special study Kutei and Barito basins')
Davies, A.G.S., D.R. Cooke & J.B. Gemmell & K.A. Simpson (2008)- Diatreme breccias at the Kelian gold
mine, Kalimantan, Indonesia; precursors to epithermal gold mineralization. Economic Geol. 103, 4, p. 689-716.
(E Miocene volcanism with maar-diatreme breccia complex preceded main-stage epithermal gold
mineralization at Kelian gold mine. Prior to brecciation, andesite intrusions (19.7 Ma) emplaced into felsic
volcaniclastics and overlying carbonaceous sandstones and mudstones)
Davies, A.G.S., D.R. Cooke, J.B. Gemmell, T. van Leeuwen, P. Cesare & G. Hartshorn (2008)- Hydrothermal
breccias and veins at the Kelian Gold Mine, Kalimantan, Indonesia: genesis of a large epithermal gold deposit.
Economic Geol. 103, 4, p. 717-757.
(Mineralized hydrothermal breccias and veins formed during and after waning stages of maar-diatreme-related
volcanic activity at Kelian, Kalimantan)
Davies, A.G.S., T.M van Leeuwen, D.R Cooke & J.B. Gemmell (2004)- The Kelian gold deposit; exploration
history, critical factors and deposit summary. In: D.R. Cooke et al. (eds.) Special Publication Centre for Ore
Deposit and Exploration Studies CODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 5, p. 65-76.
De Groot, C. (1874)- Zuid-en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1874, 2, p.
3-84.
(Early geological description of SE Kalimantan)

De Groot, C. (1878)- Borneo steenkolen en hare geschiktheid als brandstof. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-
Indie 1878, 2, p. 153-213.
('Borneo coals and its suitability as fuel')
De Keyser, F. & E. Rustandi (1993)- Geology of the Ketapang Sheet area, Kalimantan. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, Indonesia, 1:250,000 scale map.
De Keyser, F. & J. Noya-Sinay (1992)- History of geoscientific investigations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
BMR J. Austral. Geol. Geophys. 13, 3, p. 251-273.
De Matharel, M., G. Klein & T. Oki (1976)- Case history of the Bekapai Field. Proc. 5th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., p. 69-93.
(1972Bekapai field off Mahakam Delta on NNE trending anticline. Two main phases of delta progradation,
separated by ?E Pliocene? marine transgression. Hydrocarbons in delta front sands of lower delta)
De Matharel, M., P. Lehman & T. Oki (1980)- Geology of the Bekapai Field. In: M.T. Halbouty (ed.) Giant oil
and gas fields of the decade 1968-1978, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 30, p.459-470.
(Bekapai Field 1972 discovery 15 km off Mahakam Delta. Large faulted anticline, multiple stacked deltaic
reservoir sands between 1300-1600m)
Demchuk, T.D & T.A. Moore (1993)- Palynofloral and organic characteristics of Miocene bog-forest,
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 20, 2, p. 119-134.
(20-m-thick Miocene Warukin Fm Sarongga lignite from SE Kalimantan distinct vertical variations in
palynofloras. Three palynofloral zones of bog-forest and mangrove affinity. Palynofloras and low sulphur
content suggest predominantly freshwater deposition. Plant material in Miocene lignite mainly derived from
arborescent angiosperms Increasing abundances of mangrove pollen suggests encroachment of mangrove
swamp toward bog-forest. Little variation in organic characteristics within seam)
Denney, D. (2008)- Reviving the mature Handil Field; from integrated reservoir study to field application. J.
Petrol. Techn. 60, 1, p. 63-65.
(Mahakam Delta 1974 Handil field production declined from 200,000 BOPD in late 1970s to 12,500 BOPD in
2003. Infill drilling and optimization of enhanced-oil-recovery increased production to 23,000 BOPD)
De Roever, W.P. (1947)- Occurrences of the mineral pumpellyite in Eastern Borneo. Bull. Bur. Mines and
Geol. Surv. Indonesia 1,1, p. 16-17.
(Pumpellyite in spilites and albite diabases from E Kalimantan)
De Roever, W.P. (1947)- A pseudotachylitic rock from Eastern Borneo. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wet. 50, 10,
p. 1310-1311.
De Sitter, L.U. (1932)- Nota betreffende de foraminiferenfauna van het Neogeen van Koetai. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 59 (1930), Verhand. 3, p. 122- 125.
(Summary of Kutai basin foraminifera distribution and Neogene stratigraphy by BPM geologist)
De Sitter, L.U. (1948)- Het Quartair in het kustgebied van Koetei ten N van de Mahakam rivier. Geol.
Mijnbouw 9, p. 177-183
(The Quaternary in the coastal region of Kutai, North of the Mahakam River. Description of Quaternary
terraces and drainage pattern, influenced by peneplain uplift)
Dharmasamadhi, I.N.W. & S.W. Reksalegora (2009)- Using pressure data to build a stratigraphic framework in
the deepwater Ranggas Field, Kutai Basin- East Kalimantan. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
IPA09-G-181, 19p.

(Ranggas field 2001 oil-gas discovery mainly in Late Miocene slope channels in 1585m water depth. Pressure
analysis indicates four laterally-continuous pressure sealing shales that can be used for correlation. Numerous
thin shales, less than 100 thick, have potential to seal over an extensive area)
Dieckmann, W. (1922)- De ijzerertsafzettingen van het Koekoesan gebergte in Zuidoost Borneo. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 49 (1920), Verhand. 1, p. 70-86.
(The iron ore deposits of the Kukusan Mountains in SE Borneo. Iron ore in Soengei Doewa area forms few
meter thick crust on peridotite body and probably formed by soil weathering of peridotite)
Dirk, M.H.J. (1995)- Plagiogranit Pegunungan Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan.. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 5, p.
23-32.
(Plagiogranite from the Meratus Mountains, S Kalimantan)
Dirk, M.H.J. (1997)- Batuan subvolkanik kapur akhir di Pegunungan Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. (Bandung) 7, 66, p. 11-17.
('Cretaceous sub-volcanic rocks near the Meratus Mountains, S Kalimantan')
Dirk, M.H.J. (2000)- Magma genesis and paleotectonic setting of a calc-alkaline plutonic rock series from
Meratus Range, South Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 10, 105, p.
Dirk, M.H.J. (2002)- Petrogenesa dan lingkungan tektonik granit Lumo, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 12, 124, p.
('Petrogenesis and tectonic environment of the Lumo granite, C Kalimantan province')
Dirk, M.H.J. (2002)- Indikasi petrologi, petrogenesa dan lingkungan tektonik berdasarkan susunan geokimia-
granit Palangkaraya, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 12, 131, p. 7- .
(On the petrology, geochemistry and tectonic setting, etc., of the Palangkaraya granite, C Kalimantan province)
Dirk, M.H.J. & Amiruddin (2000)- Batuan granitoid. In: U. Hartono et al. (eds.) (2000)- Evolusi magmatik
Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 37-51.
(Review of SW Meratus Mountains granitoids)
Djamas Y.S. & E. Marks (1978)- Early Neogene foraminiferal biohorizons in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In:
Biostratigraphic datum-planes of the Pacific Neogene IGCP Project 114, Proc. Second Working group meeting,
1977, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 1, p. 111-124.
Djamil, A.H. & S.O. Bany (2005)- Exploration geology of Sebuku Block, offshore Kalimantan, Indonesia.
SEAPEX Conference 2005, Singapore, 21 p.
(Sebuku Block on Paternoster Platform. Makassar Graben kitchen with Eocene source rocks (Lower Tanjung
lacustrine shales and fluvio-deltaic shales and coals). Lacustrine shale amorphous organic material (TOC 4-
6%, Type II oil prone kerogen) and significant fresh water algae Pediastrum and Botryococcus. Fluvio-deltaic
shale TOC 0.7- 2.54 %, low HI, moderate gas potential. Coals TOC 20- 43% and HI 181-293, gas prone
kerogen. Slicks from leaking gas-condensate and light oil in traps confirm Eocene source. Main reservoir Berai
Lst, with gas in Makassar Straits-1 well. Carbonate deposited in basinal setting, with material from adjacent
reef/ platform margin. Fractured basement oil test in Pangkat-1. Berai Fm and U Warukin Fm reefal build-ups
form exploration targets as well as clastic reservoirs of Lower Tanjung Fm in Makassar graben)
Djokolelono, S. & E. Agoes (1988)- Uranium occurrences in the volcanic rocks of upper Mahakam, East
Kalimantan. In: Uranium deposits in Asia and the Pacific; geology and exploration, Int. Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna, p. 109-120.
Doeglas, D.J. (1931)- Ostrakoden von N.O.-Borneo. Wetensch. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.-Indi 17, p.
25-54.

('Ostracodes from NE Borneo'. 16 species incl. 14 new, of Oligocene- U Miocene ostracodes from Leupold NE
Kalimantan rock collection)
Doorman, J.G. (1906)- De diamantwinning in Landak. Tijdschr. Nijverheid Landbouw 73, p. 542-557.
('Diamond mining in Landak', W Kalimantan)
Dory, D.M. (1997)- Evolution of structures in the NE Kalimantan Basin, Indonesia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of
London, 40 p.
Doutch, H.F. (1992)- Aspects of the structural histories of the Tertiary sedimentary basins of East, Central and
West Kalimantan and their margins. BMR J. Austral. Geol. Geoph. 13, 3, p. 237-250.
(Hutchison (2005): Age of Plateau Sandstone in Ketangau Basin Late Eocene, possibly extending into Early
Oligocene)
Douville, H. (1905)- Les Foraminiferes dans le Tertiaire de Borneo. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 4, 5, p. 435-
464.
('The foraminifera in the Tertiary of Borneo'. M Eocene- Miocene larger forams from SE Kalimantan, collected
by Buxtorf. Description of Spiroclypeus new genus and two species. No locality maps, but according to Verbeek
(1908, p. 481 from Meratus Mts front between Rantau and Barabai)
Durand, B., A.Y. Huc & J.L. Oudin (1987)- Oil saturation and primary migration observation in shales and
coals from the Kerbau wells, Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Revue Inst. Francais. Petrole 45, p. 173-195.
Durand, B. & J.L. Oudin (1980)- Exemple de migration des hydrocarbures dans une serie deltaique: Le delta de
la Mahakam, Kalimantan, Indonesie. Proc. 10th World Petr. Congr., Colchester, UK, 2, p. 3-11.
('Example of hydrocarbon migration in a deltaic series: the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan')
Dutrieux, E. (1991)- Study of the ecological functioning of the Mahakam delta (East Kalimantan, Indonesia).
Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 32, 4, p. 415-420.
(Ecological functioning of Mahakam delta controlled by balance between influx of seawater during high tides
and influx of continental water. Marine populations pronounced upstream to downstream zonation.
Intermediate zones poor; richest near river mouth. Controlled mainly by physical factors, such as salinity)
Duval, B.C., C. Cassaigneau, G. Choppin de Janvry, B. Loiret & L.M. Alibi (1998)- Technology and
exploration efficiency in the Mahakam delta province, Indonesia, Proc. 15th World Petrol. Congr., Beijing
1997, 2, p. 187-200.
Duval, B.C., G. Choppin de Janvry & B. Loiret (1992)- Detailed geoscience reinterpretation of Indonesia's
Mahakam Delta scores. Oil and Gas J., August 10, 1992, p. 67-72.
Duval, B.C., G. Choppin de Janvry & B. Loiret (1992)- The Mahakam delta province: an ever changing picture
and a bright future. Proc. 24th Ann. Offshore Techn. Conf., Houston, OTC 6855, p. 393-404.
Duval, B.C. C. Cassaigneau, G. Choppin de Janvry, B. Loiret, M. Leo, Alibi & Y. Grosjean (1998)- Impact of
the petroleum system approach to exploration and appraisal efficiency in the Mahakam Delta. Proc. 26th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 277-290.
(New petroleum system model to identify stratigraphic targets near identified kitchens. Peciko recognized as
new giant gas- condensate field. Understanding trapping model and hydrodynamic component key factor.
Sedimentological studies with pressure measurements greatly contributed to field model. Thin sand reservoirs
more continuous than expected. Peciko model applied to Tunu field lead to spectacular reserve additions)
Edwards, T. (2000)- Redevelopment of the Sembakung Oilfield- NE Kalimantan. SEAPEX Press 5, 6, p. 30-38.
(Tarakan basin oil field)

Ellen, H., M.M. Husni, U. Sukanta, R. Abimanyu, Feriyanto & T. Herdiyan (2008)-Middle Miocene Meliat
Formation in the Tarakan Island, regional implications for deep exploration opportunity. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA08-G-048, 20 p.
(Most hydrocarbon exploration in Tarakan Basin focused on shallow Upper Miocene-Pliocene deltaics of
Tarakan and Santul Fms. In Bangkudulis and Sembakung Fields hydrocarbons in M Miocene Meliat Fm
fluvial-deltaic clastics, 630m thick in Barat 1, and likely associated with sand-bearing slope fan facies
overlying early lowstand basin floor fan E of island. Base Meliat Fm blocky sand above 16.5 Ma SB, tied to
uplift event. Top is transgressive limestone (Kapal Lst ))
Endharto, M.A.C. (1997)- Reservoir characteristic of sandstones in Kutai Basin and its tectonic setting of East
Kalimantan. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre Bull. 21, p. 127-149.
(Three sandstone types in Miocene- Recent of Sanga-Sanga PSC in Kutai Basin: (1) E Miocene moderate
quartz and lithics; (2) late E Miocene- early M Miocene (lateN7- early N10) volcanogenic, reflecting increase
in volcanic activity in W Kalimantan 17- 14.5 Ma; (3) M and Late Miocene (mid N10- N18) high-quartz main
reservoirs, reflecting sediment recycling after basin inversion event at 14.5 Ma)
Endharto, M. & A. Bachtiar (1993)- Tipe provenansi dan proses diagenesa batupasir Miosen Awal, Cekungan
Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung. 2, p. 1044-1060.
('Provenance type and diagenetic processes of Lower Miocene sandstone, Kutei Basin, E Kalimantan')
Escher, B.G. (1920)- Gesteenten van de Kelei (Berouw, Oost-Borneo). Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indie 80, 1,
p. 29-36.
(Rocks from the Kelei River, Berau Region, E Kalimantan. Pebbles collected by Beucker Andreae in 1918.
Some Oligo-Miocene foram limestones from this collection described by Rutten 1926. Includes quartz sst, slate,
quartz-tourmaline rock, porphyrite, granite, breccias, radiolarian chert. Not overly useful)
Esenwein, P. (1932)- Petrologische beschouwingen omtrent de korund-diaspoorrots rolsteenen (leboer steenen)

uit de diamantstreken van West en Zuidoost Borneo. Wetensch. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.-Indie 22, p.
1-29.
('Petrologic observations on the korund- diaspore rock pebbles ('Lebur rocks') from the diamond areas of W
and SE Kalimantan')
Everwijn, R. (1854)- Voorlopig onderzoek naar kolen in de landschappen Salimbauw, Djongkong en Boenoet
in de Res. Westerafdeeling van Borneo. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 7, p. 379-387.
('Preliminary investigation of coal in the areas of Salimbau, Jongkong and Bunut, W Kalimantan'. First of
series of short reports on mineral exploration work by privately funded explorer Everwijn)
Everwijn, R. (1855)- Onderzoek naar tinerts in de landschappen Soekadana, Simpang and Matam, en naar
antimoniumerts op de Karimata-eilanden. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 9, p. 58-64
('Investigation of tin ore in the areas of Sukadana, Simpang and Matam and of antimony ore on the Karimata
islands')
Everwijn, R. (1858)- Wester Afdeeling van Borneo. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 17, p. 284-316
('Western Division of Kalimantan')
Everwijn, R. (1862)- Verslag van de onderzoekingen naar kopererts in het gebied van Mandor, Westerafdeeling
van Borneo. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 24, p. 403-428. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen NOI 1878, 2, p. 117-
143)
('Report on investigations of copper ore in the area of Mandor, W Kalimantan')
Everwijn, R. (1873)- De groote diamant, of 'Danau Radja' van Matam, Westerafdeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1873, 1, p. 197-203.
('The big diamond named Danau Raja from Matam, W Kalimantan')

Everwijn, R. (1879)- Overzicht van de mijnbouwkundige onderzoekingen in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo
verricht. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1879, 1, p. 3-116.
('Overview of mining investigations in W Kalimantan'. Summary of previous papers by mining-engineer
Everwijn)
Fehn, H. (1930)- Die Insel Borneo (Bausteine zu einer Landeskunde). Mitteil. Geogr. Ges. Mnchen 23, 2, 80p.
(The island of Borneo- building stones for geography)
Fehn, H. (1933)- Die Oberflachenformen der Insel Borneo. Ein Uberblick. Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Munchen 26, 1, p.
1-53.
(The surface features of the island of Borneo- an overview. Old geomorphologic description of Borneo)
Felix, J. (1921)- Fossile Anthozoen von Borneo. Palontologie von Timor 9, 15, p. 1-61.
(Fossil corals from Borneo. Miocene corals from Kutai Basin outcrops, collected by BPM geologists)
Ferguson, A. & K. McClay (1997)- Structural modelling within the Sanga Sanga PSC, Kutei Basin,
Kalimantan: its implication to paleochannel orientation studies and timing of hydrocarbon entrapment. In:
J.V.C. Howes & R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum Systems of SE Asia and Australia, Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 727-743.
(Sanga Sanga PSC four large fields in M and U Miocene deltaic sandstones in NNE-trending structures of
Mahakam fold belt. Gravity glide and strike-slip models do not simulate observed structures; thrusting, inverted
extensional faults and differential load models only partially simulate structures. Preferred combined tectonic
model for Mahakam fold belt is inversion of delta growth faults to form inverted graben structures, termed
inverted delta growth fault model. Change from overall extension to contraction started at 14.0 Ma. Structures
trending NNE are close to perpendicular to applied stress and become inverted)
Ferguson, K.J. (1986)- The Kelian gold prospect, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Proc. Int. Volcanological
Congress, Symposium 5: Volcanism, hydrothermal systems & related mineralisation, p. 41-46.
Feriansyah, L.T., J.L.C. Chambers, S.H. Dewantohadi, M. Syaiful, Priantono & D.N. Imanhardjo (1999)-
Structural and stratigraphic framework of the Palaeogene in the northern Kutei Basin East Kalimantan. Proc.
27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc. p. 443-455.
(Kutei basin 4 phases: 1) M-L Eocene extension; 2) L Eocene- Oligocene sag; 3) L Oligocene- E Miocene
renewed extension/ subsidence; 4) E Miocene- Recent delta progradation coincident with older depocentres
inversion; axis of deformation moves progressively E with time. Rapid facies variations in small extensional
depocentres (~20 km wide, up to 70 km long). Intrabasinal highs with thin clastics or limestones. More regional
depocentre in post-rift phase, beginning end-Late Eocene. Inversion process created two deformation styles: 1)
inversion anticlines in Paleogene; 2) detached tight anticlines in thick Neogene. Detached section same amount
of shortening (10-15%) as deeper inverted section)
Friederich, M.C., T.A. Moore, M.S.W. Lin & R.P. Langford (1995)- Constraints on coal formation in Southeast
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 6th New Zealand Coal Conf., 1, p. 137-149.
(SE Kalimantan coal beds significant differences between Eocene and Miocene. Eocene coals thinner, laterally
continuous and formed from palm/fern vegetation within transgressive sequence from near-coastal peats, which
formed as water table rose and were terminated as sea transgressed peat. Miocene coals formed in freshwater
sequence, locally thick, sudden lateral thickness changes and very low ash and sulphur. Miocene coal
component of decay-resistant woody vegetation, Eocene palm/fern coal more susceptible to decay. Miocene
coal beds formed as domed peats, which contributed to erratic thickness changes and locally thick coal)
Frijling, H., Loth, J.E. & J.W.H. Adam (1920)- Bijdrage tot de geologie van het Landschap Kotawaringin en de
afdeeling Ketapang resp. geleegen in de Residenties Zuider- en Ooster en Westerafdeeling van Borneo.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 47 (1918), Verh. 1, p. 210-223.

(Contributions to the geology of the Kotawarin and Ketapang districts, etc., SW corner of Kalimantan. Mainly
granites, overlain by folded ?Mesozoic and rel. Undeformed Tertiary sediments. Intruded and overlain by
younger porphyrites and andesites. With 1:1 million geological sketch map)
Fukasawa, H. , R. Sunaryo, & R.H. Napitupulu (1987)- Hydrocarbon generation and migration in the Sangatta
area, Kutei Basin. Proc. 16th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 11, p. 123-139.
(Sangatta field 1939 BPM discovery N of Mahakam delta. Oils tied to M Miocene Balikpapan Fm shales)
Fuller, M., J.R. Ali, S.J. Moss, G.M. Frost, B. Richter & A. Mahfi (1999)- Paleomagnetism of Borneo. J. Asian
Earth Sci. 17, p. 3-24.
(Paleomagnetism study supporting counterclockwise rotation of Borneo since Cretaceous. Mesozoic rocks older
than 80 Ma in Kalimantan- Sarawak almost 90 CCW rotation. NW Borneo Late Cretaceous-Eocene Silantek
Fm 41 of CCW rotation, Oligo-Miocene rocks generally weak CCW rotations. Bulk of paleomagnetic data
suggests up to ~50 counterclockwise rotation of Borneo between 25-10 Ma)
Fuller, M., R. Haston, J. Lin, B. Richter, E. Schmidtke & J. Almasco (1991)- Tertiary paleomagnetism of
regions around the South China Sea. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, p. 161-184.
(Tertiary CCW rotation in Sarawak, and Sabah. Conflicting results from Kalimantan, some show no rotation
with respect to Eurasia, others give CCW rotations)
Furlan, S., N. Clauer, S. Chaudhuri & F. Sommer (1996)- K transfer during burial diagenesis in the Mahakam
Delta basin (Kalimantan, Indonesia). Clays & Clay Min. 44, 2, p. 157-169.
(In Mahakam delta basin Potassium necessary for illitization of illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals mainly
from K-feldspar alteration in sandstones and from mica in shales. Most of K-feldspar alteration outside main
zone of illitization, which is restricted to upper 2000 m. Feldspar grains were altered below this depth, so
illitization requires open sedimentary system)
Furlan, S., N. Clauer, F. Sommer & S. Chaudhuri (1995)- Geochemistry of formation waters and hydrodynamic
evolution of a young and restricted sedimentary basin (Mahakam Delta Basin, Indonesia). Basin Res. 7, 1, p. 9-
20.
Gaol, K.L., H. Permana, A. Kadarusman, N.D. Hananto, D.D. Wardana & Y. Sudrajat (2005)- Model gayaberat
pegunungan Bobaris- Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan, dan implikasi tektoniknya. Jurnal Geofisika 2005, 2, p. 2-9.
(Gravity model of Bobaris- Meratus Mountains and tectonic implications. Bobaris-Meratus mountains with
ultramafic rocks flower structure ?)
Gangui, A., T. Rosaz, B. Lambert & D. Roy (2000)- Tectonic evolution of the South Mahakam area and its
petroleum implications. AAPG Int. Conf. Exhib. Abstracts, AAPG Bull. 84, 9, p. 1428. (Abstract only)
(SE part of offshore Mahakam PSC influenced by extension, with E Eocene- early Late Miocene development of
NW-SE (transtensional?) normal faults (Maruat, Sesumpu, Sepinggan faults), separating Kutei basin from
Paternoster Platform. Associated E-W faults probably related to strike-slip component. Metulang Field is in M
Miocene tilted (growth-) fault block. Late Miocene-Pliocene compression (N150-170) caused dextral strike-slip
reactivation of main normal faults, causing fault block reactivation (Mandu structure) and "en-echelon" folds
(Jumelai Field). Most hydrocarbon accumulations are along major fault migration pathways)
Gany, M.U.A., D. Suyadi & Widodo (1994)- Pengaruh karbonisasi terhadap kualitas batubara, Kotabangun-
Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 1153-1159.
('Influence of carbonization on coal quality, Kotabagun, E Kalimantan')
Garrigues, P., M.L. Angelin, R. De Sury, J.L. Oudin, M. Ewald (1985)- Etude la distribution des
monomethylphenanthrenes dans une serie de roches meres du delta de Mahakam (Indonesie). Comptes Rendus
Acad. Sci. (Paris), Ser. 2, 300, 15, p.747-750.
(Study of distribution of a chemical compound in a series of source rocks in Mahakam Delta)

Garrigues, P., R. De Sury, M.L. Angelin, J. Bellocq, J.L. Oudin & M. Ewald (1988)- Relation of the methyled
hydrocarbon distribution patterns to the maturity of organic matter in ancient sediments from Mahakam Delta.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 2, p. 375-384.
Garrigues, P., A. Saptorahardjo, C. Gonzalez, P. Wehrung, P.Albrecht, A. Saliot & M. Ewald (1986)-
Biogeochemical markers in the sediments from Mahakam Delta. Organic Geochem. 10, p. 959-964.
Gascuel, L. (1901)- Les gisements diamantiferes de la region sud-east de l'ile de Borneo. Annales des Mines,
Mem. 20, p. 2-23.
('The diamond-bearing formations of the SE Borneo region')
Gastaldo, R.A., G.P. Allen & A.Y. Huc (1993)- Detrital peat formation in the tropical Mahakam River delta,
Kalimantan, eastern Borneo: sedimentation, plant composition, and geochemistry. In: J.A. Cobb & C.B. Cecil
(eds.) Modern and ancient coal-forming environments, Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 286, p. 107-118.
Gastaldo, R.A., G.P. Allen & A. Huc (1995)- The tidal character of fluvial sediments of the modern Mahakam
River delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: B.W. Flemming & A. Bartholoma (eds.) Tidal signatures in modern and
ancient sediments, Int. Assoc. Sedim. Spec. Publ. 24, Blackwell, Oxford, p. 171-181.
(Brief sedimentological description of low wave-energy, mixed tide- and fluvially controlled Mahakam delta
complex. Medium- to fine-grained terrestrial sediment originates from 75 000 km2 drainage area. Two active
distributary systems, with interdistributary area of tidal channels and former fluvial distributary channels
which today are no longer connected to fluvial regime)
Gastaldo, R.A. & A.Y. Huc (1992)- Sediment facies, depositional environments, and distribution of phytoclasts
in the recent Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Palaios 7, 6, p. 574-590.
(Overview of distribution of sediments, vegetation and plant detritus in modern Mahakam delta)
Gautama, A.B. (1989)- Abnormal pressure behaviour with special emphasis on transition zone, Handil Field,
East Kalimantan. Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 135-160.
Geinitz, H.B. (1883)- Uber Kreide-Petrefakten von West-Borneo. Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. 35, p. 205.
('On Cretaceous fossils from W Kalimantan'. First record of Mesozoic rocks in Kalimantan: limestones with
mid-Cretaceous orbitolinid larger foraminifera, collected by Van Schelle)
Gerard, J. & H. Oesterle (1973)- Facies study of the offshore Mahakam area. Proc. 2nd Ann. Conv. Indon.
(Mahakan Delta prograded East since M Miocene and reached maximum extent in Late Miocene- Early
Pliocene. Delta was bordered to South and North by carbonate sediments and limited to open sea by barrier
reefs. Descriptions of deltaic subfacies and associated fauna)
Gerth, H. (1923)- Die Anthozoenfauna des Jungtertiars von Borneo. Sammlung. Geol, Reichsmuseums Leiden,
ser. 1, 10, p. 37-136.
(The coral faunas from the Late Tertiary of Borneo)
Geyler, H.Th. (1877)- Ueber fossile Pflanzen von Borneo. Palaeontographica Suppl. III, p. 61-84.
(On fossil plants from Borneo. 13 new species of moderately well preserved Eocene flora collected by Verbeek
from claystones associated with coal-bearing Tanjung Fm near Pengaron, SE Kalimantan. Eocene floras
comparable to present-day tropical vegetation)
Geyler, H.Th. (1879)- Die Eocanformation von Borneo und ihre Versteinerungen. III. Ueber fossile Pflanzen
von Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 8 (1879), 2, p. 3-54.
(On fossil plants from the Eocene of Borneo. Mainly on material collected by Verbeek from Tanjung Fm
near Pengaron. Same as Palaeontographica paper above)

Gisolf, W.F. (1924)- Bijdrage tot de kennis van de waarschijnlijke genese der ijzerertsen van het Koekoesan
gebergte (Zuid- en Oost-Afdeeling van Borneo). Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 50 (1921), Verh. 1, p.
296-303.
(Contribution to the knowledge of the likely genesis of iron ores of the Kukasan Mountains, SE Kalimantan.
Layer of iron ores above hartzburgite-serpentinite body probably initially concentration of magnetite/ hematite
in final stage of magmatic cooling processes, then further concentrated during surface weathering)
Gisolf, W.F. (1928)- On the origin of some iron ores and serpentinite in the Dutch East Indies. Proc. 3rd Pan
Pacific Sci. Congr. Tokyo 1926, 2, p. 1729-1732.
(In tropical climates serpentine not formed by weathering of olivine, because olivine preferentially weathers to
limonite. Primary serpentine is present in peridotite. Serpentine may form from high pressure with access to
water. Formation of serpentine and chlorite in SE Kalimantan peridotites caused by auto-metamorphism)
Gollner, E.R.D. (1924)- Verslag over de uitkomsten van mijnbouwkundig- geologische onderzoekingen op
Poeloe Laoet. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 50 (1921), Verhand, 1, p. 4-55.
(Geological survey of Laut Island, SE Kalimantan, with focus on Eocene coal occurrences. Coal mined by NEI
government on Pulau Laut since 1914. Two main coal horizons in ~160m basal quartz sandstone member, each
2-3m thick. Overlying Late Eocene marl member ~85m thick. Upper Eocene limestones common in other parts
of SE Kalimantan, but missing on Pulau Laut. With 1:50,000 scale geologic map of N part of island)
Granier B., J.M. Villain & R. Boichard (1997)- Biohermes holocenes a Halimeda au large du delta de la
Mahakam, Kalimantan (Indonesie)- Le concept de "section condensee dilatee". In: Carbonates intertropicaux,
Mm. Soc. Geol. France, n.s., 169, p. 225-230.
(Holocene Halimeda bioherms in front of the Mahakam Delta)
Grosjean, Y., G.C. De Janvry & B.C. Duval (1994)- Discovery of a giant in a mature deltaic province: Peciko,
Indonesia. Proc. 14th World Petrol. Congr., 2, p. 157-160.
Grundy, R. J., D. W. Paterson & F. H. Sidi (1996)- Uplift measurements in Tertiary sediments of the Kutei
Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, as it relates to VICO Indonesias PSC and the surrounding area. Int. Geoph.
Conf., Soc. Expl. Geoph, Jakarta 1996, Expanded abstracts, p. 81-85.
Gunawan, R. & C.B.C. Valk (1972)- Notes on the geology of aluminous laterites of West Kalimantan. Bull.
Nat. Inst. Geol. Mining 4, 1, p. 29-36.
(Large 300 km long and 50-100 km wide, NNW-SSE trending bauxite belt in W Kalimantan, formed on uplifted
and dissected peneplain. Previously Bintan island, SE Sumatra, was main bauxite occurrence in Indonesia)
Guritno, E.E. & J. Chambers (1999)- North Runtu PSC: the first proven Eocene petroleum play in the Kutai
Basin. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.1, p. 1-20.
(Paleogene hydrocarbon system proven recently in onshore NE Kutai basin PSC, but uneconomic so far.
Prospective areas exist in parts of Paleogene play fairway that have not suffered extensive uplift. System
appears limited by reservoir quality in Eocene syn-rift section)
Gwinn, J.W., H.M. Helmig & L. Witoelar Kartaadipoetra (1974)- Geology of the Badak field, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. Proc. 3rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 311-331.
(Badak large 1972 gas-oil discovery N of Mahakam Delta. Broad anticline with multiple stacked Late Miocene-
Pliocene deltaic sandstones between 4500- 11,000. Estimated EUR 6 TCF gas, 50 MBO)
Haile, N.S. (ed.) (1955)- Geological accounts of West Borneo- translated from the Dutch. Geol. Survey Dept.
British Territories in Borneo., Bull. 2, p. 1-285.
(Translations of papers on geology of W Kalimantan and adjacent areas of Sarawak by Dutch geologists
(Krekeler, Krol, Ter Bruggen, Zeylmans van Emmichoven and Ubaghs), originally published in 1925-1939)
Haile, N.S. (1973)- West Borneo microplate younger than supposed? Nature 242, p. 28-29.

Haile, N.S. (1974)- Borneo. In: A.W. Spencer (ed.) Mesozoic-Cainozoic orogenic belts; data for orogenic
studies. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 4, p. 333-347.
(Late Mesozoic- Tertiary orogeny affected N part of Borneo, over 900 km from Makassar Straits to S China
Sea. Four zones recognized, in direction of increasing age of main periods of mobility from N to S: Miri
(youngest deformation), Sibu (greatest mobility; thick deformed Late Cretaceous-Eocene flysch), Kuching
(deformed Mesozoic marine sediments) and W Borneo Paleozoic metamorphic basement with Late Paleozoic-
Mesozoic sediments)
Haile, N.S. (1979)- Rotation of Borneo microplate completed by Miocene: palaeomagnetic evidence. Warta
Geologi (Geol. Soc. Malaysia Newsletter) 5, 2, p. 19-22.
Haile, N.S., M.W. McElhinny & I. McDougall (1977)- Palaeomagnetic data and radiometric ages from the
Cretaceous of West Kalimantan (Borneo), and their significance in interpreting regional structure. J. Geol. Soc.
London 133, 2, p. 133-144.
(W Kalimantan complex history of magmatism and cooling from M Jurassic- Late Cretaceous. Well-defined
granitic magmatic event in Schwaner zone at ~79-86 Ma, also recognized in Sarawak, S China Sea islands,
Malay Peninsula, S Sumatra, and Java Sea. Palaeomagnetism of Late Cretaceous samples yield mean
palaeomagnetic pole at 21E, 41N, and 0 palaeolatitude for West Kalimantan. Paleomagnetic pole not
significantly different from Cretaceous pole estimated for Malay Peninsula. Since M Cretaceous W Kalimantan
and Malay Peninsula behaved as one unit, have remained in present latitude, but rotated anticlockwise ~50)
Haile, N.S. & E. Urquhart (1995)- Dating Mesozoic mlange and other problematic formations in Southeast
Asia. In: In: Proc. Int. Symposium Geology of SE Asia and adjacent areas, J. Geology, Geol. Survey Vietnam,
Hanoi, 5-6, p. 308-309. (Abstract only)
(Mesozoic melange in Borneo in discontinuous belt from NW tip to E coast (= Danau Fm of Molengraaff;
HvG). Over part of length it forms S limit of U Cretaceous- U Eocene flysch/ accretionary prism of N Borneo.
Fossils in blocks in melange include Lw Cretaceous radiolaria in cherts, U Cretaceous forams in sediment
blocks and rare Eocene nannofossils in matrix. Overlying undisrupted Plateau Gp U Eocene forams and pollen)
Hall, R. & G.J. Nichols (2002)- Cenozoic sedimentation and tectonics in Borneo: climatic influences on
orogenesis. In: S.J. Jones & L. Frostick (eds.) Sediment flux to basins: causes, controls and consequences. Geol.
Soc. London Spec. Publ. 191, p. 5-22.
(Sediment volume in basins around Borneo indicates >6 km removed by Neogene erosion. Implied tectonic
uplift not reflected in high mountains on island. High weathering and erosion rates in tropical climate likely
factor governing formation of relief. Rapid removal of material by erosion prevented tectonic denudation by
faulting: around Borneo there was no lithospheric flexure due to thrust loading and no true foreland basins
developed. Sediment deposited adjacent to orogenic belt in older, deep oceanic basins. Sediment yield of
Borneo mountains comparable to Alps or Himalayas)
Hall, R., M.W.A. van Hattum & W. Spakman (2008)- Impact of India-Asia collision on SE Asia: the record in
Borneo. Tectonophysics 451, p. 366-389.
(History of Borneo not consistent with island forming part of large block extruded from Asia. Clockwise
rotations predicted by indentor model for Borneo incompatible with palaeomagnetic evidence.Great thicknesses
of Cenozoic sediments in Borneo and circum-Borneo basins derived from local sources and not from distant
sources in Asia. Cenozoic geological history of Borneo records subduction of proto-S China Sea and Miocene
collision after this ocean lithosphere was eliminated, and effects from long-term subduction beneath SE Asia)
Handoyo, K. (2003)- Sequence stratigraphy and reservoir heterogeneity of the Serang Field, Kutei Basin,
Indonesia. Masters Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 175 p,
(Late Miocene sandstone reservoirs of Serang Field, off Mahakam Delta, with 10 facies associations. Sequence
stratigraphic analysis showed three intermediate-term cycles, divided into short-term cycles. Overall landward-
stepping, representing long-term base-level rise. Main reservoirs incised valley fills. Sediment sourced from
paleo-Mahakam Delta. Younger stratigraphic cycles greater reservoir heterogeneity. Because of seaward-

increasing mud content and bioturbation, rank of sediment bodies that act as reservoir in decreasing order: (1)
fluvial/distributary channels, (2) distributary channels and (3) delta front bars)
Harahap, B.H. (1990)- Magmatism in West Kalimantan. J. Indon Assoc. Geol. (IAGI) 13, 1, p. 63-90.
Harahap, B.H. (1993)- Geochemical investigation of Tertiary magmatic rocks from central West Kalimantan.
Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung 1993, 1, p. 304-326.
(Tertiary magmatic rocks in W Kalimantan mainly dacites, some rhyolites, basalts, andesites. Basalts in N
province different source from S province. Volcanics in S intrude Cretaceous granodiorites, are most siliceous.
Chemistry typical island arc, may be related to SE subduction under Sarawak accretionary prism)
Harahap, B.H. (1994)- Petrology of the Cretaceous subvolcanic and volcanic rocks from Singkawang area,
West Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 4, 35, p. 15-24.
Harahap, B.H. (1994)- Petrology and geochemistry of Mount Niut Volcano, West Kalimantan. Bull. Geol. Res.
Dev. Centre 17, p. 1-12.
Harahap, B.H. (1995)- The Boyan melange of West Kalimantan origin and tectonic development. Bull. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 18, p. 1-21.
(Boyan melange E-W trending belt in W Kalimantan, composed of km-size blocks of clastics, limestone (with
Cenomanian Orbitolina), radiolarian chert, greenschist, large blocks (6 x 40 km) of sheared serpentinite, also
granite (one 320 Ma K/Ar age), basalt, etc., in sheared chloritized dark 'scaly' shale. Common boudinage
structures. Bounded to N and S by Selangkai Fm Turonian turbidites, with gradational contacts. Overall dips of
beds/ cleavage to South. Interpreted as Late Cretaceous S-dipping subduction complex. Intruded by Miocene
'Sintang' dacitic rocks, one dated at 16.4 Ma)
Harahap, B.H. (1995)- Petrography and mineral chemistry of the Tertiary subducted related mafic subvolcanic
rocks from West Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 5, 46, p.
Harahap, B.H. (1996)- Petrological characteristic of the Upper Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene volcanism in
Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (Bandung) 6, 62, p.
Harahap, B.H. (1996)- Petrography and mineral chemistry of the Tertiary silicic subvolcanic rocks of the
Sundaland of West Kalimantan. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 19, p. 75-95.
(95% of subvolcanic rocks of W Kalimantan are silica-rich dacites and rhyolites)
Harahap, D. (1975)- Notes on log evaluation in the Badak Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geol. Indonesia
(IAGI) 2, 2, p. 39-44.
(Badak Field reservoir rocks are sands deposited in deltaic environment. Shaliness common in pay sands and
resistivity of formation waters varies from bed to bed)
Hardjadinata, K. (1995)- Studi ofiolit Pegunungan Meratus- Bobaris, Kalimantan tengara. J. Geol. Sumberdaya
Min. (GRDC), 5, 40, p. 10-18.
(Study of ophiolite of the Meratus- Bobaris Mountains, SE Kalimantan)
Hardy, M.J. (2000)- Origin, distribution, and degradation of sedimentary organic matter in a modern tropical
deltaic system (Mahakam Delta, Borneo, Indonesia). Ph.D. Thesis Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, 368 p.
Hardy, M.J. & J.H. Wrenn (2009)- Palynomorph distribution in modern tropical deltaic and shelf sediments-
Mahakam Delta, Borneo, Indonesia. Palynology 34, p. 19-42.
(Distribution of terrestrial palynomorphs in Mahakam Delta surface sediments from 12 depositional
environments from head of delta to shelf edge can be explained by transport and depositional processes.
Amounts of marine palynomorphs (foram linings, copepod eggs, dinocysts) increases gradually offshore)

Harting. A. (1925)- Bijdrage tot de geologie van Beraoe. Verhand. Geol.-Mijnb. Gen. Nederl. Kolon., Geol.
Ser. VIII (Verbeek volume), p. 205-212.
(Contribution to the geology of Berau, S Tarakan Basin, E Kalimantan. Pre-Tertiary steeply-dippin, mainly E-
W trending low metamorphic rocks with reddish radiolarian cherts and granites. Overlain by Paleogene
nummiltes bearing clastics and carbonates, Oligo-Miocene Lepidocyclina limestones, overlain by Globigerina
marls then coal-rich beds, unconformably overlain by Plio-Pleistocene Sadjau and Bunyu beds)
Harting. A. (1930)- Enkele geologische waarnemingen langs de S. Kajan. De Mijningenieur 11, p. 176-179.
(Some geologic observations along the Kajan River'. On the direction of Pre-Tertiary at Brem-Brem falls near
Bulungan and uncormably overlying, horizontal Eocene limestone)
Hartmann, M.A. (1937)- Der Batoe Mesangat in Nord-Koetai, eine imposante Vulkanruine in Borneo. Natuurk.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 97, 8, p. 214-225.
(The Batu Mesangat in N Kutai, an imposing volcano ruin in Borneo. With notes on pre-Tertiary geology)
Hartono, H.M.S. (1984)- Tectonic development of Kalimantan and adjacent areas. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre
9, p. 1-13.
(Kalimantan tectonic history: Permian- Carboniferous volcanic arc, with subduction from N/ NE. Late Triassic
collision, a continuation of Burmese- W Malayan microcontinent collision with Indochina. Late Cretaceous
melange in E Kalimantan and volcanics in SW Kalimantan are part of arc system extending SW towards Java-
Sumatra. Tertiary subduction/ accretion from N/NW)
Hartono, H.M.S. (1985)- Summary of tectonic development of Kalimantan and adjacent area. In: Proc. Second
EAPI/CCOP Workshop, Energy 10, p. 341-352.
(Review of tectonic development of Kalimantan. Pre-Late Triassic rocks present, but history not clear.
Carboniferous-Permian arc postulated. Kalimantan cratonized and stabilized by collision tectonics in Late
Triassic, correlating with Indo-Sinian orogeny in peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. Late Cretaceous-Early
Tertiary arc development with granitic plutons in SW Kalimantan. Post-Late Triassic deposition either platform
cover or active marginal accretion)
Hartono, U. (2000)- The origin of Tertiary basaltic and low-Y andesitic volcanic rocks from the Meratus range,
South Kalimantan. J. Geol. Sumber Daya Min. (Bandung), 10, 103, p.
Hartono, U. (2000)- Batuan kerak samudera. In: U. Hartono, R. Sukamto et al. (eds.) (2000)- Evolusi magmatik
Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 25-36.
('Oceanic crust rocks'. Review of SW Meratus Mountains ophiolites)
Hartono, U. (2003)- A geochemical study on the Plio-Pleistocene magmas from Kalimantan; their influence to
the Tertiary mineralization system in Kalimantan. Majalah Geol. Indonesia 18, 2, p. 168-174.
(Plio-Pleistocene volcanics common along Kalimantan- Sarawak border. Matulang Fm basalts and basaltic
andesites previously called intraplate magmatism. Geochemistry suggest mixing of deep mantle source and arc
magma. Probably produced during extensional tectonism after Late Miocene collision of Miri-Luconia
microcontinent with Kalimantan-Sundaland)
Hartono, U. (2006)- Petrogenesis of the Sintang Intrusives and its implication for mineralization in Northwest.
J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC, Bandung), 16, 4, p.
Hartono, U. et al. (1997)- Tertiary basalts and microgabbros from Pulau Laut, South Kalimantan: a primitive
magma in island arcs. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (Bandung) 7, 71, p. 2-8.
Hartono, U., M.H.J. Dirk, P. Sanyoto & S. Permanadewi (1999)- Geochemistry and K/Ar results of the
Mesozoic-Cenozoic plutonic and volcanic rocks from the Meratus Range, South Kalimantan. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Proc. GEOSEA '98, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 49-61.

(Three main perids of magmatic acticity in Meratus Mts: Lw Cretaceous (131-103 Ma; Barremian-Albian)
subduction-related granitoids, U Cretaceous (82-66 Ma; Campanian- Maastrichtian) Haruyan Fm submarine
island arc volcanics and granitoids. Tertiary (62-19.5 Ma) andesitic-basaltic volcanics and granitoids limited
distribution (on Palau Laut along strike-slip faults). Microdiorite at G. Kukusan K-Ar age 19.6 Ma. Parts of U
Cretaceous- Tertiary andesites high-MgO, probably formed by reaction between ascending melts and mantle
peridotite)
Hartono, U. & D. Djumhana (2000)- Batuan malihan. In: U. Hartono, R. Sukamto et al. (eds.) (2000)- Evolusi
magmatik Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 75-84.
(Review of mid-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks of SW Meratus Mountains, SE Kalimantan)
Hartono, U. & S. Permanadewi (2000)- Batuan volkanik. In: U. Hartono, R. Sukamto et al. (eds.) (2000)-
Evolusi magmatik Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 53-74.
(Review of volcanic rocks, Meratus Mts, SE Kalimantan)
Hartono, U., S. Permanadewi & M.H.J. Dirk (1997)- Petrology and geochemistry of the Tertiary volcanic and
subvolcanic rocks, South Kalimantan. Proc. 26th Ann. Conv. Indon. Geol. Assoc. (IAGI), p. 419-427.
Hartono, U. & I. Saefudin (2000)- Evolusi magmatik. In: U. Hartono, R. Sukamto et al. (eds.) (2000)- Evolusi
magmatik Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 119-135.
(Review of magmatic evolution Meratus Mts, SE Kalimantan)
Hartono, U., P. Sanyoto, H.Z. Abidin, S. Permanadewi, W. Sunata, M.H.J. Dirk & I. Saefudun (1997)-
Geochemical characteristics of the Cretaceous and Tertiary volcanics, South Kalimantan: implications for the
tectono magnetic evolution. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 7, 66, p. 2-10.
Hartono, U., R. Sukamto, Surono & H. Panggabean (eds.) (2000)- Evolusi magmatik Kalimantan Selatan. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, 140 p.
(The magmatic evolution of South Kalimantan. Collection of papers)
Hartono, U. & Suyono (2006)- Identification of adakite from Sintang Intrusive in West Kalimantan. J. Sumber
Daya Geol. (GRDC, Bandung), 16, 3, p. 173-178.
(U Oligocene Sintang high- level intrusives widely exposed in W Kalimantan, consisting of microdiorite,
granite/ microgranite, quartz diorite, dacite, andesite and minor rhyolite and rhyodacite. Published
geochemical data suggest rocks are of adakitic type. Probably originated from melting of subducted S China
Sea oceanic crust beneath Kalimantan. Subduction started in Late Oligocene when crust was still young)
Hashimoto, W. (1973)- An unconformity discovered on the Tandjung anticline in the eastern rim of the Barito
Basin, Kalimo Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. In: T. Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and
Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 12, Tokyo Univ. Press, p. 179-188.
(NE Barito Tanjung anticline with 1200m thick Tanjung Fm (500m Eocene basal conglomerates, overlain by
clastics, then Late Eocene/Tb limestones). Unconformity between Eocene Tb and Lower Oligocene Tc,
characterized by basal Tc sand with thin coal and reworked Tab fauna on Tanjung anticline. In Kahajan wells
Eocene/Tb directly overlain by Late Oligocene/Te. Tcd 295m thick in Tanjung area, thickening in Upper
Mahakam region to 1800m. Berai Lst 650m thick and mostly Lower Te/ Late Oligocene)
Hashimoto, W. & T. Koike (1973)- A geological reconnaissance of the reservoir area of the Riam Kanan dam,
East of Martapura, Kalimantan Selatan (South Borneo), Indonesia. In: T. Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.)
Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 13, Tokyo Univ. Press, p. 163-184.
(Area of Riam Kanan dam at Aranio, 40 km E of Banjarmasin, now mainly flooded by lake. Review of
Koolhoven (1935) Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy of this part of Meratus Mts area, with additional own
observations)

Hashimoto, W. & T. Koike (1974)- On the Martapura Cretaceous system of Southeast Kalimantan, Borneo,
Indonesia (Geology along the upper stream of the Riam Kanan River). Chigaku Zasshi = J. Geography, Tokyo,
83, 1, p. 1-18. (in Japanese) (online at: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/)
(1972 survey of Meratus Mts Upper Cretaceous sediments at upper Riam Kanan River, E and Riam Kiwa W of
Bobaris Mts. Basal conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones, unconformable over schist, with Turonian
ammonoids and Inoceramus. Overlying Benuariam/Atiin Fm porphyritic lavas, agglomerates and tuffs, and
conglomerates, Tabatan Fm sandstones and conglomerates with Apto-Albian Orbitolina in limestone pebbles
and reworked Benuariam Fm. Overlying Rantaulajon Fm fissile shale rich in estheriids, indicating nonmarine
facies, probably Senonian. Includes record of mid-Cretaceous Orbitolina in Meratus Mts at Hantakan, E of
Barabai. Study of Eocene- Miocene suggests Early Oligocene Td stage is absent in area)
Hashimoto, W., K. Kurihara & F. Masuda (1973)- A study on some reticulate Nummulites from Kalimantan
Selatan, Indonesia. In: T. Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia,
Tokyo Univ. Press, 13, p. 73-90.
(Biometric study of Early Oligocene Nummulites (N. fichteli, N. intermedia) from two zone Tc localities in SE
Kalimantan: (1) near kampong Masukou on N flank of Tandjung oil field anticline and (2) from kampong
Tunggul Baru, right bank of Riam Kawa River, S of Pengaron,)
Hashimoto, W. & K. Matsumaru (1973) Nephrolepidina parva Oppenoorth from the Dahor area, Tandjung,
Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Geol. Palaeont. Southeast Asia 11, University of Tokyo Press, p. 129-135.
Hashimoto, W. & K. Matsumaru (1974)- Orbitolina from Seberuang, Cretaceous, Kalimantan Barat (West
Borneo), Indonesia. In: T. Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 14,
Tokyo Univ. Press, p. 89-99.
(Multiple localities of Selangkai Fm clastics at Seberuang River, Upper Kapuas, W Central Kalimantan with
lenses of coral-bearing limestones rich in Orbitolina lenticularis. Localities first described by Martin (1899),
Molengraaff (1900) and Zeijlmans (1939). Seberuang Orbitolina is Orbitolina lenticularis of Hofker (1966)-
groups II (within E Aptian) and I-II (Late Aptian). Also good map of all Orbitolina localities in W Indonesia)
Hattori, K., K.P. Burgath & S.R. Hart (1992) Os-isotope study of platinum-group minerals in chromitites in
alpine-type ultramafic intrusions and the associated placers in Borneo. Mineralogical Mag. 56, p. 156-164.
Hattori, K.H., L.J. Cabri, B. Johanson & M.L. Zientek (2004)- Origin of placer laurite from Borneo: Se and As
contents, and S isotopic compositions. Mineralogical Mag. 68, 2, p. 353-368.
(Platinum-group mineral laurite (RuS2) from Pontyn River sediments, Tanah Laut, SE Borneo, derived from
Meratus ophiolite. Formation of laurite in residual mantle or in magma generated from refractory mantle,
followed by erosion after obduction of host ultramafic rocks)
Hehanussa, P.E. (1981)- Basic data from Barito delta, south Kalimantan, Indonesia. LGPN-LIPI, Bandung, 21
p.
Hemmes, K., H. Darman, L. Suffendy & Meizarwin (2000)- Depositional systems of the deep-water Tarakan
Basin, Indonesia. Proc. 2000 AAPG Int. Conf. Exhib., Bali 2000, 1 p. (Abstract only)
(Tarakan Basin passive continental margin with Late Eocene-Recent sediments on continental to oceanic crust,
created during M-L Eocene opening of Celebes Sea. M Miocene uplift of Borneo hinterland uplift triggered
massive influx of turbidites in deep-water area, deposited as fans in front of Tarakan delta and buried by
rapidly prograding Plio-Pleistocene Tarakan Delta slope deposits. Potential reservoir systems in deepwater
unconfined toe of slope fans, confined intra-slope fans and intra-slope channel-levee systems)
Hendrawan, A. Bachtiar, D. Apriadi, E. Kurniawan & Y. Bachtiar (1998)- Pemelajaran sedimentologi dari
Singkapan batuan Miosen di Cekungan Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), Sed. Pal. Strat., p. 1-15.
('Sedimentological study of Singkapan Miocene rocks in the Kutai Basin')

Heriawan, M.N. (2007)- Spatial characterization and geological modelingof heterogeneous resource quality in a
multiplayer coal deposit. Ph.D. Thesis Kumamoto University, p. 1-121. (online at: http://reposit.lib.kumamoto-
u.ac.jp/bitstream/2298/9145/1/21-157.pdf)
(Geologic modeling of distribution and quality of multi-layer coal deposit from Lati Coal Mine, Tanjung
Redeub, S part of Tarakan Basin (Berau), NE Kalimantan). Coal horizons in ~1800m thick M Miocene Berau
(Latih) Fm, dominantly delta plain facies, overall progradational series. In Lati area 19 coal seams, individual
thickness generally 0.5- 3 m, max. 5.8m. Comparison work on Barito Basin Eocene Tanjung Fm coal)
Heriawan, M.N. & K. Koike (2008)- Identifying spatial heterogeneity of coal resource quality in a multiplayer
coal deposit by multivariate geostatistics. Int. J. Coal Geol. 73, 3-4, p. 307-330.
(Geostatistical characterization of geometry and quality of multilayer coal deposit in E Kalimantan)
Heriawan, M.N. & K. Koike (2008)- Uncertainty assessment of coal tonnage by spatial modeling of seam
distribution and coal quality. Int. J. Coal Geol. 76, 3, p. 217-226.
(On spatial modeling of coal seam distribution and coal quality at multiplayer coal deposit in E Kalimantan)
Heriawan, M.N., J. Rivoirard & Syafrizal (2004)- Resources estimation of a coal deposit using ordinary block
kriging. Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, Wroclaw, Poland, p. 37-43.
(On Tarakan Basin Eocene coal)
Heriyanto, N., A. Nawawi, A.D.M. Mason, F.T. Ingram, D.E. Pedersen & R.C. Davis (1996)- Exploratory
update in the North Tanjung Block, South Kalimantan. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 55-68.
(Results of Permin Tracer 1993- 1995 exploration in N Tanjung Block, NE Barito basin. Wells Patas 1 and
Ngurit 1 with oil and gas shows. Muya 1 well high-wax oil that can not be produced. Exploration success
depends on early formed structures that remained intact after subsequent episodes of structuring)
Heriyanto, N., W. Satoto & S. Sardjono (1991)- Pematangan hidrokarbon dan hipotesa migrasi di Pulau Bunyu,
cekungan Tarakan. Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Energy Min. Res., p. 261-280.
(Maturation of hydrocarbons and hypothesis of migration in Bunyu Island, Tarakan Basin')
Heriyanto, N., W. Satoto & S. Sardjono (1992)- An overview of hydrocarbon maturity and its migration aspects
in Bunyu Island, Tarakan Basin. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 1-22.
(Geochemical data in Bunyu Island show gentle rise on top oil window from Bunyu field in SE to Tapa Field in
NW. Water-washing of oil in Bunyu field (largest oil field). At Tapa major gas field, hydrocarbon altered by
fractionation. Bunyu hydrocarbon from fluviodeltaic source rocks; Tapa gas is from shallow lacustrine-
estuarine source. Differences of hydrocarbon type controlled by thermal gradient, higher in NW than SE.
Hydrocarbon migration controlled by tectonic framework and position during Mio-Pliocene tectonism)
Heriyanto, N. & M. Wahyudin (1994)- Reflectance gradient and shale compaction, their relationship to basin
configuration during Early Neogene, A NE Kalimantan Basin reassesment. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon.
Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 2, p. 927-941.
Hermanto, B., S. Bachri & S. Atmawinata (1994)- Geological map of the Pankalanbuun Quadrangle,
Kalimantan, 1: 250,000, Quad. 1515. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(S Kalimantan geologic map. S margin of Schwaner Mts. Oldest rocks ?Triassic Kuayan Fm andesitic
volcanics, intruded by Cretaceous Mandahan granites, unconformably overlain by Late Miocene- Pliocene
Dahor Fm)
Heryanto, R. (1991)- Sedimentology of the Melawi and Ketungau basins, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ph.D.
Thesis Univ. Wollongong, p.
(Melawi and Ketungau Basins in W Kalimantan developed between E Tertiary Lubuk Antu subduction zone in N
and Semitau High to S. Semitau High is belt of Late Cretaceous subduction complex (Boyan Melange; with
Permian granitoid and metamorphic microcontinental fragments). Shallow marine- terrestrial deposits in
Melawi and Ketungau Basins Late Eocene- Oligocene age. Three unconformities in Melawi Basin. Melawi

Group and Alat Sst can be correlated with Kantu Fm and Tutoop Sst in Ketungau Basin. Sand provenance from
N, from uplifted melanges. Both basins with coal seams. Uplift of Semitau High (Boyan Melange) along
backthrusts during Paleocene- E Eocene produced accretionary prism flanked to S by forearc Melawi Basin. P
N-ward migration of Benioff Zone in Late Eocene created forearc Ketungau Basin between old and new (Lubok
Antu Melange) outer arc ridges)
Heryanto, R. (1993)- Neogene stratigraphy of Kalimantan. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, p. 82-91.
Heryanto, R. (1996)- Diagenesis of the Melawi Basin sandstone, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bull. Geol. Res.
Dev. Centre 20, p. 67-84.
(Diagenesis of the >7 km thick Eocene and Oligocene fluvial, lacustrine and shallow marine sandstones of the
Melawi Basin. Generally characteristic of deeper burial)
Heryanto, R. (1996)- Sedimentology of the Ingar Formation. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC, Bandung) 6,
53, p. 9-16.
(Ingar Fm Eocene sands-shales and minor limestone, W Kalimantan. Arkosic- feldspathic litharenite, derived
from Schwaner Mountains igneous rocks)
Heryanto, R. (1996)- Sedimentology of the Dangkalan sandstone. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC, Bandung)
6, 58, p. 6-16.
Heryanto, R. (1999)- Petrografi batupasir Formasi Manunggul di daerah Alimukim, Kalimantan Selatan. J.
Geologi Sumberdaya Min. (Geol.) 9, 93, p. 16-26.
('Petrography of Manunggul Fm sandstone in the Alimukim area, S Kalimantan')
Heryanto, R. (1999)- Diagenesa Batupasir Formasi Manunggul di Daerah Alimukim, Kalimantan Selatan.
Jurnal Geol. Sumberdaya Mineral, 9, 98, p. 16-26.
(Diagenesis of Manunggul Fm sandstone in the Alimukin area, S Kalimantan. Upper Cretaceous
volcanoclastics overlying Meratus ophiolite complex)
Heryanto, R. (2000)- Pengendapan batuan sedimen kelompok Pitap di bagian selatan Pegunungan Meratus,
Kalimantan Selatan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 10, 109, p. 1-19.
('Deposition of rocks of the Pitap Group in the southern part of the Meratus Mountains, S Kalimantan')
Heryanto, R. (2000)- Tataan stratigraphy. In: U. Hartono et al. (eds.) Evolusi magmatik Kalimantan Selatan,
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 7-24.
(Stratigraphy chapter in Magmatic evolution of South Kalimantan book)
Heryanto, R. (2008)- Paleogeografi Cekungan Tersier Barito, Kalimantan. Proc. 37th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc.
Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 238-257.
(Paleogeography of the Tertiary Barito Basin, Kalimantan)
Heryanto, R. (2009)- Karakteristik dan lingkungan pengendapan batubara Formasi Tanjung di daerah Binuang
dan sekitarnya, Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Geol. Indonesia 4, 4, p. 239-252.
(online at: http://www.bgl.esdm.go.id/dmdocuments/jurnal20090402.pdf)
('Characteristics and depositional environments of Tanjug Fm coal in the Binuang area, S Kalimantan'. Eocene
Tanjung Fm at E margin Barito Basin unconformably overlain by Plio - Pleistocene Dahor Fm. Coarse sst-
conglomerate in lower part, mudstone with coals and sandstone in middle, and mainly mudstone in upper parts.
Coal seams 50-350 cm thick, with common vitrinite in all zones, inertinite highest in E Zone (14-16 %).
Vitrinite reflectance of coal in W and Middle Zones ~0.45 %, in E Zone is 0.45-0.50 %, all subbituminous B
rank. Depositional environment of coals in W and Middle Zones was delta plain back mangrove- fresh water
swamp, in E Zone flood plain wet fresh water swamp)

Heryanto, R., B.H. Harahap, P.R. Williams & P.E. Pieters (1993)- Geology of the Sintang sheet area,
Kalimantan, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(C Kalimantan map sheet, showing occurrences of Jurassic- Early Cretaceous Danau Mafic Complex (probably
oceanic crust in Cretaceous Boyan accretionary melange), Semitau Metamorphics, thick Eocene sediments of
Melawi and Ketungau basins, widespread Late Oligocene- E Miocene Sintang andesite intrusives, etc.)
Heryanto, R. & U. Hartono (2003)- Stratigraphy of the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. 13, 133, p. 2-24.
Heryanto, R. & B.G. Jones (1996)- Tectonic development of Melawi and Ketangau basins, Western
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 19, p. 151-179.
(In Late Cretaceous most of W Kalimantan Melawi/ Ketangau basins was area of marine shelf, flysch and
pelagic deposition. Early Tertiary S-directed thrusting created Melawi foreland basin with Eocene lacustrine,
fluvial and marginal marine sediments. In latest Eocene new thrust zone further North, producing second
foreland basin (Ketangau))
Heryanto, R. & U. Margono (2008)- The provenance and diagenesis of sandstones of the Eocene Tanjung
Formation in the Kualakurun area, Central Kalimantan. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geol. 18, 5, p. 281-298.
(Eocene Tanjung Fm at E flank Schwaner Mts, W Barito Basin. Conglomerate and sandstone in lower part,
mudstone with coals in middle, sandstones in upper part. Sandstones subarkose, sublitharenite and felspathic
litharenite. Grains mainly quartz with lithics, feldspars, muscovite and opaque minerals. Provenance from
Craton Interior and Recycled Orogen, from Pre-Tertiary of Schwaner Mts Cretaceous granites and Paleozoic
metamorphics to West. Diagenesis regime equal to burial depth of 2-3 km)
Heryanto, R. & H. Panggabean (2004)- Fasies, sedimentologi Formasi Tanjung di Bagian Barat, Tengah dan
Timur Tinggian Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC) 14, 3, p. 78-93.
('Facies and sedimentology of the (Eocene) Tanjung Formation in the W, C and E Meratus Mts, S Kalimantan')
Heryanto, R. & H. Panggabean (2010)- Characteristics and depositional environment on Jurassic-Cretaceous

rock sequences in Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan. Proc. Symp. Paleoclimates in Asia during the
Cretaceous, IGCP 507 Project ,Yogyakarta 2010, p. 53- 56. (Abstract only)
(Somewhat difficult-to-follow summary of Meratus Mts rocks, ages and tectonic development. Permo-
Carboniferous S-type Lumo granite (319-260 Ma), represents continental Sundaland. M Jurassic metamorphic
rocks (165-180 Ma). Mid-Cretaceous subduction suggested by arc-type Belawayan Granite (101-131 Ma) and
metamorphic rocks (110-119 Ma). Belawayan granite overlain by Aptian- Albian Batununggal Lst)
Heryanto, R. & P. Sanyoto (1994)- Geological map of the Amuntai Quadrangle, Kalimantan, 1:250,000. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Heryanto, R., P. Sanyoto & H. Panggabean (2003)- Depositional setting of the sedimentary rocks of Pitap
Group in the northern Meratus High (Amandit, Alimukim and Paramasan Areas), Southeast Kalimantan. J.
Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 13, 141, p. 2-21.
Heryanto, R., S. Supriatna, E. Rustandi & Baharuddin (1994)- Geological map of the Sampanahan Quadrangle,
Kalimantan, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Heryanto, R., Sutrisno, Sukardi & D. Agustianto (1998)- Geologic map Belimbing sheet, South Kalimantan,
scale 1: 100.000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Hickman, R.G., C. Stuart & T.P. Seeley (2000)- Evolution of the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
AAPG Int. Conf. Exhib. Abstracts, AAPG Bull. 84, 9, p. 1437-1438. (Abstract only)
(Kutei basin sedimentation linked to tectonism. Eo- Oligocene rift basins on Cretaceous accretionary prism
from E. Kalimantan to S. Sulawesi. Late Oligocene- earliest Miocene carbonate banks and reefs along shale-
prone basins. In late E Miocene regional compression and formation of opposing thrust belts in Borneo and

Sulawesi and Paleogene rifts were inverted. Uplifts supplied sediment to deltas prograding to present coast by
early M Miocene. Continued shortening caused E-ward folding of Miocene deltaics. In Mahakam depocenter
large, low relief detached folds at former shelf breaks. N and S of depocenter linked growth faults and toe
thrusts. Right-lateral Sangkulirang Bay fault accommodates shortening between Borneo and Sulawesi)
Hidayat, S. (1995)- Mud volcanoes as an indication of geological structure in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: J.
Ringis (ed.) Proc. 31st Sess. Comm. Co ord. Joint Prosp. Min. Res. Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP), Kuala
Lumpur 1994, 2, p. 267-281.
(Mud volcanoes on Samarinda anticlinorium (onshore of Mahakam delta). Mud samples with E Miocene (zone
N6) planktonic forams, adjacent outcrops M Miocene age (zone N8). Probably caused by overpressure of shale
by overthrusting)
Hidayat, S., Amiruddin & D. Satrianas (1995)- Geological map of the Tarakan and Sebatik sheet, Kalimantan.
Hidayat, S. & I. Umar (1994)- Geological map of the Balikpapan sheet, Kalimantan. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung.
Hinde, G.J. (1902)- Description of fossil radiolaria from the rocks of Central Borneo. In: G.A.F. Molengraaff,
Borneo-expedition. Geological explorations in Central Borneo (1893-94) Brill, Leiden, Appendix I, p. 1-57.
(Several localities of radiolarian chert in C Borneo, sampled by Molengraaff. Two kinds: folded red radiolarian
cherts in Upper Kapuas River area, and radiolarian tuffs and marls S of Semitau Hills, both below Cretaceous
clastics with Orbitolina. Radiolarians of probable Jurassic age)
Hirano, H., S. Ichihara, Y. Sunarya, N. Nakajima, I. Obata & M. Futakami (1981)- Lower Jurassic ammonites
from Bengkayang, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 4, p. 21-26.
(Two species of Toarcian (upper Lower Jurassic) ammonites (Harpoceras sp. and Dactylioceras sp.). From
uppermost part of >3000m thick Upper Triassic- Jurassic Bengkayang Group (Sungaibetung Fm) at Mt
Bawang, Bengkayang area, W Kalimantan, in beds previously mapped as Upper Triassic. Formation intruded
by E Cretaceous (~104 Ma) Mt. Raya granodiorite and Tertiary tonalite of 29-19 Ma age)
Hirschi, H. (1908)- Vorlaufiger Bericht uber einen geologischen Streifzug in centraal-Borneo- Oberlauf
Moeroeng (Barito). Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen (2), 25, p. 777-806.
(Early geological survey of the upper Murung tributary of the Barito River, N of Banjarmasin, C Kalimantan)
Hoffman, C.F., A.S. MacKenzie, C.A. Lewis, J.R. Maxwell, J.L. Oudin, B. Durand & M. Vandenbroucke
(1984)- A biological marker study of coals, shales and oils from the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Chem. Geol. 42, p. 1-23.
(Study of chemical components in Mahakam Delta oils, coals and shales show abundant components of higher-
plant origin in all fractions (type III kerogen). Source for Handil oils at present depth of at least 3000 m)
Hook, J.A., P.J. Butterworth & A. Ferguson (2002)- Contrasting Miocene fluvio-deltaic channel types from
Perjuangan Quarry, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for subsurface reservoir correlation. Proc. 28th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 617-632.
(Outcrop of distributary channels and mouth bar sandstones near Samarinda)
Hook, J. & M.E.J. Wilson (2003)- Stratigraphic relationships of a Miocene mixed carbonate- siliciclastic
interval in the Badak field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv.Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 147-161.
(Badak Field 7 TCF, with thin, poor-quality limestone reservoirs interbedded with Miocene clastics)
Hooze, J.A. (1886)- Onderzoek naar kolen in de Berausche Landen ter Oostkust van Bomeo. Kolenterrein van
Goenoeng Sawar, idem over Poeloe Sepinang en dat van Goenoeng Taboer. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-
Indie 15 (1886), p. 5-105.
(Investigation of coal in the Berau region, Borneo East coast)

Hooze, J.A. (1887)- Onderzoek naar kolen in het Rijk van Koetai ter Oostkust van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
(Investigation of coal in the Kingdom of Kutai, East Kalimantan. Report on coal terrains along Mahakam
River above Samarinda, mainly near Batu Panggal. Several areas with 10-18 coal beds with cumulative
thickness of 9-23 m)
Hooze, J.A. (1888)- Nadere gegevens betreffende enkele kolenterreinen in Koetai en onderzoek eener
aardoliebron aldaar. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 17 (1888), 2, p. 325-336.
(Additional data on coal terrains in Kutai and investigation of an oil seep there. Asphalt and burning gas seep
at Sanga-Sanga)
Hooze, J.A. (1888)- Onderzoek naar kolen in de Straat Laut en aangrenzende landstreken. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
(Investigation of coal in Laut straits and adjacent areas)
Hooze, J.A. (1888)- Kolen aan de oostkust van Borneo, van de St Lucia- tot aan de Pamoekan-Baai. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 17 (1888), Techn. Admin. Ged., p. 431-470.
(Coal along the East coast of Borneo, from the St Lucia to the Pamukan Bay. Four coal-bearing horizons:
Eocene (Palau Laut, Martapura), Middle Miocene (Sanga-Sanga, Samarinda), Upper Miocene (Samarinda),
Lower Pliocene (Balikpapan Bay))
Hooze, J.A. (1893)- Topographische, geologische en mijnbouwkundige beschrijving der afd. Martapoera,
residentie Zuider- en Oosterafdeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 22 (1893), p. 1-431.
(Topographic, geologic and mining description of the Martapura District, S and E Kalimantan. Extensive
description of Martapura region geology and economic minerals, mainly coal and diamonds)
Hotz, W. & L. Rutten (1917)- Geographisch-geologische Beschreibung des Kustengebietes von Koetei
zwischen Bontang und dem Santan Fluss (Ost Borneo). Verh. Geol.-Mijnb. Gen., Geol. Ser. II, p. 243-248.
(Geographical-geological description of the coastal area of Kutai between Bontang and the Santan River, E
Borneo)
Huffington, R.M. & H.M. Helmig (1980)- Discovery and development of the Badak field, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. In: M.T. Halbouty (ed.) Giant oil and gas fields of the decade 1968-1978. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.
Mem. 30, p. 441-458.
Huffington, R.M. & H.M. Helmig (1990)- Badak Field- Indonesia. In: AAPG Treatise on Petroleum Geology
17, Structural Traps III: Tectonic fold and fault traps, p. 265-308.
(Badak field anticlinal structure with multiple Miocene deltaic reservoirs, estimated reserves 6.5 TCF gas, 96
MB condensate and 47 MB Oil)
Husein, S.& J.J. Lambiase (2005)- Modern sediment dynamics of the Mahakam Delta. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 367-379.
(Description of present-day Mahakam Delta environments. Mixed fluvial and tide-dominated delta)
Hutchison, C. S. (1986)- Formation of marginal seas in S.E. Asia by rifting of the Chinese and Australian
continental margins and implications for the Borneo region. Proc. GEOSEA V, II, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 22,
p. 201-220.
Hutchison, C.S. (1987)- Stratigraphic-tectonic model for Eastern Borneo. GEOSEA 6 Conference, Jakarta, p.
Hutchison, C.S. (1988)- Stratigraphic-tectonic model for Eastern Borneo. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 22, p. 135-
151.

Hutubessy, S. (2008)- Pola cekungan dan struktur bawah permukaan detinjau dari hasil analisa gaya berat dan
magnet di daerah Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah bagian selatan. J. Sumber Daya Geol. 18, 4, p. 265-278.
(Basin modeling from gravity-magnetic data of area around Banjarnegara, south C Java)
Icke, H. & K. Martin (1906)- Die Silatgruppe, Brack- und Ssswasser-Bildungen der Oberen Kreide von
Borneo. Samml. Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, Ser. I, 8, p. 106-144.
(The Silat Group brackish and freshwater deposits of the Upper Cretaceous of Kalimantan. Description of
fresh and brackish water molluscs from Melawi Basin E of Sintang, collected by Wing Easton)
Ilyas, S. (2003)- Inventarisasi batubara bersistem di daerah Muara Wahau dan sekitarnya, Kabupaten Kutai
Timur, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Kolokium Hasil Kegiatan Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Mineral, DIM, TA, p.
22-1- 22.10. (online at: www.dim.esdm.go.id/kolokium%202003/batubara/Makalah%20Wahau%20Kaltim.pdf)
('Systematic investigation of coal in the Muara Wahau area, Kutai Regency, E Kalimantan Province'. Six main
coal seams, 6- 45m thick, in Upper Wahau Fm (Early Miocene?) in NE corner Kutai Basin. Ash content < 4%,
sulphur 0,15%, mean vitrinite reflectance Rv mean 0.27%)
Ismail, Y. (1998)- Alterasi hidrotermal pada intrusi andesit G.Otje, Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan. Proc.
27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Sumberdaya Min. Energi, p. 200-211.
('Hydrothermal alteration at the G. Otje andesite intrusion, Banjarmasin, S Kalimantan')
Ito, Y. & T. Taguchi (1990)- Petroleum geology and hydrocarbon source rocks in Mahakam Delta, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Symp. Application of geochemistry to petroleum exploration, J. Japanese Assoc.
Petroleum Techn., Sekiyu Gijutsu Kyokaishi, 55, 1, p. 54-65.
Jacobs, S.J. & N.D. Meyer (2001)- Direct hydrocarbon response technique: application and opportunity in
Barito-Kutai interbasinal high. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 249-260.
(Paper suggesting subsurface hydrocarbons can de detected with Direct Hydrocarbon Response Technique
tool, utilizing spectral anomalies over outcrops)
Jaffe, P.R., P. Albrecht & J.L. Oudin (1988)- Carboxylic acids as indicator of oil migration; II. Case of the
Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52,11, p. 2599-2607.
Jeannot, J.P. (1981)- Haute resolution sismique dans le delta de la Mahakam. Petrole et Techniques (Assoc.
Francaise Techniciens du Petrole) 283, p. 144-147.
(High-resolution seismic in the Mahakam Delta. Conventional seismic not adequate to study reservoir or
stratigraphic traps in Mahakam Delta. High-resolution seismic techniques used successfully in marine
environments, but more difficult in terrestrial environments)
Jamas, J. & D. Luwarno (1982)- Hunbungan antara Sigmoilina personata dengan Foraminifera Eosen di
Kalimantan Selatan. Geol. Indonesia 9, 2, p. 32-44.
(Small benthic foram Sigmoilina personata with Eocene Ta-Tb Discocyclina-Pellatispira larger foram
assemblages in Tanjung Fm from wells in Barito Basin, SE Kalimantan. Potential Eocene marker species, as
first proposed by Mohler 1946)
Jefferies, K.G. (1980)- The Sanga Sanga Field. Proc. 9th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 401-416.
(Sanga-Sanga field in onshore Mahakam delta 1898 discovery. Produced >255 million barrels of oil. NNE-
SSW trending narrow, asymmetrical anticline, 32 x 1 km, 911 wells. Numerous producing horizons between
250- 5700)
Jezler, H. (1916)- Das Olfeld Sanga Sanga in Koetei (Niederl. Ost-Borneo). Zeitschr. f. prakt. Geol. 1916, 23p.
('The Sanga-Sanga oilfield in Kutai, E Kalimantan'. Early, detailed description of Sanga Sanga oil field,
onshore Mahakam Delta. Discovered in 1898 by mining engineer Menten and exploited by Shell predecessor
company. Producing from Tertiary sandstones in large anticline with surface oil seeps. About 100 wells
between 1901-1906, almost all <500m deep. Shallow oils rel. heavy)

Kadar, A.P., D.W. Paterson & Hudianto (1996)- Successful techniques and pitfalls in utilizing biostratigraphic
data in structurally complex terrain: VICO Indonesia's Kutei Basin experience. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 313-331.
Karyono H.S. (1991)- Analisis kontrol tektonik pada vein mineralisasi di Bukit Eko, Kalan, Kalimantan Barat.
Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Energy Min. Res., p. 115-128.
('Analysis of tectonic control on vein mineralization at Bukit Eko, Kalan, W Kalimantan')
Kemmerling, G.L.L. (1915)- Topographische en geologische beschrijving van het stroomgebied van de Barito,
in hoofdzaak wat de Doesoenlanden betreft. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., 2, 32, p. 575-641 and p.
717-772.
('Topographic and geological description of the Barito drainage area, in particular the Dusun lands. Mainly
geographic description. With 1:750,000 scale geologic map)
Kloos, J.H. (1863)- Geologische opmerkingen over de kolen van Borneo. Tijdschrift Nederl. Indie, N.S., 1, p.
294-316.
('Geological remarks on coal of Borneo')
Kloos, J.H. (1866)- Vorkommen und Gewinnung des Goldes auf der Insel Borneo. Tijdschrift Nederl. Indie,
N.S., 4, p. 207-216.
('Occurrence and exploitation of gold on the island of Borneo')
Kobayashi, T. (1973)- On the classification of the fossil Conchostraca and the discovery of Estheriids in the
Cretaceous of Borneo. In: T. Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 13,
Tokyo Univ. Press, p. 47-72.
(Upper Cretaceous small fresh-water crustaceans from Meratus Mountains, E of Martapura, SE Kalimantan)
Koch, R.E. (1926)- Mitteltertiare Foraminiferen aus Bulongan, Ost-Borneo. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 19, 3, p. 722-
751.
(Middle Tertiary foraminifera from Bulongan, E Kalimantan. Mainly Late Oligocene open marine
foraminifera from marls in Sajau and Binai rivers drainage, SE Bulongan. First descriptions of planktonic
foram marker species like Globigerina binaiensis and G. tripartita)
Koji, W., S. Pridardjo, M. Kazuhiro, Z. Iskandar & S. Jan (1998)- Tectonic implications of new age data for the
Meratus complex of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Island Arc 7, p. 202-222.
(Meratus Complex mainly melange, chert, siliceous shale, limestone, basalt, ultramafics and schists formed by
subduction of oceanic plate . Early M Jurassic- early Late Cretaceous radiolarian chert in complex represent
cover of subducting plate. K-Ar age ages of schist 110-180 Ma. Uncomformably covered by Late Cretaceous
sedimentary-volcanic formations with Cenomanian or older Cretaceous radiolarians. Haruyan high P-low T
schist 110-119 Ma, affected by subduction metamorphism. Protoliths continental cover or margin sediments.
Intermediate P metamorphics of 165 and 180 Ma discovered along N margin of Haruyan Schist. Haruyan Fm
immature island arc submarine volcanics locally contemporaneous with formation of Meratus mlange)
Koolhoven, W.C.B. (1935)- Het primaire voorkomen van den Zuid-Borneo diamant. Verhand. Geol.
Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. en Kol., Geol. Ser. 11, p. 189-232.
(Discussion of SE Borneo diamond occurrences. Mainly found in Upper Cretaceous and younger clastics at NW
side of Meratus Mts, but here thought thought to be derived from peridotitic Pamali Breccia. Conclusion
disputed in later literature)
Kraeff, A. (1955)- A contribution to the petrology of the young extrusive and intrusive rocks of the river basin
of S.Kajan (NE Borneo). Publ. Keilmuan, Bandung, Ser. Petrol. 29, p. 11-19.
Krause, P.G. (1897)- Uber Lias von Borneo. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-Museums Leiden, ser. 1, 5, p. 154-168.

(also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 25, Wetensch. Ged., p. 28-42).
(On the Liassic of Borneo. Upper Liassic macrofossils)
Krause, P.G. (1896)- Uber Tertiare, Cretaceische und altere Ablagerungen aus West-Borneo. Sammlung. Geol.
Reichs-Museums Leiden, ser. 1, 5, p. 169-218. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1889,
Wetensch. Ged., 2, 1-52).
(Brief, early description of W Borneo Mesozoic (incl. Orbitolina limestones) and Tertiary rocks and fossils from
Molengraaff collection. No locality maps)
Krause, P.G. (1904)- Die Fauna der Kreide von Temojoh in West-Borneo. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-Mus.
Leiden, ser. 1, 7, p. 1-28.
(Cretaceous fauna from Temojoh, W Borneo. Landak River area ammonites, collected by Koperberg in 1895)
Krause, P.G. (1911)- Uber unteren Lias von Borneo. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, 9, p. 77-83.
('On Lower Liassic from Borneo'. Description of Early Jurassic ammonite Aegoceras borneense n.sp. from W
Borneo, collected by Van Dijk)
Krausel, R. (1923)- Nipadites borneensis n. sp. eine fossil Palmenfrucht aus Borneo. Senckenbergiana 5, p. 77-
81.
(On a new species of fossil fruit of a Nypa-type palm from the Eocene of Borneo)
Krekeler, F. (1932)- Over een nieuw voorkomen van fossielhoudend Palaeozoikum in Midden-West Borneo
(voorlopige mededeeling). De Mijningenieur 13, 1932, p. 167-172.
('A new occurrence of fossiliferous Palaeozoic in the central part of West Borneo (provisinal report)'. See also
English translation in Haile (1955, p. 7-14). First description of fusulinids and brachiopods in W Kalimantan-
W Sarawak border area, suggestive of Late Carboniferous age. Formation subsequently named Terbat
Limestone by Haile, 1954. Overlain by Triassic volcanoclastics with Monotis salinaria)
Krekeler, F. (1933)- Aanvullende mededeelingen omtrent het voorkomen van fossielhoudend Palaeozoikum in
West Borneo. De Mijningenieur 14, 1933, 2, p. 91-92.
(Supplementary report on the occurrence of fossiliferous Palaeozoic in West Borneo. See also English
translation in Haile (1955, p. 15-16). Brachiopod-bearing beds previously interpreted as Paleozoic contain
Halobia and are now believed to be Triassic in age. Fusulinid beds from Sadong valley examined by Tan Sin
Hok and believed to be same species as Upper Carboniferous of Jambi, Sumatra)
Kristanto, R.B. & H. Murti (1992)- Hydrocarbon potential in Sihung Area, Barito Basin South Kalimantan, an
exploration concept using a combined tectonic and geohydrocarbon approach in Tanjung Area. Proc. 21st Ann.
Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 113-130.
Krokel, F. (1923)- Gesteine aus dem Gebiet des Boelangan-Flusses in Nordoestlichen Borneo. Samml. Geol.
Reichs-Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, 10, p. 141-182.
('Rocks from the area of the Bulungan River in NE Kalimantan'. Description of rocks collected by BPM in 1910.
Includes granite, diorite, dacite, andesite, breccia, conglometrate, sandstone, siliceous shale)
Krol, L.H. (1920)- Over de geologie van een gedeelte van de Zuider- en Oosterafdeling van Borneo. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 47 (1918), Verhand. 1, p. 281-367.
(Geology of SE Borneo, E of Banjarmasin, including Meratus- Bobaris Mountains. Cenomanian folding episode
with intrusions of peridotites. With 1:100,000 geologic map on 6 sheets)
Krol, L.H. (1922)- Bijdrage tot de kennis van den oorsprong en de verspreiding der diamant-houdende
afzettingen in Zuidoost-Borneo en van de opsporing en winning van den diamant. Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Oost-Indie 49 (1920), Verhand. 1, p. 250- 304.
('Contribution to the knowledge of the origin, distribution of diamond-bearing deposits in SE Kalimantan and
its exploitation'. Diamonds found in much of Kalimantan: W (Landak River. Kajan area), SE (Martapura),

Upper Barito, etc. Mainly found in Quaternary river terraces and source rock still unclear. Most likely diamond
source Cenomanian peridotites/ serpentinites, but not all rivers draining serpentinite terrains are diamond-
bearing)
Krol, L.H. (1925)- Eenige cijfers uit de 3 etages van het Eoceen en uit het Jong-Tertiair in de omgeving van
Martapoera- Zuid-Oost Borneo. Verhand. Geol. Mijnb. Gen. Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser. 8 (Verbeek volume), p.
343-356.
('Some numerical data on the three stages of the Eocene in the Martapura area, SE Borneo'. Detailed
stratigraphic thickness data of Eocene and young-Tertiary near Martapura. Little change from Verbeek 1875,
except minor age interpretation changes. Total Eocene thickness 856m (= much thicker than Verbeek's
estimates; HvG))
Krol, L.H. (1929)- Over het voorkomen der Danau-formatie in Martapoera (Z.O. Borneo). Proc. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam, 35, p. 988-990.
('On the occurrence of the Danau Fm in Martapura, SE Kalimantan'. Critique of Rutten (1926) paper of same
title)
Krol, L.H. (1929)- Radiolarienhoudende gesteenten van Borneo. De Mijningenieur 10, p. 243-248.
('Radiolarian-bearing rocks of Borneo')
Krol, L.H. (1930)- De Mesozoische plooiingen op Borneo, Nederlandsch-Indi en omgeving en hunne waarde
voor het kaarteren van onbekende, fossiellooze gebieden. De Mijningenieur 1930, 4, 22 p. 68- 89.
('The Mesozoic folding in Borneo, Netherlands Indies and surrounding areas and its value for mapping
unexplored non-fossiliferous areas'. English translation in Haile (1955, p. 17-38). Proposes a controversial
tectonic model, in which directions of folding can be used to date age of Mesozoic folding in unfossiliferous
regions: Triassic N20W, Cretaceous N60E and Jurassic N60W)
Krol, L.H. (1931)- Mijnbouwkundig-geologisch onderzoek in West-Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie
59 (1930), p. 48-54.
('Mining-geological survey in W Borneo'. Status report of West Kalimantan mapping by geological survey)
Kurniawan, T., B. Prasetiyo & D. Tangkalalo (2010)- Subsurface surveillance in low permeability oil reservoir
at Tanjung Field, Barito Basin, South Kalimantan. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA10-G-176,
13p.
(Tanjung Field ow perm zones in Eocene Lower Tanjung Fm A and B main reservoirs caused by clays smectite
and kaolinite. Lowermost Tanjung Fm ~200m of alluvial fan deposits with volcanic conglomerates)
Kusnama (2008)- Batubara Formasi Warukin di daerah Sampit dan sekitarnya, Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal
Geol. Indonesia 3, 1, p. 11-22. (Online at: http://www.bgl.esdm.go.id/dmdocuments/jurnal20080102.pdf)
('Warukin Fm coal in the Sampit area, C Kalimantan'. Miocene Warukin Fm in Sampit area, W Barito Basin,
~700m thick. Two main coal seams, A and B, 80- 200cm thick, generally banded brittle to friable, claystone
partings, subbituminous C- A rank, and deposited in wet-forest swamp with by high plants and shrubs)
Kusuma, I. & T. Darin (1989)- The hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Tanjung Formation, Barito Basin, SE
Kalimantan. Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 107-138.
(Tanjung Oil Field 1939 discovery in Eocene, but limited success since. Paleocene-E Eocene rifting gave rise to
NW-SE horsts- grabens across Barito basin. E Tertiary structural elements overprinted by Neogene- Recent
compression, producing left-lateral reactivation of earlier normal faults. Thickness and facies changes with
four distinct stages of deposition in Tanjung Fm, primarily from topography produced by E Tertiary rifting.
Terrestrial coals and organic- rich shales of Lower Tanjung Fm prolific hydrocarbon source rocks. At least five
E Tertiary rifts identified, each separate self-contained depocenter)
Kusuma, M.I. & A.N. Nafi (1985)- Prospek hidrokarbon Formasi Warukin di cekungan Barito, Kalimantan.
Proc. 14th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 105-124.

('Hydrocarbon prospects in the Warukin Fm in the Barito Basin')
Laffaure, A, P. Dupouy, N. Syarifuddin (2008)- The Sisi-Nubi case history: reservoir characterisation in a
challenging geological setting. Proc. 32nd Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA08-G-096, 8p.
(Sisi (1986) and Nubi (1992) gas fields 25 km offshore Mahakam delta in 60-70m of water. Reservoirs Upper
Miocene deltaic sands between 1900-3800 m, divided into upper 'Fresh Water Sands' and lower overpressured
'Sisi Main Zone'. Deltaic cycles with average thickness of 25m. Fluids mainly gas, with columns from 20-100m
for FWS. Anticlinal structures with several compartments. All channel sands >12m could be identified on
seismic, but no channels thinner than 5m could be seen on seismic)
Lalouel, P. (1979)- Log interpretation in deltaic sequences. Proc. 8th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p.
247-290.
(Examples of log interpretation in Miocene deltaic deposits of Handil Field, Mahakam Delta)
Lambert, B. (2003)- Micropaleontological investigations in the modern Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan
(Indonesia). Carnets de Gologie/Notebooks on Geology, 2003/02, 21p.
(Online at http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2003_A02_BL)
Lambert, B., B.C. Duval, Y. Grosjean, I.M. Umar & P. Zaugg (2003)- The Peciko case history: impact of an
evolving geologic model on the dramatic increase of gas reserves in the Mahakam Delta. In: M.T. Halbouty
(ed.) Giant oil and gas fields of the decade 1990-1999. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 78, p. 297-320.
(>6 TCG gas in Late Miocene deltaics. Trap stratigraphic-hydrodynamic at flank of structure)
Lambert, B. & C. Laporte-Galaa (2005)- Discoaster zonation of the Miocene of the Kutei Basin, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia (Mahakam Delta Offshore). Carnets de Geologie, Mem. 2005/01, p. 1-63.
(Online at http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2005_M01)
Land, D.H. & C.M. Jones (1987)- Coal geology and exploration of part of the Kutei Basin in East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. In: A.C. Scott (ed.) Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ.
32, p. 235-255.
(Survey of ~700 km2 of Miocene coal-bearing strata near Samarinda identified 1000 Mt of recoverable coal,
ranking from lignite A to high-volatile C bituminous, in 43 seams 1.5- 13 m thick. Environments of deposition
paralic. Section >3000 m thick, divided into four formations, Loa Duri, Loa Kulu, Prangat and Kamboja Fms.
Coals low ash, high moisture and generally low sulphur)
Lefevre, J.C., J. Collart, M. Joubert, J.L. Nagel & A. Paupy (1982)- Geological mapping and mineral
exploration in North-East Kalimantan 1979-1982. Bur. Rech. Geol. Min. (BRGM) and Dir. Jend. Pertambangan
Umum, BRGM Report 82RDM 007AO, p.
Lefort, J.J., J.P. Thiriet, P. Le Quellec & J.B. Bailey (2000)- Sequence stratigraphy of the offshore Tarakan.
AAPG Int. Conf. and Exhib., Bali 2000, 8 p. (Extended Abstract)
(Regressive Upper Miocene- Recent series, with major sequence boundaries and tectonically enhanced angular
unconformities. From W to E fluvial sediments pass into deltaic and shelfal deposits. Late Miocene rapid
subsidence and active N-S growth faulting trapped deltaic sediments in downthrown paleo-troughs in W, whilst
E part comprised sediment starved paleo-highs with marine shales and limestones. In latest Miocene W part
tilted and truncated. Pliocene subsidence slower and growth faulting less active. In Bunyu area, delta was able
to prograde E far towards paleo shelf-edge, since N-S trending paleohighs no longer present. Pleistocene
subsidence rate high and NW-SE arches set-up by reactivation of old lineaments)
Lemoy, C., A. Wahyudi & J. Luccioni (1988)- Detailed geological modeling and structural mapping in Bekapai
Field: influence on the understanding of fluid movements and implications on oil recovery. Proc 17th Ann.
(Bekapai field, offshore SE Mahakam Delta 1972 discovery, producing since 1974. Anticlinal structure with oil-
gas in Late Miocene- Pliocene deltaics)

Lentini, M.R. & H. Darman (1996)- Aspects of the Neogene tectonic history and hydrocarbon geology of the
Tarakan Basin. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 168-172.
(Tarakan Basin one of three major Kalimantan Tertiary deltaic depocentres. Most production on dip oriented
arches in mostly non-marine depositional environment. Forced regressions caused deposition of deltaic
reservoirs far downdip in present day deep water. Tarakan Basin initiated simultaneously with formation of
Celebes Sea by rifting between M-L Eocene and E Miocene on E-hading en echelon block faults. Increase in
accommodation in M Miocene- Pliocene combination of subsidence and gravity-induced listric faulting. Dip-
oriented arches formed during latest Pliocene- Recent transpression on wrench faults crossing Makassar Strait)
Loiret, B. & J.F. Mugniot (1982)- Seismic sequences interpretation, a contribution to the stratigraphical
framework of the Mahakam Area. Proc.11th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 323-334.
Loth, J.E. (1920)- Verslag over de resultaten van geologisch- mijnbouwkundige verkenningen en opsporingen
in de residentie Wester-Afdeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie (1918), Verh. 1, p. 224-280.
(Results of geological- mining reconnaissance in the West Borneo Residency With 1:500,000 geological map
and cross-sections on 2 sheets. Most of area, from Schwaner Mts in S, with granites overlain by rel.
Undeformed Cretaceous- Eocene sediments. In N WNW-ESE trending Semitau hills with folded deep-water
Danau Fm shales with radiolarian cherts, unconformably overlain by less deformed, sandy Cretaceous
(Cenomanian with Orbitolina and Senonian brackish-water Melawi Group). In far North near Sarawak border
folded slates of unknown age. Rel. common Tertiary intrusives and volcanics)
Lumadyo, E., R. McCabe, S. Harder & T. Lee (1993)- Borneo: a stable part of the Eurasian margin since the
Eocene. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 8, p. 225-232.
(Paleomagnetic studies suggest SE Borneo has been at present position since Eocene, and no large Tertiary
counterclockwise rotation was observed)
Macke, C.A.F. (1921)- Het voorkomen van ijzererts op de eilanden van de Poeloe Laoet groep en op de
tegenoverliggende kuststreek van Borneo. Verslag. Meded. Dienst Mijnwezen 9, p.
(The occurrence of iron ore on the islands of the Pulu Laut group and the adjacent coastal area of Borneo)
Macke, C.A.F. (1924)- Resultaten van het geologisch-mijnbouwkundig onderzoek in Zuidoost Borneo.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie, 50 (1921), Verhand. 1, p. 269-303.
(Early geological-mining survey of area in SE Borneo: Pulau Laut, P. Sebuku and the Tanah Bumbu adjacent
mainland of SE Kalimantan. Oldest rocks include serpentinized peridotites, gabbros and quatz-diorites)
MacKinnon, K., G. Hatta, H. Halim & A. Mangalik (1996)- The ecology of Kalimantan. The ecology of
Indonesia Series, vol. III, Periplus Editions, Singapore (also Oxford Univ. Press), 870 p.
Magnier, P., T. Oki & L.Witoelar Kartaadiputra (1975)- The Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 9th
World Petrol. Congress, p. 239-250.
Magnier, P. & B. Samsu (1975)- The Handil oil field in East Kalimantan. Proc. 4th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 2, p. 41-61.
(1974 discovery in S edge of Mahakam Delta. 11x4 km NNW-SSE trending anticline. Multiple stacked
reservoirs, mainly tidal delta plain sands, now between 1400-2300m)
Mamuaya, J.M.B., E. Biantoro & R. Gir (1995)- The trace of sandstone distribution of Q layers using seismic
amplitude and inversion: a case study in Sangatta Field, East Kalimantan. Proc. 24th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 2, p.425-441.
(Seismic interpretation of Q-zone distributary channels in Sangatta Field)
Margono, U., Sutrisno & E. Susanto (1997)- Geologic map Kandangan sheet, Kalimantan, 1: 250.000. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.

Marino & N. Sunarya (1992)- Aplikasi metoda geofisika pada studi Cekungan pembawa batubara Ketungau,
Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 2, 4, p. 9-20.
(Application of geophysical methods to the study of the Ketungau Basin coal, Ketungau, W Kalimantan)
Marks, E., Sujatmiko, L. Samuel, H. Dhanutirto, T. Ismoyowati & B.B. Sidik (1982)- Cenozoic stratigraphic
nomenclature in East Kutei basin, Kalimantan. Proc. 11th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 147-179.
(E Kutai Basin five deposystems: Pleistocene- Recent Mahakam Group (deltaic Handil Dua Fm to W, marine
Attaka Formation to E); M Miocene- Pliocene Kampong Baru Group (deltaic Tanjung Batu Fm to W, marine
Sepinggan Fm to E); M Miocene Balikpapan Group (uppermost carbonate to marine clastic Klandasan Tongue
of Gelingseh Fm and paralic-deltaic Mentawir Fm); E-M Miocene Bebulu Group (carbonate Maruat Fm and
deeper water clastic and carbonate Pulau Balang Fm) and Late Oligocene- E Miocene Pamaluan Fm)
Marshall, A.J. & H.O. Schumann (1981)- Stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of the Klandasan beds in the
Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 10th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 285- 295.
(Thick M Miocene (N9-N12) Klandasan Beds predominantly quartz sands, deposited at S margin of Kutei
Basin. Interval 2310-7574 in Bongkaran No. 1 selected as type section of the Klandasan Beds)
Martin, K. (1882)- Begeleidende woorden bij een geologische kaart van Borneo, geteekend door Von Gaffron.
Tijdschr. Koninkl. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 7, p. 16-22. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen 1882, Wet. Ged., p.)
(Text accompanying a previously unpublished geological map of Borneo made by Von Gaffron. S Kalimantan
map showing traverses made between 1843-1848, apparently focused on mineral occurrences)
Martin, K. (1888)- Ueber das Vorkommen einer Rudistenfuhrenden Kreideformation im sudostlichen Borneo.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1888, Wet. Ged., p. 72-80. (also in Sammlung. Geol. Reichsmus., ser.
I, 4, 4, p.117-125)
(On the occurrence of a rudist-bearing Cretaceous formation in SE Borneo'. Rel. poorly preserved molds of
Cretaceous rudists, collected by Van Schelle in 'Patellina (=Orbitolina) marl' at Sebaruang River, a left
tributary of Kapuas River (Danau Kloenten, Sungei Pangaringa, Sg. Limau Gulung, Sg. Djarikan). Identified as
Sphaerulites and Radiolites)
Martin, K. (1889)- Die Fauna der Kreideformation von Martapoera. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 18,
Wetensch. Ged., p. 1-74. (also in Sammlung. Geol. Reichsmus., ser. I, 2, 4, p. 126-194)
('The fauna of the Cretaceous formation of Martapura, SE Kalimantan)
Martin K. (1889)- Versteinerungen der sogenanten alten Schieferformation von West Borneo. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 18 (1889), Wetensch. Ged. p. 75-85. (also in Samml. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden
1890, 4, p. 198-208)
(Fossils from the so-called Old Slate Formation of West Borneo. Rare molluscs collected from shales by Van
Schelle in W Borneo 'Chinese districts'. Presence of Gervillea and Corbula probably indicate Cretaceous age,
but subsequently (Martin 1898) deemed to be E Jurassic in age. See also Newton 1903, Vogel )
Martin K. (1889)- Untersuchungen ber der Bau von Orbitolina (Patellina auct.) von Borneo. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 18 (1889), Wetensch. Ged. p. 86-108.
(Early paper on mid-Cretaceous larger foram Orbitolina concavata, called Patellina in earlier papers.
Collected by Van Schelle on Seberuang River, a tributary of Kapuas River, Central Kalimantan)
Martin, K. (1898)- Notiz uber den Lias von Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 1898, Wet. Ged. 2,
p. 33-36. (also in Samml. Geol. Reichs Museum, ser. 1, 5, 1p. 253- 256)
(Note on the Lias of Borneo)
Martin, K. (1898)- Die Fauna der Melawi-Gruppe, einer Tertiaren (Eocanen?) Brackwasser-ablagerung aus dem
innern von Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 1898, Wet. Ged. 2, p. 37-96. (also in Samml. Geol.
Reichsmuseums Leiden 1899, ser. 1, 5, p. 257- 316)

('The fauna of the Melawi Group, a Tertiary (Eocene?) brackish-water deposit in Central Borneo'. Descriptions
of brackish-fresh water molluscs from Melawi and Kajan Rivers area, collected by Wing Easton. Mainly species
of Corbula, Cyrena and Paludomus, less common Arca melaviensis n.sp. Age indeterminate)
Martin, K., (1899)- On brackish water-deposits of the Melawi in the interior of Borneo. Proc. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam, 1, p. 245-248. (online at www.digitallibrary.nl)
(Molluscs collected by Wing Easton and Molengraaff in sediments of Melawi River area, Upper Kapuas, C
Kalimantan, mainly fresh (Melania, Paludomus) or brackish water (Cyrena, Corbula), but also some shallow
marine species. Age Tertiary, possibly Eocene)
Martin, K. (1914)- Miocane Gastropoden von Ost-Borneo. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-Museums Leiden, ser. 1, 9,
p. 326-336.
('Miocene gastropods from E Kalimantan')
Maryanto, S. (1996)- Neoformisma bioklastika batugamping Bebulu daerah Tenggarong, Kalimantan Timur. J.
Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (Bandung) 6, 62, p.
('Neomorphism of bioclasts in the Bebulu Limestone of the Tenggarong area, E Kalimantan'. Diagenesis of Late
Oligocene- earliest Miocene limestone)
Maryanto, S., Rachmansjah, T. Sihombing & S. Wiryosujono (2005)- Sedimentologi batuan pembawa batubara
Formasi Lati di lintisan Lati, Berau, Kalimantan Timur. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC) 15, 4, p. 33-48.
('Sedimentology of rocks below the coals of the (M Miocene) Lati Fm in the Lati section, Berau, E Kalimantan')
Maryanto, S., Rachmansjah & T. Sihombing (2005)- Lingkungan pengendapan patuan pembawa batubara
Formasi Warukin di Lintasan Kuala Kurun- Hulu Sungai Manyangan, Gunung Mas, Kalimantan Tengah. J.
Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC) 15, 4, p. 64-81.
(On 500m thick Miocene coal-bearing Warukin Fm in the Kuala Kurun, etc. section, Gunung Mas, C
Kalimantan. Coals subbituminous with maximum vitrinite reflectance 0,52-0,55, 9-11% water, etc.)
Maryanto, S. & T. Sihombing (2001)- Stratigrafi Paleogen daerah Kalimantan Selatan: kaitannya dengan
keterdapatan batubara. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 26, p. 29-51.
(Paleogene stratigraphy of S Kalimantan. Study of End-Eocene coal-bearing Tanjung Fm in SE Kalimantan.
Max. thickness of coal seams in Middle Tanjung Fm is 340 cm, deposited in fluvial- delta plain facies)
Masdja, M. & S. Sastrawiharjo (1988)- Geochemical exploration for uranium deposits in the Kalan area,
Mason, A.D.M., J.C. Haebig & R.L. McAdoo (1993)- A fresh look at the North Barito Basin, Kalimantan. Proc.
22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, p. 589-606.
(New opinions on Barito basin. Tanjung Field structure not young thrust fold, but long-lived anticlinal
structure, first folding and initial trap formation in Early Oligocene and again in late M Miocene. Also Plio-
Pleistocene tectonic pulse associated with Meratus Mts uplift, with opposing sets of thrust faults)
McClay, K., T. Dooley, A. Ferguson & J. Poblet (2000)- Tectonic evolution of the Sanga Sanga Block,
Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 84, p. 765-786.
(Sanga Sanga Block four large fields in M-U Miocene deltaic sandstones, in NE-trending Mahakam fold belt,
characterized by long, tight, faulted anticlines and broad synclines. Anticlines cored by overpressured shales
and formed by reactivation of early delta-top extensional growth faults. Change from gravity-driven extension
to contraction at ~14 Ma (Calvert 2003: ~10.5 Ma inversion event in Kutei basin tied to collision of Banggai-
Sula microcontinent with E Sulawesi, but had already started in E Miocene)
McManus, J. & R.B. Tate (1976)- Volcanic control of structures in North and West Borneo. Proc. SEAPEX
Offshore SE Asia Conf., Singapore 1976, 5, p. 1-14.

(Volcanic and epiclastic rocks rel. widespread in N and W Borneo, and relationship between volcanism,
fracture patterns and sedimentation)
Milligan, E.N., M.C. Friederich & Meng Sze Wu Lim (1996)- Coal exploration and development in
Southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: G.P. & A.C. Salisbury (eds.) Trans. 5th Circum-Pacific Energy and
Mineral Res. Conf., Honolulu 1990, Gulf Publishing, Houston, p. 221-230.
(Early 1980's exploration and development by BHP of Eocene coal in Pasir (Asem Asem) basin, E of Meratus
Mts. Eocene coal measures remarkably uniform over area of 20,000 km2. Coal in one major interval in lower
part of Tanjung Fm, total thickness ~13m, with thin bands of claystone. One thin (0.5-1.5m) but persistent coal
horizon 50-100m above main horizon. One thin (1-6m) limestone bed rich in Discocyclina, 100+m above coal
measures, could be traced over >100km in N-S direction)
Mochamad, T. & Proyitno (1985)- Terrestrial heat flow in East Kalimantan, Indonesia; Barito, Kutei, Tarakan
basins. Proc Session of the Committee for Co ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian
Offshore Areas (CCOP) 21, 2, p. 110-121.
Mohler, W. (1939?)- Palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Tertiary of SE Borneo. Geol. Survey Indonesia,
Bandung Report, 12 p.
Mohler, W.A. (1946)- Sigmoilina personata n.sp., eine Leitform aus dem Eocen von Sudost Borneo und Java.
Eclogae Geol. Helv. 39, 2, p. 298-300.
(Sigmoilina personata n.sp., an index species from the Eocene of SE Borneo and Java. Small benthic foram)
Mohler, W.A. (1946)- Uber das Vorkommen von Trocholina Paalzow in der Unterkreide von West-Borneo.
Eclog. Geol. Helv. 39, 2, p. 300-302.
(First report of small benthic foram Trocholina in SE Asia, from Lower Cretaceous of Seberuang River, Kapuas
drainage basin, W Kalimantan. Associated ammonites were described by Von Koenigswald 1939. Material
collected by Zeijlmans 1939, who noted similarities of this fossil material with Dusun Pobungo Cretaceous of
Jambi, Sumatra)
Mohler, W.A. (1949)- Uber das Vorkommen von Alveolina und Neoalveolina in Borneo. Eclog. Geol. Helv. 41,
2, p. 321-329.
('On the occurrence of alveolinid forams in Kalimantan'. Eocene Alveolina rel. common in NE Kalimantan, not
S of Sangkulirang Bay. Also common in Lutetian, M Eocene (Ta), but not in Priabonian. Neoalveolina (N.
pygmaeus group) first occurs at base of Tc/ Oligocene, commonly associated with Nummulites fichteli)
Molengraaff, G.A.F. (1900)- Geologische verkenningstochten in Centraal-Borneo. Maatschappij ter

bevordering van het natuurkundig onderzoek der Nederlandsche kolonien, Brill, Leiden, 529p. + Appendix 56p.
+ Atlas 22 plates.
(Text volume online at: http://openlibrary.org/works/OL7839000W/Borneo-expeditie)
(Geological reconnaissance trips in Central Borneo. Classic early work on Central Kalimantan geology)
Molengraaff, G.A.F. (1902)- Borneo-expedition. Geological explorations in Central Borneo (1893-94). English
revised edition. Brill, Leiden, 2 vols., 529p. + Appendix 56 p. + Atlas 22 plates.
(English version of Molengraaff 1900)
Molengraaff, G.A.F. (1909)- On oceanic deep-sea deposits of Central Borneo. Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch.
Amsterdam, 12, p. 141-147. (online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl/proceedings/ )
(Danau Fm radiolarian cherts stretching E-W over distance of 650 km across N Central Borneo. Interpreted as
deep oceanic deposits, similar to those forming at depths below 5000m at equatorial latitudes today. Age of
Danau Fm oceanic assemblage is Jurassic- early Cretaceous according to Heryanto et al. 1993)
Molengraaff, G.A.F. (1909)- Iets over de rivieren van het eiland Borneo in verband met zijn geologische
gesteldheid. Handel. Nederl. Natuur- Genneesk. Congres 12, p. 700-712.

('About the rivers on Borneo islands in relation to its geologicl condition'. In S half of Borneo all rivers drain
from N to S, to Java Sea, in N half of island rivers drain W to E or E to W. Related to E-W striking fold trends in
N Borneo, generally of Cretaceous age, while in S mostly granites, schists and Tertiary sandstones with no
preferential strike directions)
Molengraaff, G.A.F. (1914)- Hoofdtrekken der geologie van Oost Borneo naar aanleiding der reizen van
prof.dr. A.W. Nieuwenhuis en anderen.Verslagen Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen., Geol. Sectie, 1, p. 175-179.
('Main points of the geology of East Kalimantan, after voyages of Prof. A.W. Nieuwenhuis and others')
Monnier, C., M. Polve, J. Girardeau, M. Pubellier, R.C. Maury, H. Bellon & H. Permana (1999)- Extensional to
compressive Mesozoic magmatism at the SE Eurasia margin as recorded from the Meratus ophiolite (SE
Borneo, Indonesia). Geodinamica Acta 12, 1, p. 43-55.
(Meratus ophiolitic series records (1) Jurassic continental rifting episode along Paleo-Eurasian margin
followed by ?Cretaceous backarc opening, as seen in peridotites and 2) M-Late Cretaceous subduction-related
calc-alkaline magmatism. Ophiolitic series ultramafics (lherzolites and pyroxenites) with minor metavolcanics,
typically enriched MORB to normal MORB types. Meratus peridotites fragment of subcontinental lithospheric
mantle. Back-arc basin basalts also in metamorphic soles of peridotites, formed in back-arc basin now accreted
to E margin of Eurasia and partly covered by calc-alkaline magmatism (Alino Fm). Ophiolitic series crosscut
by Late Turonian-Senonian Manunggul Fm calc-alkaline melts)
Monthioux, M., P. Landais & J.C. Monin (1985)- Comparison between natural and artificial maturation series
of humic coals from the Mahakam delta, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 8, 4, p. 275-292.
Monthioux, M., P. Landais & B. Durand (1986)- Comparison between extracts from natural and artificial
maturation series of Mahakam delta coals. Organic Geochem. 10, p. 299-311.
Moore, T.A. (1990)- An alternative method for sampling and petrographically characterizing an Eocene coal
bed, Southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, 240 p.
Moore, T.A. & J.C. Ferm (1988)- A modification of procedures for petrographic analysis of Tertiary Indonesian
coals. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 2, 3-4, p. 175-183.
(Plant parts and tissues in SE Kalimantan Eocene coals classified on basis of morphology and degree of
degradation. Highest concentration and best preservation of plant parts and tissues in banded coal)
Moore, T.A. & J.C. Ferm (1992)- Composition and grain size of an Eocene coal bed in southeastern
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int. J. Coal Geol. 21, 1-2, p. 1-30.
(Eocene sub-bituminous coal from E of Meratus range, SE Kalimantan, composed of plant parts and tissues in
matrix of fine-grained particulate and amorphous material. Absence of large (> 2 mm) plant material and roots
in Eocene coal different from Miocene lignite and Holocene peat. Eocene coal formed from palm- fern flora,
which easily degrades; younger lignite- peat from woody angiosperms more resistant to decay)
Moore, T.A., J.C. Ferm & G.A. Weisenfluh (1990)- Relationship of megascopic coal types to quality variation
within Eocene-age, Indonesian coal beds. Int. J. Coal Geol. 16, p. 147-149.
(Mineable deposits (>1 m) of Eocene subbituminous-A rank coal in SE Kalimantan variable quality. Occur in
podlike bodies ~33 km in areal extent. Four major types. Bright coal types low in ash (614%). Bright,
banded coal types composed of well-preserved plant tissues (2035%) and moderately high HGI (3538).
Bright, non-banded coal lower of preserved plant structures (<15%) and lower HGI (3035). Dull coal types
higher ash (1535%) and HGI (3540). Sulfur content highest at top of coal beds, associated with overlying
marine and brackish water sediments. Thicker, unsplit portions of seams composed of bright, low-ash coal.
Dull, high-ash coal types occur in thinner, split benches of coal body)
Moore, T.A. & R.E. Hilbert (1992)- Petrographic and anatomical characteristics of plant material from two peat
deposits of Holocene and Miocene age, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 72, p. 199-227.

(Kalimantan Holocene and Miocene peats two types of organic material: plant organs/tissues and fine-grained
matrix (cell walls and fillings, fungal remains, spores-pollen, resin). Some matrix material amorphous)
Moore, T.A., J.C. Shearer & S.L. Miller (1996)- Fungal origin of oxidised plant material in the Palangkaraya
peat deposit, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia: implications for 'inertinite' formation in coal. Int. J. Coal Geol. 30,
1-2, p. 1-23.
(Palangkaraya extensive surface peat layer 0-6 m thick. Common oxidised plant material formed from fungal
alteration)
Morley, R.J. & H.P. Morley (2010)- Neogene climate history of the Makassar Straits, with emphasis on the the
Attaka region, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, IPA10-G-208,
17p.
(Reconstruction of M Miocene- Recent Neogene climate history of E Kalimantan, based on Quaternary
Makassar Straits cores and Attaka field well samples, and compared to Natuna and Malay basins. Everwet
tropical climate since Late Miocene. Some intervals with evidence for 100 ka eccentricity cycles)
Moss, S.J. (1998)- Embaluh Group turbidites in Kalimantan- evolution of a remnant oceanic basin in Borneo
during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. J. Geol. Soc. London 195, p. 509-524.
(Turbidites outcrops in NW Borneo: Embaluh Group in Kalimantan and Rajang Group in Sarawak. Previous
interpretation of Late Cretaceous- Paleogene deep marine deposition and deformation in accretionary prism
implies S-dipping thrusts, N-ward stratigraphic younging, existence of arc- trench system and deformation and
metamorphism of turbidites. New fieldwork established S-ward stratigraphic younging in Kalimantan, no
evidence for S-dipping thrusts, metamorphism and accretionary complex-related deformation. Bulk of Rajang-
Embaluh Gp postdates inboard subduction-related magmatism. Rajang-Embaluh Group turbidites formed in
post-collisional foreland basin or remnant ocean basin. Lack of identifiable mountain belt and linked thrust
system, and probable oceanic affinity of crust beneath Rajang-Embaluh Group basin favour latter)
Moss, S.J., A. Carter, S. Baker & A.J. Hurford (1998)- A Late Oligocene tectono-volcanic event in East
Kalimantan and the implications for tectonics and sedimentation in Borneo. J. Geol. Soc. London 155, 1, p.
177-192.
N Kutai Basin rapid Late Oligocene (~25 Ma) cooling of Late Cretaceous sandstone, Early Miocene arc
volcanism at 23-18 Ma, E-ward shift of W basin margin and inception of delta deposition along new basin
margins. Elsewhere in Borneo also major Late Oligocene- early Miocene thrust imbrication and volcanic arc
activity, possibly caused by Australia-Philippine Sea Plate collision, Neogene counterclockwise rotation of
Borneo or initial impingement of blocks of S China origin with N Borneo- S Palawan)
Moss, S.J. & J.L.C. Chambers (1999)- Tertiary facies architecture in the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. J.
Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 157-181.
(Kutai Basin Jurassic- Cretaceous basement ophiolitic units overlain by Cretaceous turbidite fan. Basin
initiated in M Eocene, with rifting and likely sea floor spreading in Makassar Straits, producing fault-bounded
depocentres, followed by sag phase sedimentation. Eocene depocentres variable sedimentary fills depending on
position. More uniform sedimentation in later Eocene and Oligocene. Tectonic uplift along S and N basin
margins and related subsidence of Lower Kutai Basin in Late Oligocene. Subsidence associated with high-level
andesitic-dacitic intrusives and associated volcanics. Miocene, basin fill overall regressive style of
sedimentation, interrupted by periods of tectonic inversion throughout Miocene to Pliocene)
Moss, S.J. & J.L.C. Chambers (1999)- Depositional modeling and facies architecture of rift and inversion
episodes in the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 1-22.
(Kutai Basin initiated in M Eocene in conjunction with rifting/ sea-floor spreading in N Makassar Straits.
Sedimentary fill of Eocene N-S/NE-SW trending, fault-bounded depocentres varies with position relative to
sediment source, palaeo-water depths and half-graben geometry. This contrasts with uniform sedimentary styles
in Late Eocene and Oligocene. Late Oligocene ~N3 unconformity reflects uplift of C Kalimantan and extension
Lower Kutai Sub-basin is associated with andesitic-dacitic intrusives and volcanics. Volcanism and basin

margin erosion supplied large volumes of material eastwards, along with material from inverted Paleogene
depocentres. Miocene regressive sedimentation, interrupted by Miocene- Pliocene tectonic inversions)
Moss, S.J., J. Chambers, I. Cloke, D. Satria, J.R. Ali, S. Baker, J. Milsom & A. Carter (1997)- New
observations on the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Tertiary Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. In: A.J.
Fraser, S.J. Matthews & R.W. Murphy (eds.) Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia, Geol. Soc. London Spec.
Publ. 126, p. 395-416.
(Kutai Basin opened in M-L Eocene in Borneo. Extensional faulting in foreland setting S of Late Cretaceous/
Palaeogene C Kalimantan fold belt with U Cretaceous granites. Paleogene stratigraphy basal conglomerates,
shallow marine clastics and thick bathyal marine shales. Neogene stratigraphy dominated by deltaic clastics
and carbonate platforms. Three Tertiary suites of igneous activity, variously interpreted as melting of orogenic
root, extensional driven melting and/or subduction related melting. New model relates formation of Kutai Basin
to opening of Celebes Sea and collapse of uplifted Late Cretaceous/Paleogene orogenic belt)
Moss, S.J. & E.M. Finch (1998)- Geological implications of new biostratigraphic data from East and West
Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 15, p.489-506.
(New biostrat data from Cretaceous- Miocene of various parts of Kalimantan)
Moss, S.J. & M.E.J. Wilson (1998)- Biogeographic implications from the Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution
of Sulawesi and Borneo. In: R. Hall & J.D. Holloway (eds.) Biogeography and geological evolution of SE Asia.
Backhuys Publ., Leiden, p. 133-155.
Moyle, A.J., K. Bishoff, K.R. Alexander & H. Hoogvliet (1996)- Mt Muro gold deposit, Indonesia. In: Proc.
Conf. Porphyry related copper and gold deposits of the Asia Pacific Region, Cairns 1996, Australian Mineral
Found., Adelaide, p. 7.1-7.9.
(On Mt Muro gold deposit in C Kalimantan)
Munniks de Jong, W.D. (1915)- Aantekeningen over de Tidoengsche landen (Res. Z en O. afd. Van Borneo)
bewerkt naar het rapport van W.D. Munninks de Jongh. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 42 (1913),
Verhand., p. 22-35.
(Summary of reconnaissance survey report by Munniks de Jongh in Tidung lands (NE Kalimantan- Sabah
border area). Occurrences of steep hills of Eocene Nummulites limestone (some also with Pellatispira; Rutten
1915a, b). Older Sembakoeng beds are intensely folded shales and sands with bands of red radiolarite rock,
similar to Cretaceous Alino Fm of SE Kalimantan Meratus Mountains. Rutten (1915) found fragments of this
radiolarite in Eocene limestone)
Murphy, R.W. (2002)- Throwaway lines on the petroleum geology of Borneo. SEAPEX Press 5, 2, p. 38-44.
Murphy, R.W. (2002)- Crustal evolution of Borneo. SEAPEX Press 5, 6, p. 28-30.
Murphy, R.W. & A.A. Morado (1998)- The structure of of Borneo (7 crustal cross-sections). SEAPEX, p.
Nainggolan, D.A. (2004)- Interpretasi gayaberat terhadap Cekungan Kutai Barat, dan struktur-struktur lain di
Lembar Longpahangai dan Longnawan, Kalimantan Timur. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC) 14, 3, p.
('Interpretation of gravity of the W Kutai Basin and structures in the Longpahangai and Longnawan sheets, E
Kalimantan')
Nandang, H. & Wahyudin, M. (1994)- Reflectance gradient and shale compaction, their relationship to basin
configuration during Early Neogene: a NE Kalimantan Basin reassessment, Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Geol.
Assoc., p. 927-942.
Napitupulu, H. & Yulian B. (1987)- Kematangan batuan induk di lapangan Tapa- Pulau Bunyu.. Proc. 16th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p.
('Maturation of source rocks in the Tapa field, Bunyu Island')

Nas, C. (1994)- Spatial variation in thickness and coal quality of the Sangatta seam, Kutei Basin, Kalimantan,
Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 324p.
Netherwood, R. & A. Wight (1992)- Structurally-controlled, linear reefs in a Pliocene delta front setting,
Tarakan Basin, Northeast Kalimantan. In: C.T. Siemers, M.W. Longman et al. (eds.) Carbonate rocks and
reservoirs of Indonesia. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., Core Workshop Notes 1, Ch. 3, p.1-36.
(Sceptre Vanda-1 targeted 90 m clean but cemented and partly shaly Pliocene? limestone. Four depositional
facies: coral framestone, coral rudstone, argillaceous coral floatstone-rudstone and laminated silty claystone.
Four cleaning-up cycles, representing sequences of reef-growth and progradation. None of cored limestones
good reservoir potential)
Newton, R. Bullen (1903)- Notes on some Jurassic shells from Borneo, including a new species of Trigonia. J.
Molluscan Stud.. 1903, 5, 6, p. 403-409.
(Jurassic rocks with molluscs known only from West of Borneo island: Sultanate of Sambas and W Sarawak.
Initially described as Cretaceous by Martin (1890), subsequently determined to be Liassic. Description of new
Jurassic fossils from Boedak, W Kalimantan, collected by McCarthy)
Newton, R.B. & R. Holland (1899)- On some Tertiary foraminifera from Borneo collected by Professor
Molengraaff and the late Mr. A.H. Everett and their comparison with similar forms from Sumatra. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 7, 3, p. 245-264.
Nila, E.S., E. Rustandi & R. Heryanto (1995)- Geologic map of the Palangka Raya Quadrangle, 1: 250,000.
Noon, S.W., J. Harrington & H. Darman (2003)- The Tarakan Basin, East Kalimantan: proven fluviodeltaic,
prospective deep-water and Paleogene plays in a regional stratigraphic context. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon.
(Tarakan basin four sub-basins Tidung, Tarakan, Berau and Muaras. Rift sedimentation underway by 43 Ma
(M Eocene) and may have begun in Cretaceous. Rifting continued until tectonic event close to Eocene-
Oligocene boundary. Basin sag and eustasy then controlled sedimentation until M Miocene. Episodic
compression, punctuated by eustatic events, characterizes M Miocene- Recent. Neogene source rocks mostly
coals and 'fluvio-deltaic, paralic' organic-rich shales. Reservoired oils in shelf settings point to mature
Miocene source. Evidence for hydrocarbons from Eocene or older organic matter. Paleogene or older
lacustrine, brackish and marine, syn-rift sediments)
Nuay, E.S., A.M. Astarita & K. Edwards (1985)- Early Middle Miocene deltaic progradation in the southern
Kutai Basin. Proc. 14th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 63-81.
(Eastward prograding M Miocene delta system in Balikpapan area, driven by early M Miocene uplift. Source
for well-sorted and rounded quartz-rich sediments probably sandstones of earlier progradational cycle derived
directly from granitic Sunda shield. Age of base sandy series (Omega horizon) near zone N8-N9 boundary.
(Equivalent of E Java Ngrayong sst ?; HvG))
Nuay, E.S. & A.P. Kadar (1994)- Neogene bioevents in the Kutai basin, Sanga-Sanga contract area, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: R. Tsuchi (ed.) Pacific Neogene events in time and space. Contributions to the West
Pacific. IGCP-246 "Pacific Neogene Events in Time and Space" Shizuoka Univ., Japan, p. 87-100.
Nugroho, S.B. & D. Mandhiri (1993)- Reservoir modeling in the Bunyu Tapa gas field- an integrated study.
Proc 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI) 2, p. 617-626.
(same paper as Ramli, Nugroho et al. 1993, published by IPA)
Nummedal D., Y.J. Partono, L. Greene, M. Boehm et al. (2000)- High-frequency sequence architecture in upper
Miocene and Quaternary strata on the Mahakam Shelf, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Int. Conf. Abstracts,
AAPG Bull. 84, 9, p. 1470-1471 (Abstract only)

(Upper Miocene productive interval in typical Attaka well ~1325 m thick, subdivided in ~ 35 sequences,
averaging ~38 m thick. Age of succession 10.7- 7.3 Ma (3.4 My), suggesting sequences may be Milankovitch
100 ky climate cycles. Sequences stacked in progradinging pattern. In some sequences, predominantly in lower
part of sampled interval, clinoforms downlap onto TST and HST carbonates. 100 ky climate cycles also
dominated Late Quaternary sedimentation on Mahakam shelf)
Nurwono, P.T. (1978)- Producing gas-condensate and oil rim reservoirs from channel sands of the Badak field.
Proc. 7th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 383-398.
Oke, B., J. Keall, P. Carroll, R. Noble & T. Setzer (2004)- Zebra Prospect- reading between the stripes. In: IPA-
AAPG Deepwater and Frontier Symposium, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, p. 429-441.
(Pliocene amplitude drilled by Unocal off N Borneo encountered numerous thin, uneconomic gas zones)
Oppenoorth, W.F.F. (1930)- Verslag der diepboringen op het eiland Boenjoe. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.
Oost-Indie 58 (1929), p.158-186.
('Report of deep drilling on Bunyu Island' Two 'deep' (500, 342m) wells drilled in 1923-1925 by geological
survey on anticlinal structure with small gas seeps on S Bunyu, NE Kalimantan. Drilled with purpose of finding
oil, and oil and gas shows were encountered, but stopped short of target. Also 7 shallow (125-235m)
reconnaissance wells. Detailed well lithology columns show numerous coal beds)
Orange, D.L., P.A. Teas, J. Decker, P. Baillie & T. Johnstone (2009)- Using SeaSeep surveys to identify and
sample natural hydrocarbon seeps in offshore frontier basins. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 21p.
(High resolution bathymetry and backscatter surveys heldp identify seafloor hydrocarbon seepage)
Ott, H.L. (1987)- The Kutei Basin- a unique structural history. Proc. 16th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p.
307-317.
(Structural model, combining tectonic, gravitational and isostatic forces to produce present day structures)
Oudin, J.L. (1987)- Diagenese de la matiere organique dans le bassin de la Mahakam. In: Geologie de la matiere
organique, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, N.S., 151, p. 107-114.
(Diagenesis of organic matter in the Mahakam Basin)
Oudin, J.L, B. Durand & M. Shoell (1985)- Migration of oil and gas in the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan;
evidence and quantitative estimate from isotope and biomarker studies. Proc. 14th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 2, p. 49-56.
Oudin, J.L. & P.F. Picard (1982)- Genesis of hydrocarbons in the Mahakam Delta and the relationship between
their distribution and the overpressured zones. Proc. 11th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 181-202.
(Oil- gas fields in Mio-Pliocene deltaics with high % of organic material. Though mainly vegetal, good source
potential for gas and oil. Oils from different reservoirs in Handil field similar composition, but lighter oils in
shallower reservoirs. Distribution of oil and gas fields primarily depends on kinetics of hydrocarbon expulsion)
Page, S.E., R.A.J. Wust, D. Weiss, J.O. Rieley, W. Shotyk & S.H. Limin (2004)- A record of Late Pleistocene
and Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia):
implications for past, present and future carbon dynamics. J. Quatern. Sci. 19, 7, p. 625-635.
(A 9.5m core from inland peatland in Kalimantan reveals organic matter accumulation started around 26,000
ky, providing oldest reported initiation date for lowland ombrotrophic peat formation in SE Asia)
Palar, S., J.F. Bowen, A. Elim, K.P. Leger, B. Simmonds, G.C. Fryns, M. Hursey & Marwoto (1999)-
Sepinggan Field development: a cross-functional team effort to develop bypassed attic oil. SPE Asia Pacific Oil
and Gas Conf. Exh. Jakarta, 1999, 12p.
Panggabean, H. (1991)- Tertiary source rocks, coals and reservoir potential in the Asem-Asem and Barito
basins, Southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Wollongong, 224p.

(online at: http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2113/)
(Late Paleocene- Early Eocene rifting in SE Borneo created the originally contiguous Barito, Asem-Asem and
Kutei basins. Meratus uplift started in Late Miocene. Eocene and Miocene coals)
Panggabean, H. (1999)- Paleogene sedimentary rocks and paleogeography in Northeast Kalimantan basins. J.
Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (Bandung) 9, 96, p.
Panigoro, H. (1983)- Petrographic characteristics of Badak and Nilam field sandstone reservoirs. Proc. 12th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 191-206.
(E Kalimantan Badak and Nilam fields 140 reservoir sands between 4000- 13000. Sandstones quartz arenites
and felspathic are main cementing agents, some carbonate and ferruginous cement also observed)
Panigoro, H. (1989)- Exploration implications of porosity and permeability preservation by early migration of
hydrocarbon in the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p.
1-15.
(Wet sands generally tighter than hydrocarbon bearing ones, suggesting presence of hydrocarbons inhibited
porosity-permeability reduction by diagenesis)
Parkinson, C.D., K. Miyazaki, K. Wakita, A.J. Barber & D.A. Carswell (1998)- An overview and tectonic
synthesis of the pre-Tertiary very-high pressure metamorphic and associated rocks of Java, Sulawesi and
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Island Arc 7, p. 184-200.
(High-P metamorphic rocks common in Cretaceous accretionary complexes of Java, Sulawesi, SE Kalimantan.
Many occur as imbricate slices of carbonate, quartzose and pelitic schists of shallow marine or continental
margin parentage, interthrust with subordinate basic schists and serpentinite. Predominantly low-intermediate
metamorphic grade, with K-Ar ages of 110-120 Ma. Metamorphic rocks from greater depths (>60 km)
sporadically exposed, usually as tectonic blocks. Metamorphic rocks probably recrystallized in N-dipping
subduction zone at Sundaland craton margin in Early Cretaceous. Exhumation may have been facilitated by
collision of Gondwanan continental fragment with Sundaland margin at ~120-115 Ma)
Partono, Y.J. (1992)- Low-resistive sandstone reservoirs in the Attaka Field. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., 2, p. 21-34.
(Giant Attaka oil field in E Kalimantan reservoirs are M- L Miocene multi-layered deltaic- shallow marine
sandstones. Both high-resistiveand low-resistive hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone layers are present)
Passe, W.B.B., H.R.E. Nugraha, M.A. Wijaya, L. Sitio & Y. Febriyeni (2008)- Hydrocarbon play in Ketungau-
Melawi basins. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IP08-SG-082, 9p.
(Ketungau- Melawi intra-continental basins of W Kalimantan separated by Semintau Ridge. Semintau Complex
?Triassic metamorphic basement unconformably overlain by Cretaceous marine clastics, possible source rocks.
Tertiary terrigeneous and marine clastics. Source rock in (Eocene?) Silat and Sekayak Fms. Reservoir rocks in
deltaic sandstone of E-M Miocene (should be Eocene; HvG) Haloq Fm. Paleocurrent and provenance analysis
indicate clastic source from N, from uplift of Boyan melange and Lubok Antu melange)
Paterson, D.W., A. Bachtiar, J.A. Bates, J.A. Moon & R.C. Surdam (1997)- Petroleum systems of the Kutai
Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: J.V.C. Howes & R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum systems of SE
Asia and Australasia, Jakarta 1997, Indon. Petrol. Assoc. p. 709-726.
(M- Late Miocene delta plain- delta front coals and carbonaceous shales are source for Lower Kutei Basin oil
and gas fields)
Payenberg, T.B., S.C. Lang , G.P. Allen & R. Koch (1999)- Orientations of deltaic and alluvial channels in the
Middle Miocene onshore part of the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan and their potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs.
In: H. Darman & H. Sidi (eds.) Tectonics and sedimentation of Indonesia, 50th Anniv. Mem. seminar, Indon.
Sedimentologist Forum (FOSI), Spec. Publ. 1 p. 64-66.

Payenberg, T.H.D. & A.D. Miall (2001)- A new geochemical sequence stratigraphic model for the Mahakam
Delta and Makassar Slope, Kalimantan, Indonesia: Discussion. AAPG Bull. 85, 6, p. 1098-1101.
(Discussion of Peters et al. 2000 paper, taking issue with using outdated cycle chart and undocumented
sequence ages)
Payenberg, T.B., F.H. Sidi & S.C. Lang (2003)- Paleocurrents and reservoir orientation of Middle Miocene
channel deposits in Mutiara field, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. In: F.H. Sidi, D. Nummedal et al. (eds.)
Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia- sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology, SEPM Spec. Publ. 76, p.
255-266.
(Mutiara field producing from M Miocene fluvio-deltaics. Main reservoirs channelized sandstones. Single-story
channels overall flow direction to S, parallel to strike of anticlines, probably response to M Miocene tectonic
activity. Multi-story incised valley(s) E-W orientation)
Pelton, P.J. (1974)- Exploration of the South Barito Basin reef tract, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 3rd Ann.
(Barito basin exploration started in 1937 with unsuccessful NKPM Kahajan and Kuripan wells. Conoco 1971
drilled four more dry wells, targeting Upper Berai Fm carbonate buildups)
Permanadewi, S. (1996)- Hasil pentarikhan Kalium- Argon dan jejak belah batuan gunungapi Pulau Laut:
implikasinya terhadap evolusi magma Kalimantan Selatan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 6, 63, p. 10-16.
(Results of K-Ar and trace elements of volcanic rocks from Pulau Laut; implications for the magmatic evolution
of S Kalimantan)
Permanadewi, S. (1997)- Penarikhan Kalium-Argon batuan granitik daerah Kalimantan selatan. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 7, 75, p.
(K-Ar analyses of granitic rocks in the D Kalimantan area')
Pertamina BPPKA (1996)- Petroleum geology of Indonesian basins. Vol 5- Tarakan basin, Northeast
Kalimantan. Jakarta, p. 1-36.
Peters, K.E., J.W. Snedden, A. Sulaeman, J.F. Sarg & R.J. Enrico (1999)- New deepwater geochemical model
for the Mahakam delta and Makassar slope, Kalimantan. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc., p. 381-395.
(New source model: (1) waxy highstand oils onshore from M-U Miocene coals and shales deposited in coastal
plain highstand kitchens; (2) less waxy lowstand-1 oils offshore from M-U Miocene coaly source rocks in
deepwater lowstand kitchens. Most lowstand-2 oils higher maturity than lowstand-1 oils and originated from L-
M Miocene coaly source rocks. (3) low-maturity, nonwaxy transgressive oils onshore from M Miocene marine
shales deposited near maximum flooding surfaces)
Peters, K.E., J.W. Snedden, A. Sulaeman, J.F. Sarg & R.J. Enrico (2000)- A new geochemical sequence
stratigraphic model for the Mahakam Delta and Makassar Slope, Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Bull. 84, 1, p.
12-44.
Pieters, P.E., H.Z. Abidin & D. Sudana (1993)- Geology of the Long Pahangai sheet area, Kalimantan.
Quadrangle 1716, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung,
Pieters, P.E. & P. Sanyoto (1993)- Geology of the Pontianak/Nangataman Sheet area, Kalimantan 1:250,000.,
Pieters, P.E. & S. Supriatna (1990)- Late Cretaceous- Early Tertiary continent- continent collision in Borneo.
In: T.J. Wiley et al. (eds.) Terrane analysis of China and the Pacific rim, Circum Pacific Council for Energy and
Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, 13, p 193-194.
Pieters, P.E. & S. Supriatna (1990)- Geological map of the West, Central and East Kalimantan Area, 1:
1000,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Indonesia.

Pieters, P.E., Surono & Y. Noya (1993)- Geological map of the Nangaobat Sheet area, Kalimantan 1:250,000.
Pieters, P.E., Surono & Y. Noya (1993)- Geology of the Putussibau Sheet, Kalimantan 1:250,000. Geol. Res.
Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(C Kalimantan map sheet, showing Permo-Triassic Busang Complex igneous and metamorphic rocks, overlain
by folded Cretaceous Selangkai Gp sediments, unconformably overlain by near-horizontal Late Eocene
sediments. In North Kapuas and Embaluh mlange with Danua ultramafics. Numerous Late Oligocene- E
Miocene Sintang andesite intrusives, etc.)
Pieters, P.E., D.S. Trail & S. Supriatna (1987)- Correlation of Early Tertiary rocks across Kalimantan. Proc.
16th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc., p. 291-306.
(Major unconformity at base Tertiary across Kalimantan. Basal Tertiary sandstone, dominantly terrestrial and
dated as Late Eocene, overlain by mudstone, then sandstone/mudstone unit. Second unconformity truncates this
sequence in W Kalimantan and is succeeded by overlapping terrestrial sandstone and Oligocene mudstone.
Third unconformity confined to E Kalimantan is overlain by Miocene deltaic sediments. Elongate, W-trending
basin filled by Early Tertiary sediments is folded and overthrust along N contact with orogenic complex by N-
dipping thrusts. With 3 paleogeographic maps)
Pireno, G.E., C. Cook, D. Yuliong & S. Lestari (2009)- Berai carbonate debris flow as reservoir in the Ruby
Field, Sebuku Block, Makassar Straits: a new exploration play in Indonesia. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., IPA09-G-005, 19p.
(Ruby Field Makassar Straits 1-4 wells) gas in re-deposited carbonates of Oligo-Miocene Berai Lst. Located in
NW-SE trending W Makassar Graben, at S side of Paternoster Platform)
Polhaupessy, A.A. (1997)- Eocene pollen of Tanjung Formation, Rantau, South Kalimantan. Proc. 34th Conf.
CCOP, Korea 1998, p. 35-39.
Polhaupessy, A.A. (2007)- Palynocycles of Late Eocene Formation: a case study in Tanjung Formation, South
Kalimantan. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 33, 2, p. 149-165.
(Quantitative palynological study of Late Eocene Tanjung Fm in Asem-Asem basin, S Kalimantan, to determine
cyclic patterns. Tropical assemblages. Diversity maximum at cycle boundaries, minimum in middle cycle)
Posewitz, T.A.K. (1883)- Geologische Notizen aus Central-Borneo (das Tertiare Hugelland bei Teweh).
Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie 43, p. 169-175.
('Geologic notes from Central Borneo- the Tertiary hill country near Teweh'. Brief description of surface
geology of upper Kutei basin near Muara Teweh. Common rel. hard sandstones, locally with plant fragments,
overlain by marls and ~40m thick Nummulites- orbitoid limestone. Stratigraphy appears similar to Eocene of
Pengaron (Barito basin). No figures/ maps)
Posewitz, T. (1889)- Borneo: Entdeckungsreisen und Untersuchungen; gegenwartiger Stand der geologischen
Kenntnisse, Verbreitung der nutzbaren Mineralen. Berlin, 385p.
(Early overview of the geology and first geological map of all of Borneo Island. Few illustrations)
Posewitz, T. & F.H. Hatch (1892)- Borneo: its geology and mineral resources. Edward Stanford, London, 495 p.
(English translation of German original; online at http://books.google.com/.../Borneo.pdf)
(First non-Dutch overview of late 1800s state of knowledge of Borneo geology, coal and minerals)
Posthumus, O. (1929)- Vischotolieten van N.O. Borneo. Wetensch. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.-Indie 9,
p. 87-108.
('Fish otoliths of NE Borneo'. Description of fish otoliths from Miocene- Pliocene samples collected in NE
Kalimantan Bulungan and Berau areas by Leupold)

Prasongko, B.K., S. Notosiswoyo, K. Anggayana & C. I. Abdullah (2007)- Cleat distribution controls on the
sulphur content of the Miocene coal seam in the Palaran and Busui areas, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Tekn.
Mineral (ITB, Bandung) 14, 3, p. 145-155. (online at: http://www.fttm.itb.ac.id/galeri/Cleat.pdf)
(Correlation between cleat frequency and sulphur content in M-Lt Miocene coal of Busui area, Pasir basin, and
Palaran Anticline, Kutai basin. Highest sulphur near fault zones. Coal seams associated with lower delta plain
sandstones)
Priadi, B. (2010)- Kalimantan magmatic system. In: Proc. MGEI-IAGI Conf. Kalimantan Coal and Mineral
Resources, Balikpapan 2010, p. 187-190.
(Eocene-Miocene magmatic products in Kalimantan calc-alkaline, subduction-related magmatism, which may
correlate to subduction of S China Sea Plate, indicating time of collision of Luconia continental plate to NW
Kalimantan. Miocene-Pliocene magmatism of potassic calc-alkaline affinity, indicating development of present
subduction system. Tholeiitc within-plate magmatism characterizes of Pliocene- Recent magmatism)
Priantono, T.S. & Raden Idris (1994)- Perkembangan submarine fan Eosen-Oligosen pada daerah Benderang-
Tapian Langsat, Cekungan Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p.
208-218.
('Eocene- Oligocene submarine fan deposits in the Benderang- Tapian Langsat area, Kutai Basin, E
Kalimantan')
Priyomarsono, Sumarso (1985)- Contribution a letude geologique du Sud-est de Borneo, Indonesia: geologie
structurale de la partie meridionale de la chaine des Meratus. Thesis, Univ. de Savoie, Chambery, Trav. Dept.
Sciences de la. Terre 5, 198p. (Abstract at: http://edytem.univ-savoie.fr/archives/lgham/priyomarsono-r-fr.html)
(Contribution to the study of SE Borneo: structural geology of the southern part of the Meratus chain. Oldest
rocks M Cretaceous Alino Fm volcanic arc deposits (Pulau Laut and W Sulawesi transitional arc-forearc
rocks). Radiolarians and Orbitolina gave M Albian- Cenomanian age; interbedded lavas K/Ar age ~92 Ma,
granite ~97Ma. Cenomanian obduction of peridotites with metamorphic sole dated at ~145 Ma, possibly due to
collision of unknown microcontinent. Unconformably overlain by Turonian- Senonian Manunggul Fm molasse
with calc-alkaline volcanics dated between 87-72 Ma. Eocene (and older?) extensional grabens with paralic,
then marine deposits of Tanjung Fm. Middle Miocene compression, tied to Sula-Sulawesi collision, formed most
folding and uplift along E border of Meratus Mts. Neotectonic uplift phase caused additional, recent uplift)
Priyomarsono, S. (1986)- Evolusi tektonik daerah Meratus dan sekitarnya, Kalimantan Tenggara. Proc. Ann.
Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p.
(Tectonic evolution of the Meratus and surrounding areas, Kalimantan)
Priyomarsono, S & A. Sumarsono (1996)- Kontrol tektonik pada sedimentasi progading delta di cekungan
Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 2, p. 104-119.
('Tectonic control on prograding delta sedimentation in the Kutai Basin, E Kalimantan')
Provale, I. (1908)- Di alcune Nummulitine e Orbitoidine dellIsola di Borneo. Riv. Ital. Paleont. 14, p. 55-80.
('On some nummulitids and orbitoidal foraminifera from the island of Borneo'. Late Eocene Nummulites,
Discocyclina (called Orthophragmina) and Pellatispira (here called Assilina) from 'Oudjou Halang' in C
Borneo, collected by Bonarelli. No locality maps or stratigraphy)
Provale, I. (1909)- Di alcune Nummulitine e Orbitoidine dellIsola di Borneo (parte seconda). Riv. Ital. Paleont.
15, p. 1-34.
(Second part of above Borneo larger foraminifera paper. Late Eocene- Early Miocene LF from SE, E and NE
Kalimantan. No locality maps or stratigraphy)
Pubellier, M., J. Girardeau & I. Tjashuri (1999)- Accretion history of Borneo inferred from the polyphase
structural features in the Meratus Mountains. In: I. Metcalfe (ed.) Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion,
Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 141-160.

(Meratus Mountains area of Mid-Cretaceous ophiolite obduction (oblique, N-S directed collision) and
separates Eocene Barito and Asem-Asem basins. W front high-angle thrust, E flank gentle East dip. Main
Meratus uplift around E-M Miocene boundary, a remote response to Banggai-Sula collision. Two phases of
Paleogene extension: N110E in Barito (Paleocene?) and N20E (Eocene; tied to Makassar Straits opening))
Purnomo, E. & R. Kodir (1992)- A new concept for hydrocarbon exploration in Bunyu Island, North East
Kalimantan. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 147-160.
Purwanto, T., R Haryoko, S. Martodjojo & Djuhaeni (1998)- Analisa sekuen stratigrafi resolusi tinggi daerah
Sengatta Kaltim. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Sed. Pal. Strat., p. 78-90.
('High-resolution sequence stratigraphy analysis in the Sangatta area, E Kalimantan')
Radke, M., P. Garrigues & H. Willsch (1990)- Methylated dicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude
oils from the Handil Field, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 15, p. 17-34.
Ramli, R., S.B. Nugroho, J. Bradfield & S. Hansen (1993)- Reservoir modelling in the Bunyu Tapa gas field- an
integrated study. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 225-251.
(Bunyu Tapa 1975 gas field on Bunyu Island, NE Kalimantan, reservoir sands deposited as distributary channel
sands. Wells on W edge are on E flank of N-S trending anticline, close to gas-water contact, and separated from
eastern wells by N-S trending normal faults)
Ranawidjaja, D.A.S., E. Usman, Y. Noviadi & K.T. Dewi (2004)- Paleoclimatology and sea-level changes of
Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, based on geological and geophysical integrated data. Bull. Marine Geol.
(Bandung), 19, 2, p. 41-58.
Reksalegora, S.W., M.J. Hursey, N. Nurdiansyah, Sukerim et al. (2002)- Development strategy for a highly
compartmentalized reservoir in the Middle Miocene Yakin Sandstone, East Kalimantan. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 671-680.
Renaud, G.P.A. (1874)- Verslag van de kolenmijn Oranje-Nassau te Pengaron, Zuider en Ooster Afdeeling van
Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 3 (1874), 2, p. 85-117.
(Report on the Oranje Nassau coal mine at Pengaron, SE Borneo. Mostly mining technical description and
history)
Retgers, J.W. (1891)- Mikroskopisch onderzoek eener verzameling gesteenten uit de afdeeling Martapura, Zuid-
en Oost Afd. van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1891, Wet. Ged., p. 5-212.
('Microscopic study of a collection of rocks from the department Martapura, SE Kalimantan')
Retgers, J.W. (1893)- Uber kristallinische Schiefer, insbesondere Glaukophanschiefer, und Eruptivgesteine im
sudlichen Borneo. Neues Jahrbuch Min. Geol. Pal. 1893, 1, p. 39-43.
('On crystalline schists, particularly glaucophane schists, and volcanic rocks in southern Kalimantan'. First
record of high P- low T glaucophane schists from Meratus Mountains)
Retgers, J.W. (1895)- Mikroskopisch onderzoek van gesteenten van de Oostkust van Borneo, verzameld door
J.A. Hooze. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1895, Wet. Ged., p. 78-98.
('Microscopic study of rocks from the east coast of Kalimantan, collected by J.A. Hooze')
Roberts, H.H. & J. Sydow (1996)- The offshore Mahakam delta: stratigraphic response of late Pleistocene-to-
modern sea level cycle. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 147-161.
(Late Pleistocene-to-modern stratigraphy of Mahakam Delta records a progradational continuum from falling
stage in sea level, through initial rise, to modern highstand deposition. These results contrast with popular
sequence stratigraphic concepts which predict that large, rapid sea level drops, typical of latest Pleistocene,
should result in sedimentary bypass of the entire shelf)

Roberts, H.H. & J. Sydow (1997)- Siliciclastic- carbonate interactions in a tropical deltaic setting: Mahakam
delta of East Kalimantan (Indonesia). Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef symposium, 2, p. 1773-1778.
Roberts, H.H. & J. Sydow (2003)- Late Quaternary structure and sedimentology of the offshore Mahakam delta,
East Kalimantan (Indonesia). In: F.H. Sidi, D. Nummedal et al. (eds.) Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia-
sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology, SEPM Spec. Publ. 76, p. 125-145.
(Alternating clastic deltaics and shelf carbonates reflect high-frequency cyclic sea level changes. Halimeda
bioherms on ravinement surface during Early Holocene transgression. Below ravinement surface are falling-
stage and lowstand fluvial- delta plain- incised valley deposits)
Roberts, H.H., J. Sydow, J. Robalin & R. Fillon (2000)- A comparison of two Late Pleistocene shelf-edge deltas
(Indonesia and Gulf of Mexico)- stratigraphic architecture, systems tracts, bounding surfaces, and reservoir
potential. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 50, p. 361-367.
(Comparison of N Gulf of Mexico (Mobile River) and E Borneo shelf (Mahakam River) Late Pleistocene shelf-
edge deltas. Both deltas constructed by falling-to-lowstand deposition associated with latest Pleistocene glacial
maximum. Mahakam shelf falling-to-lowstand clinoforms downlap irregular surface of isolated carbonate
bioherms built above transgressive surface formed during preceding sea level rise. NE Gulf of Mexico
dominated by siliciclastic sedimentation)
Robinson, G., N. Ratman & P. Senyaja (1996)- The accreted Meratus terranes Southeast Kalimantan. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 20, p. 35-56.
(At least 3 terranes accreted to SE Kalimantan from E between Barremian-Aptian and end-Paleocene. Meratus
Mts consists of number of W-dipping partly subducted slabs of pre-Aptian oceanic crust, with granite and
marine sediments. Stratigraphy includes Aptian-Paleocene arc volcanics, Barremian-Aptian granite, Aptian-
Paleocene marine sediments and slivers of high P-low T metamorphic equivalents of these rocks. Meratus Mts
uplifted and partly eroded at end-Paleocene, followed by deposition of Eocene- Pleistocene sediments (much of
this is not correct; HvG))
Robinson, K. (1987)- Thickness map of the petroliferous Tertiary sequence of the Circum-Borneo region,
Southeast Asia. Open-File Report U.S. Geol. Survey OF 87-0495-A, Reston, VA, 1 p.
(Part of circum-Borneo region structure, isopach, paleogeographic maps series)
Robinson, K. (1987)- Location map of major Tertiary sedimentary provinces and structural elements of the
Circum-Borneo region, Southeast Asia. Open-File Report U.S. Geol. Survey OF87-0495-F.
Robinson, K. (1987)- Palinspastic paleogeographic map of the Neogene sequence of the Circum-Borneo region,
Southeast Asia. Open-File Report U.S. Geol. Survey OF 87-0495-E, Reston, VA, 1p.
Rodenburg, J.K. (1984)- Geology, genesis and bauxite reserves of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: L. Jacob
(ed.) Bauxite, Proc. Bauxite symposium Los Angeles 1984, Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Petrol. Eng., New York, p.
603-618.
Rosary, D., E. Sunardi, Yuniyanto & A. Krisna (2003)- Facies analysis of the Lower DR Sands, based on core
and wireline log interpretation, Attaka Field. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 1-11.
(Attaka Field 125 km NE of Balikpapan. Lower DR Sand in overpressure sequence at 10050- 10130. Core and
log data from 20 wells show deltaic depositional system, which could be divided into 5 coarsening upward
units. Depositional environment interpreted as delta front and prodelta. Sand bars SW-NE orientation)
Rose, R. & P. Hartono (1978)- Geological evolution of the Tertiary Kutai- Melawi Basin, Kalimantan,
Indonesia. Proc. 7th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 225-252.
(Kutei basin and Melawi-Ketungau area connected in Paleogene, with Melawi-Ketungau area open to NW
Borneo basin. Schwaner Block of SW Kalimantan and Kuching Arch of C Borneo yielded sediments throughout
Tertiary. Paleogene deposition transgressive except in Melawi-Ketungau area where it was regressive. Greatest
Kalimantan Paleogene carbonate development on Barito and Paternoster platforms. Isopach maps suggest

Meratus range was Tertiary depocenter. Meratus graben Eocene- M Miocene sediments uplifted, folded and
faulted in M-L Neogene. Obduction in Sabah area accompanied NW rotation which uplifted Kuching High and
resulted in deposition of second generation regressive sediments to N and S and provided impetus for
gravitational folds. Counter-clockwise rotation accomplished by M Tertiary. Late Neogene obduction of
oceanic crust onto E Sulawesi partially closed Meratus graben)
Rotinsulu, L.F., S. Sardjono & N. Heriyanto (1993)- The hydrocarbon generation and trapping mechanism
within the northern part of Barito basin, South Kalimantan. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p.
607-633.
(Barito Basin two types of source rocks: Tanjung and Lower Warukin Formations shales and coals)
Rowley, K.G. (1973)- Rehabilitation and development of Tarakan Island. Proc. 2nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 217-220.
(Pamusian Field discovered in 1905, cum. production 181 MBO from ~1100 wells, from reservoirs between
180- 7000. With history of Tarakan Island oil production)
Rullie, S. (1982)- Pengembangan batubara didaerah Kalimantan Timur dan Selatan. Proc. 11th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 129-142.
('Coal in the area of E and S Kalimantan')
Ruppert, L.F. & T.A. Moore (1993)- Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the
Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 20, 2, p. 233-247.
(Thin interbeds in Eocene Senakin coal bed, SE Kalimantan, are volcanic ash-falls and mixed volcanics-
clastics, possibly related to volcanism between Kalimantan and Sulawesi)
Rusmana, E.& P. Pieters (1993)- Geology of the Sambas/Siluas sheet area, Kalimantan 1:250,000, quads 1317-
1417. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(Geologic map of NW tip of Kalimantan. Includes in North Jurassic-Cretaceous Serabang melange complex
with ultramafics, intruded by Upper Cretaceous Pueh granite. In South typical 'NW Kalimantan Domain'
stratigraphy: Paleozoic-Triassic? metamorphics, overlain by very thick (>1500m) Late Triassic-Jurassic
Bengkayang Gp clastics, overlain by Cretaceous Pedawan Fm, inconformably overlain by Paleogene Kayan
Sst, intruded by numerous Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Sintang intrusives and also Pliocene Niut Volcanics)
Rustandi, E., E.S. Nila, P. Sanyoto & U. Margono (1995)- Geological map of the Kotabaru Sheet, Kalimantan.
1:250,000, Quad 1812. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(Map sheet of SE-most Meratus Mts, Asem Asem Basin and Pulau Laut and Sebuku islands. All areas with
folded succession of ultramafic rocks (in E Meratus associated with 'amphibolite-garnet schist' and mid
Cretaceous Kintap Orbitolina limestone olistoliths; on Pulau Laut overlain by basalt, silicified sandstones and
radiolarian cherts), overlain by Upper Cretaceous Pitap Fm polymict clastics and Eocene clastics with coals.
Oligocene Berai Lst covers much of Asem Asem basin. Overlain by Warukin Fm. Folding postdates Miocene
Warukin Fm deposition)
Rutten, L. (1911)- On Orbitoides of the Balikpapan Bay, East coast of Borneo. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam, 15, p. 1122-1139. (online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl)
(Lepidocyclinids from Balikpapan Bay. No good illustrations)
Rutten, L. (1912)- Studien uber Foraminiferen aus Ost-Asien, 3. Eine neue Alveolinella von Ost-Borneo.
Sammlung. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden 9, p. 209-224.
(Foraminifera from E Asia: A new Alveolinella from E Kalimantan)
Rutten, L.M.R. (1915)- Vier Eozanvorkommen aus Ost Borneo. Samml. Geol. Reichmus. Leiden, 10, p. 3-10.
(Four occurrences of Eocene in East Borneo. Description of rocks and forams collected by Munniks de Jong)

Rutten, L. (1915)- Eocene orbitoiden en nummulieten van Paloe Laoet. Jaarboek Mijnwezen 43 (1914),
Verhand. 2, p. 74-77.
(Orthophragmina (=Discocyclina) omphalus and Nummulites bagelensis demonstrate Eocene age of marl
formation above the sandstone- coal beds on Pulau Laut, SE Borneo)
Rutten, L. (1916)- Foraminiferen-kalksteenen uit de Tidoengsche landen (Noord-Oost Borneo). Jaarboek

Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 44, p. 29-32.
(Foraminiferal limestones from the Tidung Lands, NE Kalimantan. Follow-up of Rutten (1915) description of
Eocene limestones collected by Munniks de Jongh, with Nummulites bagelensis, N. javanus, Discocyclina
dispansa, Alveolina. Sample from Sungai Apat also rich in Pellatispira, previously described as Calcarina)
Rutten, L. (1917)- Modifications of the facies in the Tertiary Formation of East-Kutei (Borneo). Proc. Kon.
Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam 19, 1, p. 728-736. (Online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl)
(Observations on Miocene stratigraphy in East Kutei basin outcrops)
Rutten, L. (1921)- On the occurrence of Halimeda in Old-Miocene coast reefs of East Borneo. Proc Kon.
Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. 23, 1, p. 506-508. (online at www.digitallibrary.nl/ )
Rutten, L. (1925)- Tertiary rocks from Northwestern Borneo and from Berau (E. Borneo). Proc. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam 28, 7, p.
Rutten, L. (1925)- Over fossielhoudende Tertiaire kalksteenen uit Britsch Noord Borneo. Verhand. Geol.
Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. Kolon., Geol. Ser. 8 (Verbeek Volume), p. 415-428.
(Eocene-Miocene fossiliferous limestones from various localities in British North Borneo)
Rutten, L. (1926)- Over het voorkomen der Danau-formatie in Martapoera (Z.O. Borneo). Proc. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam 35, p. 31-35
('On the occurrence of the Danau Fm in Martapura, SE Kalimantan'. see English version below)
Rutten, L. (1926)- On the occurrence of the Danau-formation in Martapura (S.E. Borneo). Proc. Kon. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam 29, 4, p. 524-528.
(Rocks described by Hooze (1893) as Cretaceous Waringin and Alino claystones contain radiolarites and may
therefore be considered as equivalents of Molengraaff's Danau Fm Mesozoic radiolarian-rich deep water
deposits from C Kalimantan. Conclusion questioned by Krol (1926))
Rutten, L. (1926)- Over Tertiaire foraminiferenhoudende gesteenten uit Beraoe (Oost Borneo). Verhand. Kon.
Nederl. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser. 7, 4, p. 297-328.
(Oligocene and Miocene larger forams from limestones in Berau region, NE Kalimantan, collected by Weber
(NKPM) and Beucker Andreae)
Rutten, L.M.R. (1927)- Chapters 13-21 on the geology of Borneo. In: L.M.R. Rutten (1927) Voordrachten over
de geologie van Nederlandsch Indie, Wolters, Groningen, p. 191-310.
(Review of geology of Borneo in Rutten's classic lecture series)
Rutten, L. & C.J. Rutten-Pekelharing (1911)- De omgeving der Balikpapan-Baai. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl.
Aardrijksk. Gen (2) 28, p. 579-601.
(The Balikpapan Bay area. Brief geolographic- geologic description of area on E Kalimantan coast)
Rutten, M.G. (1940)- On Devonian limestones with Clathrodicyon cf spatiosum and Heliolites porosus from
Eastern Borneo. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wet. XLIII, 8, p. 1061-1064.
(E-M Devonian coral Heliolites porosus and possibly Silurian stromatoporoid Clathrodicyon cf spatiosum in
dark recrystallized limestone, collected by Witkamp along Telen River (tributary of Mahakam), above
confluence of Long Hoet, NE Kalimantan, in folded, low-metamorphic 'Old Slates', with nearby andesites. (Both

taxa also reported from M-L Devonian of NE Thailand by Fontaine (1993). May also be similar to Australian
Mid-Devonian limestones from Canning Basin, Tamworth Belt, etc.; HvG)
Rutten, M.G. (1943)- Over enkele Devonische fossielen uit Midden Oost-Borneo. Handel. XXIX Nederl.
Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congr., Amsterdam 1943, p. 58-59.
(On some Devonian fossils from Central E Borneo. Brief note on Devonian coral and sponge fossils in
Utrecht collection, collected by Witkamp (1927) in Telen River area, NE Kalimantan, in large area of 'Old
Slates'. Rutten suggests Witkamp rocks are from 'Danau Fm', composed of isoclinally folded cherts,
radiolarites, quartzitites (in other parts of C Kalimantan with Triassic Halobia and Monotis; Zeijlmans 1938),
and greywackes, spilitic diabase and diabase porphyrites associated with (Permian) fusulinids. Telen location
is ~200km NNW of Samarinda. Rocks belong to 'Borneo continental core- SW Borneo Terrane', as exposed in
NW Kalimantan- W Sarawak, or part of accreted arc terrane?; HvG)
Rutten, M.G. (1947)- De gesteenten der Midden Oost-Borneo Expeditie 1925. Geogr. Geol. Meded.,
Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, Physiogr.-Geol. Reeks II, 9, p. 1-51.
('The rocks of the Central East Borneo Expedition'. Geological results of 1925 geographic expedition and
descriptions of rocks collected by Witkamp, now at Utrecht University. Gently folded Tertiary sediments in S
part, isoclinally folded, radiolarian-rich pre-Tertiary Danau Fm in North. Diorites emplaced in Danau Fm.
Local Late Tertiary volcanics. With descriptions of Devonian coral and stromatoporoid, Eocene (Ta)
Nummulites- alveolinid limestones, also rare Pellatispira, Miocene larger foraminifera, etc.)
Sadirsan, W.S., D.N. Imanhardjo & T.W. Kunto (1994)- The ancient Sangatta delta: new insight to the Middle
Miocene Northern Kutai Basin deltaic systems, East Kalimantan. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.
1, p. 45-55.
(M Miocene deltaics in Sangatta Field suggest Sangatta delta system separate from Mahakam Delta to S)
Safarudin & M.H. Manulang (1989)- Trapping mechanism in Mutiara Field, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan.
Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 2, p. 399- 421.
(Huffco Mutiara field combination structural- stratigraphic trap of N-S trending M-L Miocene delta sandstones
draped over NE-SW trending anticline)
Saib, M.D. & B.H. Suwandi (1991)- Interpretation of overpressured zone in Tunu field using Eaton formula and
sonic log data. Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Energy Min. Res., p. 61-85.
Saito, K., R.D. Nurim & T. Uchiyama, (1988)- Sedimentological and geometrical analysis of sandstones in
Pamaguan Field, Kutei Basin- case study Indonesia. World Oil, July 1987, p. 43-46.
Saller, A., R. Armin, L.O. Ichram & C. Glen-Sullivan (1992)- Sequence stratigraphy of Upper Eocene and
Oligocene limestones, Teweh area, Central Kalimantan. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 69-92.
(Four major latest Eocene- Oligocene depositional sequences in Teweh area, straddling Barito Platform- Kutai
basin. Each sequence 200-500m thick. During sequences 2-4 carbonate shelf in S part Teweh area, basinal
shales to N. Overall deepening- backstepping of facies (to S or interior of platform). No evidence for global
29-30 Ma mid-Oligocene Haq et al. 1987 sea level drop, which must either be of less magnitude, or different
time. Looks like solid biostratigraphic and Sr-isotope age control, but little supporting data included)
Saller, A., R. Armin, L.O. Ichram & C. Glen-Sullivan (1993)- Sequence stratigraphy of aggrading and
backstepping carbonate shelves, Oligocene, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: R.G. Loucks & J.F. Sarg (eds.)
Carbonate sequence stratigraphy: recent developments and applications. Mem. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. 57, p.
267-290.
Saller, A.H., J.T. Noah, J.C. Waugaman & A.P. Ruzuar (2002)- Sequence stratigraphy of isolated carbonate
buildups in a deltaic province, Kutei Basin, east Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Ann. Conv, Expanded Abstracts
p. 153. (Abstract only)

(Kutei basin dominated by clastic deposition, but isolated carbonate buildups also common in Lower
Oligocene- Holocene. Buildups accumulated during transgressions, preferentially on structural highs and
margins of lowstand deltas. Outer shelf buildups that grew during single seismic-scale sequence typically 100 m
thick, 5 km long, 1 km wide. Thicker buildups consist of stacked sequences. Carbonate buildups drowned due to
rapidly rising sea level and/or nutrient poisoning associated with approaching deltas)
Saller, A., J.T. Noah, A.P. Ruzuar & R. Schneider (2004)- Linked lowstand delta to basin-floor fan deposition,
offshore Indonesia; an analog for deep-water reservoir systems. AAPG Bull. 88, 1, p. 21-46.
(Offshore E Kalimantan seismic reflectors traced downslope from lowstand delta to basin-floor fan in last three
Pleistocene cycles (each 110 k.y. in duration). During sea level lowstand at ~240 ka, delta prograded over
previous shelf edge and sand-rich sediments spilled onto slope. Slope canyon connects 240-ka lowstand delta to
coeval basin-floor fan. Canyon fill lower amalgamated channel complex and upper channel-levee complex.
Lower part of basin-floor fan broad lobes with relatively continuous reflectors. Higher part sinuous channel-
levee complex that prograded over lower fan and fed sheetlike lobes on outermost fan. Lowstand strata do not
onlap slope but extend from last clinoforms of lowstand deltas)
Saller, A. & S. Vijaya (2002)- Depositional and diagenetic history of the Kerendan carbonate platform,
Oligocene, central Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Petrol. Geol. 25, p. 123-150.
(Kerendan Berai Lst platform 11x16 km in W Kutei Basin. Aggradation during Oligocene transgression,
contemporaneous with aggradation- backstepping of Barito shelf margin. ~1,000 m thick, three aggrading
seismic sequences. Carbonate deposition started in Late Eocene, ended by drowning in Late Oligocene (~28.6
Ma). Three areas (1) platform interior/ lagoon wackestone-packstones with porosities <5%; (2) raised platform
rim, 1-2 km wide, with wacke-, pack-, grain- and boundstones, with grainstones increasing toward platform
margin. Greater porosity (5-13%) than platform interior because more grainstone and more dissolution by
acidic waters from compacting basinal shales near platform margin; (3) platform margin and slope)
Samson, P., T.D. Rochette & M. Lescoeur (2005)- Peciko geological modelling: optimizing fluid distribution
and model resolution of a giant gas field in a shale-dominated deltaic environment. Proc. Asia-Pacific Oil &
Gas Conf. Exh., Jakarta 2005, SPE 93253, p. 1-10.
(Geologic model of Peciko field, SE part of Mahakam Delta. Reservoir sands mainly distributary mouth bars,
triangular in outline, and of limited extent (1.5- 4.5 km wide, 1-3m thick. Diagrams of distributary mouth bars.
See also below)
Samson, P., T.D. Rochette, M. Lescoeur & P. Cordelier (2005)- Peciko geological modelling: possible and
relevant scales for modelling a complex giant gas field in a mudstone dominated deltaic environment. Proc. 30th
(Geologic model of large (250 km2) Peciko field, SE of Mahakam Delta. Complex geology, mud- dominated
deltaic reservoir section with 2000 m of gross gas column in tens of reservoirs. Total of 96 deltaic cycles)
Samuel, L. (1980)- Relation of depth to hydrocarbon distribution in Bunyu. Island, N.E. Kalimantan. Proc. 9th
(Geothermal gradients on Bunyu Island average 4.28/100 m, ranges 3.68- 5.28C/100m. Maturation studies
indicate present subsurface temperatures maximal in history of deltaic Late Miocene- Pleistocene sediments)
Samuel, L. & S. Muchsin (1975)- Stratigraphy and sedimention in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. Proc. 4th
Santoso, B. & B. Daulay (2006)- Geologic influence on type and rank of selected Tertiary Barito coal, South
Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C. Chou et al. (eds.) Abstracts 23rd Ann. Mtg. Soc. Organic Petrology, Beijing 2006,
p. 214-216.
Sanyoto, P. (1992)- The stratigraphy and structure in the Semitau area; evidence for compressional tectonics in
the Late Oligocene- Early Miocene. In: 29th Int. Geol. Congr., Kyoto 1992, Abstracts, p. 433.

Sanyoto, P. (1993)- Regional tectonics of West Kalimantan. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI)
1, p. 136. (Abstract only)
Sanyoto, P. & R. Sukamto (2000)- Perkembangan tektonik. In: U. Hartono, R. Sukamto et al. (eds.) (2000)-
Evolusi magmatik Kalimantan Selatan, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 23, p. 85-117.
(Review of Meratus Mountains tectonics)
Sapiie, B., A. Pamumpuni & M. Hadiana (2008)- Balancing cross-section and sandbox modeling of Satui fold-
thrust-belt, Asem-Asem Basin, South Kalimantan. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA08-G-151,
19 p.
(NW-SE directed shortening in Asem-Asem basin at SE side of Meratus Range. Late Miocene deformation of
Eocene coal-bearing sediments related to major uplift of Meratus Mountains. More than 24% shortening in
mine area)
Sardjono, S. & L. Rotinsulu (1992)- The hydrocarbon generation and trapping mechanism within the northern
part of Barito Basin, South Kalimantan. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 131-146.
Sarmili, L. (1997)- Indikasi mineral kasitarit dan mineral berat lainnya di perairan Kalimantan Barat dan
sekitarnya. Proc. 26th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Sumber Daya Min. Energi, p. 254-262.
('Indications of cassiterie and other heavy mineral in waters of W Kalimantan')
Sarmili, L. (1998)- Surficial cassiterite deposits dispersal in southwest Kalimantan waters. Bull. Marine
Geology, Bandung, 13, 2, p. 1-8.
(similar to paper below)
Sarmili, L. (1999)- Submarine cassiterite in southwest Kalimantan waters. In: Proc. 35th Sess. Comm. Co-ord.
Joint Prosp. Min. Res. Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP), Bangkok, 35, 2, Techn. Repts., p. 93-102.
(Discovery of cassiterite anomalies in W Kalimantan waters, indicating tin placers may form not only near
Banka and Belitung islands but also off Kalimantan. Shallow seismic data and strong magnetic anomalies
indicate granitic intrusions close to surface, interpreted as source of cassiterite. Granites of Bangka-Belitung
are part of Main granite tin belt whereas W Kalimantan intrusions belong to Anambas-Natuna granitic belt).
Sastratenaya, A.S. (1991)- Deformation et mobilite du megaprisme tectonique de Pinoh-Sayan, Kalimantan,

Indonesie. Doct. Thesis, Universite de Strasbourg, 188 p.
(Deformation and mobility of the Pinoh-Sayan tectonic mega-prism, Kalimantan. Kalan sector of Pinoh-
Sayan uranium exploration area on N side of Schwaner Mts. Basement Permo-Carboniferous metasediments,
intruded by E Cretaceous tonalite and Late Cretaceous monzogranites, unconformably overlain by Tertiary
Melawi Fm continental deposits. Tectonic phases: (1) Triassic folding and schistosity development; (2)
Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous 65 CCW rotation of pre-existing structures along major NE-SW Kalan lineament,
characterized by folding of schistosity and development of large sinistral WSW-ENE shear zone; (3) End-
Cretaceous- Miocene reactivation of the above two main features, causing lateral expulsion of tectonic
megaprism formed by these features, while fore-land cover is folded)
Satyana, A.H. (1994)- The northern massifs of the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan: nature, evolution,
and tectonic implications to the Barito structures. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Jakarta, 1,
p. 457-470.
(Basement outcrops N of main Meratus Range contain similar Cretaceous subduction complex rocks and
granodiorite. Form series of East-vergent thrusts, i.e. opposite direction of W-vergent main Meratus Range)
Satyana, A.H. (1995)- Paleogene unconformities in the Barito Basin, Southeast Kalimantan: a concept for the
solution of the "Barito dilemma" and a key to the search for Paleogene structures. Proc. 24th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 263-275.
(Barito basin only 4 commercial discoveries, all in NE part of basin. Multiple unconformities and young
inversion. Suggests fields are preserved paleo-traps not affected by young structuring)

Satyana, A.H. (1996)- Adang-Lupar Fault, Kalimantan: controversies and new observations on the Trans-
Kalimantan megashear. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 3, p. 124-143.
(Major WNW-ESE fault zone across Kalimantan, from Natuna to Makassar Straits)
Satyana, A.H. & C. Armandita (2008)- On the origin of the Meratus Uplift, Southeast Kalimantan- tectonic and
gravity constraints: a model for exhumation of collisional orogen in Indonesia. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon.
Assoc. Geophys. (HAGI), Bandung 2008, 4 p.
(Meratus Mts is collisional suture marking E-M Cretaceous collision of Schwaner and Paternoster continents.
Presently, mountains are basement uplift separating Barito from Asem-Asem and Pasir Basins. Lack of gravity
and magnetic expression of ultramafics suggests Meratus Mts are rootless, composed of thin allochthonous
oceanic slab, exhumed in Late Cretaceous due to buoyancy of thick subducted Paternoster continent after
oceanic front broke off. Makassar Strait. Lack of deformation on seismic data from S Makassar Strait and
Paternoster terrane oppose common view that micro-continents colliding with E Sulawesi propagated their
tectonic forces W-wards and uplifted Meratus Mts)
Satyana, A.H. & E. Biantoro (1996)- Seismic stratigraphy of Eocene Beriun sands of West Bungalun, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia: a contribution to the Palaeogene stratigraphical knowledge of the Kutai Basin. In: C.A.
Caughey et al. (eds.) Proc. Int. Symp. Sequence Stratigraphy in SE Asia, Jakarta 1995, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p.
383-393.
(Kutei Basin up to 12,000 m of sediments. Early Eocene- E Oligocene generally transgressive sequences.
Eocene NE Kutei W Bungalun area Beriun reservoir-quality sands equivalent to hydrocarbon-bearing Tanjung
sands of Banto Basin. At least three seismic stratigraphic sequences. Deposition affected by growth faulting.
Interpreted as fan delta deposits in extensional tectonic regime)
Satyana, A.H. & H. Darman (2000)- Kalimantan. In: H. Darman & F.H.Sidi (eds.) Outline of the geology of
Indonesia, Chapter 5, Indonesian Association of Geologists, Jakarta, p. 69-90.
Satyana, A.H. & R. Idris (1996)- Chronology and intensity of Barito uplifts, Southeast Kalimantan: a
geochemical constraint and windows of opportunity. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 207.
(Poster Abstract) (Barito Basin Paleogene mainly extensional deformation. Uplift and inversion of extensional
structures starting in Miocene and continuous today. Five uplift events during the Tertiary: M Eocene, E-M
Oligocene, late Oligocene- E Miocene, M Miocene and Late Miocene- Pleistocene. First two uplift episodes
interrupted Paleogene extension. Late Miocene- Pleistocene uplift was major uplift event (~1,200 m). Oligo -
Miocene uplift relatively minor (~50 m))
Satyana A.H., D. Nugroho & I. Surantoko (1999)- Tectonic controls on the hydrocarbon habitats of the Barito,
Kutei and Tarakan Basins, Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia: major dissimilarities in adjoining basins. J. Asian
Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 99-122.
(Barito, Kutei, and Tarakan Basins different Tertiary tectonic styles. Barito Basin initial transtension followed
by transpression. NE structures increasingly imbricated towards Meratus Mts and involve basement. W and SE
Barito Basin weakly deformed. Kutei Basin dominantly tight NNE-SSW trending anticlines, forming Samarinda
Anticlinorium in E. Deformation less intense offshore. M Miocene- Recent growth suggested by thinning over
structures. W basin area uplifted. Tarakan Basin NNE-SSW normal faults, formed on older NW-SE trending
folds and normal to direction of sedimentary thickening, suggesting growth-faults. Onshore older N-S trending
folds from collision of Central Range terranes to W of basin. Barito Basin fields in W-verging faulted anticlines.
Tarakan Basin NW-SE anticlines with main producing pools in downthrown blocks of faults)
Satyana, A.H., M.E.M. Purwaningsih & M. Imron (2000)- Coal seams within Eocene Tanjung Formation of the
Barito Basin, Southeast Kalimantan. Berita Sediment. (Indon. Geol. Forum FOSI) 17, p. 14-21, 26.
Satyana, A.H. & P.D. Silitonga (1993)- Thin-skinned tectonics and fault-propagation folds: new insights to the
tectonic origin of Barito folds, South Kalimantan. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung,
p. 282-291.

(Barito Basin foredeep at Meratus front with closely spaced folds-thrusts, formed in M Miocene and Plio-
Pleistocene, all with high-angle reverse faults. Become increasingly imbricate towards Meratus Range. Strike
slip faults cut older structures. Hydrocarbons known only from folds and paleo-highs in N end of foredeep.
Satyana, A.H. & P.D. Silitonga (1994)- Tectonic reversal in East Barito Basin, South Kalimantan: consideration
of the types of inversion structures and petroleum system significance. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 57-74.
(E Barito basin Tertiary structural history characterized by tectonic reversal. Paleogene rifting with NW- SE
trending horsts and grabens followed by WNW to ESE Neogene compression with inversion of Paleogene
structures. Rift sedimentation resulted in E-M Eocene Lower Tanjung source rocks and reservoir sandstones.
Late Eocene- E Oligocene U Tanjung Fm postrift shales effective seal. Inversion started in E-M Miocene (N
Kalimantan and E Sulawesi collisions). Plio-Pleistocene inversion might create new traps or destroy previous
accumulations and remigrate hydrocarbons. Tanjung Raya fields ideal hydrocarbon-trapping conditions)
Sawada, H., T. Matsuyama, Y. Konda, T. Ishiyama & T. Hashimura (2007)- Middle and Upper Miocene slope
channel sandstone reservoir of Sadewa gas field, offshore Mahakam Delta, North Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia; modeling of channel sand body based on exploratory wells and 3D seismic. In: Exploration and
exploitation in deep water, Sekiyu Gijutsu Kyokaishi (J. Japan. Assoc. Petrol. Techn.), Tokyo, 72, 1, p. 98-107.
(Sadewa Field 2002 gas discovery on slope in 1,000-2,800 water off Mahakam delta. Cores of Sadewa
reservoir exhibit episodic turbiditic deposition of reworked delta sediments. Slope channel sandstone reservoirs
of Sadewa field detected as high-amplitude anomalies in 3D seismic data)
Saxby, R. & R. Latief (1988)- Post Convention Field Trip 1988: Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Guide Book.
Indonesian Petroleum Association, 19 p.
Schairer, G. & A. Zeiss (1992)- First record of Callovian ammonites from West Kalimantan (Middle Jurassic,
Kalimantan Barat, Borneo, Indonesia). BMR J. Austral. Geol. Geoph. 13, 3, p. 229-236.
(New ammonite fauna of probable Callovian age from Brandung Fm dark limestones and shales in W
Kalimantan, 40 km NW of Sanggau, with Hectioceras spp., Reineckia, Indosphinctes. Affinities with Europe,
Iran. Different from the Macrocephalites-dominated Callovian assemblages of E Indonesia?- HvG)
Schelmann, W. (1966)- Die lateritische Verwitterung eines marine Tons in Sudost-Kalimantan. Geol. Jahrbuch
84, p. 163-188.
(Study of 3m lateritic iron ore profile above Eocene marine clay which overlies serpentinite at SW flank of
Kukusan Mountains, SE Kalimantan)
Schmutzer, J. (1908)- Bijdrage tot de kennis der oude eruptiefgesteenten en amphiboolschisten aan de Rivieren
Sebilit en Tebaoeng in Centraal-Borneo. Verhand. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam (2), 14, p. p. 1-48.
(Contribution to the knowledge of old volcanic rocks and amphibole schists along the Sebilit and Tebaung
Rivers)
Schmutzer, J. (1908)- The mineralogic and chemical composition of some rocks from Central Borneo. Proc
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, p. 398-415. (online at www.digitallibrary.nl/proceedings/..)
(Petrographic descriptions and chemical analyses of 4 igneous rocks collected along the Sebilit and Tebaung
Rivers in Central Borneoby Molengraaff from C Kalimantan: amphibole dacite, andesite and microgranite)
Schmutzer, J. (1910)- Bijdrage tot de kennis der postcenomane hypoabyssische en effusieve gesteenten van het
Westelijke Muller gebergte in Centraal Borneo, Doctoral Thesis Delft, Amsterdam, 214 p.
(Descriptions of igneous and volcanic rocks of the Muller range, collected by Molengraaff. Post-Cenomanian,
possibly Early Tertiary age. Limited use for regional geology)
Schmutzer, J. (1911)- Die vulkanischen Gesteine des westlichen Mullergebirges in Zentral-Borneo. Centralblatt
Min. Geol. Pal. 1911, p. 321-327.
('The volcanic rocks of the western Muller Mountains in Central Kalimantan')

Schoell, M., B. Durand & J. L. Oudin (1985)- Migration of oil and gas in the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan:
evidence and quantitative estimate from isotope and biomarker studies. Proc. 14th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 2, p. 49-56.
(Oils of Nilam field derived from humic organic matter at ~3,500- 4,000 m. Gases mature to overmature,
formed at between ~5,000- 6,000 m)
Schoell, M., M. Teschner, H. Wehner, B. Durand & J.L. Oudin (1981)- Maturity related biomarker and stable
isotope variations and their application in the Mahakam delta, Kalimantan. In: M. Bjoroy et al. (eds.) Advances
in Organic Geochemistry, John Wiley & Son, p. 156-163.
Schophuys, H.J. (1936)- Het stroomgebied van de Barito; landbouwkundige kenschets en landbouw
voorlichting. Ph.D. Thesis Agricultural University Wageningen, 207 p.
('The drainage area of the Barito River; Agricultural characterization)
Schurmann, H.M.E. (1925)- Over jong-Tertiaire bruinkolen in Oost Borneo. Verhand. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen.
Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser. 8 (Verbeek memorial volume), p. 429-440.
(On Young Tertiary lignites in East Kalimantan. Mainly discussion on relationship between water content and
age of lignite/ coal)
Schurmann, H.M.C. (1927)- Uber jungtertiare Braunkohlen in Ost-Borneo. Braunkohle 26, p. 609-612, 634-
641.
(On Young Tertiary lignites in East Kalimantan. Short version of above 1925 paper in German)
Schwaner, C. (1853)- Borneo. Beschrijving van het stroomgebied van den Barito en reizen langs eenige
voorname rivieren van het Zuid-Oostelijke gedeelte van dat eiland op last van het Gouvernement van
Nederlandsch-Indie, gedaan in de jaren 1843-1847. Van Kampen, Amsterdam, 2 vols., p.
('Borneo: description of the barito River Basin and travel along several important rivers of the SE part of that
island undertaken by order of the Netherlands Indies government in 1843-1847'. First systematic geologic-
geographic survey work in SE Kalimantan)
Schwaner, C. (1857)- De steenkolen in het rijk van Bandjermasin. Tijdschr. voor Nederl. Indie 19, 2, p. 129-
156.
('Coal in the Banjarmasin region'. One of earliest descriptions of coal in SE Kalimantan)
Schwartz, C.M., G.H. Laughbaum, B.S. Samsu & J.D. Armstrong (1973)- Geology of the Attaka oilfield, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 2nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 195-215.
(Attaka first commercial offshore field in Kalimantan in 1970. NNW trending structure. Late Miocene- Pliocene
fluvial-deltaic reservoirs between 600- 7800, with oil produced from 34 sands between 2000-3400. Structure
young anticline, but thinning of sands over crest of structure suggest Late Miocene- Pliocene early growth)
Seavoy, R.E. (1975)- Placer diamond mining in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesia (Southeast Asia Program
Publications at Cornell University) 19, p. 79-84.
(Diamonds, gold and platinum in river and terrace gravels in Martapura and Pleihari regions, SE Kalimantan.
Diamonds from kimberlite pipes associated with ultrabasic rocks of Bobaris Mountains)
Seeley, J.B. & T.J. Senden (1994)- Alluvial gold in Kalimantan, Indonesia: a colloidal origin? J. Geochem.
Expl. 50, 1-3, p. 457-478.
(Placer gold deposits in Quaternary palaeochannels and Pleistocene terraces in Ampalit and Cempaga Buang
drainage basins near Kasongan, C Kalimantan. Comparison of gold grains from Ampalit channel and adjacent
terraces indicates gold grains possibly of colloidal origin, not mechanically transported to present domain)

Sendjaja, P., M.E. Suparka & E. Sucipta (2009)- Adakites rocks from Sintang, West Kalimantan and Una-Una
Island, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: evidence of slab melting of subducted young oceanic crust. In: 11th Reg.
Congr. Geology, Mineral and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia, GEOSEA 2009, Kuala Lumpur, p.
Setiabudi, B.T., I.H. Campbell, C.E. Martin & C.M. Allen (2007)- Platinum group element geochemistry of
andesite intrusions of the Kelian region, East Kalimantan, Indonesia; implications of gold depletion in the
intrusions associated with the Kelian gold deposit. Econ. Geol. and Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 102, 1, p. 95-108.
(Gold mineralization at Kelian mine younger than associated Central and Eastern andesite intrusions. Gold
probably derived from slightly younger intrusions. Parallel Cu-Au-PGE patterns are due to mixing between
mafic and a more felsic magma)
Setiadji, L.D. (2009)- Alluvial gold in Central Kalimantan: its mode of occurrence, source and consequences for
primary deposits. Proc. 38th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Semarang, p.
Setiawan, A. (1993)- Development of deltaic sedimentation in the E67/E68/E69 reservoir series, Nilam Field,
East Kalimantan. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI) 2, Bandung, p. 847-862.
(E-W trending delta distributary channels in Middle Miocene E sequences)
Setiawan, B. (1993)- Les lignees granitiques et les skarns mineralisees en Zn de Longlaai; Est-Kalimantan
(Borneo, Indonesie). Thesis Ecole Nat. Sup. Mines de Paris, Paris, 481p.
(The granitic suites and Zn-mineralized skarns from Longlaai, E Kalimantan)
Setiawan, R. & I. Nurdiana (2007)- Petrologi batupasir Formasi Mentarang kelompok Embaluh, di daerah
Longbia, Kalimantan Timur. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 33, 2, p. 193-205.
(Petrology of deep marine Late Cretaceous -E Eocene Mentarang Fm of Embaluh Group in Longbia district, E
Kalimantan. Partly low-metamorphic interbedded sandstones, siltstone, and slaty mudstone. Mainly
litharenites, recycled orogen. Sandstones provenance Semitau Ridge and Schwaner Mts in SW Kalimantan,
probably also Embuoi and Busang Complex in S. Andesitic-basaltic rock fragments more common than
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Volcanism probably related to tectonics in N Kalimantan)
Setio, N., W. Suwarlan & R. Latief (1989)- The integration of borehole, seismic data, geological field work,
paleontological data and SAR in a thrusted area of East Kalimantan. Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. 1, p. 7-30.
Setyanta, B. (2002)- Kelurusan struktur geologi dan implikasinya terhadap evolusi tektonik daerah Samarinda-
Sangatta, Kalimantan Timur, berdasaran analisis gayberat. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 12, 128, p.
('Straightness of geological structures and implications for tectonic evolution of the Samarinda- Sangatta area,
E Kalimantan, based on gravity analysis')
Setyanta, B. & I. Setiadi (2006)- Kompleks batuan ultramafik Meratus Sebagai bagian dari Ofiolit Kerak
Samudra ditinjau dari aspek geomatik dan gaya berat. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geol. 16, 6, p. 355-348.
(On gravity-magnetics of Meratus Mts oceanic crust ultramafic rocks complex)
Sidarto et al. (1998)- Struktur geologi daerah Sanga-sanga, Kalimantan Timur. J. Geol. Sumber Daya Min.
(Bandung), 8, 82, p. 2-13.
('Geological structure of the sanga-Sanga area, E Kalimantan')
Sidi, F. H. (2000)- Comparison of paleo-Mahakam Delta with other delta systems. Berita Sedim. (Indon. Geol.
Forum) 12, p.
Sidi, F.H., H.C. Baskara, G.P. Allen & S.C. Lang (1998)- Controls on cyclic sequence architecture in the
middle Miocene paleo-Mahakam Delta system, Badak and Nilam fields, Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia. AAPG Int. Conf. Exhib. Abstracts, AAPG Bull. 82, 10, p. 1966-1967.

(Badak and Nilam fields in M Miocene paleo-Mahakam fluvio-deltaic system. Productive horizons numerous
isolated mouth bar and distributary channel sandstone reservoirs in basin with high subsidence rates and high
sediment influx. High degree of cyclicity at three scales: (1) smallest (100-150) represent delta lobes,
parasequences produced by autocyclic processes (2) Intermediate (800-1,200) regressive-transgressive
parasequence sets; (3) largest (6,000-8,000) associated with major basin-fill patterns due to progradation of
shelf and slope. Larger-scale maximum flooding events cut across regional stratigraphic markers, indicating
they are diachronous along depositional strike. Lateral variations in stacking patterns, controlled by migration
of zones of sediment influx. Local tectonic effects tend to blur eustatic signatures in basin)
Sidi, F.H., S. Damayanti, H.C. Baskara & I. Turseno (1998)- Stratigraphy and geometry of deltaic reservoirs of
the paleo-Mahakam system: an example from sequence stratigraphy study of Nilam gas field, Kutei Basin, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C.A. Caughey & J.V.C. Howes (eds) Proc. Int. Conf. Gas Habitats of SE Asia and
Australasia, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 179-185.
Sieffermann, G.R. (1990)- Origin of iron carbonate layers in Tertiary coastal sediments of central Kalimantan
Province (Borneo), Indonesia. In: J. Parnell et al. (eds.) Sediment-hosted mineral deposits, Int. Assoc.
Sedimentologists, Spec. Publ. 11, p. 139-145.
(Siderite layers 20-30cm thick in Miocene coal-bearing series reflect reprecitation of iron in (brackish) coastal
plain zone)
Siemers, C.T. S. Sutiyono & S.K. Wiman (1992)- Description and reservoir characterization of a Late Miocene,
delta-front coral-reef buildup, Serang Field, Offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Carbonate rocks and
reservoirs of Indonesia: a core workshop, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 5-1-5-27.
(Late Miocene in Serang Field dominated by fluvial/deltaic and shallow-marine siliciclastics. Also numerous
carbonate units indicative of coral reef growth in delta-front, marine-shelf setting. The 80-6 Limestone (67),
includes 'Lower reef' (25; platy corals in argillaceous matrix grading up to massive and branching coral
fragments in mud matrix) and "Upper reef" (42; platy-coral-bearing wackestone, overlain by argillaceous
coral rubble, porous 10 reef-core type coral rubble and 13 of non-porous, reworked mix). Reef overlain by
shallow shelf- delta-front calcareous, shelly, silty shale. 80-6 Limestone represents cluster of buildups with
lateral extent of >2.5 km and possibly up to10s of kms. Post-depositional degradation of reservoir quality.
Extensive recrystallization of skeletal fragments (especially corals, molluscs) and carbonate mud matrix).
Sigit, S. (1962)- Penjelidikan geologi terhadap endapan batubara didaerah Sungup-Selaro, di bagian utara Pulau
Laut (Kalimantan Tenggara). Djawatan Geologi Indonesia, Publ. Teknik, Seri Geol. Ekon. 3, 43p.
(Geological investigations of the Sungup-Selaro Region in the Northern Part of Pulau Laut (SE Kalimantan).
Geologic reconnaissance in coal-bearing Sungup-Selaro region in N part of Laut island. Five seams in Eocene
coal measures, one with reserves of economic importance)
Sigit, S. (1963)- Penjelidikan geologi terhadap endapan batubara di Pulau Sebuku (Kalimantan Tenggara).
Djawatan Geologi Indonesia, Publ.Tekn., Seri Geol. Ekon. 5, 41p.
(Geological investigations of the coal deposits of Pulau Sebuku (SE Kalimantan). Reconnaissance in S part of
Sebuku island, E of Palau Laut, showed Eocene coal only in W part of widespread Eocene formations. Only one
seam, formed mainly from allochthonous material)
Sigit, S. (1981)- Pengembangan Batubara Indonesia, prospek dan permasalahannya. Proc. 10th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 1-6.
('Coal in Indonesia, prospect and issues')
Seigneurin, A., D. Muller, A. Galli, C. Ravenne (1993)- Optimization of the well-spacing with a geostatistical
model Tunu Field - Mahakam Area. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 2, p. 1-17.
(Reservoir model of >4 TCF Tunu gas field, Mahakam Delta. Multiple distal deltaic reservoir sands, mainly
rel. thin (1.5-2 m average) channel mouth bars, with occasional distributary channels. Gas in Tunu Main Zone,
immediately below the Fresh water sands, from 2200- 4100 m deep)

Sikumbang, N. (1986)- Geology and tectonics of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Meratus Mountains, South-East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, p. 1-313.
(Meratus metamorphics two groups: widespread Hauren schists (K-Ar ages 108-119 Ma) and lower grade
Pelahari phyllites, etc.. Orbitolina limestones in three different tectonic settings. In N of study area limestones
contain granodiorite and granite detritus in basal part and were deposited unconformably on the Sunda
continental basement present at N edge of Meratus Range. In SE area parautochtonous Orbitolina limestone in
thrust sheets. Species identified by Schroeder as Palorbitolina lenticularis and Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina)
parva, indicating an early Late Aptian age)
Sikumbang, N. (1990)- The geology and tectonics of the Meratus Mountains, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Geol. Indonesia (J. Indonesian Assoc. Geol., IAGI) 13, 2, p. 1-31.
(Meratus Mts highly deformed E Cretaceous- Paleocene ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks and sediments and
island arc volcanics. Oldest rocks Berriasian- Aptian shelf-slope sediments, juxtaposed with ophiolite/ oceanic
crust by strike-slip faulting shortly after deposition. Volcanic arc collided with Sundaland in Cenomanian.
Absence of Paleocene- Lower Eocene suggests uplift. Late M Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene uplift events)
Sikumbang, N. & R. Heryanto (1994)- Geologic map of the Banjarmasin Quadrangle, Kalimantan, 1:250,000,
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, also 2nd ed. 2009, p. .
Simanjuntak, T.O. (1999)- Neogene Dayak Orogeny in Kalimantan. Proc. 28th Ann Conv. Indon. Ass. Geol.
(IAGI), 1, Jakarta, 1, p. 83-90.
Simmons, S.F. & P.R.L. Browne (1990)- Mineralogic, alteration and fluid-inclusion studies of epithermal gold-
bearing veins at the Mt. Muro Prospect, Central Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. J. Geochem. Expl. 35, p. 63-
103.
(Mt. Muro prospect in Upper Kutai basin numerous steeply dipping, epithermal gold-bearing quartz veins,
formed during Oligo-Miocene calc-alkaline volcanism of C Kalimantan. Probably short-lived subduction
andesitic volcanic event above S-dipping subduction zone)
Simmons, S.F. & P.R.L. Browne (1992)- Mineralogic, alteration and fluid-inclusion studies of epithermal gold-
bearing veins at the Mt. Muro Prospect, Central Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. In: Epithermal gold in Asia
and the Pacific, Mineral Concentrations and Hydrocarbon Accumulations in the ESCAP Region series, UN
ESCAP, 6, p. 60-64.
(Abbreviated version of paper above)
Sinaga, I.B., R. Nikijuluw & H. Ilham (2006)- A composite analysis for fluid facies interpretation and
hydrocarbon identification using advanced gas data. Case study Mutiara wells, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
AAPG Int. Conf. Exh., Perth 2006, 6p.
Sinamora, W.H. & I. Budiman (2000)- Penafsiran data gayaberat Kalimantan menggunakan teknik pengolahan
dan penyajian citra warna dan citra relief bayangan. Geol. Res. Dev.Centre, Geophys. Ser. 1, p. 35-46.
(On gravity anomaly trends across W Kalimantan)
Singh, P.K., M.P. Singh, A.K. Singh & M. Arora (2010)- Petrographic characteristics of coal from the Lati
Formation, Tarakan Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int. J. Coal Geol. 81, 2, p. 109-116.
(Coals from Tarakan basin high concentration of huminite (telohuminite), low concentrations of liptinite and
inertinite macerals. Coals originated under telmatic condition. There was predominance of wood derived
tissues and high subsidence rates prevailed, and alternating phases of oxic and anoxic moor conditions)
Siregar, M.S. & R. Sunaryo (1980)- Depositional environments and hydrocarbon prospects, Tanjung Formation,
Barito Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 9th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 379-400.
(Eocene Tanjung Fm producing oil since 1960s. Lower member terrestrial-paralic clastics, middle member
maine-deltaic clastics, upper member marine shales and thin limestones. Plio-Pleistocene uplift of Meratus
Block and NNE-SSW trending anticlines)

Siregar, P.H., D. Ramdan, S.A. Yani, P. Bransden, A. Prasetya, T. Kearney & D.B. Waghorn (2010)-
Hydrocarbon potential of the North Kutei Basin: new exploration opportunities based on the new 3D seismic
data. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. IPA10-G-019, 25p.
(3D seismic offshore Sangatta field, N Kutei basin, shows Late Miocene-Early Pliocene slope channel play)
Situmorang, B. (1987)- Emplacement of the Meratus ultrabasic massif: a gravity interpretation. Lemigas Scient.
Contr. 2, p. 61-72.
Situmorang, B., C.D. Dwiyoga, A. Kustamsi (2006)- The untapped "unconventional" gas: CBM resources of
Kutai Basin with reference to the North Kutai Lama Field, Sangasanga Area, East Kalimantan. Proc. Jakarta
2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 06-OT-07, 11 p.
(Eleven onshore coal basins of Indonesia contain 453 Tcf coalbed methane resources, of which 80.4 Tcf in
Kutai Basin (ARI, 2003). North Kutai Lama (NKL) field main targets for CBM development are M Miocene
Prangat and Late Miocene Kamboja Fms and uppermost E Miocene Loa Kulu Fm. Results from two wells
between 700-1400 m indicate in-place CBM resources of NKL field 147 BCF)
Sjadzali, M.M. & J.M. Kachelmeyer (1986)- Yakin West and Yakin North fields: optimum development trough
integrated completion techniques. Proc. 15th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 2, p. 43-64.
Smith, C.B, G.P. Bulanova, S.C. Kohn, H.J. Milledge, A.E. Hall, B.J. Griffin & D.G. Pearson (2009)- Nature
and genesis of Kalimantan diamonds. Proc. 9th Int. Kimberlite Conf., Lithos 112, Suppl. 2, p. 822-832.
(Alluvial diamonds from four main diamond mining districts in Kalimantan colourless or yellow- pale brown,
with features indicative of fluvial transport and crustal recycling. Inclusions 68% peridotitic and 32% eclogitic.
Re/Os dating of sulphide inclusion from one peridotitic diamond gave Archean age of 3.1 Ga 0.2. Kalimantan
diamonds resemble those from kimberlite or lamproite from subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Five genetic
groups recognized, but mixed occurences due to long history of sedimentary recycling)
Smit Sibinga, G.L. (1932)- The interference of meridional and transversal stress in the southeastern part of
Borneo. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, 35, p. 1090-1095.
Smit Sibinga, G.L. (1953)- On the origin of the drainage system of Borneo. Geol. Mijnbouw N.S. 15, p. 121-
136.
(Present river system of Borneo originated on initial relief in Early Neogene time. Early Neogene main divides
were Schwaner Mts. and Semitau-Kuching Ridge. Plio-Pleistocene diastrophism created present main
Kinabalu- Schwaner-Karimata divide)
Smit Sibinga, G.L. (1953)- Pleistocene eustasy and glacial chronology in Borneo. Geol. Mijnbouw 15, 11, p.
365-383.
(Terraces in more stable part of Borneo similar to those in Java and Sumatra and can be correlated to glacial-
interglacial chronology)
Snedden, J.W. & J.F. Sarg (1998)- Large scale synsedimentary tectonic control on stratigraphic sequences in
two petroleum provinces of Borneo. Abstract AAPG Ann. Mtg, Salt Lake City1998, AAPG Bull. 82, 13
(Suppl.), 4p.
(Kutei and Sarawak basins two petroleum producing provinces where tectonics greatly impacted formation of
stratigraphic sequences. Sequence bounding unconformities can be used in tectonically active areas to provide
chronostratigraphic correlations across several paleoenvironments)
Snedden, J.W. & J.F. Sarg (1998)- Reducing reservoir and source risk in deepwater plays: examples from
Southeast Asia. In: Proc. SEAPEX 12th Offshore SE Asia Conf. OSEA 98, Singapore 1998, p. 257-269.
(Offshore Kutai and Sarawak basins sequence stratigraphy interpretation)

Snedden, J.W., J.F. Sarg, M.J. Clutson, M. Maas, T.E. Okon et al. (1996)- Using sequence stratigraphic
methods in high-sediment supply deltas: examples from the ancient Mahakam and Rajang-Lupar deltas. Proc.
25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 281-296.
Snedden, J.W., J.F. Sarg & K.E. Peters (2001)- A new geochemical-sequence stratigraphic model for the
Mahakam Delta and Makassar Slope, Kalimantan, Indonesia: Reply. AAPG Bull. 85. 6, p. 1102-1105.
Soeria-Atmadja, R., D. Noeradi & B. Priadi (1999)- Cenozoic magmatism in Kalimantan and its related
geodynamic evolution. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 25-45.
(NE-SW Tertiary magmatic belt of C Kalimantan two periods of subduction: Eocene-Oligocene and Late
Oligocene-Miocene. Younger magmatic belt on earlier belt; limited exposures of Eocene volcanics. Belt known
as `gold belt' of C W Kalimantan, with Neogene epithermal mineralization at relatively shallow depths. Earliest
known subduction-related magmatism in Eocene-E Oligocene with calc-alkaline silicic pyroclastics, followed
by continental collision. Subsequent subduction-related magmatism from Late Oligocene-Pleistocene magma
evolution from calc-alkaline to potassic calc-alkaline. Plio-Pleistocene magmatism with basalt flows)
Soetarno, D. (1992)- Mineralisation uranifere dans le bassin de la Kalan, Kalimantan (Indonesie); geologie et
geochronology. Doct. Thesis Universite de Nancy, 167 p.
(Uranium mineralization in the Kalan Basin on N flank Schwaner Mountains, W Kalimantan in schistose
metapelites that underwent regional and contact metamorphism. Uraninites of Remaja emplaced at 151 Ma,
Rirang at 140 Ma. Uranium mineralization corresponds with start of Yenshanian orogeny, manifested by
granite intrusions around Jurassic- Cretaceous boundary)
Soetarno, D. (1992)- U-Pb geochronology of Uranium mineralization in Eko and Rirang, Kalan, West
Soetrisno, S. Supritna, E. Rustandi & K. Hasan (1994)- Geological map of the Buntok Quadrangle, 1: 250,000,
Quad 1714, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(Geologic map of N part Barito Basin, with Meratus Mountain front in East (folded Cretaceous granite,
overlain by Late Cretaceous clastics and volcanics, Eocene Tanjung Fm, Oligocene Berai Limestone and
Montalat Fm marls, Miocene Warukin Fm clastics, etc.)
Spencer, L.K., S.D. Dikinis, P.C. Keller & R.E. Kane (1988)- The diamond deposits of Kalimantan, Borneo.
Gems & Geology 24, 2, p. 67-79.
(Borneo diamonds are in alluvial deposits from unknown source. Do not believe in nearby ophiolite source)
Stankiewicz, B.A., M.A. Kruge & M. Mastalerz (1996)- A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene
lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 24, 5, p. 531-545.
(Study of macerals from Miocene lignite and Eocene high-volatile bituminous C coal from SE Kalimantan.)
Stauffer, P. H. (1983)- Phantom tektite localities of Borneo. Meteoritics 18, p. 9-13.

(The only authentic tektite finds in Kalimantan are from SE Kalimantan: Martapura, Pelaihari, etc,)
Storms, J.E.A., R.M. Hoogendoorn, M.A.C. Dam, A.J.F.Hoitink & S.B. Kroonenberg (2005)- Late-Holocene
evolution of the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sediment. Geol. 180, p. 149-166.
(Late Holocene Mahakam Delta textbook example of a mixed tide-fluvial dominated delta system. The delta
prograded about 60 km in past 5000 years. Natural levees, crevasse splays and avulsions absent in delta plain.
Sand content decreases significantly from fluvial to tidal-dominated areas. Progradational delta system evolved
under conditions of slowly rising sea level)
Stumpfl, E.F. & A.M. Clark (1966)- Electron-probe microanalysis of gold platinoid concentrates from southeast
Borneo. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. 74, p. 933-946.

Stromer, E. (1931)- Die ersten Alt-Tertiaren Saugetier-Reste aus den Sunda-Inseln. Wetensch. Meded. Dienst
Mijnbouw Ned. Indie 17, p. 11-14.
('The first early Tertiary mammal remains from the Sunda islands'. Two teeth from probable Eocene beds in
Sanggau area, W Borneo, are first record of Early Tertiary mammals in Indonesia. Probably belong to small
Anthracocerid Artiodactylus, a family rel. common in the M-U Eocene of Asia and Europe)
Stuart, C.J., H.F. Schwing, R.A. Armin, B. Sidik, R. Abdoerrias, W.D. de Boer et al. (1996)- Sequence
stratigraphic studies in the Lower Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C.A. Caughey et al. (eds.) Proc.
Int. Symp. Sequence Stratigraphy in SE Asia. Indon. Petrol. Association, Jakarta 1995, p. 365-368.
(Summary paper on Miocene Lower Kutei basin Unocal Miocene stratigraphy work)
Subagio, B.S. Widijono & Sardjono (2000)- Model kerak lajur Meratus berdasarkan analisis data gayaberat dan
magnet, implikasi terhadap potensi mineral ekonomi. Geol. Res. Dev.Centre, Bandung, Geoph. Ser. 1, p. 47-67.
(Crustal models of two traverses across Meratus Mts (Kandahan and Martapura), based on gravity-magnetic
data. Data can be interpreted with various models, one of them (fig. 8) obducted ultramafic slab over granite)
Subroto, E., A. Bachtiar & B. Istadi (2006)- Source rock characterisation in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia, based on biomarkers. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta06-
PG-28, 4 p.
(Analyses 73 crude oils and 86 rock samples from Kutai Basin. Based on biomarkers five source types: deltaic
coaly shales, marine shales, mixed deltaic and marine shales, marine calcareous shales, and immature deltaic
coaly sediments. 62 oils correlate to deltaic coaly shales, remaining 11 correlate to marine shales. No mixed
sources detected in crude oils. Vitrinite reflectance data for some sediments appear to be suppressed)
Subroto, E.A., B.P. Muritno, Sukowitono, D. Noeradi & Djuhaeni (2005)- Petroleum geochemistry study in
sequence stratigraphic framework in the Simenggaris Block, Tarakan basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc.
30th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 421- .
(Tarakan Basin Simenggaris Block 8 Oligocene-Pliocene sequences, with shales TOC between 0.65- 7%,
indicating several may be hydrocarbon source. Almost all sequences contain some coals or carbonaceous
materials. Only SB-2 and SB-1 (Naintupo Fm and older) reached optimal maturity. In deeper areas SB-5 to SB-
3 (Meliat Fm) are in middle mature stage)
Sudradjat, S.A. (1976)- Geological map of the Tewah Quodrangle, Central Kalimantan (scale I :250,000). Geol.
Surv. Indonesia, Bandung.
Suessli, P. (1978)- The Tendeh Hantu atoll- a Lower Miocene carbonate build-up in Mangkalihat Peninsula,
East Kalimantan. In: Proc. Carbonate Seminar, Jakarta 1976, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 121-122 (Abstract only)
(Narrow E-W trending high with steep N and S flanks formed in mid-Oligocene tectonic event, persisted
through Mio-Pliocene and developed into Mangkalihat Peninsula. Lower Miocene carbonate build-up
outcrops, include Tendeh Hantu atoll sub-circular platform, ~30 km across. Overlain by Pliocene sediments.
Coralline sediments of edge dip at 30-50 towards interior of atoll. Majority of limestones at interior slightly
dolomitized packstones. Larger foraminifera Flosculinella globulosa, F. reicheli and Austrotrillina howchini
suggest early M Miocene (Lower Tf), age, age-equivalent of nearby zone N9 calciturbidites)
Suggate, R.P. & J.P. Boudou (1996)- Revision of the Mahakam coal series: Rock-Eval and rank(s) relations. J.
Petrol. Geol. 19, 4, p. 407-423.
Sugiaman, F. & L. Andria (1999)- Devonian carbonate of Telen River, East Kalimantan. Berita Sedim. 10, p.
18-19.
(Devonian limestones first reported by Witkamp (1925) and Rutten (1940, 1943) from melange complex at N
margin Kutai basin. May be blocks in Permian sandstone (Darman & Sidi (2000), Geology of Indonesa, p. 6).
Telen River sst also with Permian Neoschwagerid fusulinids (op. cit. p. 86))

Sugiaman, F., A. Cebastiant, K. Werner, A. Saller, D. Glenn & R. May (2007)- Reservoir characterization and
modeling of an Upper Miocene deepwater fan reservoir, Gendalo Field, Kutai Basin, Offshore East Kalimantan.
Proc 31st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA07-G-056, 18p.
(Gendalo Field largest deepwater gas discovery off E Kalimantan. Primary reservoir U Miocene thin-bedded
turbidites (average sand bed thickness 15 cm), deposited at base-of-slope as unconfined fan. Three internal
units mapped based on 3D seismic data and four wells)
Suiter, J.S. (1996)- Shallow 3-D seismic analysis of Late Pleistocene lowstand deltas (Mahakam, Indonesia).
Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 347-351.
(Shallow 3D seismic facies analysis of late Pleistocene Mahakam Delta)
Sujatmiko, A.Salim & B.S. Irawan (1984)- Geology of the Tunu gas field. Proc. 13th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., p. 341-363.
Sukanta, U., Y. Kusnandar, S. Hidayati, H.I. Priyonggo, A. Siravoet al. (2009)- Understanding hydrocarbon-
bearing reservoirs and their critical factors for deep water exploration in the Tarakan Basin, North East
Kalimantan (Indonesia). Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA09-G-155, 3p.
(Short paper suggesting series of rapid sea level drops in M Miocene- Pliocene lead to deposition of sand-rich
turbiditic deposits along slope and basin floor in eastern deep offshore Tarakan basin)
Sukardi, B. Djamal, S. Supriatna & S. Santosa (1995)- Geological map of the Muaralasan quadrangle,
Kalimantan, scale 1:250,000. Sheet.1917, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Sukardi & R. Heryanto (1997)- Petrografi batupasir Formasi Pitap di S. Amandit, Kalimantan Selatan. J. Geol.
Sumberdaya Min. 7, 75, p. 19-30.
('Petrography of the Pitap Fm sandstones at Amandit River, S Kalimantan', Upper Cretaceous volcanoclastics)
Suleiman, A., D.A. Wulandari & A. Bachtiar (1998)- Identification of reworked fossils in Miocene sediments of
Kutai Basin and its geological implication. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Yogyakarta, p.
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Kalimantan, Quad 1614, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(Geological map with in NW Schwaner Mts 'basement' rocks (Sepauk granitoids, Pinoh metamorphics with NE-
SW foliation, Metan Complex ?Triassic low-metamorphic andesitic volcanics dipping SE 60, Sintang
Intrusives, Malasan Oligocene andesitic volcanics), In East Barito basin Tertiary sediments. Eocene Tanjung
Fm (sands, shales and limestones with Pellatispira-Discocyclina) and Oligocene Montalat Fm marine marls
only in NE corner; farther South Warukin Fm directly on Pre-Tertiary)
Sumawinata, B. (1998)- Sediments of the lower Barito basin in South Kalimantan: fossil pollen composition.
Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto 36, 3, p. 293-316.
(Palynology/ environments of Holocene sediments from Lower Barito and Martapura Rivers shallow cores)
Sunaryo, R., S. Martodjojo & A. Wahab (1988)- Detailed geological evaluation of the possible hydrocarbon
prospects in the Bungalun area, East Kalimantan. Proc. 17th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 423-446.
(Bungalun Area on SW side Mangkalihat Peninsula. Shallow wells between 1900-1941 with oil shows in thin
Late Miocene-Pliocene sands. Underlain by oceanic basalt or melange (Late Cretaceous Danau Fm). Overlain
by Eocene Mangkupa- Beriun deepwater? clastics in W and tuffs-dominated Sembulu Fm in E. Oligocene-E
Miocene to younger sequences two facies. Peripheral zones mainly limestones, younging to SE: Oligocene
Kedango Lst (700m), E Miocene Tabalar Lst (500m) and M Miocene Sekerat Lst (200-300m). Deeper parts of
basin mainly fine clastics. Bungalun Basin N-S structural grain, similar to Kutai basin, except E-W direction
near Sangkulirang Bay. Change of trend caused by rotation effect of Palu-Koro Fault further E)

Sunata, W. & S. Permanadewi (1995)- Data magnet purba dan penarikhan Kalium-Argon dari batuan
mikrodiorit Gunung Kukusan utara, daerah Batulicin, Kalimantan Selatan. In: Proc. Seminar Hasil pemetaan
geologi dan geofisika, Puslitbang Geologi, Bandung 1995, p. 260-268.
(Paleomagetic data and K/Ar ages of North Gunung Kukusan microdiorite, Batulucin area, S Kalimantan.
Early Miocene (19.6 Ma) microdiorite paleomagnetism suggest weak CCW rotation; Fuller 1999)
Sunata, W. & H. Wahyono (1991)- VI. Palaeomagnetism. In: C.S. Hutchison (ed.) Studies in East Asian
tectonics and resources (SEATAR): Crustal Transect VII Java-Kalimantan-Sarawak-South China Sea. CCOP,
TP 26, p. 43-51.
(Paleomag results from W Kalimantan document CCW rotation between Jurassic- Miocene: (1) Gunung Bawan
Triassic basalts (Serian volc.-equiv.) and shales with Monotis 73.3 CCW rotation and paleolatitude 17.2; (2)
Suti Semarang Kalung Fm Late Triassic black shales with Monotis 81.5 CCW rotation and paleolatitude
10.8N or S; (3) Tenguwe area Jurassic black ammonite-mudstone 92.9 CCW rotation and paleolatitude 2.9
S; (4) Ketapang area Late Cretaceous igneous rocks 50 CCW rotation, no latitudinal displacement; (4) Oligo-
Miocene basalt sills at Mandai River unrotated)
Sunata, W. & H. Wahyono (1998)- Data magnet purba teruji untuk formasi Tanjung, daerah Batulicin,
Kalimantan Selatan; dan aplikasinya untuk menentukan waktu terjadinya rotasi. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
(Paleomagetic data of the Tanjung Formation in the Batulicin area, S Kalimantan. Weak CCW rotation of
Late Eocene Tanjung Fm sandstone; Fuller 1999)
Sunoto (1990)- Hubungan jendela minyak dan zone bertekanan lua (dengan sebaran hidrokarbon di Pulau
Bunyu). Geol. Indonesia, p. 49-60.
Suparka, E. (1995)- Occurrence of adakites in Sintang area, West Kalimantan: a Neogene post-subduction
volcanism phenomena. In: Proc. Oji Seminar on Neogene Evolution of Pacific Ocean Gateways, Kyoto 1995,
IGCP-355, p. 34-44.
Supiandi, S. (1988)- Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo, I: Physiography and
geomorphology of the coastal plains. Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto) 26, 3, p. 308-335.
(online at: http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/56338/1/KJ00000131463.pdf)
Supiandi, S. & B. Sumawinata (1989)- Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo, II: The clay
mineralogical composition of sediments in coastal plains of Jambi and South Kalimantan. Southeast Asian
Studies (Kyoto) 27, 1, p. 35-54.
Supriatna S. (1989)- Data baru mengenai geologi Pegunungan Meratus, Kalimantan Selatan. Bull. Geol. Res.
Dev. Center 13, p. 30-38.
(New data on the geology of the Meratus Mountains, SE Kalimantan. Including presence of Pre-Tertiary
melange)
Supriatna, S. & Abidin (1995)- Geology of the Muara Wahau sheet area, Kalimantan, 1:250,000. Geol. Res.
Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(NE Kalimantan map sheet, includes area of Jurassic- Early Cretaceous Telen River sheared deepwater Telen-
Kelinjau mlange with allochtonous blocks like Devonian limestone = Danau Fm of Molengraaff (1902))
Supriatna, S., U. Margono, Sutrisno, F. de Keyser, R.P. Langford & D.S. Trail (1993)- Geology of the Sanggau
sheet area, Kalimantan Quadrangle 1617, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(NW Kalimantan map sheet with Permo-Carboniferous metamorphics, Triassic granites, folded Cretaceous
Pedawan Fm marine sediments, unconformably overlain by Lower Tertiary Kajan/Plateau sandstone, etc.
Includes Nuit volcano, with basalts with K/Ar date of 4.92 Ma)

Supriatna, S., A. Sudradjat & H.Z. Abidin (1995)- Geology of the Muara Tewe sheet area, Kalimantan
Quadrangle 1715, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(C Kalimantan map sheet In NW folded Upper Cretaceous Selangkai group, unconformably overlain by Late
Eocene, intruded by Sintang volcanics. In SE Upper Kutai Basin with folded Oligocene sediments.)
Supriatna, S., R. Sukardi & E. Rustandi (1996)- Geology of the Samarinda sheet area, Kalimantan, 1:250,000.
Sutiyono, S. (1995)- Magnetic resonance image log use in evaluation of low resistivity pay in the Attaka Field.
Proc. 24th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc. 1, p. 167-179.
Sutjipto, R.Heryanto (1991)- Sedimentology of the Melawi and Ketungau basins, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Wollongong, 255p.
(Melawi and Ketungau basin fill Late Eocene- Oligocene shallow marine to terrestrial series. Provenance was
from North, uplifted recycled orogenic material from Late Cretaceous Boyan and Eocene? Lubok Antu
mlanges. A few units in Melawi basin have magmatic arc detritus from Schwaner Mts in S)
Suwardji, A. Buhari, K. Kukuh & R. Prayitno (1994)- Low resistivity reservoir study: Sangatta field,
Kalimantan. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 2, p.119-130.
(Identification of previously unrecognized low-resistivity oil reservoirs in Sangatta Field (1936 BPM discovery,
developed by Pertamina in 1970s))
Suwarna, N. & B. Hermanto (2007)- Berau coal in East Kalimantan; its petrographics characteristics and
depositional environment. Jurnal Geol. Indonesia 2, 4, p. 191-206.
(E-M Miocene Berau coal in Berau Basin. Composition of the coal suggests system of fluvial to meandering
streams in upper delta plain environment. Original vegetation mainly cellulose rich, shrub-like plants, tree
ferns, herbaceous plant communities, with minor amount of trees)
Suwarna, N., B. Hermanto, T. Sihombing & K.D. Kusumah (2006)- Coalbed methane potential and coal
characteristics in the Lati Region, Berau Basin, East Kalimantan. Indonesian J. Geol.1, 1, p. 19-30.
(Miocene coalbed methane potential and coal characteristics in Lati region, Berau basin, E Kalimantan.
Volatile matter of Lati coal 32-39.6%, sulfur 0.35-3.0 %, ash 2.8-14.5% and moisture 12-20%. Vitrinite
reflectance (Rv) 0.42-0.57%, indicating sub-bituminous B- high volatile bituminous C coal rank. Low ash
content. Thermally immature- early mature, suggesting gas is biogenic)
Suwarna, N., H. Panggabean, M.H. Hermiyanto & A.K. Permana (2007)- Characterization of unconventional
fossil fuels in selected areas of Sumatera and Kalimantan, using organic petrography and geochemistry. Proc.
31st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA07-G079, 15p.
(Studies of oil shales and coalbed methane in Sumatra and Kalimantan)
Suwarna, N. & R.P. Langford (1993)- Geological map of the Singkawang Sheet area, West Kalimantan, Quad.
1316, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
(NW coast Kalimantan. With thick Bengkayang Gp Upper Triassic- Lower Jurassic clastics, subdivided in to
Triassic Banan Fm clastics with acid tuffs near base (~1000m) and Early Jurassic Sungaibetung Fm clastics
(1500m). Intruded and overlain by large Early Cretaceous Mensibau granite intrusives and volcanics. Also
numerous Late Oligocene- Early Miocene Sintang intrusives)
Syarifuddin, N., M. Azhar, C.M. Adam, A. Wiweko, P. Dupouy et al. (2008)- South Mahakam exploration and
development: synergies that make it happen. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA08-G-098, 9 p.
(Most of S Mahakam delta fields discovered years ago, but of marginal size and none developed. Fields mainly
gas-condensate, incl. Jumelai (1975), Jempang (1990), Stupa (1996) and Metulang (1998). Most gas in M-U
Miocene Sepinggan deltaic series at 2850-3700m subsea, except for Jumelai reservoir, which is in M Miocene
Jumelai sands. Recent revival of exploration and development)

Syarifuddin, N. & I. Busono (1999)- Regional stress alignments in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia:
a contribution from a borehole breakout study. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 123-135.
(Borehole breakout data from 134 wells in Kutai Basin indicate maximum regional stress direction NW-SE,
which deviates from anticlinorium trends and from strike of thrust-faults in region. Patterns influenced by
reactivation of weak zones related to sediment loading (structural inversion))
Syarifuddin, N. & S. Masitah (2010)- Sisi-Nubi Field Development: Sand control strategy and implementation.
Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, IPA10-E-015, 11p.
(Sisi-Nubi 1986-1992 gas discoveries 25 km offshore Mahakam Delta in 60-90m water depth. Reservoirs multi-
layered Upper Miocene deltaic deposits between 1900-3800m SS interval. Poorly consolidated fresh-water
bearing sands in upper part and relatively poor to tight, partly overpressured sands in deeper part.
Syarifuddin, N. Wahyudi Susanto, Mauricio Bueno, Effendy Siawira (2010)- Optimized well placement and
design to maximize recovery in Sisi-Nubi field development. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
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Sydow, J. (1996)- Holocene to Late Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 160 p.
Tafsiran, S. & M.H.J. Dirk (2003)- Geodinamika dan model pembentukan granit Lumo, Propinsi Kalimantan
Tengah. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 13, 142, p.
('Geodynamics and model of formation of the Lumo granite, C Kalimantan province')
Taieb, R. & M.F. Sheppard (1993)- Les eaux de formation du Delta de Mahakam (Indonesie); evidences pour
une infiltration d'eaux meteoriques dans les champs a hydrocarbures. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. (Paris), Ser.
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(Evidence for infiltration of meteoric waters in formation waters from the Mahakam Delta oil fields).
Tanean, H., D.W. Paterson & M. Endharto (1996)- Source provenance interpretation of Kutei Basin sandstones
and the implications for the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of Kalimantan. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., Jakarta, p. 333-345.
(Three Miocene- Recent sandstone types, all recycled orogenic provenance. E Miocene (23-17 Ma) and
Pliocene- Recent sandstones moderately quartzose with lithics from Cretaceous Rajang metasediments.
Volcanic lithics record continuous volcanic activity. End-Early- earliest M Miocene sandstones volcanogenic,
recording increase in W Kalimantan volcanic activity between 17- 14.5 Ma. High-quartz M -L Miocene
sandstones form reservoirs in oil and gas fields along coast and offshore, and are recycled products of basin
inversion events that advanced from W to E. Onset of basin inversion at zone N10 (14.5 Ma). No associated
volcanic activity recorded in sediment)
Tan Sin Hok (1936)- Vindplaatsen van Globotruncana Cushman in West-Borneo. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-
Indie 96, p. 14- 18.
(Localities with Upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifer Globotruncana in W Kalimantan)
Tan Sin Hok (1937)- On the genus Spiroclypeus Douville with a description of the Eocene Spiroclypeus
vermicularis nov. sp. from Koetai in East Borneo. De Ingen. in Nederl.-Indie 4, 10, p. 177-194.
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Malaysia Bull. 28, p. 63-95.
Tate, R.B. (1996)- The geological evolution of Borneo Island. M.Sc. Thesis University of Malaya, Kuala
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Tate, R.B. (compiler) (2001)- The geology of Borneo Island. Geol. Soc. Malaysia CD-ROM.

Taylor, W.R., A.L. Jaques & M. Ridd (1990)- Nitrogen-defect aggregation characteristics of some Australasian
diamonds: time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds. American
Mineralogist 75, p. 1290-1310.
(Kalimantan alluvial diamonds similarities with E Australian Copeton, NSW diamonds, New England Fold belt,
but different from Kimberley Block diamonds)
Ter Bruggen, G. (1932)- Oud-Tertiair in phyllitische facies in West Borneo. De Mijningenieur 1932, p. 56-57.
('Early Tertiary in phyllitic facies in West Borneo')
Ter Bruggen, G. (1935)- De Eocene fyllietformatie in Centraal-Borneo. Thesis, University of Delft, 139 p.
(The Eocene phyllite formation in C Borneo. See also English translation in Haile (1955, p. 39-124). Phyllites
in NW Kalimantan/ S Sarawak Embaluh Complex contain zone Ta Assilina, Nummulites and Discocyclina, and
transgressed by non-metamorphosed Late Eocene (zone Tb) clastics zone, suggesting Late Eocene or later low-
grade metamorphism. Conclusions harshly criticized by Zeijlmans van Emmichoven & Ubaghs, 1936)
Ter Bruggen, G. (1936)- De Eocene fyllietformatie in Centraal-Borneo (een wederwoord). De Ingen. in Nederl.
Indie 1936, IV, 3, 7, p. 124-126.
(The Eocene phyllite formation in C Borneo (a reply). Reply to critical evaluation of Ter Bruggen (1935) by
Zeijlmans & Ubaghs (1936). See also English translation in Haile (1955, p. 147-158))
Thalmann, H.E. (1942)- Hantkenina in the Eocene of East Borneo. Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sci. 3, p. 5-24.
(Occurrence of Late Eocene planktonic foram marker genus Hantkenina in Sangkulirang and Tanjung Selor
regions, E Kalimantan)
Thamrin, M. & Prayitno (1985)- Terrestrial heat flow in East Kalimantan (Barito, Kutei, Tarakan Basins). Proc.
21st Sess. Comm. Co-ord. Joint Prosp. Min. Res. in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP), Bandung, 2, p. 110-121.
(E Kalimantan basins average T gradient in 90 wells 3.22C/ 100m. Normal heat flow values in basins: Barito
with 1.80 HFU, Kutei 1.59 HFU and Tarakan-Bunyu with 1.68 HFU)
Thompson, J.F.H., H.Z. Abidin, R.A. Both S. Martosuroyo, W.J. Rafferty & A.J.B. Thompson, & (1994)-
Alteration and epithermal mineralization in the Masupa Ria volcanic center, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In:
T.M. van Leeuwen et al. (eds.). Indonesian mineral deposits- discoveries of the past 25 years, J. Geochem. Expl.
50, 1-3, p. 429-456.
(Masupa Ria andesitic volcanic center in C Kalimantan with epithermal precious metal-bearing quartz vein,
dated 24.6 Ma. Part of NE-SW belt of mid-Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanic arc rocks through C Borneo)
Thorp, M.B., M.F. Thomas, T. Martin & W.B. Whalley (1990)- Late Pleistocene sedimentation and landform
development in Western Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Geol. Mijnbouw 69, 2, p. 133-150.
(Widespread Early Quaternary white quartz sands 15-20 m above Holocene floodplains in coastal regions of W
Kalimantan)
Thorp, M.B. & M.F. Thomas (1993)- Late Pleistocene sedimentation and landform development in western
Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo); reply. Geol. Mijnbouw 71, 4, p. 363-368.
(Reply to comments by Batchelor 1993 on Thorp et al. 1990 paper)
Tichelman, G.L. (1931)- De onderafdeeling Barabai (Zuider- en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo). Tijdschr. Kon.
Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 48, p. 461-486 and p. 682-711.
('The Barabai sub-department, SE Borneo'. Geographic description with some geologic-mining info on p. 463-
465)
Tiwar, S. & J. Tasuno P.H. (1980)- The Tanjung (South Kalimantan) and Sei Teras fields (South Sumatra): a
case history of petroleum in Pre-Tertiary basement. Proc. 16th Sess. CCOP, Bandung 1979, p. 238-249.
(Part of oil production in Tanjung field, Barito basin, is from Pre-Tertiary weathered and fractured porphyritic
volcanics and tuffaceous sandstones. Cumulative production about 21 MB oil and 14 GCF gas)

Tjia, H.D. (1963)- Large deltas in Kalimantan. Contributions Dept. Geology, Inst. Technology Bandung 53
(Th.H.F. Klompe Memorial Volume), p. 73-90.
Tjia, H.D. (1970)- Eocene directional indicators near Tandjung, Southeast Kalimantan. Bull. Nat. Inst. Geology
and Mining, Bandung 3, 1, p. 29-32.
Tjokrokardono, S. & A.S. Sastratenaya (1988)- Rich mineralized boulders of the Rirang River, West
Tobler, A. (1927)- Maeandropsina im Tertir von Ost-Borneo. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 20, 2, p. 321-323.
(Larger foram Meandropsina in the Tertiary 3y of Van der Vlerk marly limestone of Samoei near Balikpapan, E
Kalimantan)
Tokita K., K. Tsukada, T. Akutsu & H. Honda (2005)- History and functions of petroleum system concepts in
the Mahakam Delta province; a view in the history of petroleum production. In: Oil and gas from the Cenozoic
non-marine source rocks in East Asia; a point of contact between petroleum system and Earth system, Sekiyu
Gijutsu Kyokaishi (J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Techn.), Tokyo, 70, 1, p. 66-73.
(Tertiary Mahakam Delta Province produced >3 GBO-equivalent. Origin of oil and gas believed to be non-
marine. Produced oils mostly waxy, heavy- medium oil. Exploration concept assumed non-marine origin of oil
and gas, and reverse faults for oil and gas migration. Exploration targets in deepwater areas need significant
supply of coal and coaly mud from delta to the deepwater areas in periods of lowstand)
Tosin, S. & R. Kadir (1996)- Tipe reservoir sedimen Miosen Tengah di sub-cekungan Tarakan, Cekungan
Tarakan, Kalimantan Timur. Proc. 25th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 2, p. 495-512.
(Middle Miocene reservoir types in Tarakan Basin, E Kalimantan)
Tosin, S. & T.S. Priantono (1994)- Pengaruh deformasi intra Miosen pada perkembangan biostratigrafi daerah
Tanjung, Cekungan Barito, Kalimantan Selatan. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 219-
227.
('Influence of intra-Miocene deformation on biostratigraphic development in the Tanjung area, Barito Basin, S
Kalimantan')
Trevena, A.S., S. Mahadi, S.A. Martinez, Marwoto et al. (1993)- Characterization of Upper Miocene deltaic
reservoirs at Attaka field, offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C.D. Atkinson, J. Scott & R. Young (eds.)
Clastic rocks and reservoirs of Indonesia; a core workshop. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta 1993, p. 91-116.
(Attaka reservoirs fluvial and distributary channels and delta-front bars in series of Upper Miocene sequences.
Mean porosity/ permeability for fluvial sandstone cores are 30%- 1040 mD; distributary sandstones, 27%- 390
mD; high-energy, delta-front sandstones, 18%- 21.5 mD. Shallow sandstones at Attaka field abundant volcanic
rock fragments and lower porosity- permeability than underlying more quartz-rich sandstones)
Trevena, A.S., Y.J. Partono & T. Clark (2003)- Reservoir heterogeneity of Miocene- Pliocene deltaic
sandstones at Attaka and Serang fields, Kutei Basin, Offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: F.H. Sidi, D.
Nummedal et al. (eds.) Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia- sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology,
SEPM Spec. Publ. 76, p. 235-254.
(Attaka and Serang fields M-Late Miocene sandstone reservoirs are delta front bars and distributary channels.
Coarsest grained and thickest sandstones typically in lowstand deposits)
Ubaghs, J.G.H. (1929)- De geologie van Koetai (Z.O. Borneo). Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl. Indie, 158p.
(The geology of Kutai, E Kalimantan. Geological Survey, Bandung, Open File report F29-03)
Ubaghs, J.G.H. (1936)- De geologie van een gebied in Noord Kutai (Oost Borneo), gekenmerkt door
Spiroclypeus-houdend Eoceen. De Ing. in Nederl. Indie IV, 3, 10, p. 183-195.

(Geology of an area in N Kutai (E Kalimantan), characterized by Eocene with Spiroclypeus. N margin of
Kutei Basin with outcrops of intensely folded Pre-Tertiary (low metamorphic 'Danau Fm chert, marble, red
phyllite and basic volcanics, overlain by less metamorphic ?Cretaceous thin-bedded sands-shales).
Unconformably overlain by ~270m basal Tertiary polymict conglomerates and deltaic sandstones. Overlain by
Eocene limestone bed with Nummulites, Discocyclina, and Pellatispira, followed by 1000s of m thick marly-
sandy series with thin Eocene-Oligocene limestones)
Ubaghs, J.G.H. (1940)- De geologie van Mangkalihat (Borneo). Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl. Indie, 62p.
(The geology of Mangkalihat, Kalimantan. Geological Survey, Bandung, Open File report F40-14)
Ubaghs, J.G.H. & C.P.A. Zeijlmans van Emmichoven (1936)- Beschouwingen over het Palaeogeen van Borneo.
De Ingenieur in Nederl.-Indie, IV, 3, 9, p. 164-172.
(Critical review of confusing Borneo chapter in Badings (1936) paper Paleogene of Indies Archipelago)
Ucok, H., C. Landeck, K. O'Donnell, D. Staples, W. de Boer & B. Antariksa (1995)- Small field development
offshore East Kalimantan. Proc. 24th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petr. Assoc. 2, p. 343-360.
(Description of undeveloped 1971 Unocal Santan discovery, 10 miles E of Attaka, in Late Miocene reservoirs)
Umar, L., E. Purnomo & A. Bachtiar (1987)- Prospek hidrokarbon batupasir Formasi Beriun di daerah
Sangatta-Bungalun, Cekungan Kutai. Proc. 16th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p.
('Hydrocarbon prospects in sandstones of the Beriun Formation in the Sangatta- Bungalun area, Kutai Basin')
Umar, I., A. Yasin & S. Koesoemadinata (1982)- Geologic map of the Balikpapan Quadrangle, East
Kalimantan, 1:250,000 (sheet 1814). Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1927)- Neogene foraminiferen van de Soengei Beboeloe, Pasir (Zuid Oost Borneo).
Wetensch. Meded., Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl. Indie 5, p. 28-41.
(?Middle Miocene Upper Tf larger foraminifera from SE Borneo)
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1929)- Anthozoa van Noord-Oost Borneo. Wetensch. Meded., Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.
Indie 9, p. 45-76.
(Low diversity coral assemblages from Late Miocene- Pliocene Menkrawit, Antjang and Domaring beds,
collected by Leupold in NE Kalimantan)
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1936)- Heterospira: a new foraminiferal genus from the Tertiary of Borneo. Leidsche Geol.
Meded. 8, p.
(Description of Eocene larger foram, later renamed Biplanispira)
Untung, M., R. Sukamto, W. Sunata & H. Wahyano (1987)- Paleomagnetism along Transect VII, Geologic
Report, Jawa-Kalimantan SEATAR Transect VII, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, p. 73-85.
(Paleomagnetic study of 40 samples from 11 localities of Jurassic shallow marine rocks in NW Kalimantan,
~50 km S of Sarawak suggests 93 CCW rotation since Jurassic. Agrees well with Schmidtke et al. (1990) data
for W Sarawak)
Untung, M. (1996)- Geoscientific study along Kawa-Kalimantan-Sarawak- South China Sea transect. In: G.P. &
A.C. Salisbury (eds.) Trans. 5th Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Res. Conf., Honolulu 1990, Gulf
Publishing, Houston, p. 163-183.
(W Borneo tectonically active from Triassic- Late Cretaceous, with 90 counterclockwise rotation since then)
Vallet, J. (1983)- Seismic facies study in the Sepasu area of East Kalimantan. Proc. 12th Ann. Conv. Indon.
(Sepasu area on NE margin Kutai basin three major sequences: (1) Phase of M Miocene delta construction; (2)
early Late Miocene transgression phase with extensive carbonate deposition; (3) E-ward basin tilting and
regression with deltaic deposition in Late Miocene- Pliocene)

Van Bemmelen, R.W. (1939)- De geologie van het westelijke en zuidelijke deel van de Westerafdeeling van
Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.-Indie (1939), Verhand., p. 187-319.
(Compilation report of earlier mapping of W and S part of W Borneo. Mainly petrographic descriptions.
Schwaner Mountains crystalline schists. C and E part described by Zeijlmans in same volume)
Van Bemmelen, R.W. (1949)- Borneo. In: The geology of Indonesia, Government Printing Office, Nijhoff, The
Hague, 1, p. 325-360.
Van de Weerd, A.A., R.A. Armin, S. Mahadi & P.L.S. Ware (1987)- Geological setting of the Kerendan gas
and condensate discovery, Tertiary sedimentation and paleogeography of the northwestern part of the Kutai
Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. 16th Ann. Conv Indon. Petr. Assoc., p. 317-338.
(Four phases of Tertiary sedimentation in NW Kutei Basin. (1) E-M Eocene Tanjung Fm basal coarse clastics
grade upwards into shallow-marine clastics, up to 1000 m thick, onlap stable Barito Shelf. Syndepositional
faults in basal sequence. Oil-productive near Tanjung. E Eocene subsidence synchronous with renewed or
accelerated subduction beneath N-NW margin of Borneo; (2) Late Eocene-E Oligocene claystones in deep
basins, flanked by shallow marine clastics and carbonates. Phase terminated by minor compressional event,
with uplift and erosional truncation of some basement blocks; (3) Late Oligocene transgression, with platform
carbonates (Berai Fm) over Barito Shelf and Kutei Basin basement highs and slope carbonates and deep-
marine shales (Bongan Fm) in basin. Kerendan 1 gas discovery in isolated Oligocene carbonate platform on
basement high in W Kutei Basin. (4) thick uppermost Oligocene-Miocene deltaic and non-marine deposits.
Introduction of deltaics probably from areas undergoing inversion and uplift in N part of Kutei Basin and S
China Sea area. Inversion and uplift of this part of Kutei Basin probably in Late Miocene)
Van de Weerd, A.A. & R.A. Armin (1992)- Origin and evolution of the Tertiary hydrocarbon-bearing basins in
Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 76, 11, p. 1778-1803.
(M Eocene formation of extensional basins in Kalimantan. Transgressive M Eocene and E Oligocene non-
marine and shallow marine clastics, carbonates, and deep marine clastics, followed by regressive Late
Oligocene-Miocene. Oligocene uplift, erosion, and structural segmentation into smaller basins. Deltaic
sedimentation in latest Oligocene in upper Kutei basin, prograding E, by end E Miocene deltas near present
Kutei coast. Lower(?)- M Miocene deltaic sediments also in Barito, Asem Asem and Pasir basins, probably
contiguous with Kutei. Separate Miocene deltaic depocenter in Tarakan basin. Carbonate sedimentation in
shallow areas between deltas. M Oligocene tectonism and magmatism. Inversion of upper Kutei basin and
Meratus Mts uplift started in early M Miocene and related to third major plate readjustment in SE Asia.
Regionally synchronous Miocene-Pliocene tectonic phases probably related to collisions of microcontinents
along Sulawesi)
Van der Vlerk, I.M. (1923)- Een nieuwe Cycloclypeus soort van Oost-Borneo. Samml. Geol. Reichsmus.
Leiden I-X, p. 137-140.
(A new Cycloclypeus larger foram species from East Borneo)
Van der Vlerk, I.M. (1925)- A study of Tertiary Foraminifera from the "Tidoengsche landen" (E. Borneo).
Wetensch. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederl.-Indie 3, p. 13-32.
(Probably Late Oligocene- E Miocene larger forams from Naintoepo and Tempilan beds, NE Kalimantan. Little
or no stratigraphy)
Van der Vlerk, I.M. (1929)- Groote foraminiferen van N.O. Borneo. Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnb. Ned.-Indi, 9,
pp. 3-44.
(Eocene-Miocene larger forams collected by Leupold from Tidungsche Landen, Bulungan and Mangkalihat
Peninsula, NE Borneo; stratigraphic table; no maps)
Van Dijk, P. (1882)- Onderzoek naar de ontginbaarheid van steenkolen aan de Riam Kanan, in de Zuider- en
Oosterafeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 1881, 2, p. 213-237.
('Investigation into the exploitability of coal at the Riam-Kanan river, SE Kalimantan')

Van Es, L.J.C. (1920)- Geologische kaart van Nederlandsch-Indie, schaal 1:1,000,000, Toelichting bij Blad IX
(West Borneo en Billiton). Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 47 (1918), Verh. 2, p. 1-35.
(1:1 million geologic overview map and explanatory notes for West Borneo and Billiton)
Van Leeuwen, T.M., T. Leach, A.A. Hawke & M.M. Hawke (1990)- The Kelian disseminated gold deposit,
East Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Expl. 35, p. 1-61.
(Kelian one of large Miocene volcanic-hosted gold discoveries, which occur in 400km long belt in C
Kalimantan. Deposit in silicic pyroclastics overlain by Late Eocene sediments, which were folded/ faulted
along N/ NE trends and intruded by andesitic bodies in E Miocene (K-Ar ages ~23 Ma), followed by
hydrothermal alteration and mineralization around 20 Ma. Four stages of alteration/ mineralization.
Magmatic-hydrothermal event followed by >900 m uplift and erosion in M-L Miocene and basaltic volcanism
in Plio-Pleistocene. Second cycle of erosion in Pleistocene removed most of young volcanic cover, exposing
deposit as known today. Mine closed in 2003)
Van Schelle, C.J. (1880)- De geologische en mijnbouwkundige onderzoekingen in de Westerafdeeling van

Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 9 (1880), 2, p. 33-41
(Early geological and mining survey of west Kalimantan)
Van Schelle, C.J. (1882)- Eenige gegevens omtrent de goudproductie in een gedeelte der Res. Westerafdeeling
van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 12 (1883), Techn. Admin. ged., p. 45-69.
('Some data on the gold production in a part of W Kalimantan')
Van Schelle, C.J. (1883)- Beschrijving van de kolenafzetting bij Napan aan de rivier Bojan, in het landschap
Boenoet. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indi 12 (1883), Techn. Admin. Ged., p. 92-97.
('Descrition of the coal deposit near napan on the Boyan River, Bunut area')
Van Schelle, C.J., M. Koperberg, N. Wing Easton & A.L.E. Gaston (1904)- Geologische Karte der Sultanate
Pontianak und Sambas und der Panembahanate Mempawah und Landak in West-Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Oost-Indi 33 (1904), Wet. Ged. p.
(Geologic map of the Pontianak and Sambas sultanates and Mempawah and Landak districts in W Borneo.
With ten 1:100,000 scale maps)
Van Straelen, V. (1923)- Description des Crustacs dcapodes nouveaux des terrains tertiares de Borneo. Proc.
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurkunde, 26, p. 489-492.
(Description of new crabs from the Tertiary of Borneo)
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1871)- Die Nummuliten des Borneo-Kalksteines Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol. Palaont. B9, p. 1-
14.
('The Nummulites of the Borneo limestone'. First descriptions of Eocene Nummulites from SE Borneo, incl.
Nummulites pengaronensis n.sp.)
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1874)- De Nummulieten uit den Eoceenen kalksteen van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
(Dutch version of 1871 paper on Eocene Nummulites from SE Borneo)
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1875)- Geologische beschrijving der districten Riam-Kawa en -Kanan in de Zuider- en
Ooster-afdeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost Indie 4 (1875), 2, p. 3-130.
(Geologic description of Riam-Kawa and -Kanan districts in the departments of S and E Borneo)
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1875)- Ueber die Gliederung der Eocanformation auf der Insel Borneo (Die Eocanformation
von Borneo und ihre Versteinerungen). Palaeontographica, Suppl. III, p. 1-8.
(On the subdivision of the Eocene formation on Borneo Island)

Verbeek, R.D.M. (1883)- Over het voorkomen van gesteenten der Krijtformatie in de residentie Wester
afdeeling van Borneo. Versl. Meded. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., 2, 18, p. 39-43.
(On the occurrence of Cretaceous rocks in W Borneo)
Verdier, A.C., T. Oki & A. Suardy (1979)- Geology of the Handil field. (East Kalimantan- Indonesia). In: M.T.
Halbouty (ed.) Giant oil and gas fields of the decade 1968-1978. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 30, p. 399-422.
(Handil Field 1974 oil discovery in Mahakam Delta distributary plain. Broad anticlinal structure with 150
Middle-Late Miocene reservoir sands between 450-2900m. More than 70 lignite/coal marker beds used for
correlation of fluvial-deltaic sand bodies)
Verdier, A.C., T. Oki & Suardy (1980)- Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia). SEAPEX
Proc. 5, Singapore, p. 124-150.
(Same as above)
Viaene, W., T. Suhanda, N. Vandenberghe, Y. Sunarya & R. Ottenburgs (1981)- Geochemical soil prospecting
in Northwest Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: 8th Int. Geochemical Exploration Symposium, J. Geochem. Expl. 15,
1-3, p. 453-470.
(Geochemical analysis of soils in NW Kalimantan found anomalies of Cu, Mo, Au and Bi. Explained by
porphyry-type mineralization of mainly chalcopyrite and molybdenite in quartz-enriched granodiorite.
Possibility of belt of porphyry-type mineralization in W Kalimantan)
Vijaya; A.S. & H.D. Iroe (1990)- Sepinggan field 3-D seismic survey East Kalimantan, Indonesia- case history.
Proc. 17th Ann. Conv. Indon.Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Jakarta 1988, p. 119-130.
Vo, D.T., S. Waryan, A. Dharmawan, R. Susilo & R. Witjaksana R. (2004)- Lookback on performance of 50
horizontal wells targeting thin oil columns, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan; Part A, Well performance data. J.
Canadian Petrol. Techn. 43, 11, p. 32-43.
Vo, D.T., S. Waryan, A. Dharmawan, R. Susilo & R. Witjaksana R. (2004)- Lookback on performance of 50
horizontal wells targeting thin oil columns, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan; Part B, Lessons learned from
performance lookback data. J. Canadian Petrol. Techn. 43, 11, p. 44-48.
Vogel, F. (1896)- Mollusken aus dem Jura von Borneo. Samml. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden. 5, p. 127-153.
(also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 25, Wetensch. Ged., p. 1-27)
(Jurassic mollusks from Borneo, collected by Wing Easton and Bosscha)
Vogel, F. (1900)- Neue Mollusken aus dem Jura von Borneo. Samml. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden. 6, p. 40-76.
(also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1899, Wet. Ged. 2)
(New molluscs from the Jurassic of Borneo. Upper Jurassic molluscs from W Kalimantan)
Vogel, F. (1904)- Beitrage zur Kenntnis der mesozoischen Formationen in Borneo. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-
Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, 7, p. 208- 220.
('Contributions to the knowledge of the Mesozoic formatons of Borneo'. Cretaceous molluscs from Nerinea
sandstones from Bana, W Borneo, and Upper Triassic shale rich in Monotis salinaria, probably from SE of
Kendai)
Volz, W. (1905)- Die Insel Pulo Laut bei SO. Borneo als Beispiel einer Hebung durch ein Massenerguss. Neues
Jahrb. f. Min., Geol. Palaeont., Beil.-Band 20, p. 354-364.
('Pulau Laut island near SE Borneo as example of uplift through a mass eruption'. Main mountains of E half of
Pulau Laut island up to 700m high and composed of Post-Eocene porphyrites. Eruptions thought to have
uplifted Eocene sediments)
Von Fritsch, K. (1877)- Die Echiniden der Nummuliten-Bildungen von Borneo. Palaeontographica Suppl. III, 1,
p. 85-92. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 8 (1879), 1, p. 127-142)

(The echinoids from the Nummulites beds of Borneo. Description of rel. poor echinoid assemblage of 6
species, all new, collected by Verbeek)
Von Fritsch, K. (1877)- Fossile Korallen der Nummulitenschichten von Borneo. Palaeontographica Suppl. III,
1, p. 93-135. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 8 (1879), 1, p. 143-230)
(Fossil corals from the Nummulites beds of Borneo Description of well-preserved coral assemblage from
Eocene limestone collected by Verbeek. Mainly new species)
Von Fritsch, K. (1877)- Einige Crustaceenreste der Eocanbildungen von Borneo. Palaeontographica Suppl. III,
1, p. 136-138. (also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 8 (1879), 1, p. 231-236)
(Some crustacean remnants from the Eocene formations of Borneo)
Von Fritsch, K. (1877)- Einige Eocane Foraminiferen von Borneo. Palaeontographica Suppl. III, 1, p. 144-
(also in Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 8 (1879), 1, p. 236- 251)
(Some Eocene foraminifera from Borneo. In addition to Nummulites described by Verbeek (1871) Eocene
marls also contain orbitoidal foraminifera, described as Orbitoides papyracea, O. epihippum, O. Dispansa, O.
decipiens and O. omphalus (all Discocyclina spp). Also description of 'Patellina scutum' (= mid-Cretaceous
Orbitolina) from Seberuang River, left tributary of Kapuas River, W Borneo)
Von Gaffron, H. (1854)- Geognostische tabel der rotssoorten van den berg Pengaron. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Indie 1, 6, p. 145-150.
('Geognostic table of the the rock types of the Pengaron hill'. Early cross section of Pengaron hill, Meratus Mts
front, site of late 1800's mining of Eocene coal in SE Kalimantan)
Von Koenigswald, G.H.R. (1939)- Uber einige Ammoniten und Aptychen aus der Unteren Kreide von Borneo.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.-Indie 68, Verhand., p. 162-171.
('On some ammonites and aptychs from the Lower Cretaceous of Borneo'. Lower Cretaceous ammonites and
collected by Zeijlmans in Seberuang area, W Kalimantan, in beds previously ascribed to Upper Cretaceous.
Similarities with Jambi, Sumatra, Valanginian noted. Lower Bedungan Fm (unconformable on Permo-
Carboniferous Bojan Fm meta-sediments and volcanics with Valanginian Pecten, Hoplites neocomiensis, etc.)
Vosburg, B. & H.H. Roberts (2003)- Sedimentary evidence for turbidity maximum influenced fluvial deposition
in the modern Mahakam Delta. Trans Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 53, p. 836-845.
(Mahakam delta recent sedimentation)
Wagner, C. (1986)- Mineralogy of the type kajanite from Kalimantan: similarities and differences with typical
lamproites. Bull. Mineralogie 109, 5, p. 589-598.
Wahyudi, M. & B. Supriyadi (1993)- Quantitative evaluation of hydrocarbon expulsion from the Meliat
Formation in Sembakung Block, NE Kalimantan. Proc 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI) 2, p. 894-
905.
Wain, T. & B. Berod (1989)- The tectonic framework and paleogeographic evolution of the Upper Kutei Basin.
Proc. 18th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 55-78.
(Upper Kutei Basin at intersection of two tectonic trends: NW-SE (Adang- Cross Barito) and NNE-SSW
(Meratus). Meratus trend reflected by deep magnetic anomalies which divide Upper Kutei into two domains.
Surface strata correlate well interpreted deep seated elements believed to represent Cretaceous imbricated
subduction complex with forearc, arc and backarc elements. NNW-SSE Meratus trend Paleogene basin
precursor. NW-SE Adang Cross Barito High trend interpreted as part of Trans-Kalimantan tectonic zone
linking Paternoster Platform with Lupar fault zone. Upper Kutei Basin Lower Paleogene Basins opened NW
parallel to this trend. At end Paleogene this basin closed and SE-ward opening Kutei Basin was established.
Activity on NW-SE trend strongly overprinted NNE-SSW Meratus trend and culminated in Late Miocene-
Pliocene with major basin inversion and back-thrusting orthogonal to Adang-Cross Barito trend. NW limit of
this back thrusting corresponds to interpreted Cretaceous volcanic arc)

Wakita, K. (2002)- Secrets of lost diamonds- a geological trip Cretaceous accretionary complex in South
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Chishitsu News 574, p. 53-67. (in Japanese)
Wakita, K. (2002)- Hard kiss of mosquito on the Equator- a geological trip Cretaceous accretionary complex in
West Kalimantan. Chishitsu News 576, p. 44-59.
(in Japanese; online at http://www.gsj.jp/Pub/News/pdf/2002/08/02_08_09.pdf)
Wakita, K., K. Miyazaki, I. Zulkarnain, J. Sopaluwakan & P. Sanyoto (1998)- Tectonic implications of new age
data for the Meratus complex of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Island Arc 7, p. 202-222.
(Meratus Cretaceous subduction complex melange with chert (with M Jurassic- M Cretaceous radiolarians),
shale, limestone, basalt, ultramafic rocks and schist. Uncomformably covered by Late Cretaceous island arc
volcanics and submarine volcanoclastics (Pitap Fm with Cenomanian or older radiolarians). Constraints on
tectonic setting: (1) melange caused by subduction of oceanic plate covered by early M Jurassic to late E
Cretaceous radiolarian cherts; (2) Aptian-Albian (110-119 Ma) Haruyan Schist, high P-low T metamorphism
caused by plate subduction. M Jurassic (165, 180 Ma), intermediate-P metamorphic rocks along N margin; (3)
Haruyan Fm, submarine volcanism in immature island arc setting, locally contemporaneous with Meratus
Complex melange)
Walgenwitz, F. & N. Jacquemet (2006)- Large scale introduction of compaction water expelled from
overpressurized shales in gas field reservoirs of the Mahakam delta (Indonesia). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
70, 18, p. A682.
(Abstract only. Water salinities in Mahakam delta fields similar to range of connate water (fresh water in
fluvial channels to sea water in marine mouth bars). However, analyses show present-day composition results
from mixing of original connate waters with compaction water expelled from overpressured shales)
Walia, T. & T. Edwards (2002)- Reinterpretation of the Sembakung oilfield, Kalimantan, Indonesia utilizing
modern 3D seismic data. SEG 2002 Convention, Salt Lake City, 4p. (extended abstract)
(New 3D seismic over 1975 ARCO oil discovery 80 km NW of Tarakan 35 stacked Mio-Pliocene deltaics in
structural trap)
Watters, R.A., G.B.H. Tucker & B. Soesila (1991)- Reconnaissance and follow-up exploration for gold in
Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Expl. 41, 1-2, p. 103-123.
(Geochemical reconnaissance survey for gold in Central Kalimantan delineated seven anomalies, associated
with Cretaceous Sepauk Tonalite)
Weeda, J. (1958)- Oil basin of East Borneo. In: L.G. Weeks (ed.) Habitat of oil. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Spec.
Publ. 18 , p. 1337-1346.
(Three Tertiary oil production centers in E Borneo: Tarakan-Bunyu, Balikpapan (=Kutai), Tanjung (=Barito).
Basin fill history similar to other Indonesian basins: basal sands overlain by shale, overlain by sands. Plio-
Pleistocene folding, mainly parallel to coast)
Westerveld. J. & W. Uytenbogaardt (1948)- Eenige mineralografische notities betreffende het erts van der mijn
Salida, S.W.K.. Verhand. Koninkl. Nederl. Geol. Mijnb. Gen., Mijnbouwk. Ser. 1948, p. 59-65.
(On the mineralogy of ores of Salida mine)
Wibowo, A., J. Towart, J. Dirstein & M. Maklad (1999)- Seismic spectral signatures of the Badak oil and gas
field, onshore Kutei Basin, Kalimantan: an example of seismic reservoir imaging and characterization. In: Proc.
Int. Conf. Gas Habitats of SE Asia and Australasia, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 187-203.
Wibowo, R.A., T. Setiawan, P.D. Silitonga, D. Tangkalalo & Z. Nurzaman (2006)- Identification of lower
Tanjung high gamma ray anomaly as an indicator for production zones at Tanjung Oil Field, Barito Basin,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta06-VSL-06,
4p. (Extended Abstract)

Wibowo, A., B. Srisantoso & W.F. Turnbull (2009)- Improved subsurface analytical methods to identify by-
passed zones in a mature gas field. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA09-E-016, 17p.
(Reservoir study of 1972 Badak gas field in N Mahakam Delta. Cum production 12 TCF. More than 180
producing horizons, with 530 reservoirs)
Widiarti, R. & Dardji Noeradi (2008)- Reservoir modeling of shallow zone in Handil Field, Mahakam Delta,
East Kalimantan. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petorl. Assoc., IPA08-SG-081, 11p.
(Handil Field one of the largest fields in Mahakam Delta, producing oil and gas since 1975. Six Miocene
reservoir zones. Sequence stratigraphy of Shallow Zone shows 4 reservoir intervals. One reservoir sand trends
from NNW in one main channel then splitting into three distributary channels in SSE)
Widodo, S., A. Bechtel, K. Anggayana & W. Puttmann (2009)- Reconstruction of floral changes during
deposition of the Miocene Embalut coal from Kutai Basin, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia by use
of aromatic hydrocarbon composition and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter. Organic Geochem. 40,
2, p. 206-218.
(M-L Miocene (~12-6 Ma) coals from Pulau Balang and Balikpapan Fms in Embalut mine near Mahakam
River with common cadene. Miocene climate of Mahakam Delta not uniformly moist and cooler than present
day climate, favoring growth of conifers, especially in montane forests)
Widodo, S., W. Oschmann, A. Bechtel, R.F. Sachsenhofer, K. Anggayana & W. Puettmann (2010)- Distribution
of sulfur and pyrite in coal seams from Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan, Indonesia): implications for
paleoenvironmental conditions. Int. J. Coal Geology 81, 3, p. 151-162.
(Rich ash, sulfur and pyrite contents in Kutai Basin coals (especially Central Busang and Sebulu) related to
Tertiary volcanic activity (Nyaan volcanics), with eolian transport to mire during or after peatification)
Wight, A.W.R., L.H. Hare & J.R. Reynolds (1993)- Tarakan Basin, NE Kalimantan, Indonesia: a century of
exploration and future hydrocarbon potential. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 33, p. 263-288.
Wijaya, P. H., D. Noeradi, Djuhaeni & A.K. Permadi (2010)- Reservoir distribution and quality of Pliocene
deposits in Eastern offshore area, its implication to deepwater exploration of Tarakan Basin, East Kalimantan.
Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA10-G-128, 15p.
Wikrama, A., R.L. Oscarson, A.L. Meier & R.R. Carlson (1992)- Placer and lode platinum-group minerals in
South Kalimantan, Indonesia; evidence for derivation from Alaskan-type ultramafic intrusions. Austral. J. Earth
Scie. 39, p. 405-417.
Williams, P.R. & B.H. Harahap (1986)- Geochemistry, age and origin of post subduction intrusive rocks in
West Kalimantan and Sarawak. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung 12, p. 43-54.
(Major phase of Late Oligocene- E Miocene igneous activity in W Kalimantan and Sarawak. Majority I-tyoe
granodiorites. Concentrated in thickest parts of Late Cretaceous- Early Tertiary sedimentary basin and
probably represents deep crustal remelting in passive, post-subduction environment)
Williams, P.R. & B.H. Harahap (1987)- Preliminary geochemical and age data from postsubduction intrusive
rocks, northwest Borneo. Australian J. Earth Sci. 34, p. 405-415.
(Major phase of Late Oligocene- E Miocene igneous activity in W Kalimantan and Sarawak, NW Borneo.
Majority is granodiorite, similar to I-type granitoids. Main magmatic activity in thickest part of Late
Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sedimentary basins. Age of magmatism, tectonic position and geochemistry
suggest it is related to deep crustal re-melting and intrusion in passive, postsubduction environment)
Williams, P.R., C.R. Johnston, R.A. Almond & W.H. Simamora (1988)- Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary
structural elements of West Kalimantan. Tectonophysics 148, p. 279-298.
(Three W Kalimantan domains after E Cretaceous-Eocene convergent tectonics: (1) Schwaner Mountains, E-W
across S and C West Kalimantan with subduction granitoids intruded into low-grade metamorphic rocks in E

Cretaceous; (2) NW Kalimantan Late Carboniferous- Cretaceous sediments and volcanics; (3) NW Kalimantan
Cretaceous flysch accretionary complex, a S continuation of mainly Tertiary Sarawak accretionary wedge.
Boundary between Cretaceous accretionary domain and NW Kalimantan domain is transform fault marking W
limit of Late Cretaceous S-dipping subduction. Growth of accretionary complex resulted in uplift of melange
and flysch, on which extensional half graben formed with lacustrine deposits. Sedimentary basin formed
between continental rocks to S and emergent accretionary complex to N, in forearc basin position. As accretion
proceeded, locus of underthrusting migrated N and second melange ridge and sedimentary basin developed
farther N. S-dipping subduction in E part of W Kalimantan in Late Cretaceous- Early Tertiary)
Williams, P.R., S. Supriatna & B. Harahap (1986)- Cretaceous melange in West Kalimantan and its tectonic
implications. In: G.H. Teh & S. Paramananthan (eds.) Proc. GEOSEA V Conf., 1, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
19, p. 69-78. (same as paper below)
Williams, P.R., S. Supriatna & B. Harahap (1990)- Cretaceous melange in West Kalimantan and its tectonic
implications. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 14, p. 29-37.
(Extensive Boyan tectonic melange in W Kalimantan implies existence of WNW trending suture zone just S of
Semitau on Kapuas River. Chaotic sheared argillite with blocks of metamorphics and ultramafics, now
recognized as Late Cretaceous mlange, not coherent Jurassic as suggested in 1939. Melange bordered by
highly deformed Cenomanian- Turonian turbiditic Selangkai Fm, with blocks of shallow detritus, including
Orbitolina sandstone. Characteristics of subduction zone, but no known igneous activity of this age)
Williams, P.R., S. Supriatna, C.R. Johnston, R.A. Almond & W.H. Simamora (1989)- A Late Cretaceous to
Early Tertiary accretionary complex in West Kalimantan. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 13, p. 9-29.
(Much the same as Williams et al. 1988)
Williams, P.R., S. Supriatna, D.S. Trail & R. Heryanto (1984)- Tertiary basins of West Kalimantan, associated
igneous activity and structural setting. Proc. 13th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 151-160.
Wilson, M.E.J. (2005)- Development of equatorial delta-front patch reefs during the Neogene, Borneo. J. Sed.
Res. 75, 1, p. 114-133.
(Early and Middle Miocene patch reefs formed in turbid waters associated with high siliciclastic input at
Mahakam Delta margin. Reefs initiated on unstable substrates on local low-relief bathymetric highs associated
with delta-front channels or distributary mouthbars in the process of abandonment. Patch reefs developed only
in shallow waters, formed low-relief buildups, lacked rigid frameworks, and had gently sloping margins)
Wilson, M.E.J., W. Camp & M.J. Evans (2010)- Paleogene clastics, Mangkalihat, Borneo: implications for
petroleum systems. AAPG Conv., New Orleans 2010, Presentation, 25p.
(online at www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/2010/10251wilson/ndx_wilson.pdf)
(Outcrops of Eocene siliciclastics investigated at Mangkalihat Peninsula, NE Kalimantan. M Eocene deep
marine Malio Mudstone with interbedded basalts underlain by E-M Eocene marginal marine Sembakung Fm
with coals, sandstones, claystones and sandy carbonates, grading upward into carbonate-clastic shelf deposits.
Late Eocene Sujau Fm quartz arenites, coals and sandy limestone (picture showing Pellatispira). Clastics in W
derived from volcanic and low-grade metamorphic terrain, in E from higher grade metamorphic source with
some cherts. Eocene block and basin development influenced environments and sediment pathways)
Wilson, M.E.J., J.L.C. Chambers, M.J. Evans, S.J. Moss & D.S. Nas (1999)- Cenozoic carbonates in Borneo:
case studies from northeast Kalimantan. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 183-201.
(M Eocene- Plio-Pleistocene carbonates in N Kutai Basin and Mangkalihat Peninsula, NE Kalimantan)
Wilson, M.E.J. & M.J. Evans (2002)- Sedimentology and diagenesis of Tertiary carbonates on the Mangkalihat
Peninsula, Borneo: implications for subsurface reservoir quality. Marine Petrol. Geol. 19, p. 873-900.
(Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf with intervening deeper water areas on E part of Mangkalihat Peninsula in
the Late Eocene- Oligocene. During Oligo-Miocene shallow-water platform carbonates accumulated over much
of Mangkalihat Peninsula. Platform steep, reef-rimmed N margin with marine cements. Platform interior low

energy area, affected by leaching of aragonitic bioclasts. Best reservoir quality on platform in grainstones and
packstones, towards platform interior from platform margin, with primary and secondary mouldic porosity)
Wilson, M.E.J., M.J. Evans, N.H. Oxtoby, D.S. Nas et al. (2007)- Reservoir quality, textural evolution, and
origin of fault-associated dolomites. AAPG Bull. 91, 9, p. 1247-1272.
(Origin of dolomite near faults in Late Oligocene-E Miocene Taballar Lst of Mangkalihat Peninsuls, NE
Borneo. Sr isotope signature suggestive of remobilization of fluids from older limestone)
Wilson, M.E.J. & S.J. Moss (1999)- Cenozoic palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo.
Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 145, p. 303-337.
Wiman, S.K., A.W.R. Wight & S. Courteney (1995)- Geologic summary of Eastern Kalimantan. In: Seismic
Atlas of Indonesian Oil and Gas Fields, II: Java, Kalimantan, Natuna, Irian Jaya, p. KAL-1-KAL-19.
(Brief overviews of Kutei, Tarakan, Barito basins)
Wing Easton, N. (comp.) (1904)- Geologische Karte der Sultanate Pontianak und Sambras und der
Panembahanate Mempawah und Landak in West-Borneo. Topogr. Inrichting, Batavia, p.
(Geological map of the Pontianak and Sambras sultanates and Mempwah and Landak areas in West Borneo)
Wing Easton, N. (1879)- Overzicht van de mijnbouwkundige onderzoekingen welke tot nu toe door den Dienst
van het Mijnwezen in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo werden verricht met eene overzichtskaart. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 1879, 1, p. 3-116.
(Overview of investigations by the Department of Mines in the West Borneo region, with an overview map)
Wing Easton, N. (1894)- Het diamantvoorkomen in Landak, Westerafdeeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Oost-Indie 1894, Techn. Admin. Ged., p. 9-130.
('The diamond occurrence in Landak, W Kalimantan')
Wing Easton, N. (1899)- Voorloopige mededeeling over de geologie van het stroomgebied der Kapoeas-Rivier
in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 16, p. 245-258.
('Preliminary communication on the geology of the drainage area of the Kapuas River in W Kalimantan')
Wing Easton, N. (1904)- Geologie eines Teiles von West Borneo nebst einen kritischen Ubersicht des dortigen
Ertzvorkommens. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie (1904), Wetensch. Ged., p. 1-542.
('Geology of a part of W Borneo with a critical overview of its ore deposits'. Final report of many years of W
Kalimantan geological survey)
Wing Easton, N. (1914)- Geologisch overzicht van West Borneo; verschil en overeenkomst met Centraal en
Zuidoost Borneo. Verhand. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. Kol., Geol. Sectie 1, p. 179-189.
(Geological overview of W Borneo; differences and similarities with C and SE Borneo)
Wing Easton, N. (1917)- Had Borneo vroeger een woestijnklimaat ? Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen.
34, 5, p. 680-695.
('Did Borneo have a desert climate in the past?'. Thick, massive unfossiliferous, unfolded, Eocene(?) 'Plateau
sandstone' of W Kalimantan does not look like marine or fluvio-deltaic deposit, and is speculated to be eolian
deposit, possible E-W trending dunes. This would imply much drier climate than today. 'Plateau sandstones' are
rel. unconsolidated sands, erosional product of granites ('quartz porphyry'), up to 1000m thick. Also called
Kajan Sst)
Wing Easton, N. (1919)- Kristallijne schisten in West Borneo. Verhand. Geol.-Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. Kol.,
Geol. Sectie 4, p. 315-318.
('Crystalline schists in West Borneo')
Wing Easton, N. (1933)- De oorsprong der Borneo diamanten. Geol. Mijnbouw 20, p. 202-203.

(The origin of the Borneo diamonds)
Witkamp, H. (1927)- Beknopt overzicht van de geologische resultaten der Midden-Oost Borneo expeditie 1925.
In: D.W. Buijs et al., Midden-Oost Borneo Expeditie 1925, Weltevreden, p. 105-116.
('Brief overview of geological results of the Central- East Borneo expedition 1925. Geological observations
made during a geographic expedition)
Witkamp, H. (1928)- De Kedang Rantau (O. Borneo). Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 45, p.
Witkamp, H. (1928)- Een tocht naar den Goenoeng Ketam (Borneo). Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen.
45, p. 412-439.
Witkamp, H. (1932)- Diamantafzettingen van Landak. De Mijningenieur 3, 13, p. 43-55.

(Diamond deposits of Landak)
Witkamp, H. (1932)- Langs de Mahakam. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 49, p. 30-56.
(Along the Mahakam. Travel report of 1930 river trip up to Mamahak, with some geological observations)
Wiroyudo, G.K. (1982)- Exploration review of the Bunyu PSC Area. CCOP Tech. Publ. 11, p. 141-154.
Wiweko, A. & B. Giriansyah (2000)- Sedimentary facies of the Mahakam Delta: comparison between the
Modern and the Miocene. Berita Sedim. (Indon. Geol. Forum) 12, p.
Wohler, F. (1866)- Ueber ein neues Mineral von Borneo: Laurit. Konigl. Ges. Wissensch. Gottingen,
Nachrichten, p. 155-160.
(On a new platinum-group mineral Laurite (RuS2) from Pontyn River, SE Kalimantan Meratus Range)
Yabe, H. (1921)- Notes on two foraminiferal limestones from E.D. Borneo. Sci. Rept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 2nd
ser. (Geol.), 5, p. 100-108.
(Eocene Nummulites, Discocyclina, Assilina in limestone from Marah, Bulungan, NE Kalimantan)
Yabe, H. & S. Hanzawa (1924)- A Lepidocyclina limestone from Sangkoelirang, Dutch E. Borneo. Japanese J.
Geol. Geogr. Trans. Abstr. 3, 2, p. 71-76.
(M Miocene limestone with Miogypsina polymorpha, Cycloclypeus annulatus, Lepidocyclina angulosa, etc.
from Maloewi Anticline, Sangkoelirang)
Yang Mu & Peng Sheng-lin (2004)- Geodynamical features and geotectonic evolution of Kalimantan and
adjacent areas. J. Central South University of Technology, China, 11, 3, p. 312-315.
(Brief overview of Kalimantan tectonic provinces. No new data, poor English)
Yoga, T.Y, F. Panggabean & Z. Abidin (2009)- Slump scar reconstruction and distribution in Tunu area and its
impacts on field development strategy. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA-G-093, 13p.
(Tunu giant gas field located at E limit of present Mahakam delta. Reservoirs mainly lower M Miocene deltaics
between 7.3 Ma regional flooding surface and regional unconformity at 10.5 Ma. Local collapse of edge of
deposited sediments during M Miocene produced large slump scars parallel to strike of Tunu anticline)
Yulihanto, B., B. Wijayanto, Sulistiyono & T. Junaedi (2006)- Hydrocarbon system of the Paleogene sediment
of the Melawi Basin, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol.
Assoc., Jakarta06-PG-11, 4p.
(Melawi Basin intracontinental basin, surrounded by Triassic-Jurassic basement highs composed of granites
and schists. Thick Early Cretaceous- Oligocene sediments. Main source rock kerogens of lacustrine-deltaic
origin in Cretaceous and Late Eocene-Early Oligocene)

Yuwono, Y.S., S. Priyomarsono, R.C. Maury, J.P. Rampnoux, A.R. Soeria-Atmadja, H. Bellon & P. Chotin
(1988)- Petrology of the Cretaceous magmatic rocks from Meratus Range, Southeast Kalimantan. J. Southeast
Asian Earth Sci. 2, 1, p. 15-22.
(Most Aptian-Senonian plutonic rocks in Meratus Mts of island-arc calc-alkaline affinity, so subduction-related
tectonic environment proposed for Middle- Late Cretaceous of Meratus Range before (U Aptian- Cenomanian
Alino Fm) and after obduction of peridotitic nappe (U Turonian- Senonian Manunggul Fm))
Zagalai, B.M. (1994)- A deterministic approach to modeling a giant field with numerous stacked reservoirs.
Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 2, p. 51-64.
(Reservoir model of Attaka Field (2 GBO and 3 TCF gas in place), N of Mahakam Delta. Producing reservoirs
stacked over 10,000 of Miocene deltaics)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1935)- Bijdragen tot de geologie van Borneo. 2. Het Eoceen ten Z. van S.
Kerijau in het O. deel van het centrale Mullergebergte (Wester-afdeeling van Borneo). De Ingenieur in Nederl.
Indie 2 (1935), IV, 11, p. 102- 105.
('The Eocene S of S Kerijau in the E part of the central Muller Range.' See also English translation in Haile
(1955, p. 279-285). First report of non-metamorphic Upper Eocene in W Kalimantan: non-marine clastics and
shallow marine limestones with Nummulites/alveolinids/ discocyclinids in E part of Muller Mountains. Overlain
by volcanics of uncertain age)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1936)- On the supposed Lower Cretaceous age of Orbitolinidae of Japan
and the Netherlands Indies. De Ingenieur in Nederl. Indie 1936, IV, 2, p. 24-29.
(Another harsh and wrong Zeijlmans 6-page critique on one line in the Yabe & Hanzawa (1931), who suggested
Orbitolina from Kalimantan should be assigned to Orbitolina scutum and signify Late Aptian age. ZvE thinks it
should be Middle Cretaceous, whatever that means. Schroeder in Sikumbang (1986) also identified the
Meratus Mts Orbitolina as Late Aptian species, validating Yabe & Hanzawa (1931) conclusions)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1938)- Korte schets van de geologie van Centraal Borneo. De Ingenieur in
Nederl. Indie 5, IV, 9, p. 135-149.
('Brief sketch of the geology of Central Borneo'. Important overview of the poorly known Kalimantan-Sarawak
border area from Kuching/S China Sea in W to upper reaches of Mahakam River in E. Three E-W trending
tectonostratigraphic zones. Oldest rocks crystalline schists, as exposed in Schwaner Mts. Overlain by intensely
folded Permo-Carboniferous (dominantly phyllitic abyssal rocks, locally with fusulinids, and basic volcanics),
Upper Triassic flysch (with Monotis, Halobia and acid volcanic complexes) and folded Cretaceous (locally with
Orbitolina). Tertiary mainly represented by Paleogene, locally deformed and metamorphosed)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1939)- Pretertiary geology of the island of Borneo. 6th Pacific Sci. Congr.,
San Francisco, p.
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1939)- De geologie van het Centrale en Oostelijk deel van de
Westerafdeling van Borneo. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 68, Verhand., p. 1-186.
('The geology of the Central and Eastern part of the Western District of Borneo'. See also English translation in
Haile (1955, p. 159-272). Overview of work of the geological survey in W Kalimantan and parts of adjacent
Sarawak. WNW-ESE trending belt of crystalline schists in W Kalimantan near Sarawak border, overlain by
folded Permo-Carboniferous with fusulinid foraminifera and basic volcanics. Unconformably overlain by
Upper Triassic marine fine clastics with Monotis and Halobia and acid volcanics. Unconformably overlain by
relatively complete marine Cretaceous section in Sebaruang area, with Orbitolina at several levels. Upper
Cretaceous folding event. Tertiary includes brackish-water Melawi fauna. In Upper Kapuas area intense post-
Paleogene folding and metamorphism event. Geology of W and S part of W Kalimantan described by Van
Bemmelen in same volume)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1940)- Het Schwanergebergte (westerafdeeling van Borneo). De Ingen. in
Nederl.-Indie 7, IV, p. 79-100 and p. 103-122.

(Description of geology and petrology of Schwaner mountains, W Kalimantan)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. (1955)- Geology of the Central and Western division of Borneo. In: N.S.
Haile (ed.) Geological accounts of West Borneo, Geol. Survey Depart. British Territories in Borneo, Bull. 2, p.
159-272.
(English translation of Zeijlmans 1939 Dutch original paper)
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. & G. Ter Bruggen (1935)- Bijdragen tot de geologie van Borneo. 1.
Voorlopige mededeeeling over het Tertiair ten W van het Merengebied in de Wester-afdeeling van Borneo. De
Ing. in Nederl. Indie IV, 2 (1935), 11, p. 99-102.
('Contributions to the geology of Borneo 1: Provisional report on the Tertiary West of the Lakes district in the
Western Division of Borneo'. See also English translation in Haile (1955, p. 273-277). Brackish-water Kantoe
Beds clastics with thin coals can be correlated with Melawi Fm and Eocene Ta of Pengaron, Barito Basin. In
SW overlain by 'Plateau- sandstone')
Zeijlmans van Emmichoven, C.P.A. & J.G.H. Ubaghs (1936)- Bijdragen tot de geologie van Borneo. 3.
Beschouwingen over den veronderstelden eoceenen ouderdom van de gehele 'Oude lei formatie' in Centraal
Borneo. De Ingen. in Nederl. Indie 1936, IV, 3, 3, p. 37-45.
('Contributions to the geology of Borneo 3: A discussion of the supposed Eocene age of the entire 'Old Slate
Formation' in Central Borneo'. See also English translation in Haile (1955, p. 125-138). A rather vicious and
overly harsh critique of Ter Bruggen (1935) conclusion on Eocene age of Central Borneo phyllite formation,
although some Eocene/ zone Ta larger forams are present. Believe some metamorphics are Pre-Tertiary)
Zientek, M.L., B. Pardiarto, H.R.W. Simandjuntak, A. Wikrama et al. (1992)- Placer and lode platinum-group
minerals in South Kalimantan, Indonesia: evidence for derivation from Alaskan-type ultramafic intrusions.
Australian J. Earth Sci. 39, p. 405-417.
(Platinum-group minerals (PGM) in placer deposits in several localities in S Kalimantan. Alluvial PGM found
along Sungai Tambanio in part derived from chromitite schlieren in dunitic bodies intruded into clinopyroxene
cumulates. A chromitite schlieren in serpentinite from one dunitic body with 'M'-shaped pattern typical of
mineralization associated with Alaskan-type ultramafic complexes)
Zulkarnain, I., J. Sopaheluwakan & S. Indarto (1995)- Geologi 'Komplek Akresi Kapur' Pegunungan Meratus,
Kalimantan Selatan; sebuah tinjauan awal berdasarkan lintasan pegunungan Bobaris. Pros. Hasil-Hasil
Penelitian Geoteknologi LIPI, Bandung, p. 7-21.
(Geology of the Cretaceous accretionary complex of the Meratus Mountains, S Kalimantan, etc.)
Zulkarnain, I., J. Sopaheluwakan, K. Miyazaki & K. Wakita (1996)- Chemistry and radiometric age data of
metamorphic rocks from Meratus accretionary complex, South Kalimantan, and its tectonic implication. Pros.
Seminar Nasional Geoteknologi III, LIPI, Bandung, p. 687-696.

Abdul Hadi & T.R. Astin (1995)- Genesis of siderite in the Upper Miocene offshore Sarawak: constraints on
pore fluid chemistry and diagenetic history. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. AAPG-GSM Int. Conf. 1994, Southeast
Asian basins; oil and gas for the 21st century, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 395-413.
(Authigenic siderite common inshelfal and tidal Upper Miocene reservoir sandstone of Baram field. Siderite
cemented zones up to 2m thick. Siderite cement in five different sandstone types and four different crystal
morphologies. Rhombic siderite, common in bioturbated and heterogeneous sandstone, has most adverse effect
on reservoir characteristics of sandstones, reducing porosity to 10% and permeability to 2 md. Oxygen isotopes
compatible with precipitation at shallow burial depth from unaltered seawater)
Abdullah, W.H. (1998)- Common liptinic constituents of Tertiary coals from the Bintulu and Mera-Pila
coalfield, Sarawak and their relation to oil generation from coal. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 41, p. 85-94.
Abdullah, W.H. (1999)- Oil-generating potential of Tertiary coals and other organic-rich sediments of the
Nyalau Formation, offshore Sarawak. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 255-267.
Abdullah, W.H. (1999)- Petrographic features of oil-prone coals from the Brunei-Muara District, Negara Brunei
Darussalam. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA 98, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 621-627.
Abdullah, W.H. (2001)- Oil staining in the onshore Togopi Formation, Dent Peninsula, NE Sabah Basin. Warta
Geologi 28, 4, p. 153-156.
(Extensive oil stain in remote outcrop of Togopi Fm limestone, Dent Peninsula)
Abdullah, W.H. (2002)- Organic petrological characteristics of limnic and paralic coals of Sarawak. In: G.H.
Teh (ed.), Annual geological conference Kuala Lumpur 2002, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 45, p. 65-69.
(Study of Tertiary coals from Merit-Pila and the Mukah-Balingian coalfields of Sarawak. Coals deposited in
two distinct depositional settings: Mukah-Balingian coals in paralic, lower coastal plain setting, Merit-Pila
coals were deposited inland in lacustrine setting)
Abdullah, W.H. (2003)- Coaly source rocks of NW Borneo: role of suberinite and bituminite in oil generation
and expulsion. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geol. Conf. Exhib. 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 153-163.
(Organic petrography suggests suberinite and some others identified as the most oil-prone macerals in NW
Borneo coals. Oil-prone macerals most likely fom bark and root tissues of mangrove plants and other suberin-
bearing plant species)
Abdullah, W.H., M.J. Hoesni & P. Abolins (1995)- Aspects of oil generation from coals: a Sarawak case study.
The importance of exsudatinite and variations in organic facies characteristics. Geol. Soc. Malaysia- Petroleum
Geology Conf. 1995, p. 24-25.
Abdul Manaf, M., & R.H.F. Wong (1995)- Seismic sequence stratigraphy of the Tertiary sediments, offshore
Sarawak deepwater area, Malaysia. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 345-361.
Abubaker, T., W.H. Abdullah and A.H. Abd. Rahman (2004)- Biomarkers as palaeoenvironment and thermal
maturity indicators of the Sandakan Formation (Late Miocene) East Sabah, Malaysia. Malaysian J. Science 23,
2, p. 165-174.
Abu Bakar, Z.A., M. Madon & A. Jalil Muhamad (2007)- Deep-marine sedimentary facies in the Belaga
Formation (Cretaceous-Eocene), Sarawak: observations from new outcrops in the Sibu and Tatau areas. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 53, p. 35- 45.
(Description of submarine fan facies in folded, flysch-type deep-marine rocks of Belaga Fm of Rajang Group)
Adams, C.G. (1959)- Foraminifera from limestone and shale in the Batu Gading area, Middle Baram, East
Sarawak. Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Dept. British Borneo 1958, p. 73-85.

Adams, C.G. (1960)- Eocene and Miocene foraminifera from limestone and shale in the middle Baram Valley,
Sarawak. British Borneo Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 1959, p. 64-67.
(Occ. Discocyclina javana, Eorupertia, Halkyardia, Nummulites javanus, etc.)
Adams. C.G. (1964)- The age and foraminiferal fauna of the Bukit Sarang limestone, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ann.
Rept. Geol. Surv. Borneo Region 1963, p. 152-162.
(Occ. Early Oligocene Borelis pygmaeus, Dictyoconus melinauensis n. sp., Halkyardia, Nummulites fichteli,
etc.)
Adams, C.G. (1965)- The foraminifera and stratigraphy of the Melinau Limestone, Sarawak, and its importance
in Tertiary correlation. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London 121, p. 283-338.
(Melinau Lst in NE Sarawak up to 7000 thick, age Late Eocene- Early Miocene based on larger foraminifera)
Adams, C.G. & R. Haak (1962)- The stratigraphical succession in the Batu Gading area, Middle Baram, North
Sarawak. In: N.S. Haile (ed.) The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Suai-Baram Area, North Sarawak,
British Borneo Geol. Survey Mem. 13, p. 141-150.
Adams, C.G. & H.J.C. Kirk (1962)- The Madai-Binturong Limestone member of the chert- spilite formations,
North Borneo, Geol. Mag. 44, p. 289-303.
(Madai-Baturong limestone of Chert-Spilite Fm of Semporna Peninsula, SE coast of N Borneo, forms important
marker horizon. With Upper Cretaceous algae and in marginal parts planktonic foraminifera (Globotruncana,
Heterohelix, Praeglobotruncana). Chert-Spilite Fm uplifted against Upper Tertiary sediments along thrust fault
(interpreted as seamount on oceanic crust by Lee (2003))
Adams, C.G. & G.E. Wilford (1972)- On the age and origin of the Keramit and Selidong Limestones, Sarawak,
East Malaysia. Geological Papers, Geol. Survey Malaysia, 1, p. 28-42.
Agostinelli, E., M. Raisuddin, E. Antoinelli & M. Aris (1990)- Miocene- Pliocene palaeogeographic evolution
of a tract of Sarawak offshore between Bintulu and Miri. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) 13th Petroleum Geology Seminar,
Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 27, p. 117-135.
(Six Mio-Pliocene paleogeographic maps offshore Sarawak show progressive shift of paleo-shoreline. W Baram
line paleo-escarpment evident at least since M Miocene. NE of escarpment filled mainly in Late Miocene-
Pliocene by deposits associated with prograding paleo-Baram Delta)
Aitchison, J.C. (1994)- Early Cretaceous (pre-Albian) radiolarians from blocks in Ayer Complex melange,
eastern Sabah, Malaysia, with comments on their regional tectonic significance and the origins of enveloping
melanges. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 9, 3, p. 255-262.
(Red ribbon-bedded chert blocks in Miocene mudstone matrix melange in E Sabah with E Cretaceous (pre-
Albian?) radiolarian fauna, older than age of oceanic basement rocks in Sulu and Celebes Seas. Chert-Spilite
Fm of E Sabah, from which blocks were probably derived, may represent fragments of early Pacific Ocean
seafloor. These blocks were incorporated into mud-matrix melange developed during E Miocene NW-directed
collision and overthrusting of Sulu volcanic arc onto thinned continental crust rifted from S China)
Akiyama, Y. (1984)- A case history- exploration, evaluation and development of the Mamut porphyry copper
deposit. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 17, p. 237-255
(Mamut deposit in NW Sabah higher associated gold-silver than normal porphyry copper deposits)
Albaghdady, A., W.H. Abdullah & L. Chai Peng (2003)- An organic geochemical study of the Miocene
sedimentary sequence of Labuan Island, offshore western Sabah, East Malaysia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 46,
p. 455-460.
Ali, M.Y. (1992)- Carbonate cement stratigraphy and timing of hydrocarbon migration: an example from
Tigapapan Unit, offshore Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 32, 185-211.

Ali, M.Y. (1995)- Carbonate cement stratigraphy and timing of diagenesis in a Miocene mixed carbonate-clastic
sequence, offshore Sabah, Malaysia: Constraints from cathodoluminescence, geochemistry, and isotope studies.
Sedim. Geol. 99, p. 191-214.
Allman-Ward, P. (1998)- Subsurface deepwater challenges in Brunei. SEAPEX 12th Offshore SE Asia Conf.
OSEA 98, Singapore, p. 219-233.
Almond, J., P. Vincent & L.R. Williams, (1990)- The application of detailed reservoir geological studies in the
D18 Field, Balingian Province, offshore Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 27, p. 137-159.
Alshebani, K.A., W.H. Abdullah & A.H. Abd. Rahman (2003)- Biomarker characterization and thermal
maturity evaluation of Ganduman Formation, Sahabat area, Dent Peninsula, Sabah , Malaysia. Bull. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia 46, p. 461-466.
Anderson, J.A.R. & J. Muller (1975)- Palynological study of a Holocene peat and a Miocene coal deposit from
NW Borneo. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynology 19, p. 291-351.
Anuar, A.P. Abolins, P. Crevello & W.H. Abdullah (2003)- A geochemical evaluation of the west Crocker
Formation- clues to deepwater source rock facies. Warta Geologi, 29, 6, p. 267-268. (Abstract only)
Anuar, A. & R.R.F. Kinghorn (1995)- Sterane and iriterpane biomarker characteristics from oils and sediment
extracts of the Middle-Upper Miocene sequences, Northern Sabah basin. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. AAPG-GSM
Int. Conf. 1994, SE Asian basins; oil and gas for the 21st century. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 415-436.
(Biomarker studies on oils and sediments from N Sabah Basin wells show dominantly terrigenous organic
matter source for hydrocarbons: high triterpane/sterane ratios, compounds diagnostic of land-derived plant
organic matter such as oleanane and resins W, T and R, and predominance of C 29 regular steranes over C27
and C28. Majority of extracted sediments immature)
Anuar, A. & A.J. Muhamad (1997)- A comparison of source rock facies and hydrocarbon types of the Middle
Miocene sequence, Offshore NW Sabah Basin, Malaysia. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum Systems of SE Asia
and Australasia, Jakarta 1997, p. 773-786.
(Potential source rocks in NW Sabah Basin in three broad palaeoenvironments: 1) coastal-lower coastal plain;
2) fluviomarine and 3) continental shelf-deep marine areas. Preservation of organic matter seems related to
high productivity, high sediment accumulation rates and resistant nature of Type I11 higher land plant waxes to
oxidation and biodegradation. Anoxic depositional conditions not essential for organic matter preservation.
Oils discovered in each of these settings similar biomarkers: large oleanane peak, common bicadinanes, and
C2q-tetracyclic terpane, but only a small portion of source extracts correlates positively with Sabah oils)
Atkinson, C.D., M.J.B.G. Goesten, A. Speksnijder & W. van der Vlught (1986)- Storm-generated sandstone in
the Miocene Miri Formation, Seria Field, Brunei (NW Borneo). In: R.J. Knight & R.J. McClean (eds.) Shelf
sands and sandstones, Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 11, p. 213-240.
Awang, S.A.J., M.L. Anwar & E.P.K. Seah (1991)- Geochemistry of selected crude oils from Sabah and
Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 28, p. 123-149.
Bachir, O. (1998)- Asymmetrical deformation, thrusts and microscale fracturation of the Nyalau Formation at
Bintulu. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 42, p. 55-62.
Back, S., C.K. Morley, M.D. Simmons & J.J. Lambiase (2001)- Depositional environment and sequence
stratigraphy of Miocene deltaic cycles exposed along the Jerudong Anticline, Brunei Darussalam. J. Sedim.
Res. 71, 6, p. 913-921.
(Km-scale prograding delta clinoforms in outcrop. Large clinoforms at base of Miocene Belait delta represent
three major sand-shale sequences. Accumulation most likely during relative sea-level lowstand. Overlying 1-1.5

km thick shale unit interpreted as transgressive and early highstand conditions. Rapid progradation of thick
sand-dominated shoreface deposits characterizes late highstand. All sediments formed in shoreface to shelfal
setting in front of a mud-rich delta, not continental-slope to deep-marine environment)
Back, S., F. Strozyk, P.A. Kukla & J.J. Lambiase (2008)- Three-dimensional restoration of original sedimentary
geometries in deformed basin fill, onshore Brunei Darussalam, NW Borneo. Basin Res. 20, p. 99-117.
Back, S., H.J. Tioe, T.X. Thang & C.K. Morley (2005)- Stratigraphic development of synkinematic deposits in
a large growth-fault system, onshore Brunei Darussalam. J. Geol. Soc., London, 162, p. 243-257.
(Km-scale synsedimentary fault in outcrop in M Miocene deltaics along Jerudong Anticline, onshore Brunei
Darussalam)
Bait, B. (2003)- Geology of Kinabalu field and its water-injection scheme. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum
Geology Conference and Exhibition 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 165-179.
(Geology and development of Late Miocene shallow marine 'L sandstone' reservoir in 1989 Kinabalu oil
discovery, offshore Sabah shelf. Hydrocarbons in >30 reservoirs, trapped against Kinabalu growth fault)
Balaguru, A. (1997)- Sedimentologi dan stratigrafi batuan sedimen Miosen di Lembangan Malibau, Sabah.
Balaguru, A. (2001)- Tectonic evolution and sedimentation of the southern Sabah Basin, Malaysia. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of London, 420p. (unpublished)
Balaguru, A. (2009)- Basin evolution, stratigraphy and petroleum system of the NE Sabah Basin: based on
integrated onshore and offshore studies. In: Proc. Petrol. Geol. Conf. Exh., Kuala Lumpur 2009, 4p.
(At least 3 major tectonic phases in Mio-Pliocene in NE Sabah basin,: pre-rift forearc, rift and post-rift
inversion. Regional intra-E Miocene unconformity as consequence of collision of Dangerous Ground Block
with NW Borneo. End of rifting related to 15.5 Ma collision of Palawan microcontinent and Cagayan arc,
producing inversion and M Miocene unconformity. Late Miocene unconformity uplift and erosion related to 8.6
Ma collision of Philippine Block and SE margin of SE Asia)
Balaguru, A. & R. Hall (2009)-Tectonic evolution and sedimentation of Sabah, North Borneo, Malaysia.
Extended Abstract AAPG Int. Conf. Exhibition, Cape Town 2008, 15p.
(online at: www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/2009/30084balaguru/images/balaguru.pdf)
(At least 3 major episodes of NW-SE compression coinciding with ongoing subduction of proto-South China
Sea during Late Eocene, E Miocene and M Miocene)
Balaguru, A. & G. Nichols (2004)- Tertiary stratigraphy and basin evolution, Southern Sabah (Malaysian
Borneo). J. Asian Earth Sci. 23, p. 537-554.
(Stratigraphy revision, with recognition of late E Miocene regional unconformity around 22-19 Ma, earlier
than generally accepted age of ~17 Ma. ?Cretaceous ophiolitic basement overlain by Eocene accretionary
complex and Oligocene deep marine forearc sediments. Late Oligocene- E. Miocene melange formation, etc.)
Balaguru, A., G.J. Nichols & R. Hall (2003)- The origin of the circular basins of Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. Soc.
(Sub-circular basins of Meliau, Malibau and Tidung areas are structurally controlled synclines, interpreted as
remnants of single large basin, deformed in NW-SE trending transpressional zones)
Balaguru, A., G.J. Nichols & R. Hall (2003)- Tertiary stratigraphy and basin evolution of Southern Sabah:
implications for the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of Sabah, Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology
Conf. 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 27-49.
(Revised stratigraphy, structure and tectonic evolution of S Sabah. E Miocene (Burdigalian) uplift/erosion event
in outcrop may be equivalent to Deep Regional Unconformity offshore (but usually placed at 17 Ma). Eocene
age accretionary complex over ophiolitic basement and Late Paleogene deep water forearc basin succession,

including extensive melange. Localised limestone deposition during E Miocene uplift followed by up to 6000m
of M Miocene deltaic clastics in two coarsening-upward successions. E Miocene unconformity result of
deformation and uplift following underthrusting of S China Sea continental crust, which terminated Paleogene
subduction beneath N Borneo. Renewed subsidence related to rifting in Sulu Sea. Transpressional deformation
in Late Pliocene, possibly related to propagation of deformation from Sulawesi towards NW Sabah)
Banda, R.M. (1994)- Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Miri-Tinjar road section, North Sarawak,
Malaysia. In: F. Chand (conv.) Proc 25th Geol. Conf., Techn. Papers, 6, p. 77-116.
Banda, R.M. (1998)- The geology and planktic foraminiferal stratigraphy of the Northwest Borneo basin,
Sarawak, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan, 145p.
(online at: http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/limedio/dlam/B14/B1451308/.)
(Overview of NW Borneo/ West Sarawak geology, mainly reflecting Early Cretaceous- Eocene period of S-
directed subduction, creating accretionary complexes,which ceased after Late Eocene Luconia Block collision.
Followed by study of planktonic foraminifera from overlying Late Oligocene-Pliocene basin)
Banda, R.M. (2000)- The planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Miri-Gunong Subis area, Sarawak,
Malaysia. Techn. Papers Min.Geosc. Dept. Malaysia 1, p. 89-131.
(Miri-Gunong Subis area four lithostratigraphic unit: Suai Fm metamorphosed shale (Ga binaiensis Zone;
early Early Miocene), Sibuti mudstone (Gs sicanus Zone; Mid Early Miocene), Lambir sandy alternations
(Orbulina suturalis-Gr peripheronda Zone; early Mid Miocene) and Miri Fm (barren) sandy alternations)
Banda, R.M. & A.U. Ambun (1997)- Major geological events since Cretaceous in Sarawak, Malaysia. In:
M.P.J. Militante (ed.) Third Int. Symp. Int. Geol. Correl. Program (IGCP) Project 350, Cretaceous
environmental change in East and South Asia. J. Geol. Soc. Philippines 52, p. 198-215.
(Sarawak and NE Kalimantan 5 tectonostratigraphic units 1) Borneo Basement of Carboniferous-Triassic
volcanics and metamorphics in NW and C Kalimantan; 2) E Cretaceous melange, widespread in Sarawak and
Kalimantan, slices of W Sarawak Block, shallow to deep marine sediments and underlying ophiolitic rocks; 3)
Folded Rajang Group, 5000 of Early Cretaceous- Paleocene sediments in accretionary prism formed in
response to S- directed subduction of oceanic lithosphere from Early Cretaceous- Late Eocene; 4) Isolated
Basin clastics, and 5) Peripheral Neogene Basin clastics. Late Eocene regional deformation and uplift, termed
Sarawak Orogen, with development of major faults like Lupar, Sebangkoi and Mersing)
Banda, R.M. & E. Honza (1996)- Miocene stratigraphy of northwest Borneo Basin. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Newsl. 22, 3, p. 242-243.
Banda, R.M., D. Lakkui, P. Chung & N. Lian (2009)- Lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations of
Miocene sediments in the Pinangah coal basin and surrounding areas, Sabah. In: 11th Reg. Congr. Geology,
Mineral and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia, GEOSEA 2009, Kuala Lumpur, p.
Barckhausen, U., D. Franke, et al. (2002)- New insight into the crustal structure of the continental margin
offshore NW Sabah/Borneo. EOS, Trans, Amer. Geoph. Union 83 (47, Suppl.), p. 1291-1292.
Bayliss, D.D. (1966)- Foraminifera from the Bau Limestone Formation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Geol. Survey
Borneo region Malaysia, Ann. Rept. 1965, p. 173-195.
(Bau limestone rel. low diversity Late Jurassic foraminifera assemblages in W Sarawak; Hutchison 2005)
Beauvais, L. & H. Fontaine (1990)- Corals from the Bau limestone formation, Jurassic of Sarawak, Malaysia.
In: H. Fontaine (ed.) Ten years of CCOP research on the Pre-Tertiary of East Asia, CCOP Techn. Publ. 20, p.
209-239.
(Well-preserved Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgean- Tithonian, possibly extending into earliest Cretaceous) coral
fauna from Bau Limestone, S of Kuching, W Sarawak. Corals belong to species of North Tethys, no species as
known from S Tethys. Limestone similar to some limestones from Sumatra)

Benard, F., C. Muller, J. Letouzey, C. Rangin & S. Tahir (1990)- Evidence of multiphase deformation in the
Rajang-Crocker Range (northern Borneo) from Landsat imagery interpretation: geodynamic implications.
Tectonophysics 183, p. 321-339.
(Sarawak trends essentially E-W, with first deformation in E-M Eocene. Second event marked by N-ward
thrusting of Eocene over Oligocene, prior to deposition of M Miocene. In Crocker Belt of Sabah, two oblique
generations of structures before deposition of U-M Miocene. Tight folds, trending N-S in Brunei, N60E in N
Sabah, bending to N130E in Sandakan area. This pattern affected by late N60E-trending normal faults in C
Sabah) (See also Comments (1) by Hutchison, Tectonophysics 204, p. 175-177 and (2) by Haile,
Tectonophysics 204, p. 178-180)
Besems, R.E. (1993)- Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of offshore NW
Borneo. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. Symposium on the tectonic framework and energy resources of the Western
margin of the Pacific Basin, 1992, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 33, p. 65-93.
Bidgood, M.D., M.D. Simmons & C.G. Thomas (1997)- Agglutinating foraminifera from Miocene sediments of
North-west Borneo. In: M.B. Hart (ed) Proc. 5th Workshop Agglutinating Foraminifera, Plymouth 1997, p.
Bol, A.J. & B. van Hoorn (1980)- Structural styles in western Sabah offshore. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 12, p.
1-16.
(Two structural provinces in Neogene basin West of Sabah mainland. In S and C Sabah( between Labuan-
Mangalum) Late Miocene main tectonic phase creating steep, narrow, basement-involved anticlines. U
Miocene foldbelt separated by important fault zones from province with similar, but Pliocene-age structures
(between Mangalum and Kudat))
Bracco G.G.L., W. Schlager & E.W. Adams (2004)- Seismic expression of the boundaries of a Miocene
carbonate platform, Sarawak, Malaysia. In: G.P. Eberli et al. (eds.) Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and
systems, AAPG Mem. 81, p. 351-365.
(Miocene carbonate platform slope angles 2- 25 and 250-300 m relief. S slope characterized by bypass or
erosion throughout aggrading phase of platform development and buried by shale with onlapping beds
transported from S. On N flank, shale started to pile up during platform aggradation. Phases of erosional or
bypass conditions were short and alternated with two phases formed when platform debris interfingered with
shale. Asymmetry of platform architecture and distribution of sediments most likely due to paleowinds)
Brondijk, J.F. (1963)- A reclassification of a part of the Setap Shale Formation as the Temburong Formation.
British Borneo Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1962, p. 56-60.
Brondijk, J.F. (1963)- Sedimentological investigation in North Borneo and northern Sarawak. British Borneo
Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1962, p. 61-74.
Brondijk, J.F. (1964)- The Danau Formation in NW Borneo. Malaysia Geol. Survey Borneo Region, Ann.
Report 1963, p. 167-178.
(Danau Fm with folded radiolarian cherts first described by Molengraaf in area of great lakes, in ~650 km E-W
trending zone with average width of 60 km from W Borneo almost to E coast. Reintroduces name Danau Fm in
Sarawak and Sabah for deposits like Lupar Fm and Chert-spilite Fm)
Burgan A.M. & C. Aziz Ali (2009)- An organic geochemical investigation on organic rich sediments from two
Neogene formations in the Klias Peninsula area, West Sabah, Malaysia. Chinese J. Geochem. 28, 3, p. 264-270.
(Belait and Setap Shale Fms in Klias Peninsula area, W Sabah. Setap Fm TOC from 0.6 -1.54 wt% with mean
hydrogen index 60.1 mg/g, Belait Fm TOC values 0.36-0.61 wt% with mean HI 38.2 mg/g. Not good quality
source rocks. Maturation levels early peak oil in Setap Shale Fm and overmature in Belait Fm)
Burgan A.M. & C. Aziz Ali (2009)- Characterization of the Black Shales of the Temburong Formation in West
Sabah, East Malaysia. European J. Scientific Res. 30, 1, p.79-98.
(online at: http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_30_1_07.pdf)

(Miocene Temburong Fm at Tenom Pangi Dam site, W Sabah, steeply dipping, turbiditic deep water sediments.
TOCs less than 0.5%. Organic matter mostly marine, with land plant contribution)
Burgan A.M. & C. Aziz Ali & S. Tahir (2008)- Chemical composition of the Tertiary black shales of West
Sabah, East Malaysia. Chinese J. Geochem. 27, 1, p. 28-35.
(Chemical analyses of various shales from W Sabah)
Burhannudinnur, M. & C.K. Morley (1997)- Anatomy of growth fault zones in poorly lithified sandstones and
shales: implications for reservoir studies and seismic interpretation: part 1, outcrop study. Petroleum Geosc. 3,
p. 211-224.
Caline, B. & J. Huong (1992)- New insight into the recent evolution of the Baram Delta from satellite imagery.
Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 32, p. 1-13.
Carter, R.R., J.L.W. van Gils, W. Walton & K.F. Yap (1997)- Application of a new high resolution sequence
stratigraphy for reservoir modeling studies of the Upper Miocene deltaic reservoirs of Champion field, offshore
Brunei Darussalam. In: K.W. Shanley & B.F. Perkins (eds.) Shallow marine and non-marine reservoirs, Gulf
Coast SEPM Found. 18th Ann. Reserarch Conf., p. 67-97.
Casson, N., M. Wannier, J. Lobao & P. George (1998)- Modern morphology- ancient analogue: insights into
deep water sedimentation on the active tectonic margin of West Sabah. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA 98,
Kuala Lumpur 1998, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 399-405.
Chaing, K.K. (2002)- Geochemistry of the Cenozoic igneous rocks of Borneo and tectonic implications. PhD
Thesis, Royal Holloway University of London, p.
Chen, S.P. (1986)- Coal potential and exploration in Sarawak. In: In: G.H. Teh & S. Paramananthan (eds.) Proc.
GEOSEA V Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1984, 2, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 20, p. 649-665.
(Several coal deposits in Sarawak may be of economic importance. Silantek is Eocene coal in Ketungau basin
at Kalimantan border. Three others Mio-Pliocene. Quality variable, grade from lignite to bituminous)
Chen, S.P. & J.W.E. Lau (1978)- Malaysia, onshore sedimentary basins of Malaysia. 2. Sarawak. In:
Stratigraphic correlation between sedimentary basins of the ESCAP region, V, Min. Res. Dev. Ser. 44, p. 20-26.
Chiu S.K. (1987)- The use of SAR imagery for hydrocarbon exploration in Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
27, p. 161-182.
Clennell, B. (1991)- The origin and tectonic significance of melanges in Eastern Sabah, Malaysia. J. Asian
Earth Sci. 6, 3-4, p. 407-429.
Clennell, M.B. (1992)- The melanges of Sabah, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 404 p.
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Blundell (eds.), Tectonic evolution of SE Asia, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ.106, p. 307-320.
(Oceanic spreading ceased in S China Sea at ~17 Ma, after start of collisions of Asian mainland continental
blocks and NW Borneo and Palawan, causing uplift, erosion and 'Deep Regional Unconformity' in NW Sabah.
During compression at S margin of S China Sea, Sulu Sea underwent extension, with rifting in NW and oceanic
spreading in SE. E Sabah changed from deep marine clastic depositional environment in Oligocene- E
Miocene, to shallow marine and terrestrial sedimentation in M-L Miocene, with melange formation at time of
the Deep Regional Unconformity. Inversion of Miocene in E Sabah limited to edges of basement blocks, which
moved by far-field tectonic stresses. Post M Miocene basin evolution Sabah and Sandakan Basin influenced by
mud diapirism and sagging of progradational sand-rich sediments into underlying muds and melange units)

Collenette, P. (1955)- The coal deposits and a summary of the geology of the Silimpopon area, Tawau District,
colony of North Borneo. Geol. Survey Department British Territories in Borneo, 74 p.
(Coal seams of Silimpopon area in gently dipping Miocene strata. Pre-upper Eocene sediments (probably
Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene) in N. Local igneous masses. Only one seam of economic significance)
Collenette, P. (1958)- The geology and mineral resources of the Jesselton- Kinabalu area, North Borneo. Geol.
Survey Department British Territories in Borneo Mem. 6, p. 1-194.
Collenette, P. (1964)- A short account of the geology and geological history of Mt Kinabalu. Proc. Royal Soc.
London, B, 161, 982, p. 56-63.
(Mt Kinabalu is Early Pliocene circular granodiorite body, intruded into highly folded Eocene- Miocene
sediments and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. Present landform considered to be mid-Pliocene
peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which Kinabalu granodiorite has risen in isostatic adjustment)
Collenette, P. (1965)- The geology and mineral resources of the Pensiangan and Upper Kinabatangan area,
Sabah. Malaysia Geological Survey, Borneo Region, Mem. 12, p. 1-150.
(Geologic map and description of S Sabah, at NE Kalimantan border. Mainly deep-water ('eugeosynclinal') U
Cretaceous- U Eocene Rajang Gp sedimentary rocks in NE trending thrust faults of accretionary complex,
which have locally undergone metamorphism. Overlain unconformably by shallower facies Oligocene-Miocene
Kinabatang Gp, some folded in large 'circular basins' like Meliau and Malibau. Associated with U Cretaceous-
Lower Eocene basalt and spilite, Oligocene? gabbro and peridotite and younger basalt and spilite)
Collins, J.S.H., C. Lee & J. Noad (2003)- Miocene and Pleistocene crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Sabah
and Sarawak. J. Systematic Palaeont. 1, p. 187-226.
(Twenty new species of Miocene and Pleistocene fossil crabs described from Sabah and Sarawak)
Cottam, M., R. Hall, C. Sperber & R. Armstrong (2010)- Pulsed emplacement of the Mount Kinabalu granite,
northern Borneo. J. Geol. Soc, London, 167, 1, p. 49-60.
(Sabah Mt. Kinabalu pluton at least four discrete pulses of intrusion. Concentric growth zones in zircons
indicate crystallization between 7.85- 7.22 Ma, and show pluton was emplaced in <800 ka. Oldest ages
coincide with highest elevations. Inherited zircon ages indicate Upper Unit derived from S China margin
attenuated continental crust, subducted beneath Sabah; middle Unit sourced from melting of crystalline
basement in Sabah)
Cox, L.R. (1948)- Neogene Mollusca from the Dent Peninsula, British North Borneo. Schweiz. Palaeont.
Abhand. 66, 2, p. 3-70.
(Mollusks from Late Miocene- Pliocene sandy marls and clays near E tip of Dent Peninsula. Discusses
proportion of living species, geologic ranges and index species).
Crevello, P.D. (2001)- The great Crocker submarine fan: a world-class foredeep turbidite system. Proc. 28th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p. 378-407.
(Major Late Eocene-Early Miocene submarine fan complex off N Borneo, covering >25,000 km2)
Crevello, P.D., H.D. Johnson, F. Tongkul & M.R. Wells (2008)- Mixed braided and leveed-channel turbidites,
West Crocker Fan system, Northwest Borneo. In: T.H. Nielsen et al. (eds.) Atlas of Deep-Water Outcrops,
AAPG Studies in Geology 56, p.
Crevello, P., C. Morley, J. Lambiase & M. Simmons (1997)- The interaction of tectonics and depositional
systems on the stratigraphy of the active Tertiary shelf margin of Brunei Darussalam. In: J.V.C. Howes & R.A.
Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum Systems of SE Asia and Australasia., Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p.
767-772.
(M Miocene-Recent stratigraphy of Brunei Darussalam series of seaward younging basins. More than 15 km of
deltaic marine sandstone and shale deposited in migrating depocenters. Sediments derived from nearby uplifted
Crocker-Rajang accretionary range. Region dominated by at least three delta complexes)

Cullen, A.B. (2010)- The Klias Peninsula and Padas River: NW Borneo, an example of drainage capture in an
active tropical foreland basin. AAPG Conv. 2010, New Orleans, Search and Discovery Art. 50294, 7p.
Cullen, A.B. (2010)- Transverse segmentation of the Baram-Balabac Basin, NW Borneo: refining the model.
Petroleum Geosc. 16, p. 3-29.
(W Baram Line separates two petroleum systems: (1) SW: Oligocene sst- Lower Miocene carbonate reservoirs
of gas-prone Luconia system; (2) NE: oil-rich Baram-Balabac Basin in M Miocene- E Pliocene sst deposited in
foreland basin. Baram-Balabac Basin four structural domains, with NW-SE trending boundaries similar to
strike of W Baram Line. Domain boundaries probably deep structures in underlying rifted continental crust.
Basin post-dates Sarawak Orogeny Eocene-E Oligocene collision of Dangerous Grounds-Reed Bank with
Sabah and Palawan. Minimal Oligo-Miocene subduction of oceanic crust under NW Borneo. Sabah Orogeny
and younger inversion events related to underthrusting of Dangerous Grounds driven by S China Sea opening
and NW-directed subduction beneath SE Sabah)
Cummings, R.H. (1955)- A preliminary account of foraminifera from the Carbo-Permian, West Sarawak. Geol.
Survey Dept. British Terr. Borneo, Ann. Rept. for 1955, p. 79.
Cummings, R.H. (1961)- Limestones of the Terbat Formation, West Sarawak. Geol. Survey Dept. British Terr.
Borneo, Ann. Rept. 1961, p. 36-48.
(Terbat Fm with fusulid foraminifera of Early Permian Pseudoschwagerina zone. See also Fontaine 1990)
Curiale, J., J. Morelos & W. Mueller (2000)- Molecular and isotopic compositional characteristics of Brunei
oils; implications for source rock depositional setting. AAPG Ann. Mtg., Abstracts, p. A28. (Abstract only)
(Brunei oils highly paraffinic, enriched in pristane relative to phytane, rich in oleanane and bicadinanes,
enriched in C29 steranes relative to C27 and C28, and relatively depleted in extended homohopanes, consistent
with presence of angiospermous organic matter and probably implying origin from coals or coaly shales)
Curiale, J., J. Morelos, J. Lambiase, & W. Mueller (2000)- Brunei Darussalam- characteristics of selected
petroleums and source rocks. Organic Geochem. 31, p.1475-1493.
(Three Tertiary deltaic complexes deposited up to 10 km of sediments. Strong correlations between certain
molecular maturity indicators and present-day temperature of reservoirs. Liquid hydrocarbon source potential
in tidal and coastal embayment facies, and greatest in Miocene coals)
Darman, H. & A.R. Damit (2003)- Structural control on sediment distribution in Offshore Brunei Darussalam,
South China Sea. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 347-353.
(Brunei offshore Neogene clastics compartmentalized by faults controlled by gravitational gliding and
tectonics. Two types of fault systems, NW dipping down-to-basin faults and SE dipping, counter-regional faults)
De Coo, J.C.M. & J.W.E. Lau (1977)- Recognition of reef facies in the Bau limestone (Upper Jurassic- Lower
Cretaceous), Sarawak. Geol. Surv. Malaysia Geol. Papers 2, p. 72-78.
De Kroes, J. (1926)- Uitkomsten van het mijnbouwkundig onderzoek van goudhoudende terreinen in de
zoogenaamde Chineesche districten van de residentie Westerafdeeling van Borneo. Dienst van den Mijnbouw in
Nederl.-Ind., Verslagen Mededeel. Indische delfstoffen en hare toepassingen 19, p. 1-27.
('Results of mining investigations of gold-bearing terrains in the so-called Chinese Districts of the Residency of
West Borneo'. Area extensively exploited for alluvial gold by Chinese 'kongsi's' in mid-1800's. Large number of
5-10-m deep shallow drillholes revealed only sub-economic quantities of gold. Not much on geology of area)
Demyttenaere, R., J.P. Tromp, A. Ibrahim, P. Allman-Ward & T. Meckel (2000)- Brunei deep water
exploration: from sea floor images and shallow seismic analogues to depositional models in a slope turbidite
setting. Proc.GCS SEPM Found. 20th Ann. Res. Conf., Deep-water Reservoirs of the World, p. 304-317.

De Silva, S. (1986)- Stratigraphy of the South Mukah - Balingian region, Sarawak. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Newsl. 12, 5, p. 215-220.
Dhonau, T.J. & C.S. Hutchison (1966)- The Darvel Bay area, East Sabah, Malaysia. Malaysia Geol. Surv.,
Borneo Region, Ann. Rept 1965, p. 141-160.
Dill, H.G. & E.E. Horn (1996)-The origin of a hypogene sarabauite-calcite mineralization at the Lucky Hill Au-
Sb mine Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 14, p. 29-35.
(Gold-bearing hypogene mineralization from Lucky Mill Mine in Bau mining district, Sarawak, contain
sarabauite and calcite as major constituents. Mineralization two stages, I: wollastonite, diopside and epidote in
Bau Limestone at T >400C; II, sarabauite with gold at T above 377C)
Doust, H. (1981)- Geology and exploration history of offshore Central Sarawak. In: M. Halbouty (ed.) Energy
Resources of the Pacific Region, AAPG Studies Geology 12, p. 117-132.
Elliott, G.F. (1972)- Trinocladus exoticus, a new dasycladacean alga from the Upper Cretaceous of Borneo.
Palaeontology 15, 4, p. 619-622.
(New algal fossil from Upper Cretaceous Chert-Spilite Fm, Sabah)
Epting, M. (1980)- Sedimentology of Miocene carbonate buildups, Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak. Bull.
Geol. Soc. Malaysia 12, p. 17-30.
(C Luconia Miocene carbonate province with >200 buildups. Majority with excellent seconday porosity from
fresh-water leaching and dolomitization. Four basic buildup types)
Epting, M. (1989)- Miocene carbonate buildups of Central Luconia, offshore Sarawak. In: A.W. Bally (ed.)
Atlas of seismic stratigraphy, AAPG Studies in Geology 27, p. 168-173.
(Over 60 M-L Miocene carbonate buildups tested in C Luconia province shelf area since 1967. Seven giant gas
fields >1 Tcf and >20 smaller gas accumulations. Size and distribution of buildups structurally controlled.
Large platform-type buildups on highs, pinnacle-type buildups in areas of stronger subsidence, and closer to
the source of clastic material. SW-NE alignment of buildups probably reflects rift-induced structural trends.
Most buildups now covered by 1000-2000m of progradational deltaic clastics)
Faisal, M.M., S.A.K. Omang & S.H. Tahir (1995)- Geology of Kota Kinabalu and its implications to
groundwater potential. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 38, p. 11-20.
(Kota Kinabalu area underlain by complexly folded Late Eocene-Lower Miocene Crocker Fm sands-shales,
overlain by Quaternary Alluvium. Only Crocker Fm sandstone units and Quaternary alluvium significant
groundwater reservoirs)
Farrant, A.R., P.L. Smart, F.F. Whitaker & D.H. Tarling (1995)- Long-term Quaternary uplift rates inferred
from limestone caves in Sarawak, Malaysia. Geology 23, p. 357-360.
Ferguson, A., A. Bouma, L.D. Santy & S. Suliaman (2004)- Control of regional and local structural
development on the depositional stacking patterns of deepwater sediments in Offshore Brunei Darussalam. In:
Proc. Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia & Australasia symposium, Jakarta 2004, Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
p. 113-125.
Fitch, F.H. (1955)- The geology and mineral resources of part of the Segama Valley and Darvel Bay area,
Colony of North Borneo. Geol. Survey Dept. British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 4, p. 1-142.
(Mapping of Segama valley- Darvel Bay area, E Sabah. Pre-Late Eocene peridotites asscociated with Late
Cretaceous- Early Eocene deep marine sediments and volcanics (Chert-spilite formation), deformed into N-
dipping thrust sheets. Rare metamorphics, including glaucophane schist. After 'Middle' Eocene folding-uplift
locally overlain by Eocene and Miocene formations, with reworked ophiolite debris at base of Tertiary. Period
of andesitic volcanism in Early Miocene (Aquitanian). Folding episode between Early Miocene (Td-Te1-4; =

Oligocene;HvG) and rel. undeformed Late Miocene (Te5-Tf; = E-M Miocene; HvG). With 1:125k scale
geologic map, with remarkable lack of faults)
Fitch, F.H. (1956)- Problems of stratigraphy and geotectonics in North Borneo. Proc. 8th Pacific Science Congr.,
2, p. 537-551.
(Status of geologic research in N Borneo, with special reference to age of pre-Tertiary and lower Tertiary
sedimentary and intrusive rocks and close tectonic relationship of N Borneo with Philippines)
Fitch, F.H. (1958)- The geology and mineral resources of the Sandakan area and parts of the Kinabatangan and
Labuk valleys, North Borneo. Geol. Survey Dept., British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 9, 189p.
(Area with sedimentary, extrusive, intrusive, and metamorphic rocks of upper Cretaceous-Tertiary age. W
quarter of area ultrabasic intrusives of Tingka-Meliau mountains and flanking basalts surrounded by sediments
of Eocene Kulapis and Crocker Fms. Flatter country of remainder of area Kulapis Fm, with Aquitanian strata,
and Upper Miocene beds that form circular basins. Copper deposits in Sandakan area)
Fitch, F.H. (ed.) (1961)- British Borneo. In: Lexique stratigraphique international, III, Asie, 7b, p.
(Second edition of North Borneo stratigraphic lexicon)
Fontaine, H. (1990)- The Terbat Formation of Sarawak (Malaysia): a very peculiar limestone. In: H. Fontaine
(ed.) Ten years of CCOP research on the Pre-Tertiary of East Asia, CCOP Techn. Publ. 20, p.173-181.
(W Sarawak Terbat Fm dark grey limestone with fusulid foraminifera and little or no corals, described earlier
by Krekeler (1932), Cummings (1961) and Sanderson (1966). Locally up to 600m thick. Unlike earlier papers
here believed to be mainly of M-U Carboniferous age, ranging up into earliest Permian (Moscovian- E
Asselian). Warm water limestones with some similarities to limestones of E Malay Peninsula, E Thailand and
Vietnam, but very different from age-equivalent rocks of W Malay Peninsula- Peninsular Thailand ('Sibumasu').
Pebbles of possibly related fusulinid limestone found in conglomerates of Triassic (Sadong Fm), Jurassic
(Kedadom Fm) and Cretaceous (Pedawan Fm) ages)
Fontaine, H. & W.K. Ho (1989)- Note on the Madai-Baturong limestone, Sabah, East Malaysia; discovery of
Caprinidae (Rudists). CCOP Newsletter 14, 3-4, p. 27-32.
(Isolated limestone occurrence with Upper Cretaceous rudists at Gunung Madai, East Sabah. May be deposited
on seamount; Lee 2003)
Foo Yuan Han (2010)- Biostratigraphy correlation of the Subis Limestone with equivalent limestone bodies in
offshore Balingian province, Sarawak and Prupuh limestones in Java. In: Proc. ICIPEG 2010, Int. Conf. Integr.
Petrol. Eng, and Geosciences, Kuala Lumpur 2010, p. 31-32. (Abstract only)
(Subis Lst is member of Tangap Fm at Niah. Larger benthic foraminifera include Miogypsina, Nephrolepidina,
probably E Miocene age. Similar age limestone in wells in Balingian province, offshore Sarawak and NE Java)
Franke, D., U. Barckhausen, I. Heyde, M. Tingay & N. Ramli (2008)- Seismic images of a collision zone
offshore NW Sabah/ Borneo. Marine Petrol. Geol. 25, p. 606-624.
(BGR seismic data from S South China Sea used to investigate Miocene- Recent compressional sedimentary
structures of continental margin off NW Borneo)
Ganesan, B.M.S. (1997)- Geology and hydrocarbon potential of the offshore western Sarawak shelfal area.
Proc. ASCOPE 97 Conf., 2, p. 131-148.
Gassim M.B., S.H. Tahir & S. Sadikun (1995)- Structural geology of the Crocker Formation and its tectonic
control, Sabah, Malaysia. Proc. Int. Symp. Geology of Southeast Asia and adjacent areas. J. of Geol. Hanoi, B.
1995, 5-6, p. 181-196.
Gassim, M.B. & S.H. Tahir (1995)- Canggaan bertindan dalam Formasi Crocker di kawasan Tamparuli.Bull.

(Superposed deformation in the Crocker Formation of the Tamparuli region. Measured section of Crocker Fm
sandstone-shale along Tuaran-Tamparuli road. Sedimentary structures show beds are inverted. Deformation in
two events: early M Miocene folding along NE-SW trend, followed by deformation along NW-SE trend)
Gassim, M.B., S. Tahira & D.A. Brunotte (1993)- Tectonic evolution of Marudu Bay, Sabah. In: 7th Reg.
Congr. Geology, Mineral and Energy Resources of SE Asia (GEOSEA VII), Bangkok 1991, J. Southeast Asian
Earth Sci. 8, p. 513-527.
(Marudu Bay, N Sabah, stratigraphic sequences in ascending order: Chert Spilite Fm, Crocker Fm, Kudat Fm,
S Banggi Fm and Timohing Fm. Igneous rocks, especially serpentinite, also randomly distributed. Several
episodes of deformation. Marudu Bay has undergone rifting due to clockwise rotation since M Miocene)
Gastony, G.J. (1969)- Sporangial fragments referred to Dictophyllum in Triassic chert from Sarawak. Amer. J.
Botany 56, 10, p. 1181-1186.
(Sporangial fragments of Mesozoic ferns in Late Triassic (Norian) black chert interbedded with trachytic
volcanic rocks of Serian Volcanic Fm, Penrissen Region, W Sarawak. Referred to Dictyophyllum exile)
Gee, M.J.R., H.S. Uy, J. Warren, C.K. Morley & J.J. Lambiase (2007)- The Brunei slide: a giant submarine
landslide on the North West Borneo Margin revealed by 3D seismic data. Marine Geol. 246, p. 9-23.
Geiger, M.E. (1963)- Paleogeography of Late Cretaceous- Eocene geosyncline in the Northwest Borneo. Geol.
Sutvey Malaysia Ann. Rept. 1963, p, 179-187.
Goesten M.J.B.G. & P.J. Ealey (1986)- Storm generated sandstones and their depositional geometry in a
Miocene reservoir from the north coast of Borneo. In: R.J. Knight & R.J. McClean (eds.) Shelf sands and
sandstones, Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 11, p. 339-340.
Gower, R.J.W. (1990)- Early Tertiary plate reconstructions for the South China Sea region: constraints from
NW Borneo. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 4, 1, p. 29-35.
(Subduction of oceanic crust beneath NW Borneo during Late Cretaceous- E Tertiary, associated with
development of major 'Crocker-Rajang' accretionary complex. Contemporaneous outer arc basin sedimentation
in W Sarawak and E Kalimantan consistent with SE-dipping subduction zone. Initiation of major clastic
depocenter in Baram-Belait area in E Miocene (Brondijk 1963), indicates major change in sedimentation and
deformational style at NW Borneo continental margin)
Grant, C.J. (2003)- The Pink Fan: a classic deep-marine canyon-fill complex, Block G, NW Sabah. In: G.H.
Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology Conference and Exhibition 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 85-94.
(3D-seismic and well data for deep water NW Sabah sand-prone fan systems. Four major Middle-Upper
Miocene fan depositional cycles between ~12 and 6 Ma. Pink Fan is the youngest, furthest outboard, still
connected to its feeder systems, and with two unnamed wells. Four or more separate feeder-fan apron systems )
Grant, C.J. (2004)- The Upper Miocene deepwater fans of Northwest Borneo. IPA-AAPG Deepwater and
Frontier Symposium, Jakarta 2004, p. 421-428.
(Offshore NW Borneo 1992 Shell discovery of large gas volumes in turbidite reservoirs beneath shelf edge,
proving existence of large deepwater sand-rich fan systems offshore NW Borneo)
Grant, C.J. (2005)- Sequence boundary mapping and paleogeographic reconstruction: the keys to understanding
deepwater fan deposition across the NW Borneo active margin. Proc. SE Asian Petroleum Exploration Society
(SEAPEX) Conf., Singapore 2005, p.
Graves, J.E. & D.A. Swauger (1997)- Petroleum systems of the Sandakan Basin, Philippines. In: J.V.C. Howes
& R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Conf. Petroleum Systems of SE Asia and Australasia, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 799-
813.
(Offshore Sandakan basin (Sulu Sea) up to 16 km of Mio-Pliocene sediment, eroded mainly from Eocene-
Oligocene Crocker Fm in Sabah, after extensive Miocene uplift. 17 wells drilled, 7 with hydrocarbon tests or

shows. Probable Mid-Miocene mixed oil-gas prone source rock. Sandakan basin history: Early Miocene intra-
arc rifting accompanied by widespread volcanic activity, M- L Miocene delta aggradation, latest Miocene
growth faulting, Pliocene delta progradation, Plio-Pleistocene carbonate deposition)
Grissemann, C., H. Henning & A. Yan (1990)- Geophysical contribution to prospecting for massive sulfide
deposits in the Bidu Bidu Hills in Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. Jahrbuch, B 74, p. 31-63.
Hadley, D.F., E. Arochukwu, K. Nishi, M. Sarginson, H. Salleh & M. Omar (2006)- Depositional modelling of
Champion Field, Brunei: assessing the impact of reservoir architecture on secondary recovery. In: Proc. SPE
Asia Pacific Oil Gas Conf., Adelaide 2006, 30p.
(Champion is multi-billion bbl STOIIP oilfield off Brunei, producing since 1972 from >250 wells. Production to
date is <20% of original oil in place. Two main reservoir types: (1) stacked shoreface parasequences (majority
of reservoirs); (2) tide-dominated sediments channel fill or bar complexes)
Hageman, H. (1987)- Palaeobathymetrical changes in NW Sarawak during Oligocene to Pliocene. Geol. Soc.
(Comparison of NW Sarawak Oligocene-Pliocene paleobathymetric history with global curve suggest Middle
Miocene- Pliocene changes largely controlled by eustacy, but Late Oligocene- E Miocene global changes
masked by tectonic movements)
Haile, N.S. (1952)- The coal deposits and geology of part of the Klingkang Range, West Sarawak, with a
detailed account of the Silantek and Abok seams. Geol. Survey Dept., British Territories Borneo, 30 p.
(Tertiary (probably Eocene) coal-bearing beds outcrop along N scarp of Klingkang Range over ~18 miles.
Several seams, interbedded with Tertiary estuarine deposits. Coal high-grade bituminous in rank, may be due to
metamorphism caused by emplacement of nearby igneous intrusions)
Haile, N.S. (1954)- The geology and mineral resources of the Strap and Sadong Valleys, West Sarawak,
including the Klingkang Range Coal. British Territories Borneo Region Geol. Survey, Mem. 1, p. 1-150.
(W Sarawak Strap-Sadong valley area with intensely folded Carboniferous-Permian (grey Terbat Lst with
fusulinids, white chert and shale) and Upper Triassic (clastics with Monotis and Halobia,becoming more sandy
to S and E). Unconfomably overlain by thick E Tertiary non-marine Silantek Fm shale-dominated series with
thin coals and brackish water molluscs and 1000+ m of Plateau Sandstone. Igneous rocks: pre-Triassic granite,
Triassic lavas and tuffs and Tertiary shallow igneous stocks and sills. Workable quantities of probably Eocene-
age coal, small amounts of gold, diamonds, bauxite, etc.)
Haile, N.S. (1957)- The geology and mineral resources of the Lupar and Saribas Valleys, West Sarawak.
Malaysia Geol. Survey Borneo Region, Mem. 5, 123 p. + 1: 125,000 scale map.
(Lupar-Saribas valley region tightly folded Upper Cretaceous- Lower Eocene Rajang group geosynclinal
sediments and volcanics, unconformably overlain by Upper Eocene- Miocene estuarine and continental beds of
Plateau series. Late Tertiary intrusive granitic stocks and laccoliths and dolerite sills. Thin-bedded coals in
Plateau series and gold-bearing placers exploited on small scale)
Haile, N.S. (1961)- Notes on Mesozoic orogeny in West Borneo. Proc. 9th Pacific Sci. Congr., Bangkok 1957,
12, p. 117-120.
(Granite intrusions and stratigraphic relationships indicate folding may have occurred in Late Permian-Early
Triassic and in Early Jurassic. No evidence of orogenic activity in Cretaceous)
Haile, N.S. (1962)- The geology and mineral resources of the Suai-Baram area, North Sarawak. British Borneo
Geol. Survey Mem. 13, 176 p.
(Suai-Baram area Upper Cretaceous -Recent sediments with >45,000 of sandstone and shale. Pre-Pliocene
strata moderately to highly folded. Regional strike N to NE, which also influenced Early Pliocene folding.
Entire area part of North Borneo geosyncline since Late Cretaceous, with sediments probably derived from
central granitic part of Borneo and later from Cretaceous and Eocene sediments)

Haile, N.S. (1968)- The Northwest Borneo geosyncline in its geotectonic setting. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull.1, p.
59-60.
(Summary of Haile (1969) paper. One of the last tectonics papers of SE Asia to use the geosynclinal theory)
Haile, N.S. (1969)- Geosynclinal theory and the organizational pattern of the North-West Borneo geosyncline.
Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 124, 2, p. 171-188.
(NW Borneo geosyncline of Sarawak, Brunei and W Sabah, ~800 km in NE-SW direction. Thick Late
Cretaceous- late Cenozoic sequence, classified into 4 groups: (1) Rajang Gp (Late Cretaceous- E Miocene):
thick, folded flysch with chert-ophiolite at base. (2) Baram Gp (Late Eocene- Late Miocene): mainly
argillaceous, with sandstones and limestones. (3) Plateau Gp (Late Cretaceous to? Miocene): thick molasse-
type continental deposits in S; (4) Brunei Gp (Oligocene to Recent): estuarine and marine deposits with
molasse affinities in Nh. Migration of flysch deposition, orogeny, and molasse deposition, from S to N)
Haile, N.S. (1996)- Note on the Engkilili Formation and the age of the Lubok Antu Melange, West Sarawak,
Malaysia. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Newsl. 22, 2, p. 67-70.
Haile, N.S., S.K. Lam & R.M. Banda (1994)- Relationship of gabbro and pillow lavas in the Lupar Formation,
West Sarawak; implications for interpretation of the Lubok Antu Melange and the Lupar Line. In: G.H. Teh
(ed.) Conf. Petroleum geology VIII, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia. 36, p. 1-9.
(Lupar Line regarded by many as major suture, but uncertainties regarding relationship of various belts and
rock types. Outcrops for Hydroelectric Project show gabbro in U Cretaceous Lupar Fm bedded flysch is
intrusive and pillow lavas interbedded (not older oceanic crust emplaced tectonically as faulted slices).
Junctions between Lubok Antu Melange and Lupar Fm, and between Lupar and Layar Fm, may be major
sutures, whereas Lupar Valley may only be fault zone in broad melange belt)
Haile, N.S. & N.P.Y. Wong (1965)- The geology and mineral resources of the Dent Peninsula, Sabah. British
Borneo Geol. Surv. Mem. 16, 199 p.
Halim, M.F.A. (1994)- Geothermics of the Malaysian sedimentary basins. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Spec.
Issue, 36, p. 163-174.
Hall, R., M.A. Cottam, S. Suggate, C. Sperber & G.E. Batt (2008)- The geology of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah
Parks Publ. 13, 77 p.
Harper, G.C. (1975)- The discovery and development of the Seria oilfield. Brunei Museum, Penerbitan Khas
Bil. 10, p. 1- 99.
Hasegawa, S., R. Sorkhabi, S. Iwanaga, N. Sakuyama, M. Naofumi & O.A. Mahmud (2005)- Fault-seal analysis
in the Temana Field, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. In: R.Sorkhabi & Y.Tsuji (eds.) Faults, fluid flow, and
petroleum traps, AAPG Mem. 85, p. 43-58.
(Fault-seal assessment of normal fault in Tertiary clastics in Temana field, Balingian, offshore Sarawak. Shale
smear factor values <6 and clay content ratio >30% on fault surface indicate across-fault sealing of reservoir
rocks on sand-sand interfaces)
Hashimoto, W. (1973)- Sarawakia ellipsactinoides, gen. et sp., nov., an Elipsactinia-like fossil from the Bau
Limestone Formation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Geol. Palaeont Southeast Asia, Univ. Tokyo Press,12, p. 207-215.
(New stromatoporoid species from Late Jurassic Bau Limestone, W Sarawak)
Hashimoto, W. (1982)- Preliminary notes on fossil records of East Malaysia and Brunei. In: Geology and
Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 23, p. 137-175.
Hashimoto,W.& K. Matsumaru (1977)- Orbitolinas from West Sarawak, East Malaysia. In: Geology and
Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 18, p. 49-57.

Hashimoto,W.& K. Matsumaru (1981)- Larger foraminifera from Sabah, Malaysia, part 1: Larger foraminifera
from the Kudat Peninsula, the Gomantan area and the Semporna Peninsula. Geology and Palaeontology of SE
Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 22, p. 49-54.
Hasiah, A.W. (1999)- Oil-generating potential of Tertiary coals and other organic- rich sediments of the Nyalau
Formation, onshore Sarawak. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 255- 267.
Hasiah, A.W. & P. Abolins (1998)- Organic petrological and organic geochemical characterisation of the
Tertiary coal-bearing sequence of Batu Arang, Selangor, Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 16, 4, p. 351-367.
(Selangor Batu Arang Tertiary coal-bearing sequence with oil shales dominated by Botryococcus-derived
telalginite and Pediastrum-derived lamalginite. Coals hypautochthonous in origin, mainly duroclarite-type.
Both thermally immature. Remarkably, oleanane and bicadinanes, linked to angiosperm plants, not observed)
Hay, A. K. (2000)- Overview of the Baram Delta province, Brunei Darussalam. Berita Sedim. (Indon. Geol.
Forum) 12, Indon. Assoc. Sedim., p.
Hazebroek, H.P. & D.N.K. Tan (1993)- Tertiary tectonic evolution of the NW Sabah continental margin. In:
G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. Symposium on tectonic framework and energy resources of the Western margin of the
Pacific Basin, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 33, p. 195-210.
Heer, P.E. & H. I. Thio (1998)- South Furious Field, the evolution of an interpretation: subsurface model based
on latest drilling results. In: Proc. SEAPEX Expl. Conf. OFFSEA 98, Singapore 1998, p. 125-139.
(S Furious oil field off N Sabah 1974 discovery in M Miocene sands in complex compressionl wrench structure)
Hesse, S., S. Back & D. Franke (2009)- The deep-water fold-and-thrust belt offshore NW Borneo: gravity-
driven versus basement-driven shortening. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 121, p. 939-953.
(Tectonic restorations of NW Borneo fold-and-thrust belt comparing amount of deep-water shortening
compared to extension across shelf suggests gravity-driven shortening decreases from S to N, while total
amount of shortening increases slightly to N. Basement-driven compression inferred to increase to N. Most of
shortening Late Pliocene and younger, ongoing)
Hesse, S., S. Back & D. Franke (2010)- The structural evolution of folds in a deepwater fold and thrust belt- a
case study from the Sabah continental margin offshore NW Borneo, SE Asia. Marine Petrol Geol. 27, 2, p. 442-
454.
Hesse, S., S. Back & D. Franke (2010)- Deepwater folding and thrusting offshore NW Borneo, SE Asia. In:
G.P. Goffey et al. (eds.) Hydrocarbons in contractional belts, Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 348, p. 169-185.
(2D seismic data shows extensive series of folds at leading edges of imbricate thrusts in deepwater offshore NW
Borneo. Widest and youngest anticlines near present-day thrust front, narrowest and oldest folds in most
landward parts of foldthrust belt. Main thrust activity PlioceneHolocene age)
Hesse, S., D. Franke & S. Back (2006)- Active tectonics of the continental margin offshore Sabah, northwest
Borneo. In: AAPG Int. Conference and Exhibition, Perth 2006, Abstracts, p. 52.
Higgs, R. (1999)- Gravity anomalies, subsidence history and the tectonic evolution of the Malay and Penyu
Basins (offshore Peninsula Malaysia)- Discussion. Basin Res. 11, p. 285-290.
Hinz, K., J. Fritsch, E.H. Kempter, A.M. Mohamed, J. Meyer, D. Mohamed, H. Vosberg, J. Weber & J.
Benavidez (1989)- Thrust tectonics along the north-western continental margin of Sabah, NW Borneo. Geol.
Rundschau 78, 3, p. 705-730.
(Plate tectonic models suggest inactive subduction zone along NW continental margin of Sabah. BGR seismic
data show autochthonous continental terrane with Oligocene- E Miocene carbonate platform, progressively
overthrust by allochthonous rock complex)

Hinz, K. & H.U. Schluter (1985)- Geology of the Dangerous Grounds, South China Sea, and the continental
margin of southwest Palawan: results of Sonne cruises SO-23 and SO-27. Energy 10, p. 297-315.
Hiscott, R.N. (2001)- Depositional sequences controlled by high rates of sediment supply, sea-level variations
and growth faulting: the Quaternary Baram Delta of northwestern Borneo. Marine Geol. 175, p. 67-102.
Hiscott, R.N. (2003)- Latest Quaternary Baram prodelta, Northwestern Borneo. In: F.H. Sidi, D. Nummedal et
al. (eds.) Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia- sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology, Soc. Sedim.
Geology (SEPM) Spec. Publ. 76, p. 89-107.
(Quaternary Baram Delta >1 km thick on outer continental shelf of Brunei, with mud-prone highstand delta
lobes, sand-prone lowstand shelf-edge deltas, incised-valley fills and transgressive sheet-like deposits on wave-
cut ravinement surfaces. Shelf break defined by prominent fault scarp ~130 m below sea level. Rugged slope
relief due to growth faulting, mud diapirism, submarine canyons, sediment sliding, levees along turbidity-
current channels that head in region of shelf-edge deltas, ETC.)
Hitam, R. & M. Scherer (1993)- Distribution and migration of source rocks in Brunei Darussalam. Proc. 5th
Asian Council on Petroleum Conference and Exhibition (ASCOPE), Bangkok 1993, p. 1-12.
Ho, F., G. Jaeger & P. Lambregts (2003)- Seismic interpretation of carbonate turbidites in Central Luconia. In:
G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology Conference and Exhibition 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 77-83.
(Central Luconia offshore carbonate buildups mainly Middle-Late Miocene age. Growth initiated on highs
formed during Late Oligocene rifting. Seismic evidence for carbonate turbidite deposits between buildups)
Ho, W.K. (1990)- Central Luconia Middle Miocene carbonate play, Sarawak Basin, Malaysia. CCOP Techn.
Publ. 23, p. 67-85.
Hodgetts, D., J. Imber, C. Childs, S. Flints, J. Howell et al. (2001)- Sequence stratigraphic responses to
shoreline-perpendicular growth faulting in shallow marine reservoirs of the Champion field, offshore Brunei
Darussalam, South China Sea. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 85, 3, p. 433-457.
(Champion field, off Brunei, thick M-U Miocene shallow marine sediments associated with major growth fault
systems and deposited as part of paleo-Baram delta. Growth faults strike perpendicular to paleo-shoreline
orientation. Depositional responses to growth faulting layer thickening and addition of layers in hanging wall)
Hoesni, M.J. & M.N.C Mood (1995)- History of hydrocarbon generation in the Tembungo field, offshore
northwest Sabah. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Southeast Asian basins: oil and gas for the 21st century, Proc. AAPG-GSM
Int. Conf. 1994, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 309-320.
(Tembungo field off Sabah producing oil from Upper Miocene turbidite reservoirs. Oils low sulphur and wax
contents and API gravity 38-40 degrees, derived from marginal marine source with significant land plant input.
High sedimentation rates in M-L Miocene. Tembungo structure began to grow in Late Miocene (7.2 Ma), with
accelerated growth in Early Pliocene. Faults sealing; barrier faults contributed to overpressure. Hydrocarbon
generation began at ~9.0 Ma and oil began to be trapped in Tembungo structure in Late Miocene E Pliocene.
Oils most likely sourced from M Miocene sediments)
Ho Kiam Fui (1978)- Stratigraphic framework for oil exploration in Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 10, p.
1-13.
(Upper Eocene- Pleistocene sequence in Sarawak subdivided into 8 sedimentary cycles, separated by rapid and
widespread transgressions. Overview of biozonatons used)
Honza, E., J. John & R.M. Banda (2000)- An imbrication model for the Rajang accretionary complex in
Sarawak, Borneo. J. Asian Earth Sci. 18, 6, p. 751-759.
(Rajang accretionary complex generally S-ward dipping and younging N-ward. Interpreted as thrust slices,
each 10-15 km wide, formed by accretion at subduction trench. Accretion of Late Jurassic- Cretaceous oceanic
crust from Pacific (E) in Late Cretaceous, forming part of arc along E Asia margin from Japan to Kalimantan.
E Tertiary bending of S end of arc in Borneo changed direction of subduction to accretion from N)

Hoppe, P. (1990)- Photogeological investigations in the area of Mt. Kinabalu and adjacent parts of Sabah, East
Malaysia. Geol. Jahrbuch, B 74, p. 115-135.
Houtz, R.E. & D.E. Hayes (1984)- Seismic refraction data from Sunda Shelf. AAPG Bull. 68, p. 1870-1878.
(Velocity changes in disturbed sediments on W edge Sarawak basin support claim Borneo subduction melange
(accretionary prism) extends into Sarawak basin. Zone of thickened subduction melange sediments may extend
N to shelf edge. Basement salient in E part West Natuna basin requires ~45 km shift in W boundary of
Cretaceous subduction melange. Crust below Sarawak basin oceanic, implying shelf edge advanced ~300 km N
over oceanic crust as result of post-Eocene progradation. Pre-Oligocene sediments thin in Sarawak basin)
Hutchison, C.S. (1968)- Tectogene hypothesis applied to the Pre-Tertiary of Sabah and The Philippines. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 1, p. 65-79.
(Sabah is correlated with Philippines in Pre-Tertiary arcuate tectogene-geosyncline system (pre-plate tectonics
paper))
Hutchison, C.S. (1971)- An alpine association of metabasites and ultrabasic rocks in Darvel Bay, East Sabah,
Borneo. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources 10, 4, p. 289-308.
Hutchison, C.S. (1972)- Alpine-type chromite in North Borneo, with special reference to Darvel Bay. American
Mineralogist 57, 5-6, p. 835-856.
(Chromite layers and pods in dunite and serpentinite lenses in peridotite outcrops of Sabah. Association of
chromite-bearing ultramafic rocks with gabbro bodies and high-metamorphic tholeitic metabasalts (generally
as amphibolite, occasionally hornblende granulite) have formed in oceanic spreading zone)
Hutchison, C.S. (1978)- Ophiolite metamorphism in N.E. Borneo. Lithos 11, p. 195-208.
(Darvel Bay ophiolite sequence of mantle harzburgite, 2 km thick gabbro, basalt and associated Late
Cretaceous (subsequent work has shown Early Cretaceous; HvG)- Eocene chert-spilite and Miocene melange
and olistostrome deposits. Ophiolite is extension into Borneo of Sulu Archipelago non-volcanic arc. Parts of
ophiolite metamorphosed to gneiss, amphibolite, etc.)
Hutchison, C.S. (1988)- Stratigraphic-tectonic model for eastern Borneo. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 22, p. 135-
151. (also in Proc. GEOSEA 6, Jakarta 1987)
(NE Borneo nucleated since late Cretaceous around N Borneo Miri zone microcontinent that rifted off Vietnam/
S China. E margin passive, and grades into oceanic lithosphere of 'chert-spilite zone'. Early Miocene collision
of Miri microcontinent, causing folding-thrusting of Rajang group (suggests collision with Sulawesi, followed
by Makassar Straits opening, but this had already opened in Eocene; HvG))
Hutchison, C.S. (1991)- Neogene arc-continent collision in Sabah, Northern Borneo (Malaysia)- Comment.
Hutchison, C.S. (1992)- The Southeast Sulu Sea, a Neogene marginal basin with outcropping extensions in
Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 32, p. 89-108.
(Sulu Sea marginal basin resulting from Early Miocene intra-arc rifting. Early stages with explosive volcanic
activity and rifting resulting in extensive olistostromes, corresponding to Ayer, Tungku and Kuamat, Garinono
Fms. Uplift of Crocker Fm to W provide source for major quartz sands in SabahTanjong Fm and major NE
flowing delta near Sandakan fed turbidites of deep Sulu Sea. Sabah ophiolite complex predates late early
Miocene opening of Sulu Sea basin and represents ocean floor on which arc was built)
Hutchison, C.S. (1994)- Melange on the Jerudong Line, Brunei Darussalam, and its regional significance. In:
G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology Conf. 8, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 36, p. 157-161.
(Large olistostrome deposit S along Jerudong Line, with sandstone blocks up to 3m diameter embedded in
Setap Shale. Jerudong Line was Late Miocene submarine continental slope down which unconsolidated sands
slumped W into deeper water part of Baram Delta)

Hutchison, C.S. (1996)- The Rajang accretionary prism and Lupar Line problems of Borneo. In: R.Hall & D.
Blundell (eds.) Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 106, p. 247-261.
(Rajang Group in Sarawak (and Embaluh Group in Kalimantan and equivalent rocks in Sabah, E Kalimantan)
N-facing accretionary prism, composed of Cretaceous- Late Eocene turbiditic sediments, younging N-ward.
Compressed into steeply S-dipping phyllite-quartzite complex (M-Late Eocene Sarawak orogeny; collision
between Schwaner Mts Zone and Luconia-Balingian-Miri microcontinent). Unconformably overlain in N and S
by M-U Eocene continental- neritic clastics. Sabah W Crocker Fm Oligocene turbidites more shaly in N, and
nearshore in S. Several Miocene folding-uplift pulses. Provenance from uplifted U Cretaceous-Eocene of NE
Kalimantan and E Sarawak. M-Late Miocene Crocker Fm uplift ('Sabah orogeny' = E-M Miocene;HvG). Uplift
ceased in Late Miocene. Palaeocurrents show Upper Eocene basal sandstones provenance from
metamorphosed Sibu Zone. Kalimantan Melawi and Mandai basins unconformably over flysch-belt. Basins not
forearc, but formed after transformation of accretionary prism to collision complex landmass)
Hutchison, C.S. (2005)- Geology of North-West Borneo- Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
421 p.
(Extensive review of Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah and N Kalimantan geology and stratigraphy)
Hutchison, C.S. (2010)- The North-West Borneo Trough. Marine Geol. 271, 1-2, p. 32-43.
(NW Borneo Trough in deepwater Brunei-Sabah with melange wedge along SE margin, best explained as fossil
trench-accretionary prism, preserved when subduction ceased in M Miocene with arrival of thinned continental
crust at Benioff Zone, choking subduction and causing isostatic uplift of W Cordillera of Sabah. Overlain by
undeformed Upper Miocene- Holocene drape. Alternative interpretation was a SW major NW-directed Thrust
Sheet System over autochthonous Dangerous Grounds terrane of attenuated continental crust of S China Sea
passive margin. Enigmas remain in Palawan area, where trough position bathymetrically obscure in places and
position makes it impossible to derive Calamian micro-continent from continental Asia as required from its
stratigraphy. In SW the Trough terminates abruptly at W Baram Line. Trough contains several spectacular
edifices, formerly suggested to be volcanoes or mud volcanoes but are drowned carbonate build-ups)
Hutchison, C.S. (2010)- Oroclines and paleomagnetism in Borneo and South-East Asia. Tectonophysics 496, p.
53-67.
(Oroclinal bending of Borneo is result of indentation and collision by continental Miri Zone-C Luconia Block in
Eocene. Collision caused strong compression and uplift of Sibu Zone U Cretaceous Eocene Rajang-Embaluh
Gp turbidite basin that was floored by oceanic crust of Proto South China Sea. No paleomagetic work on
oroclinally bent Sibu Zone rocks in NW limb. Limited paleomagnetic support for required CCW rotation in NE
limb. Previous syntheses emphasised CCW rotation or stable non-rotation of Borneo region as coherent entity,
without internal deformation, ignoring oroclinal shape defined by geology of island)
Hutchison, C.S., S.C. Bergman, D.A. Swauger & J.E. Graves (2000)- A Miocene collisional belt in north
Borneo: uplift mechanism and isostatic adjustment quantified by thermochronology. J. Geol. Soc. London 157,
p. 783-793.
(Subduction followed by underthrusting of continental lithosphere, driven by Oligocene-Miocene spreading in S
China Sea, account for Sabah tectonic features. Isostatic rebound caused Late Miocene uplift of W Cordillera.
Strata buried to 4-8 km, then rapidly exhumed and cooled at ~0.6mm/year. Rapid erosion supplied abundant
clastics to Baram Delta, E lowlands and Sulu Sea. E Lowlands affected by Miocene Sulu Sea rifting)
Hutchison, C.S. & T.J. Dhonau (1969)- Deformation of an alpine ultramafic association in Darvel Bay, East
Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. Mijnbouw 48, 5, p. 481-494.
Hutchison, C.S. & T.J. Dhonau (1971)- An alpine association of metabasites and ultrabasic rocks in Darvel Bay,
East Sabah, Malaysia. Overseas Geol. Miner. Res. 10, p. 289-308.
(Includes 140 Ma (basal Cretaceous) K-Ar age for meta-basalt from Sabah ophiolite)

Hutchison, C.S. & C. Rangin (1991)- Neogene arc-continent collision in Sabah, northern Borneo (Malaysia)
(discussion and reply). Tectonophysics 200, p. 325-332.
Hutchison C.S. & T. Surat (1991)- Sabah serpentinite sandstone and conglomerate. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Newsletter 17, 2, p. 59-64.
Ibrahim, N.A. (2003)- Deposition of the Tembungo deep-water sands. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology
Conference and Exhibition 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 105-126.
(Core and seismic study of several 100 m thick Late Miocene deep-water sands in Tembungo field off Sabah,
above the Shallow Regional Unconformity (= ~9 Ma))
Ibrahim, N.A. & Mazlan Madon (1990)- Depositional environments, diagenesis, and porosity of reservoir
sandstones in the Malong Field, offshore West Malaysia. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 27, p. 27-55.
Idris, M.B. & K.H. Kok (1990)- Stratigraphy of the Mantanani Islands, Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 26, p.
35-46.
(Mantanani islands M Miocene bioclastic limestones and calcarenites, overlain by massive conglomerates)
Igo, H., S.S. Rajah & F. Kobayashi (1979)- Permian fusulinaceans from the Sungei Sedili area, Johore,
Malaysia. In: Geology and Palaeontology of S.E. Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 20, p. 95-118.
Imai, A. (2000)- Genesis of the Mamut porphyry copper deposit, Sabah, East Malaysia. Resource Geol. Tokyo,
50, p. 1-23.
(Sabah Mamut porphyry type Cu-Au deposit genetically related to quartz monzonite ("adamellite") porphyry
stock associated with Late Miocene Mt Kinabalu plutonism)
Imai, A. & K. Ozawa (1991)- Tectonic implications of the hydrated garnet peridotites near Mt Kinabalu, Sabah,
East Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, p. 431-445.
(Garnetiferous peridotites form part of ultramafic complex in Mt Kinabalu area. Associated with abundant
spinel lherzolites and in fault contact with surrounding Tertiary strata. HighT peridotite mineral assemblages
overprinted by lowerT hydrous assemblages with abundant hornblende. Garnet peridotites represent part of
sub-crustal mantle under Kalimantan, metasomatized during ascent due to tectonism)
Ingram, G.M., T.J. Chisholm, C.J. Grant, C.A.Hedlund et al. (2004)- Deepwater North West Borneo:
hydrocarbon accumulation in an active fold and thrust belt. Marine Petrol. Geol. 21, p. 879- 887.
(Deepwater acreage of NW Borneo active fold- thrust belt with hydrocarbon accumulations. Typical trapping
geometries hanging-wall anticlines, foreland folds and ridges and sub-thrust footwall cut-offs. Drilling targets
in deformed Miocene-Pliocene clastics, charged from active petroleum system. Major challenge is to avoid
drilling traps that have expelled their hydrocarbons during periods of active deformation)
Ishibashi, T. (1982)- Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous ammonites from Sarawak, Borneo, East Malaysia.
In: Geology and Palaeontology of SE Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 23, p. 65-75.
(Ammonites from Lower Pedawan Fm of W Sarawak includes Latest Jurassic (Tithonian) ammonites)
Ismail, C.M.Z. (1992)- Regional seismostratigraphic study of the Tembungo area, offshore West Sabah. Bull.
Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 32, p. 109-134.
(Seismic stratigraphic study around Tembungo field, W Sabah)
Ismail, C.M.Z. (1997)- Subsidence history of the Sarawak Basin. Proc. ASCOPE 97 Conf. Jakarta 1997, 1, p.
107-127.
Ismail, C.M.Z. (1997)- Tectonic evolution and sedimentation history of the Sarawak basin. Geol. Soc. Malaysia
Bull. 41, p. 41-52.

Ismail, C.M.Z. (1999)- Tertiary tectonic development of North-West Borneo. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA
'98, Kuala Lumpur, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, p. 417-432.
Ismail C.M.Z. & M.E. Tucker (1999)- An alternative stratigraphic scheme for the Sarawak Basin. J. Asian Earth
Sci. 17, p. 215-232.
Ismail, M.I.B. (1999)- Petroleum resources, Sabah. In: Petronas (1999) The petroleum geology and resources of
Malaysia, p. 593-602.
Ismail, M.I., A.R. Eusoff, A.M. Mohamad, S.A. Aziz & B. Mahendran (1995)- The geology of Sarawak
deepwater and surrounding areas. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Southeast Asian Basins, oil and gas for the 21st century,
Proc. AAPG-GSM Int. Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1994, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 37, p. 165-178.
(Study of 1989 Sarawak deepwater seismic transects. Two tectonostratigraphic provinces. North Luconia 7-8
km of Tertiary sediments, NNE-SSW trending extensional faults, buried hills and local forced folds. On E
boundary NNE-SSW fault separates it from NW Sabah Platform with NE-SW trending rifts with only 2-4 km
sediment. West Luconia Province up to 13 km of sediments, very thick post M Miocene, with E-W trending
growth faults and slumps and toe thrusts formed by gravity gliding. These overlie normal-faulted section at mid
Miocene unconformity. Five sub-megasequences recognised)
Ismail, M.I. & R.B.A. Hassan (1999)- Tinjar province. In: Petronas (1999)- The petroleum geology and
resources of Malaysia, p. 395-409.
(Geology and hydrocarbon of area onshore Sarawak with U Eocene- U Miocene sediments, uplifted and folded
at end Early Miocene and Late Miocene. No discoveries so far)
Jackson, C.A.L. & H.D. Johnson (2009)- Sustained turbidity currents and their interaction with debrite-related
topography: Labuan Island, offshore NW Borneo, Malaysia. Sedim. Geol. 219. p. 77-96.
(E Miocene Temburong Fm at Labuan Island off NW Borneo, deposited in a lower slope- proximal basin-floor
setting. Two gravity-flow facies: slump-derived debrites and turbidites deposited by sustained turbidity
currents. Routing of turbidity currents influenced by topographic relief at top of underlying debrite)
Jackson, C.A.L., A.A. Zakaria, H.D. Johnson, F. Tongkul & P.D. Crevello (2009)- Sedimentology, stratigraphic
occurrence and origin of linked debrites in the West Crocker Formation (Oligo-Miocene), Sabah, NW Borneo.
Marine Petrol. Geol. 26, 10, p. 1957-1973.
(Oligocene-E Miocene W Crocker Fm of N Borneo large submarine fan, part of accretionary complex. Range of
gravity-flow deposits observed)
Jacobson, G. (1970)- Gunung Kinabalu area, Sabah, Malaysia. Malaysia Geol. Survey Rept. 8, 111 p.
Jamaluddin, T.A. (1989)- Sedimentary structures of the Crocker Formation in the Tamparuli region, Sabah.
Bull. Geol. Soc . Malaysia 24, p. 135-157.
James, D.M.D. (ed.) (1984)- The geology and hydrocarbon resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam. Muzium
Brunei, 164 p.
Jamil, A.S.A., M. Anwar & E.S.P. Kiang (1991)- Geochemistry of selected crude oils from Sabah and Sarawak.
Jasin, B. (1991)- Some larger foraminifera and radiolaria from Telupid olistostrome, Sabah. Warta Geologi 17,
5, p. 225-230.
Jasin, B. (1992)- Significance of radiolarian cherts from the Chert-Spilite formation, Telupid, Sabah. Geol. Soc.
(Thin-bedded, reddish chert-shale in Telupid area, Sabah, associated with basalt and peridotite. Composed
mainly of biogenic chert, including radiolaria)

Jasin, B. (1996)- Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous radiolarian from chert blocks in the Lubok Antu melange,
Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 13, 1, p. 1-11.
(Lubok Antu melange with blocks of mudstone, sandstone, chert, limestone, hornfels, basalt, gabbro and
serpentinite in sheared, chloritised mudstone matrix (with Early Eocene nannofossils; Hutchison 2005). Chert
blocks widespread in melange. Radiolaria in 14 samples, grouped into three ages: late Tithonian, M
Valanginian- Barremian and Late Albian- Cenomanian (suggesting subducted proto-South China Sea oceanic
crust older than this?; HvG)
Jasin, B. (2000)- Significance of Mesozoic radiolarian chert in Sabah and Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh et al. (eds.)
Proc. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Ann. Geol. Conf. 14, p. 123-130.
(Mesozoic cherts exposed in W Sarawak and Sabah dated by radiolarian faunas. Oldest chert in Early Jurassic
(Pliensbachian-Toarcian) Serian Volcanics. Chert sequence at base of Pedawan Fm Late Tithonian-Berriasian
radiolarians. Three ages from chert blocks in Lubok Antu melange: late Tithonian, Valanginian-Barremian and
Albian-Cenomanian. Chert from Sabah ophiolitic and melange associations Valanginian-Cenomanian. Cherts
deep-marine and related to high plankton productivity in E Jurassic and Early to early Late Cretaceous)
Jasin, B. (2002)- Middle Miocene planktonic Foraminifera and their implications in the geology of Sabah. In:
G.H. Teh et al. (eds.) Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 45, p. 157-162.
(Planktonic foraminifera from M Miocene melanges, tuffite, and clastics)
Jasin, B. & A. Madun (1996)- Some Lower Cretaceous radiolaria from the Serabang Complex, Sarawak. Warta
Geologi, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Newsl. 22, 2, p. 61-65.
Jasin, B. & U. Said (1999)- Significance of Early Jurassic radiolarian from West Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Proc. GEOSEA 98, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 491-502.
(Pliensbachian- E Toarcian radiolarian chert in dacitic tuff-chert series, probably top of Upper Triassic Serian
Volcanics)
Jasin, B. & U. Said (1999)- Some Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous radiolarian faunas from the Pedawan
Formation, Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. 9th Congr. Geol. Min. Energy Res. SE Asia, GEOSEA 98, Kuala
Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 611-620.
(Deepwater Tithonian- Berriasian radiolarian chert in basal part of 4500m thick Late Jurassic-Cretaceous
Pedawan Fm in Bau and Tubeh areas, Sarawak)
Jasin, B., U. Said & A.D. Woei (1996)- Discovery of Early Jurassic Radiolaria from the tuff sequence, near
Piching, West Sarawak. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Newsl. 22, 5, p. 343-347.
Jasin, B. & T. Sanudin (1978)- Middle Miocene planktonic Foraminifera from the Libong Tuffite Formation,
Sabah. Sains Malaysiana 16, 1, p.
Jasin, B., H.T. Sanudin & R.H.S. Abdul (1985)- Lower Cretaceous radiolaria from the Chert-Spilite Formation,
Kudat, Sabah. Warta Geologi 11, 4, p. 161-162.
(Lower Cretaceous radiolaria in chert-spilite (ocean floor sediments))
Jasin, B. & H. Sanudin (1988)- Barremian radiolaria from Chert-Spilite Formation, Kudat, Sabah. Sains
Malaysiana 17, p. 67-79.
Jasin, B., H.T. Sanudin & F.F. Tating (1991)- Late Eocene planktonic foraminifera from the Crocker
Formation, Pun Batu, Sabah. Warta Geologi 17, 4, p. 187-191.
Jasin, B. & Selvarajah (1988)- Paleogene planktonic Foraminifera from Pulau Kalampunian Kecil, Sabah. Sains
Malaysiana 17, 1, p. 99-113.

Jasin, B. & S. Tahir (1988)- Barremian radiolaria from Chert-spilite Formation. Sains Malaysiana 17, p. 67-79.
Jasin, B. & Taj Madira Taj Ahmad (1995)- Some Paleogene planktonic foraminifera from the Lubok Antu
mlange, Sarawak, Malaysia. Warta Geol. 21, 3, p. 147-151.
Jennings, A.V. (1888)- Notes on the orbitoidal limestone of North Borneo. Geol. Mag. 5, 12, p. 529-532.
(Limestones of uncertain location, probably Silungen in Soubis and from Batu Gading, collected by Burls
contains Discocyclina spp. and Asterocyclina, probably Eocene in age)
Johansson, M. (1999)- Facies analysis of the Plateau Sandstone (Eocene to Early Miocene?), Bako National
Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 233-246.
(Sandstones in Kuching area, W Sarawak, known as Plateau Sandstones, of possible Eocene- E Miocene
age. Anomalous kerogen compositions, proximity of onlap surface and palaeocurrent direction to NNE,
suggest Bako Peninsula sands unrelated to Plateau Fm S of Bako Peninsula. New name Bako Sst. Very thick
bedded sst with lenses of conglomerates and sandy mudstones, formed in braided channel environment)
Johnson, H.D., J.W. Chapman & J. Ranggon (1989)- Structural and stratigraphic configuration of the Late
Miocene Stage IVC reservoirs in the St. Joseph field, offshore Sabah, NW Borneo. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
25, p.79-118.
(Large, structurally complex field along Lower Pliocene wrench fault zone. Main reservoir Late Miocene
marine sands)
Johnson, H.D., T. Kuud & A. Dundang (1989)- Sedimentology and reservoir geology of the Betty field, Baram
Delta province, offshore Sarawak, NW Borneo. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 25, p. 119-161.
(Moderate size oil field in Baram Delta Province. Structure combination E-W trending delta-related growth
faulting and later Pliocene NE-SW trending folding. Reservoirs stacked Miocene shallow marine sandstones)
Johnson, H.D. S. Levell & A.H. Mohamad (1987)- Depositonal controls of reservoir thickness and quality
distribution in Upper Miocene shallow marine sandstones (Stage IVD) of the Erb West Field, offshore Sabah.
(Erb field off W Sabah NE-SW trending anticline, with hydrocarbons in 800' Late Miocene section with shallow
marine sandstones. Five main sandstone facies)
Johnson, J.H. (1966)- Tertiary red algae from Borneo. Bull. British Museum. Nat. Hist., Geol. Ser. 11, 6, p.
255-280.
(Red calcareous algae from Paleocene-Miocene limestones of Melinau Gorge and Tertiary localities of upper
Baram and Belukan river regions)
Kakizaki, Y., T. Ishikawa, J. Matsuoka & A. Kano (2010)- Lithostratigraphy and Sr-isotope ages of the Bau
Limestone Formation of Northwestern Borneo. Japan Geoscience Union Mtg. 2010, Makahari, Chiba 1010, p.
(Abstract only)
(Bau Limestone from two quarries (Marup, SSF; Gunung Panga) 30 km SW of Kuching, W Sarawak, massive
reefal limestone locally rich in corals rudists. Bunkit Akut quarry 40 km SW of Kuching well-bedded, deeper
water equivalent. Sr-isotopes suggest Late Oxfordian- Early Kimmeridgean ages)
Kanno S. (1978)- Brackish molluscan fauna (upper Eocene) from the Silantek Formation in West Sarawak,
Malaysia. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 19, p. 103-112.
Karimi, S.B.S et al. (1997)- Seismic identification of depositional processes in a turbidite fan environment,
Deepwater Block SB-G, NW Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., p. 41, p. 13-29.
Keij, A.J. (1963)- Upper Palaeocene Distichoplax Limestones of Kudat Peninsula and Pulau Banggi, Sabah.
Malaysia Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1963, p.153-154.

(Suangpai quarry in Tajau area of N Kudat Peninsula has basal marl with Late Paleocene planktonic forams,
overlain by dense white limestone with Discocyclina, Aktinocyclina, Asterocyclina (Ta zone) and the algae
Distichoplax biserialis, restricted to Paleocene- E Eocene in other areas of the Tethys. No maps or other
stratigraphy info)
Keij, A.J. (1964)- Distichoplax in Sarawak and North Borneo. Revue Micropal. 2, p. 115-118.
(Distichoplax biserialis in Banggi Limestone of Banggi island indicates Early Eocene age)
Keij, A.J. (1964)- Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene arenaceous foraminifera from flysch deposits in
northwestern Borneo. Malaysia Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. 1964, p. 155-158.
(Flysch-faunas in Late Cretaceous-Oligocene in NW Borneo- Sabah geosynclines. Monotonous assemblages
dominated by arenaceous taxa, with rare calcareous benthics and planktonic foraminifera)
Kho, C.H. (1968)- Bintulu Area, Central Sarawak, East Malaysia. Explanation of sheet 3/113/13. Geological
Survey Malaysia, Borneo region, Report 5, 83p.
King, R.C., G. Backe, C.K. Morley, R.R. Hillis & M.R.P. Tingay (2010)- Balancing deformation in NW
Borneo: quantifying plate-scale vs. gravitational tectonics in a delta and deepwater fold-thrust belt system.
(GPS show 4-6 mm/yr of NW Borneo plate-scale shortening, not accommodated by plate-scale structures. Total
shortening observed in Baram delta toes does not balance against active extension in delta top; additional
shortening therefore attributed to plate-scale shortening across NW Borneo produced by far-field compression)
King, R.C., R.R. Hillis, M.R.P. Tingay & A.R. Damit (2010)- Present-day stresses in Brunei, NW Borneo:
superposition of deltaic and active margin tectonics. Basin Research 22, 2, p. 236-247.
(Two present-day stress provinces previously identified across Baram Delta System: (1) inner shelf inverted
province with margin-normal (NW-SE) maximum horizontal stress orientation and (2) outer shelf extension
province with margin-parallel (NESW) maximum horizontal stress. Borehole breakouts from 12 petroleum
wells confirm margin-normal maximum horizontal stress orientations of inverted province (mean max. hor.
stress orientation of ~117). NW Borneo continental margin currently tectonically quiescent)
King, R.C., R.R. Hillis, M.R.P. Tingay & C.K.Morley (2009)- Present-day stress and neotectonic provinces of
the Baram Delta and deepwater fold-thrust belt. J. Geol. Soc. London 166, p. 197-200.
Kirk, H.J.C. (1957)- The geology and mineral resources of the Upper Rajang and adjacent areas. Geol. Survey
Dept. British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 8, p.
Kirk, H.J.C. (1961)- A preliminary account of Cretaceous to Recent volcanic activity in relation to the
geological structure of British Borneo. Proc. 9th Pacific Sci. Congr., Bangkok 1957, 12, p. 192-197.
(Two main periods of volcanic activity in North Borneo: basalt-spilite interbedded with Cretaceous-Eocene
sediments and widespread Upper Tertiary- Quaternary basalt- andesite-dacite association eruptions)
Kirk, H.J.C. (1963)- Pliocene and Quaternary volcanic activity in British Borneo. Bull. British Borneo Geol.
Survey 4, p. 137-142.
Kirk, H.J.C. (1963)- The geology and mineral resources of the Semporna Peninsula, North Borneo. Geol.
Survey Dept. British Territories in Borneo, 178 p.
(Semporna Peninsula rocks four main units: Cretaceous-Eocene Chert-Spilite Fm, Oligo-Miocene Kalumpang
Fm, Pliocene-Quaternary volcanics and Quaternary sediments. Abundant intrusives of different ages and
composition. Most fertile soils on outcrops of younger volcanics, particularly Quaternary olivine basalts)
Kirk, H.J.C. (1968)- The igneous rocks of Sarawak and Sabah. Geol. Surv. Malaysia, Borneo Region, Bull. 5,
210p.

Kob, M.R.C & M. Mohamed (1995)- Chronostratigraphy of Miocene turbiditic sequence of Sabah Basin from
nannofossil assemblages. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. AAPG-GSM Int. Conf. Southeast Asian basins: oil and gas
for the 21st century, Kuala Lumpur 1994, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., p. 143-163.
(Sabah Basin is Neogene trench-associated basin filled with progradational cycles of marine and coastal
sediments. Age-determinations of Miocene strata through quantitative nannofossil analysis more reliable than
foraminifera due to floods of reworked forms. Dominant indigenous assemblages differentiated from reworked
assemblages through quantitative analysis)
Kob, M.R.C & M.Y. Ali (2008)- Regional controls on the development of carbonates in East Natuna Basin and
Luconia area. Proc. 32nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, IPA-08-G-078, 6 p.
(E Natuna basin- Luconia platforms off NW Borneo between areas of subsidence/ faulting in N and
compressional tectonics in S. Extensive development of carbonates in Early -Late Miocene. Late Oligocene- E
Miocene extension in Luconia and nearby areas, followed by episodic compression in M Miocene. Areas near
main uplifted region in E and SW dominated by clastics, carbonates thrived on rifted margin in W. Similar
setting in E Natuna. Subsequent compression resulted in inversion and folding, with uplift of parts of E Natuna-
Luconia region. Folds formed sites for latest M-Late Miocene carbonate growth. Sea level rise at base Pliocene
drowned most of carbonate in region except a few buildups in NW, which still thrive today)
Kon'no, E. (1972)- Some Late Triassic plants from the southwestern border of Sarawak, East Malaysia. In: T.
Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of SE Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 10, p. 125-
178.
(Late Triassic Pteridophytes (Sphenopsida and Pteropsida))
Kon'no, E., K. Asama & S.S. Rajah (1971)- The Late Permian Linggiu flora from the Gunong Blumut area,
Johore, Malaysia. In: Geology and Palaeontology of SE Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 9, p.
Konno, E. (1972)- Some Late Triassic plants from the Southwestern border of Sarawak, East Malaysia. In:T.
Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 10, 99, p. 125-178.
(Plants from Halobia-bearing coaly series near Krusin, SW Sarawak, probably Late Carnian age. Krusin
flora belongs to Dictyophyllum-Clathropteris floral province of E Asia/ SW Pacific, without any European or
North Asian floral elements. No stratigraphy)
Koopman, A. (1996)- Regional geological setting. In: S.T. Sandal (ed.) The geology and hydrocarbon resources
of Negara Brunei Darussalam (2nd ed.), Spec. Publ. Muzium Brunei and Brunei Shell Petroleum Company
Berhad, Syabas, Bandar Seri Begawan, p. 49-60.
Koopman, A. & J. Schreurs (1996)- The coastal and offshore oil and gas fields. In: S.T. Sandal (ed.) The
geology and hydrocarbon resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam (2nd ed.), Spec. Publ. Muzium Brunei and
Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Berhad, Syabas, Bandar Seri Begawan, p. 155-192.
Koopman, A. & J. Schreurs (1996)- The inland hydrocarbon accumulations. In: S.T. Sandal (ed.) The geology
and hydrocarbon resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam (2nd ed.), Spec. Publ. Muzium Brunei and Brunei
Shell Petroleum Co. Berhad, Syabas, Bandar Seri Begawan, p. 193-198.
Koopmans, B.N. (1967)- Deformation of the metamorphic rocks and the Chert-Spilite formation in the southern
part of the Darvel Bay area, Sabah. Geol. Survey of Malaysia, Borneo Region, Bull. 8, p. 14-24.
Kosaka, H. & K.Wakita (1978)- Some geologic features of the Mamut porphyry copper deposit, Sabah,
Malaysia. Econ. Geol. 73, 5, p. 618-627.
(Mamut porphyry copper-gold deposit of Paleocene- Upper Miocene age one of many mineralized centers in
NW-SE trending tectonic zone in Sabah, N Borneo. Copper mineralization associated with K-rich adamellite
porphyry intrusion. Wall rocks consist of serpentinite and clastic sediments)

Lam, K.S. (1988)- Sibu Area, Central Sarawak Malaysia, Explanation Sheet 2/111/12. Geol. Surv. Rept., Geol.
Surv. Malaysia, Sarawak, 151p.
Lambiase, J.J., A.A.A. Rahim & C. Yaw Peng (2002)- Facies distribution and sedimentary processes on the
modern Baram Delta: implications for the reservoir sandstones of NW Borneo. Marine Petrol. Geol. 19, 1, p.
69-78.
(Present-day Baram Delta wave-tide dominated. Tertiary shoreface reservoir sandstones wave-dominant, tidal
signatures absent. Modern Baram Delta not appropriate analogue for most shoreface reservoir sands)
Lambiase, J.J., A.R. Damit, M.D. Simmons, R. Abdoerrias & A.A. Hussin (2003)- A depositional model and
the stratigraphic development of modern and ancient tide-dominated deltas in NW Borneo. In: F.H. Sidi et al.
(eds.) Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia; sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology. Soc. Sedim. Geol.
(SEPM) Spec. Publ. 76, p. 109-123.
(Modern deltas of NW Borneo may be wave-dominated (Baram River), tide-dominated (deltas within Brunei
Bay). Details on Trusan River Delta, outcrops of M-Miocene and younger Belait Fm, etc.)
Lambiase, J.J., T.Y. Tzong, A.G. William, M.D. Bidgood, P. Brenac & A.B. Cullen (2008)- The West Crocker
formation of northwest Borneo: a Paleogene accretionary prism. In: A.E. Draut et al. (eds.) Formation and
applications of the sedimentary record in arc collision zones, Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 436, p. 171-184.
(West Crocker Fm in NW Borneo interpreted as accretionary prism. Two episodes of syndepositional folding-
thrusting. Probable Eocene age differs from accepted Oligocene- E Miocene age and consistent with deposition
of W Crocker Fm during phase of NW Borneo margin tectonism. Sandstones in W Crocker deposited by high-
density turbidity currents that constructed progradational lobes in ~1000 m or more water. Sandstones with
abundant feldspars and lithics suggests first-cycle product of eroded orogenic belt and short transport distance)
Lasman, M.R. (1998)- Channel chasing in the D35 field offshore Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum
geology Conference 1997, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 42, p. 39-45.
Lau, J.W.E. (1974)- The 'rediscovery' of rudist with its associated fauna in the Bau Limestone and its
palaeobiogeographic significance in circumglobal correlation and plate tectonic studies. Malaysia Geol. Survey,
Borneo Region, Ann. Rept. for 1973, p. 188-197.
Lau, J.W.E. (1977)- Stratigraphic correlation of Tertiary basins in offshore Malaysia, South China Sea.
ASCOPE, 30p.
Lee, C.P. (2003)- The Madai-Baturong Limestone in eastern Sabah and its new interpretation as a seamount.
(Isolated limestone body surrounded by deepwater deposits of Rajang/ chert-spilite formation may be Upper
Cretaceous seamount deposit)
Lee, D.T.C. (1968)- The Sandakan Formation, East Sabah. Bull. Geol. Survey Malaysia, Borneo Region, 9, p.
43-50.
Lee, D.C. (1970)- Sandakan Peninsula, Eastern Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. Survey East Malaysia, Rept. 6, 75p.
Lee, D.T.C. (1990)- Formation of Pulau batuan Harian and other islands around Pulau Banggi, Northern Sabah.
Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 26, p. 71-76.
(New island emerged from sea E of Pulau Banggi, N Sabah in April 1988. Grey muds and mudstones with rock
fragments similar to Chert-Spilite, Kudat and Crocker formations. Probably formed by diapyric action)
Lee, D.T.C. & H.S. Weber (1986)- Base metal exploration in Sabah. In: G.H. Teh & S. Paramananthan (eds.)
Proc. GEOSEA V Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1984, 1, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 19, p. 405-419.
(Base metal explation program since 1980 initially focused on anomalies associated with Late Tertiary
volcanics and copper-zinc anomalies related to pillow-lava stage of C Sabah ophiolite assemblages. Follow-up

work lead to discovery of Cyprus-type massive sulphide occurrences related to volcanics of Chert-Spilite
Formation in Bidu-Bidu hills, NE Sabah)
Leong, K.M. (1974)- The geology and mineral resources of the Upper Segama Valley and Darvel area, Sabah,
Malaysia. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Mem. 4, 354p.
(Update of Fitch (1955) monograph on SE part of Sabah?)
Leong, K.M. (1976)- Miocene chaotic deposits in eastern Sabah: characteristics, origin, and petroleum
prospects. Malaysia Geol. Survey, Borneo Region, Ann. Rept. for 1975, p. 238.
Leong, K.M. (1977)- New ages from radiolarian cherts of the Chert-Spilite Formation of Sabah. Bull. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia 8, p. 109-111.
(Cretaceous age for radiolarians from cherts, Sabah, making Chert-spilite Fm, representing cover of Sabah
obducted oceanic crust, older than previously assumed by Geological Survey reports)
Leong, K.M. (1978)- The Sabah Blueschist Belt- a preliminary note. Warta Geologi 4, p. 45-51.
Leong, K.M. (1987)- The nature and significance of regional unconformities in the hydrocarbon-bearing
Neogene sequence offshore west Sabah.. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 21, p. 55-90.
Leong, K.M. (1998)- Sabah crystalline basement; spurious radiometric ages? Continental? Warta Geologi 24,
1, p. 5-8.
(Sabah Upper Segama area with metamorphic (amphibolite) and igneous rocks (granite, granodiorite, diorite,
tonalite), suggesting possible pre-Cretaceous igneous-metamorphic basement below Cretaceous "new oceanic
basement" known as Chert-Spilite Formation. Age and composition of Crystalline Basement debated)
Leong K.M. (1999)- Geological setting of Sabah: In: Petronas (1999) The petroleum geology and resources of
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, p. 475-495.
Leong K.M. & A. Anuar (1999)- Northeast Sabah Basin. In: Petronas (1999) The petroleum geology and
resources of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, p. 545-569.
Leong K.M. & A. Anuar (1999)- Southeast Sabah Basin. In: Petronas (1999) The petroleum geology and
resources of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, p. 573-589.
Levell, B.K. (1987)- The nature and significance of regional unconformities in the hydrocarbon-bearing
Neogene sequences offshore West Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 21, p. 55-90.
(W Sabah Tertiary trench-associated basin with up to 12 km of mainly siliciclastic sediments. Two phases: (1)
pre-M Miocene deep marine, imbricated sediments related to S/ SE ward subduction; (2) M Miocene and later
NW prograding shelf-slope sequences, after cessation of subduction. Boundary is 'Deep Regional
Unconformity', marking end of subduction in early Middle Miocene. Additional unconformities in younger
sequence. NW Sabah underlain by six separate basement blocks)
Levell, B.K. & A. Kasumajaya (1985)- Slumping in the Late Miocene shelf-edge offshore west Sabah: a view
of a turbidite basin margin. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 18, 1-29.
(Series of elongate spoon-shaped unconformities mapped along 150km of 250km long Late Miocene shelf edge
offshore W Sabah. Interpreted as slump scars, formed by retrogressive submarine slumping. Relief between
neighbouring slumpscars, overlain by slope clays, may provide stratigraphic trap potential. Slump scar-rich
unconformities point to redeposited, sand-prone turbidites downslope)
Liechti, P., F.W. Roe & N.S. Haile (1960)- The geology of Sarawak, Brunei and the western part of North
Borneo. British Territories of Borneo, Geological Survey Department, Bull. 3, 360p.
(Comprehensive 1960 compilation of North Borneo geology by Shell geologists. With chapter on igneous rocks
by Kirk. Region composed mainly of Upper Cretaceous- Miocene geosynclinal formations and Upper Eocene-

Pleistocene strata deposited in isolated basins. Igneous activity in Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic and Upper
Cretaceous-Quaternary. Three pre-Tertiary and four Tertiary phases of folding)
Light, M.P.R. D.J. Bird, G.A. Posehn & M.A.A Hudi (1994)- Complex transtensional structures and the
hydrocarbon potential of the Greater Sarawak Basin as defined by Synthetic Aperture Radar. Geol. Soc.
(SAR data over onshore Greater Sarawak Basin combined with other data revealed complex
tectonostratigraphic history. West Sarawak Basin and NE Borneo underwent complex transtensional
deformation in Tertiary related to strike-slip motion caused by indentation of India against Asia. Sinistral
strike-slip zones well developed as Sabah Shear, W Baram-Tinjar Lines and Lupar Line-Paternoster Fault.
Onshore extension of seismically defined transverse faults in S China Sea likely controlled migration and
accumulation of hydrocarbons in Sarawak. Borneo under compression in M Miocene. Fold interference
produced by Cenozoic strike-slip faults and N-advance of Rajang Accretionary Prism well displayed on SAR)
Lim, P.S. (1985)- Geological Map of Sabah, 1: 5000 000. Geological Survey of Malaysia.
Lindsay, R.O. & R.K. Foster (2002)- Correcting a false assumption-offshore Brunei. The Leading Edge 21, p.
536.
(Classical AVO/ inversion seismic-analysis procedures failed in deepwater offshore Brunei. No geology)
Macpherson, C.G., K.K. Chiang, R. Hall, G.M. Nowell, P.R. Castillo & M.F. Thirlwall (2010)- Plio-Pleistocene
intra-plate magmatism from the southern Sulu Arc, Semporna Peninsula, Sabah, Borneo: implications for high-
Nb basalt in subduction zones. J. Volcan. Geothermal Res. 190, 1-2, p. 25-38.
(Chemistry of Plio-Pleistocene high-Nb basalts/ basaltic andesites from Semporna Peninsula at S end of Sulu
Arc. Semporna basalts not associated with adakitic magmatism, which is frequent in some subduction zones)
Madon, M. (1994)- The stratigraphy of northern Labuan, NW Sabah Basin, East Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Petroleum Geology Conf. VIII, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 36, p. 19-30.
(Deformed argillaceous strata underlying Belait conglomerate ridge near Layang-Layangan more typical of
Temburong Fm, suggesting Setap Shale Fm is absent)
Madon, M. (1997)- Sedimentological aspects of the Temburong and Belait formations, Labuan (offshore west
Sabah). In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology conference, KL 1996, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 41, p. 61-84.
Madon, M. (1999)- North Luconia Province. In: In: The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia,
Petronas, Kuala Lumpur, p. 443-454.
Madon, M. (1999)- Geological setting of Sarawak. In: The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia,
Madon, M. & P. Abolins (1999)- Balingian Province. In: The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia,
Petronas, Kuala Lumpur, p.345-367.
Madon, M. & R.B.A. Hassan (1999)- Tatau Province. In: The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia,
Madon, M. & R.B.A. Hassan (1999)- West Luconia Province. In: The petroleum geology and resources of
Malaysia, Petronas, Kuala Lumpur, p. 428-439.
Madon, M., K.M. Leong & A. Azlina (1999)- Sabah Basin. In: The petroleum geology and resources of
Madon, M. & B.A.H. Redzuan, (1999)- West Luconia Province. In: The petroleum geology and resources of

Mahmud, O.A.B (1999)- Petroleum resources, Sarawak. In: The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia,
Mahmud, O.A., H.D. Tjia & M.I. Ismail (2001)- Interpretation of newly acquired aerogravity data enhances the
prospectivity of the Tinjar Province, onshore Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh, M.S. Leman et al. (eds.) Proc. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia, Annual Geol. Conf. 2001, p. 19-26.
(No commercial discoveries in onshore Sarawak since 1910 Miri field. Tinjar Province of onshore north-
central Sarawak underexplored, due to assumption of shallow basement after Oligo-Miocene uplift and
erosion. Shallow basement not supported by seismic or gravity-magnetic data. New aerogravity and magnetic
data showed up to 5000 m sediment in Tinjar Province and surrounding area, with series of highs and lows)
Mansor, M.Y., J.W. Snedden, J.F. Sarg, B.S. Smith, T. Kolich & M. Carter (1999)- Pre-drill predictions versus
post-drill results: use of sequence stratigraphic methods in reduction of exploration risk, Sarawak deep-water
blocks, Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 247-254.
(Sequence stratigraphic methods used to assess reservoir, source and seal distribution in Mobil-operated
deep-water blocks of Sarawak. Mulu-1 and Bako-1 penetrated high-quality shallow marine sandstone
reservoirs in E-M Miocene. Lack of hydrocarbon charge may be due to position relative to coaly source)
Mantaring, A., F. Matsuda & M. Okamoto (1995)- Analysis of overpressure zones at the southern margin of the
Baram Delta Province and their implications to hydrocarbon expulsion, migration and entrapment. In: G.H.
Teh (ed.) Proc.AAPG-GSM Int. Conf. Southeast Asian basins; oil and gas for the 21st century, Kuala Lumpur
1994, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 179-190.
(Baram Delta province, on- and offshore N Sarawak, Malaysia, Brunei, with thick, rapidly deposited Late
Eocene- Pleistocene marine- deltaic sediments, leading to common overpressure. Overpressure zones normally
in thick marine claystones below or at base of major oil and gas accumulation. Onshore Sarawak, S of Baram
Delta Province thick Late Eocene- Miocene uplifted after latest Miocene, with bnormal pressure zones in three
different settings)
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1992)- Regional seismostratigraphical study of the Tembungo area, offshore West Sabah. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia Bull. 32, p. 109-134.
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1994)- Dent Group and its equivalent in the offshore Kinabatangan area, East Sabah. Geol. Soc.
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1997)- Tectonics, evolution and sedimentation history of the Sarawak Basin. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Petroleum Geology Conference Kuala Lumpur 1996, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 41, p. 41-52.
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1997)- Subsidence history of Sarawak Basin. In: Proc. ASCOPE 97' Conference Challenges and
Opportunities in the 21st Century, 1, p. 107-127.
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1998)- Subsidence nature of a strike-slip related basin: an example learned from the Sarawak
Basin. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 42, p. 63-83.
Mat-Zin, I.C. (1999)- Tertiary tectonic model of North-West Borneo. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA 98,
Kuala Lumpur 1998, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 417-432.
(Sarawak Basin dominated by NE-SW strike-slip tectonism)
Mat-Zin, I.C. (2000)- Stratigraphic position of the Rangsi Conglomerate in Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Ann.
Conf., 2000, p. 131-136.
Mat-Zin, I.C. & J. Sipan (1994)- Application of sequence stratigraphic techniques on the non-marine sequences:
and example from the Balingian Province, Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 36, p. 105-117.

Mat-Zin, I.C. & R.E. Swarbrick (1997)- The tectonic evolution and associated sedimentation history of Sarawak
Basin, eastern Malaysia: a guide for future hydrocarbon exploration. In: A.J. Fraser, S.J. Matthews & R.W.
Murphy (eds.), Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 126, p. 237-245.
(Seismic-stratigraphy of offshore Sarawak shows seven unconformities in Tertiary sediments, Development of
Sarawak Basin started in Late Oligocene with deposition along NW-SE coastline, perpendicular to present-day
coastline. Coastline oriented to present-day NE-SW in Late Miocene. Oils generated from land plant dominated
source rocks. Basin formed as result of Late Oligocene- Miocene NW-SE trending right-lateral fault movement.
Movement progressive younging in E-ward direction)
Mat-Zin, I.C. & M.E. Tucker (1999)- An alternative stratigraphic scheme for the Sarawak Basin. J. Asian Earth
Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 215-232.
McGilvery, T.A. & D.L. Cook (2003)- The influence of local gradients on accommodation space and linked
depositional elements across a stepped slope profile, offshore Brunei. In: H.R. Roberts et al. (eds.) Shelf margin
deltas and linked down slope petroleum systems: global significance and future exploration potential. Bob F.
Perkins Res. Conf., Gulf Coast Section GCSSEPM, SEPM, p. 387-419.
McGilvery, T.A. & D.L. Cook (2004)- Depositional elements of the slope/basin depositional system Offshore
Brunei. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and Frontier Exploration in Asia & Australia Symposium,
Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., DFE04-OR-019, 13p.
(Modern continental slope deposition off Brunei. Stepped slope resulting from basinward thrusting and deltaic
sediment loading. Elongate, structurally controlled mini-basins 2-10 km wide, 20-60 kmlong. Primary elements:
1) Sediment dispersal fairways 2-5 km wide; 2) Distributary channel/lobe complexes of sheet deposits and low
relief channels; 3) Mass wasting features; 4) Submarine canyons developed by mass wasting along forelimbs of
thrust structures)
McGilvery, T.A. & D.L.Cook (2004)- Flow paths and water bottom gradients across a stepped slope profile,
Offshore Brunei. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and Frontier Exploration in Asia & Australia
Symposium, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., DFE04-PO-020, 7 p.
McGilvery, T.A., G. Haddad & D.L.Cook (2004)- Seafloor and shallow subsurface examples of mass transport
complexes, Offshore Brunei. Proc Offshore Techn. Conf., Houston, OTC 16780, p.
McManus, J. & R.B. Tate (1983)- Obduction in Sabah. Proc. SEAPEX Proc. 6, Singapore, p. 58-65.
(Part of Sulu Sea floor (Late Cretaceous-Eocene chert-spilite Formation) obducted onto N margin of Borneo
microcontinent)
McManus, J. & R.B. Tate (1986)- Mud volcanoes and the origin of certain chaotic deposits in Sabah, East
Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh & S. Paramananthan (eds.) Proc. GEOSEA V Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1984, 1, Geol. Soc.
(Chaotic deposits common in post-Eoceen in Sabah and mapped as slump breccias, but probably products of
mud volcanism (Garinono, Wariu, Kuamut, Ayer Fms). Mud volcanism linked to M Miocene collisional event)
Meng, L.K. & A. Anuar (1999)- Northeast Sabah Basin. In: Petronas (1999)-The Petroleum Geology and
Resources of Malaysia, Petronas. Chapter 23, p. 543-571.
Metcalfe, I. (1985)- Lower Permian conodonts from the Terbat Formation. Warta Geologi (Geol. Soc.
Malaysia), 11, 1, p. 1-4.
(Sparse uppermost Carboniferous- early Lower Permian conodont assemblage from Terbat Lst at Gunung
Selabor. First record of conodonts from N Borneo. Color Alteration Index of 4 suggests heating to 190-300C)
Milsom, J., R.A. Holt, C.S. Hutchison, S.C.Bergman, D.A. Swauger & J.E. Graves (2001)- Discussion of a
Miocene collisional belt in north Borneo: uplift mechanism and isostatic adjusment quantified by
thermochronology. J. Geol. Soc. London 158, p. 396-400.

(Milsom & Holt critique of Hutchison et al. (2000) paper Miocene collisional belt N Borneo)
Milsom, J. & R. Holt (2001)- Discussion of a Miocene collisional belt in North Borneo, uplift mechanism and
isostatic adjustment quantified by thermochronology. J. Geol. Soc., London, 158, p. 396-400
Milsom, J., R. Holt, D.B. Ayub & R. Smail (1997)- Gravity anomalies and deep structural controls at the Sabah-
Palawan margin, South China Sea. In: A.J. Fraser, S.J. Matthews & R.W. Murphy (eds.) Petroleum Geology of
Southeast Asia. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 126, p. 417- 427.
(Gravity modeling suggests trend of Sabah Trough and parallel features inherited from fabric of E Miocene
extended margin of Eurasia/ S China Sea. NE margin of Luconia Platform )
Mohammad, A.M. & R.H.F. Wong (1995)- Seismic sequence stratigraphy of the Tertiary sediments, offshore
Sarawak deepwater area, Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. AAPG-GSM Int. Conf. 1994, Southeast Asian
basins; oil and gas for the 21st century, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p. 345-361.
(Sarawak deepwater seismic sequence stratigrapy study identified eight sequences, grouped into four
supersequences A, B, C and D, tied to regional tectonic events of S China Sea. Higher order sequences also
interpreted from paleontologic, lithologic, paleofacies data and GR-logs from four wells. Four main seismic
facies, ranging from non-marine to deepmarine. Seismic facies maps for Oligocene-Lower Miocene Ss C
indicate all four facies, overall transgressive stacking, and NW-SE trending paleoshoreline. M Miocene-Recent
Ss D suggests mainly outer shelf- deep marine facies and E-W trending paleoshoreline)
Mohamad, M. & J. Lobao (1997)- The Lingan Fan: Late Miocene-Early Pliocene turbidite fan complex, North
West Sabah. In: In: J.V.C. Howes & R.A. Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum Systems of SE Asia &
Australia, Jakarta, Indon Petrol. Assoc., p. 787-798.
Mohammad, Y.b.A. & P. Abolins (1999)- Central Luconia Province. In: Petronas (1999)- The petroleum
geology and resources of Malaysia, p. 371-391.
Mohamed, Idris & O.C Meng (1992)- Sequence stratigraphy of Tertiary sediments offshore Sarawak (Balingian
and Luconia provinces). In: Symposium on the Tectonic framework and energy resources of the western margin
of the Pacific Basin, Warta Geologi 18, 6, p. 277-278.
Mohd Idrus, B.I., R.E. Abdul, M. Abdul Manaf, A.A. Sahalan & B. Mahendran (1995)- The geology of
Sarawak deepwater and surrounding areas. In: Proc. AAPG-GSM Int. Conf. 1994, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 37,
p. 165-178.
Morgan, A.B. (1974)- Chemistry and mineralogy of garnet pyroxenites from Sabah, Malaysia. Contr. Mineral.
Petrol. 48, p. 301-314.
Morley, C.K. (2003)- Outcrop examples of mudstone intrusions from the Jerudong anticline, Brunei
Darussalam and inferences for hydrocarbon reservoirs. In: P. van Rensbergen et al. (Eds.), Subsurface sediment
mobilization. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 216, p. 381-394.
Morley, C.K. (2007)- Interaction between critical wedge geometry and sediment supply in a deep-water fold
belt. Geology 35, 2, p. 139-142.
(On low angle dips of surface and basal detachment faults of Late MioceneHolocene deep-water fold-and-
thrust belt of offshore NW Borneo)
Morley, C.K. (2009)- Geometry of an oblique thrust fault zone in a deepwater fold belt from 3D seismic data. J.
Struct. Geol. 31, 12, p. 1540-1555.
(Late Pliocene-Recent growth of 12 km long, deepwater anticline at distal margin of Baram Delta Province)
Morley, C.K. & S. Back (2008)- Estimating hinterland exhumation from late orogenic basin volume, NW
Borneo. J. Geol. Soc., London, 165, 1, p. 353-366.

(Miocene- recent sediment volumes for Baram Deltaic Province estimated. Volume restoration onto sediment
source area determined exhumation of ~5 km from 17 Ma - Recent. Denudation for M Miocene, Late Miocene
and PlioceneRecent proceeded at similar rates. Initial uplift of central Borneo attributed to buoyancy of
thinned continental crust that jammed subduction zone under NW Borneo in E Miocene. Absence of decay in
erosion rates from M Miocene- Recent suggests additional uplift mechanism that may be related to slab
detachment)
Morley, C.K., S. Back, P. van Rensbergen, P. Crevello & J.J. Lambiase (2003)- Characteristics of repeated,
detached, Miocene-Pliocene tectonic inversion events in a large delta province on an active margin, Brunei
Darussalam, Borneo. J. Struct. Geol. 25, p. 1147-1169.
(Baram Delta province evolved in M Miocene- present day from foreland basin to shelf margin. Episodic
folding events caused uplift of hinterland, delta progradation and inversion of gravity-related faults. Region
best understood as development of W-verging thrust belt in Middle Miocene foreland basin with major folds
forming in M Miocene. Onshore thrust and inversion features dominantly NS-trending and began activity in
the M Miocene. In Late Miocene (7.5 Ma) NE-SW inversion folds developed. Continuation of deformation into
Pliocene largely confined to offshore; onshore N-S structures not reactivated in Pliocene.)
Morley, C.K., P. Crevello & Z.H. Ahmad (1998)- Shale tectonics and deformation associated with active
diapirism: the Jerudong Anticline, Brunei Darussalam. J. Geol. Soc., London, 155, p. 475-490.
Morley, R.J. (1998)- Palynological evidence for Tertiary plant dispersals in the SE Asian region in relation to
plate tectonics and climate. In: R. Hall & J.D. Holloway (eds.) Biogeography and geological evolution of SE
Asia, Backhuys Publ., Leiden, p. 211-234.
(online at; http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/publications/books/biogeography/biogeog_pdfs/Morley.pdf)
(Includes re-evaluation of Muller (1968) conclusions on palynologicl ages of Pedawan Fm (most likely Albian -
Santonian) and Kayan/ Palteau sandstone (more likely Paleocene instead of late Cretaceous-Eocene)
Morris, S.F. & J.S.H. Collins (1991)- Neogene crabs from Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak. Bull. British Mus. Nat.
Hist. (Geology), 47, p. 1-33.
Morrison, K. & W.C. Lee (2003)- Sequence stratigraphic framework of Northwest Borneo. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Petroleum Geology Conf. Exh. 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 127-138.
(Eocene- Recent depositional sequences of Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, tied to Haq et al. (1988) global cycle
chart. Major regional unconformities (mostly tectonic events): near Base Miocene/22.2 Ma; Deep Regional
Unconformity/ 15.5 Ma; late Middle Miocene/12.1 Ma/uplift event; early Late Miocene/10.6 Ma/eustatic,
Shallow regional Unconformity/Late Miocene/8.5 Ma; latest Miocene/5.6 Ma/ eustatic; latest Pliocene/~2
Ma/compression)
Muda, J. (2010)- Oil seepages at Kampung Minyak, Kudat Peninsula, Northern Sabah: potential for geotourism
development. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 54, p. 49-52.
(On oil seeps in NW Sabah, known since late 1800's, emanating E Miocene from Kudat Fm clastics, and its
tourism potential)
Muda, J. & F. Tongkul (2008)- Geoheritage resources of the Baliajong River: Potential for geotourism
development. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 54, p. 139-145.
(Baliajong River ~3 km NE of Tandek, N Sabah with outcrop of Lower Cretaceous-Paleocene oceanic crust,
comprising imbricated gabbro, pillow basalts andred bedded radiolarian cherts, forming basement rock of N
Sabah. Deformed basement overlain by Miocene (22-15 Ma) Crocker Fm clastics, which were folded at 15 Ma.
Failed manganese mining history in early 20th century. Area could be promoted as a geotourism destination)
Muff, R. (1990)- Geological, geochemical, and ore microscopic investigations of the massive, cupriferous
sulfide occurrences at West Sualog in the Bidu Bidu Ophiolite Complex, Sabah, East Malaysia. Geol. Jahrbuch,
B 74, p. 65-95.

Muhamad, A.J. & M.J. Hoesni (1992)- Possible source for the Tembungo oils: evidence from biomarker
fingerprints. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 32, p. 213-232.
(Tembungo field faulted anticline, with similar oils in different fault blocks: paraffinic, low sulfur and wax.
Biomarkers suggest terrigenous source rocks with abundant land plant organic matter)
Muller, J. (1986)- Palynology of the Pedawan and Plateau sandstone formation (Cretaceous- Eocene) in
Sarawak, Malaysia. Micropaleont. 14, 1, p. 1-37.
(Early palynological study of Upper Cretaceous- Eocene section of Sarawak. Pedawan Fm is Cenomanian-
Turonian, Plateau sandstone is of Senonian- Eocene age. Age interpretations revised by Morley (1998))
Nagtegaal, P.J.C. (1989)- A century of petroleum exploration in Sarawak and Sabah. ASEAN Concil on
Petroleum, p. 29-36.
Newton, R. Bullen (1897)- On a Jurassic lamellibranch and some other associated fossils from the Sarawak,
River limestones of Borneo; with a sketch of the Mesozoic fauna of that island. Geol. Mag., 1897, p. 407-115.
(Middle Jurassic bivalves in shallow marine sand-rich sediments)
Ng, T.S. & M. Mohamad (1996)- A quantitative analysis of seismic reflection in a gas-bearing carbonate
buildup, offshore Malaysia. In: P. Weimer & T.L. Davis (eds.) Applications of 3-D seismic data to exploration
and production, AAPG Studies in Geology 42, p. 219-244.
(Some 200 Miocene carbonate buildups mapped in Luconia Province off Sarawak. Vertical and lateral porosity
variations in carbonate reservoirs can be calibrated to seismic amplitude and acoustic impedance)
Noad, J.J. (1999)- The sedimentary evolution of the Tertiary of Eastern Sabah, Northern Borneo. Ph.D. Thesis
University of London, 456 p.
Noad, J. (2001)- The Gomantong Limestone of eastern Borneo: a sedimentological comparison with the near-
contemporaneous Luconia Province. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 175, p. 273-302.
(C Sabah basin was Eocene-Miocene E-W trending foreland basin, with carbonates in E. Late Oligocene-
earliest Miocene (Te5) Gomantong Lst outcrops in E. Sabah interpreted as shelf with fringing and patch reefs.
Carbonate deposition ended with rejuvenation of C Sabah basin around E-M Miocene boundary, ~16 Ma)
Nuraiteng, T.Abdullah & A. Kushairi (1987)- Pedawan Formation of the Penrissen area, Sarawak: a revision of
its upper age limit. Warta Geologi (Geol. Soc. Malaysia Newsl.) 13, 2, p. 43-50.
(Youngest Globotruncana at top of W Sarawak Pedawan Fm is Upper Santonian age)
Nuraiteng, T.Abdullah & Chieng Yih Yaw (1993)- Distribution of foraminiferal assemblages in the Upper
Eocene Batu Gading Limestone, Sarawak. Proc. Int. Symp. Biostratigraphy of Mainland and Southeast Asia:
facies & paleontology, Chiang Mai 1993, p. 231-242.
Nuttall, C.P. (1964)- Report on Mollusca from the Sebahat Formation, Tunku River, Dent Peninsula, Sabah.
Borneo Region, Malaysia Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept., 1963, p. 165-166.
Nuttall, C.P. (1965)- Report on the Haile collection of fossil Mollusca from the Plio-Pleistocene Togopi
Formation, Dent Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia. Geol. Surv. Borneo Region, Malaysia, Mem. 16, p. 155-192.
Olave-Hoces, S. (2006)- Controls on isolated carbonate platform evolution and demise, Central Luconia
province, South China Sea. M.Sc. Thesis Texas A&M Univ., 85p.
(online at: http://repository.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1795/OLAVE-HOCES-THESIS.pdf)
(Numerous isolated carbonate platforms in C Luconia in Middle-Late Miocene. Flooding at ~16.5 Ma initiated
near-simultaneous carbonate sedimentation. Five growth stages. SE Central Luconia platforms thicker and
larger, reflecting greater subsidence to SE. First platforms drowned (~12.5-9.7 Ma) in E, affected by
siliciclastic sediments and high local subsidence. Platforms drowned later (~6.3-5.5 Ma) caused by rapid sea-

level rise and local subsidence. C Luconia carbonate platforms drowned earlier (latest Late Miocene) than E
Natuna platforms (E Pliocene).
Omang, S.A.K. (1993)- Petrology, geochemistry and structural geology of the Darvel Bay Ophiolite, Sabah,
Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis Royal Holloway, University of London, p.
Omang, S.A.K. (1995)-Petrology and geochemistry of the mantle-sequence peridotite of the Darvel Bay
Ophiolite, Sabah, Malaysia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia. 38, p. 31-48.
(Mantle-sequence peridotites of Darvel Bay Ophiolite mainly depleted harzburgites. Less depleted (refractory)
mantle than harzburgites of Oman, Papuan and Halmahera ophiolites and represent a supra-subduction zone
(SSZ)-ophiolite type)
Omang, S.A.K. (1996)- Petrology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks associated with the Darvel Bay
Ophiolite, Lahad Datu, eastern Sabah, Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology conference, Kuala
Lumpur 1995, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 39, p. 65-80.
(At least three unrelated volcanic rock groups in ophiolitic terrain of Darvel Bay area. Group I and II may be
related to oceanic crust formation, Group III to M Miocene volcanic arc activity of Dent Peninsula)
Omang, S.A.K. (1996)-Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks in the Tungku area, Lahad Datu, eastern Sabah,
Malaysia; origin and tectonic significance. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology conference, Kuala Lumpur
1995, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 39, p. 51-64.
(Sub-ophiolite metamorphic garnet amphibolites found as clasts in late Early Miocene- M Miocene melange
formed at high P and T interpreted as derived from metamorphic sole below Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex,
formed during subduction of ocean crust and emplacement of ophiolite complex. Garnet amphibolites were
oceanic crust MORB tholeiites, metamorphosed in upper mantle and deformed and recrystallised with mylonitic
textures in amphibolite facies. K/Ar age of 76 +or- 21 Ma coincides with Late Cretaceous-Paleogene age of
subduction beneath Darvel Bay Ophiolite inferred from stratigraphic evidence)
Omang, S.A.K. & A.J. Barber (1996)- Origin and tectonic significance of the metamorphic rocks associated
with the Darvel Bay Ophiolite, Sabah, Malaysia. In: R. Hall & D.J. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic evolution of SE
Asia, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 106, p. 263-279.
(Banded hornblende gneiss, amphibolite and schists form lenses in 8 km wide belt in Darvel Bay Ophiolite
Complex, representing gabbros, plagiogranites, basaltic dykes, basaltic volcanics and cherts formed at
spreading ridge in supra-subduction zone environment, deformed at high T- low P along transform fault.
Garnet pyroxenites and amphibolites found as clasts in Miocene volcanic agglomerates formed at high-P, and
derived from metamorphic sole formed during ocean crust subduction and emplacement of ophiolite complex)
Omang, S.A.K. & S.H. Tahir (1995)- Cretaceous and Neogene lavas of Sabah; origin and tectonic significance.
(Cretaceous Telupid basalt low-K tholeiitic lava or "boninitic suite", formed in response to intra-oceanic
subduction. As subduction proceeded, magma composition changed to calc-alkaline suite (high-K Neogene
Tungku and Tanjung Batu andesites). Volcanics evolution starts with oceanic island arc, where supra-
subduction zone extension led to genesis of tholeiitic/ boninitic lava (Telupid basalt), followed by volcanic arc
(Tungku andesite), followed by arc-splitting, as extension continued, Sulu Sea marginal basin formed. Partial
closing of Sulu Sea caused S-ward subduction beneath older arc and formation of Tanjung Batu andesite)
Percival, T.J.& A.H. Hofstra (2002)- Bau, Malaysia; SRHDG deposit associated with Miocene magmatism.
Geol. Soc. America, 2002 Ann. Mtg., Abstracts with Programs 34, 6, p. 142. (Abstract only)
(Bau district, NW Borneo, produced 37.3 t gold. It is in Cretaceous thrust sheet comprised of L. Jurassic- M.
Cretaceous limestone and clastics and L. Triassic island arc volcanics that is overthrust by L. Jurassic- L.
Cretaceous siliciclastic turbidites. M Miocene magmatism due to SE subduction of Proto-South China Sea
under Borneo. Numerous 10-13 Ma, I-type, intermediate to felsic porphyry stocks intrude >30 km long NNE
transtensional fault zone. Au deposits at intersection of NNE fault system and ENE-striking anticline)

Petronas (1999)- The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia. Petronas, Kuala Lumpur, 665 p.
(Most comprehensive overview of Malaysia (incl. N Borneo) geology and oil and gas fields)
Pimm, A.C. (1965)- Serian Area, West Sarawak, East Malaysia. Geol. Survey Borneo Region Malaysia, Report
3, p. 1-92.
(Serian area in W Sarawak- W Kalimantan border area, SE of Kuching. Pre-Upper Carboniferous Kerait
schists, similar to 'NW Kalimantan Domain'. Overlain by Late Carboniferous- E Permian Terbat Fm
interbedded fusulinid limestone, chert and shale, at least 3000' thick, unconformably overlain by Late Triassic
Sadong Fm clastics and tuffs with Halobia and Serian Fm andesitic-basaltic volcanics. Sadong-Serian Fms
folded before deposition of Late Jurassic Bau Limestone. Unconformably overlain by ?Eocene Silantek Fm
clastics. With 1:50,000 scale geologic map)
Pimm, A.C. (1967)- Bau Mining District, West Sarawak, Malaysia. Part II- Krokong. Geol. Survey Borneo
Region Malaysia, Bull. 7, p.
Pimm, A.C. (1968)- Triassic volcanic rocks in East and West Malaysia. Geol. Survey Borneo Region Malaysia,
Bull. 8, p. 36-40.
Prosser, D.J. & R.R. Carter (1997)- Permeability heterogeneity within the Jerudong Formation: an outcrop
analogue for subsurface Miocene reservoirs in Brunei. In: A.J. Fraser et al. (eds) Petroleum geology of
Southeast Asia, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 126, p. 195-235.
(Permeability measurements on outcrop of 56m of Late Miocene (E Tortonian) Jerudong Fm at Punyit Beach,
Brunei, show large variations)
Prouteau, G., R.C. Maury, C. Rangin, S. Emmy & H. Bellon (1996)- Les adakites miocenes du NW de Borneo,
temoins de la fermeture de la proto-mer de Chine. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 323, 11, p. 925-932.
('The Miocene adakites of NW Borneo, witnesses of the closing of the proto-South China Sea'. Early Miocene
Sintang granodiorite intrusives dated back to 18.3 and 19.2 Ma, with characteristics of slab melts (adakites).
Youngest rocks (16.5, 16.7 Ma) are calc-alkaline dacites. Sintang adakites coeval with early stage of
subduction of Proto South China Sea Basin (more likely final stge ?; HvG))
Prouteau, G., R.C. Maury, F.G. Sajona, M. Pubellier, J. Cotton & H. Bellon (2001)- Le magmatisme post-
collisionnel du Nord-Ouest de Borneo, produit de la fusion d'un fragment de croute oceanique ancre dans le
manteau superieur. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 172, p. 319-332.
('The post-collisional magmatism of NW Borneo: product of melting of a fragment of oceanic crust in the upper
mantle'. Magmas in Sarawak formed by melting of subducted oceanic crust in upper mantle, as evidenced by
Miocene adakites. Two kinds of intrusions: High-medium K calc-alkaline diorites in N of study area (Lower
Miocene; 22.3-23.7 Ma); microtonalites and dacites near Kuching and S Sarawak (M-U Miocene, 14.6- 6.4
Ma). Lower Miocene diorites characteristic of subduction-related magmas. M-U Miocene microtonalites and
dacites also adakitic features: SiO2-rich (65-70%) and sodic; rare pyroxenes, etc.)
Ramli, M.Y. (1992)- Paranchangan fault zone; the southern sector, Sabah. In: Y.E. Heng (ed.) Proc. 23rd Geol.
Conf. Techn. Paper, Geol. Survey Malaysia, p. 131-140.
Rangin, C., H. Bellon, F. Benard, J. Letouzey, C. Muller & S. Tahir (1990)- Neogene arc-continent collision in
Sabah, N. Borneo (Malaysia). Tectonophysics 183, p. 305-319.
(Sabah arc-continent collision in early M Miocene, followed by intraplate shortening, still active today. Late
Oligocene-M Miocene volcanic arc imbricated with melanges and thrust NW-ward on polyphase-deformed Late
Cretaceous-M Miocene turbiditic sequence (Crocker Range). Intraplate shortening seen in thrusting- folding
offshore Sabah along Palawan-N Borneo Trench and broad folds and strike-slip faulting in previously sutured
terranes. Collision result of final stage of S-ward subduction of Proto-S China Sea or back thrusting of Sulu
volcanic arc during Celebes Sea subduction to N. K-Ar age of 137 Ma for gabbro of Sabah oceanic crust
basement, 6 Ma cooling age for Kinabalu granodiorite) (see also comments and reply by Hutchison (1991))

Redfield, A.H. (1922)- Petroleum in Borneo. Economic Geol. 17, 5, p. 313-349.
(Review of petroleum discoveries on Borneo, including Miri district of Brunei)
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Borneo. Geogr. J. 63, 2, p. 121-134.
Reinhard, M. & E. Wenk (1951)- Geology of the colony of North Borneo. Bull. Geol. Survey Dept. British
Territories in Borneo, 1, 160 p.
(Early compilation of North Borneo geology, commissioned by Shell)
Rice-Oxley, E.D. (1991)- Palaeoenvironments of the Lower Miocene to Pliocene sediments in offshore N.W.
Sabah area. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 28, p. 165-194.
(Biostratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy used in offshore NW Sabah to define paleo-shelf edges/ paleo-
coastlines and 4 seismic facies)
Rijks, E.J.H. (1981)- Baram Delta geology and hydrocarbon occurrence. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 14, p. 1-18.
(Baram Delta contains bulk of Sarawak oil reserves, with 11 fields, one onshore (Miri, 1910). Delta depocenter
developed in Late Eocene and from early M Miocene onward characterized by multiple regressive phases of
sedimentation. Tectonics interaction of N-hading growth faults and NE-SW trending latest Miocene folds)
Robinson, K.M. (1984)- Assessment of undiscovered recoverable petroleum resources in Tertiary sedimentary
basins of Malaysia and Brunei. U.S.Geol. Survey, Open File Rept. 84-328, p. .
Robinson, K.M. (1985)- Assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable petroleum resources in

Tertiary sedimentary basins of Malaysia and Brunei. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 18, p. 119-132.
(Undiscovered petroleum resources assessment suggests mean 8 billion barrels of oil and 80 TCF gas
remaining to be discovered in Malaysia and Brunei)
Robinson, K., P. Baltensperger, A. Thomas & S. Noon (2009)- The Middle Miocene unconformity (MMU) and
globigerinid sands in deepwater Sarawak. In: Proc. Petrol. Geol. Conf. Exh., Kuala Lumpur 2009, 3p.
(Talang 1 well gas in early Middle Miocene (N8, 16.1- 16.3 Ma Sr age) planktonic foraminifera sands
immediately above Mid-Miocene angular unconformity, above rotated faults blocks with E Miocene N6 (18.5-
19.0 Ma) sediments)
Roe, F.W. (1955)- Outline of the geology of British Borneo. Ann. Rept. Geological Survey Dept. 1954,
Kuching, p. 6-22.
Roe, F.W. (1964)- The geological relationship between Mt Kinabalu and neighbouring regions. Proc. Royal
Soc. London, B, 161, 982, p. 49-56
Romain, C. & D. Goulding (2005)- Deepwater Sarawak Block F, Malaysia. Proc. SEAPEX Conf., Singapore
2005. p.
Ronghe, S. & S. Pambayuning (2002)- Depth-induced impedance variations in reservoir sands; implications for
predicting lithology and fluid distributions offshore Brunei Darussalam. The Leading Edge 21, p. 388-393.
Roohi, G. (1994)- Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Subis limestone, Sarawak, East Malaysia. M.Sc
Thesis University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, p. 1-168.
(Early Miocene Subis Limestone of Sarawak. With Niah caves, 65 km SW of Miri)
Roohi, G. (1998)- Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Subis Limestone (Early Miocene) Sarawak, East
Malaysia and correlation with the Neogene of the Indus Basin, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Hydrocarb. Res. 10, p. 81-
104.

Rutten, L. (1915)- Tertiare foraminiferen von den Inseln Balambangan und Banguey, nordlich von Borneo.
Sammlung. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden 10, p. 11-17.
('Tertiary foraminifera from the Balambangan and Banguey islands, North of Borneo')
Rutten, L. (1921)- On the age of the Tertiary oil-bearing deposits of the peninsula of Klias and Pulu Labuan
(N.W. Borneo). Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, 23, II, p. 1142-1150.
(Online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl. Samples from Klias Peninsula and Klias island off N Borneo with E-M
Miocene larger forams. Already recognized stupendous uplift of Central Borneo, generating huge volumes of
Neogene clastics in E, SE and NW. In Sangkulirang area, E Borneo, Neogene deposits more pelagic to East,
pointing to an old marine territory in Makassar Strait)
Rutten, L. (1925)- Over fossielhoudende Tertiaire kalkstenen uit Britsch Noord Borneo. Verhand. Kon. Nederl.
Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen. Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser. 8 (Verbeek Memorial Volume), p. 415-427.
('On fossiliferous Tertiary limestones from British North Borneo'. Kudat Peninsula N of Kinabalu Eocene
limestones with Discocyclina, Spiroclypeus and Pellatispira, but some samples with younger Lepidocyclina)
Ryall, P.J.C. & D. Beattie (1996)- A gravity high in Darvel Bay. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology
conference, Kuala Lumpur 1995, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 39, p. 113-122.
(Gravity survey along coastlines and on islands of Darvel Bay shows a broad WNW-striking gravity high of 60
mgal, with maximum on S coast of Pulau Sakar, suggesting extensive ultramafic body beneath Darvel Bay)
Sadikun, S. (1997)- Some quantitative studies on wireline logs of the Baram Delta Field. Geol. Soc. Malaysia
Bull. 41, p. 139-150.
Sakamoto, T. & T. Ishibashi (2002)- Paleontological study of fusulinoidean fossils from the Terbat Formation,
Sarawak, East Malaysia. Mem. Fac. Science, Kyushu University, Ser. D, Earth Planet. Sci. 31, 2, p. 29-57.
(U Carboniferous- basal Permian Terbat Fm limestone, chert and shale, SE of Kuching, W Sarawak, with
diverse fusulinid foram assemblage of 29 species/ 18 genera, of M Moscovian (lower U Carboniferous)- U
Asselian (basal Permian) age. Correlates with faunas from E Tethys, including Thailand, S China, Japan)
Salleh, Z., A.S.A. Jamil, K.R. Mohamed & C.A. Ali (2008)- Hydrocarbon generation potential of the coals and
shales around the Eucalyptus campsite area, Maliau Basin, Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 54, p. 147-158.
(Shales and coals of M Miocene Kapilit Fm, Maliau Basin, SE Sabah, good- very good hydrocarbon generating
potential. Vitrinite Reflectance of most samples 0.57- 0.70%, indicating early oil generation stage)
Saller, A. & G. Blake (2003)- Sequence stratigraphy and syndepositional tectonics of Upper Miocene and
Pliocene deltaic sediments, Offshore Brunei Darussalam. In: F.H. Sidi, D. Nummedal et al. (eds.) Tropical
deltas of Southeast Asia-sedimentology, stratigraphy and petroleum geology, SEPM Spec. Publ. 76, p. 219-234.
(Two main Late Miocene-Pleistocene delta systems on Brunei shelf, Champion and Baram. 'Fourth-order'
sequences of 100-200k years average duration, probably close to 100 ky Milankovich frequency)
Sandal, S.T. (ed.) (1996)- The geology and hydrocarbon resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam, 1996
Revision. Brunei Shell Petroleum Co. and Brunei Museum, Bandar Seri Begawan, Syabas, 243 p.
(Standard work on geology and oil-gas of Brunei, mainly by Brunei Shell geologists. This is updated version of
James et al. 1984. Summary online at www.bsp.com.bn/panagaclub/pnhs_old/geology/web/)
Sanderson, G.A. (1966)- Presence of Carboniferous in West Sarawak. AAPG Bull. 50, 3, p. 578-580.
(Fusulinid limestone in Terbat Fm, Upper Sadong valley, W Sarawak, with three assemblages, probably Late
Carboniferous and Early Permian in age)
Sanudin, H.T., B.G. Muhammad, J.J. Pereira & C.J. Quek (1992)- Occurrence of melange in the Bengkoka
Peninsula, Sabah. Warta Geol. 18, 1, p. 1-7.

Sapawi, A., M.L. Anwar & E. Seah P.K. (1991)- Geochemistry of selected crude oils from Sabah and Sarawak.
(Oils from 15 offshore Sabah and Sarawak fields three different types, sourced from landplant-derived oranic
matter. Source rocks probably peat swamp environments)
Sarkar, S.S. (1973)- The extension of Tethyan Lower Cretaceous to Sarawak., East Malaysia. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Newsl. 45, p. 4-5.
(Ammonites from Lower Pedawan Fm shales Upper Tithonian- Lower Valanginian age and of Tethyan affinity)
Schaar, G. (1976)- The occurrence of hydrocarbons in overpressured reservoirs of the Baram Delta (Offshore
Sarawak, Malaysia). Proc. 5th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 2, p. 163-169.
Schaub, H.P. & A. Jackson (1958)- The northwestern oil basin of Borneo. In: L.G. Weeks (ed.), Habitat of Oil,
Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Spec. Publ. 18, p. 1330-1336.
(Shell paper on oil province of North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei, where oil was first found on Labuan island
in 1866. Commercial production from Upper Miocene- Lower Pliocene clastics)
Scherer, F.C. (1980)- Exploration in East Malaysia over the past decade. In: M.T. Halbouty (ed.) Giant oil and
gas fields of the decade 1968-1978. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 30, p. 423-440.
(N Borneo exploration resulted in discovery of 2 large oil fields, six large gas fields and several smaller oil
fields. Descriptions of giant fields Baronia (1967- Baram Delta), Samarang (1972- S Sabah) and Central
Luconia gas fields (1968-1975, C Sarawak, mainly in M-L Miocene carbonates))
Schmidt, C. (1904)- Uber die Geologie von Nordwest-Borneo und eine daselbst enstandene Neue Insel.
Gerlands Beitr. Geophysik 7, 1, p. 127-136.
(On the geology of NW Borneo and and a newly-formed island. Discussion of folded Tertiary around Brunei
bay, Klias Peninsula and Labuan Island and the birth of new mud diapyr island off W side of Klias Peninsula
in 1897)
Schmidtke, E.A., M.D. Fuller & R.B. Haston (1990)- Paleomagnetic data from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo,
and the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of Sundaland. Tectonics 9, 1, p. 123-140.
(Paleomagnetic data from 231 samples of W Sarawak U Jurassic-Miocene show increasing counterclockwise
(CCW) declination deflection with age. Samples from mid-Cretaceous Orbitolina limestone near Pedawan ~90
CCW rotation. Oligo-Miocene intrusions CCW rotations of 52 (26 Ma) and 22 (17 Ma). Sites in U Eocene-
Oligocene Silantek Fm ~41 CCW rotation. CCW rotation extends into W Malaysia, suggesting W Borneo and
Malay Peninsula stable block in latest Cretaceous-Cenozoic, with up to 108 CCW rotation. Cenozoic rotation
also possibly between Indochina and Borneo. Sense of rotation does not support 'propagating extrusion
tectonics' model for Cenozoic SE Asia)
Schreurs, J. (1997)- Geology of Brunei deltas, exploration status updated. Oil Gas J. 95, 31, p. 76-80.
Schreurs, J. (1997)- The petroleum geology of Negara Brunei Darussalem; an update. In: J.V.C. Howes & R.A.
Noble (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Petroleum systems of SE Asia and Australasia, Jakarta 1997, Indon. Petrol. Assoc.,
p. 751-766.
(Summary of Sandal et al. (1996) Brunei Shell book on geology and hydrocarbons of Brunei. Brunei located in
Neogene Baram Delta Province. Three main delta phases in overall regressive system: (1) Meligan Delta
(Proto-Champion, early Baram Delta), pre-M Miocene, only preserved as erosional remnants in uplifted
hinterland; (2) Champion Delta (E Baram Delta), axis of progradation along Brunei- Sabah border, M-Late
Miocene, 14.2-7.4 Ma); (3) Baram Delta, main axis in Brunei's W Offshore, E Pliocene (5.2 Ma) - Recent)
Schulz-Rojahn, J.P., P. Walshe & I. Suhaili (2004)- Champion West field development, Brunei: a study in seal,
compartmentalisation and fluid fill uncertainty. In: Proc. SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and
Exhibition, Perth 2004, 13p.

(Paper addressing management of contact uncertainty in Champion field, with common thin, multi-layered,
intensely faulted sandstone reservoirs with complex fluid fill distributions)
Schwing, H.F., S. Algar, P. Crevello & J. Roestenburg (2005)- Mass transport complexes of the Northwest
Sabah deepwater: characterisation from seismic and borehole data. Proc. SEAPEX Conf., Singapore 2005. p.
Shuib, M.K. (2003)- A dextral strike-slip model for the Miri Structure. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 95-103.
(Miri Field structure result of interplay between compression and tensional wrenching (NNE-trending dextral
strike-slip)
Sim, D. & G. Jaeger (2003)- Tectonostratigraphy and trap styles of the half-graben sub-province in West
Luconia, offshore Sarawak. In: Petroleum Geology Conf. Exhib. 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia,
Bull. 49, p. 107-110. (online at: http://geology.um.edu.my/gsmpublic/v49/Pages%20107-110.pdf)
(Half-Graben sub-province in W Luconia, offshore Sarawak, characterised by NNW trending, SW-dipping
extensional faults, creating sub-basins within half-grabens during M Miocene. Syn-rift carbonates at base of
half-graben drowned as result of rapid graben subsidence and influx of clastics. M Miocene fluviomarine
sediments filled half-grabens. Rifting ended at start of Late Miocene. Post-rift sediments two main hiatuses: U
Miocene (~10.6 Ma) and Lower Pliocene (~5.6 Ma). Miocene-Pliocene boundary was last major deformation,
with faulted anticlinal structures in NW area, attributed to wrench related inversion of extensional faults)
Simmons, M.D., M.D. Bidgood, P. Brenac, P.D. Crevello, J.J. Lambiase & C.K. Morley (1999)- Microfossil
assemblages as proxies for precise palaeoenvironmental determination- an example from Miocene sediments
from north-west Borneo. In: R.W. Jones & M.D. Simmons (eds.) Biostratigraphy in production and
development geology, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 152, p. 219-241.
(Palynomorphs and foraminifera allow distinction of paleoenvironments where core is absent in Miocene
deltaic-marine clastics formations of Brunei-Sabah)
Sleumer, B.H.G. (1978)- The Subis Limestone Complex- Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Proc. Carbonate Seminar,
Jakarta 1976, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 120-121. (Abstract only)
(Subis Lst, 100 km S of Miri, ~1000 thick isolated carbonate buildup with caves in Sarawak. Age Early
Miocene/Te5 (Eulepidina+ Miogypsina). Contemporaneous Setap Fm shales belong to G. binaiensis zone)
Sorkhabi, R. & S. Hasegawa (2005)- Fault zone architecture and permeability distribution in the Neogene
clastics of Northern Sarawak (Miri Airport road outcrop), Malaysia. In: Faults, fluid flow and petroleum traps,
AAPG Mem. 85, p. 139- 151.
Sperber, C.M. (2009)- The thermotectonic development of Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis
Royal Holloway, University of London, p.
Staub, J.R., H.L. Among & R.A. Gastaldo (2000)- Seasonal sediment transport and deposition in the Rajang
River delta, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Sediment. Geol. 133, p. 249-264.
(Description of sedimentary processes in Rajang Delta, NW Borneo, and variations in deposition between wet
and dry seasons)
Staub, J.R. & J.S. Esterle (1993)- Provenance and sediment dispersal in the Rajang River delta/ coastal plain
system, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Sediment. Geol. 85, p. 191-201.
Staub, J.R. & J.S. Esterle (1994)- Peat-accumulating depositional systems of Sarawak, East Malaysia.
Sediment. Geol. 89, p. 91-106.
(Sarawak prograding coastal depositional systems contain domed peat-accumulating environments in which
low-ash, low-sulfur peats are being deposited in areas of active siliciclastic sedimentation. Depositional
systems up to 11,400 km2 large, individual peat deposits >20 m thick and 1000 km2 in area)

Staub, J.R. & R.A. Gastaldo (2003)- Late Quaternary sedimentation and peat development in the Rajang River
Delta, Sarawak, East Malaysia. In: F.H. Sidi et al. (eds.) Tropical deltas of Southeast Asia; sedimentology,
stratigraphy, and petroleum geology. Soc. Sediment. Geol. (SEPM), Spec. Publ. 76, p. 71-87.
(Thick, domed peat deposits on Rajang delta tide-influenced alluvial valley and coastal plain. NE-striking
shoreline terrace sands along landward margin of delta and coastal plain and gravel outcrops in alluvial valley
expression of VIIa/ 125 ka highstand surface. Lignite near present coast at 80 m depth represents IIIb highstand
surface, indicating 40 m of subsidence in last 40 ka. Gravel dominates base of incised-valley fill 10 km wide- 45
m thick and overlain by fining-upward succession with tidally influenced upper part. Interfluve areas in
landward half of NE delta plain and adjacent coastal plain with >10 m Recent peat deposits on Pleistocene
began accumulating between 7.3- 5.8 ka as rate of sea-level rise slowed. Sediments adjacent to peat deposits
tide-influenced clastics. Seaward half of NE delta plain, delta front, and prodelta up to 40 m thick seaward-
thickening wedge, accumulated in last 5 ka, with basal gravel lag over rooted, yellow-brown alluvial soil,
overlain by delta-front and prodelta clays- silts, delta-front distributary-mouth sands and shoreline sands.
Young (<5 ka), thin (<10 m) peat on top of wedge in this part of delta plain)
Stauffer, P.H. (1967)- Studies in the Crocker Formation, Sabah. Bull. Geol. Survey Borneo Region 8, p. 1-13.
('The most significant paper on the Crocker Fm'; Hutchison 2005. Paleocene- E Miocene deformed submarine
fan system)
Stauffer, P.H. & D.T.C. Lee (1972)- Sedimentology of the Sandakan formation, East Sabah. Geol. Survey of
Malaysia, Geol. Papers 1, p. 10-17.
Stephens, E.A. (1956)- The manganese deposits of North Borneo. Reports 20th Sess. Int. Geol. Congr., Mexico,
4, p. 297-312.
(Manganese mineralization in N Borneo associated with radiolarian chert in Paleocene- Lower Eocene cherts
and spilites, capped by M Eocene- Miocene sandstone, shale, and limestone. Ore mainly psilomelane and
pyrolusite. Manganese probably introduced simultaneously with extrusion of basic lavas, contemporaneous
with silicification. Tropical weathering subsequently concentrated manganese)
Stephens, E.A. (1958)- The geology and mineral resources of the Kota Belud and Kudat area, North Borneo.
Geol. Survey Dept. British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 5, 137 p.
(Kota Belud Kudat region with Cretaceous- Early Eocene cherts (with manganese ores in Taritipan district),
spilites and related geosynclinal deposits, with intermediate-ultrabasic igneous intrusives. Thick Eocene sands-
shales and (mainly N of Kudat) Miocene shallow marine sediments and andesites. Oil seeps near Sikuati)
Straub, K.M. & D. Mohrig (2009)- Constructional canyons built by sheet-like turbidity currents: observations
from offshore Brunei Darussalam. J. Sedim. Res. 79, 1, p. 24-39.
(Seismic examples of Quaternary canyons in 900m of water off Brunei, not formed by erosion, but in net
deposition conditions)
Swauger, D.A., S.C. Bergman, A.P. Marillo, E.S. Pagado & T. Surat (1995)- Tertiary stratigraphy and tectonic
framework of Sabah, Malaysia: a field and laboratory study. In: GEOSEA 95, 8th Regional Conf. Geology,
Minerals, and Energy Resources of SE Asia, Manila 1995, p. 35-36.
Swauger, D.A., C.S. Hutchison, S.C. Bergman & J.E. Graves (2000)- Age and emplacement of the Mount
Kinabalu pluton. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 44, p. 159-163.
(Radiometric dates of Mt Kinabalu pluton reflect Middle-Late Miocene cooling history: hornblende 13.7 Ma,
biotite 10.3 Ma and zircon 8.8 Ma)
Tahir, S.H & A. Jantan (1994)- Stratigraphy of the Middle Miocene volcanic facies, Dent Peninsula, Sabah.
Newsl. Geol. Soc.Malaysia 20, 3, p. 225-227.
Tahir, S.H., B. Musta & I.A. Rahim & (2010)- Geological heritage features of Tawau volcanic sequence, Sabah.

(Description of Early Cretaceous oceanic crust/ Neogene volcanic arc terrane of Semporna Peninsula, SE
Sabah near Kalimantan border. Oldest rocks fragmented oceanic crust material (Chert-Spilite Fm), emplaced
in Albian-Cenomanian (similar age as Meratus Mts). Overlain by thick, folded M Miocene volcanic island arc
deposits, overlain by Plio-Pleistocene volcanics. Sabah deformation phases in M Eocene, M Miocene and Plio-
Pleistocene. Two volcanic arc phases (1): related to closing of Celebes and Sulu marginal basins in M Miocene
and (2) related to S Philippine Sea Plate in Plio-Pleistocene)
Takuya, S. & I. Takeshi (2002)- Paleontological study of fusulinoidean fossils from the Terbat Formation,
Sarawak, East Malaysia. Mem. Fac. Science, Kyushu University, Ser. D, Earth Planet. Sci. 31, 2, p. 29-57.
(Carboniferous-Permian Terbat Fm at S Kuchin, W Sarawak composed of limestone, chert, and shale. Diverse
fusulinid faunas ranging fromM Moscovian (U Carboniferous) - U Asselian (Lower Permian).
Tamura, M. (1973) Two species of lower Cretaceous Parvamussium from Kyushu, Japan, and Sarawak,
Borneo. Geol. Palaeont. Southeast Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 11, p. 119-124.
(Lower Cretaceous Pectinid bivalve from Sarawak)
Tamura, M. & C. Hon (1977)- Monotis subcircularis GABB from Sarawak, East Malaysia. Geol. Palaeont.
Southeast Asia, Univ. Tokyo Press, 18, p. 29-31
Tamura, M. & C. Hon (1977)- Upper Jurassic bivalves from Kedadom formation of Sarawak, Malaysia. Geol.
Palaeont. Southeast Asia, Univ. Tokyo Press, 18, p. 33-47.
Tan, D.N.K. (1978)- Lower Cretaceous age for the chert in the Lupar Valley, West Sarawak. Warta Geol. 4, 6,
p. 173-176.
(Radiolaria assemblages identified by Pessagno from 5 chert blocks in Lubok Atu mlange mainly Early and
mid-Cretaceous; range Valanginian- Cenomanian)
Tan, D.N. (1979)- Lupar Valley, West Sarawak. Geol. Survey Malaysia Report 13, 159p.
(Hutchison 2005: Lupar Line complex composed of Upper Cretaceous imbricated flysch with paleocurrent SW
to NE (Lupar Fm), chaotic mlange (Lubok Antu mlange with E-M Eocene microfauna in matrix) and
ophiolitic rocks (Pakong mafic complex: gabbro and pillow basalts))
Tan, D.N. (1982)- The Lubok-Antu melange, Lupar Valley, West Sarawak: a Lower Tertiary subduction
complex. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 15, p. 31-46.
(Lower Tertiary Lubok Antu melange in W Sarawak consists of blocks of Lower Cretaceous radiolarian chert,
U Cretaceous greywacke and slate, ?Cretaceous and Eocene limestone, calcareous shale, mudstone, sandstone,
basalt, spilite, gabbro and serpentinite in pervasively sheared pelitic matrix, locally with Early Tertiary fossils.
Also some low-grade prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphics. Geotectonic setting is Late Cretaceous- E
Tertiary SE-dipping subduction of oceanic crust under W Borneo continental basement)
Tan, D.N.K. (1983)- Nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary molasse deposits of West Sarawak.
Malaysia Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. for 1981, p. 348-355.
Tan, D.N.K. (1984)- Palaeocurrents in the Tertiary sedimentary deposits in western Sarawak. Bull. Geol. Soc.
Malaysia 17, p. 258-264.
(Tertiary fluvial-deltaic sediments from 7 localities in W Sarawak investigated for paleocurrent indicators.
Local mean directions to NW, N, NE, NNE and ESE suggest provenance of these rocks is Paleozoic-Mesozoic of
present Bau-Kuching-Serian area)
Tan, D.N.K. (1986)- Palaeogeographic development of West Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh & S. Paramananthan (eds.)
Proc. GEOSEA V Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1984, 1, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 19, p. 39-49.
(Four paleogeographic maps of W Sarawak: Carbo-Permian, Triassic, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Lower
Tertiary. Carbo-Permian dta limited. M-L Triassic Sadong Fm mixed continental- shallow marine deposits and
Serian Volcanics. Early Jurassic orogeny/ uplift, feeding Late Jurassic-Cretaceous Kedadom and Pedawan

Fms, and offshore deep-sea pelagic deposits. By Early Tertiary most of W Sarawak uplifted; intermontane
basins with Silantek Fm, Kayan Sst and Plateau Sst)
Tan, D.N.K., B.A.R. Abdul Hadi, A. Azlina, B. Boniface & K.T. Chow (1999)- West Baram Delta. In: Petronas
(1999) The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia, Ch. 13, p. 293-341.
Tan, D.N.K. & J.M. Lamy (1990)- Tectonic evolution of the NW Sabah continental margin since the Late
Eocene. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 27, p. 241-260.
(NW Sabah Shelf tectono-stratigraphic provinces. Four tectonic stages: (1) Late Eocene- early M Miocene
subduction of proto-S China Sea oceanic crust under Borneo; (2) early M Miocene collison of S China Sea
continental crust with Borneo, with uplift and erosion of accretionary prism and 'Deep Regional Unconformity';
(3) cessation of subduction in M-L Miocene accompanied by compressional deformation associated with deep-
seated N-S shear zones in inboard belt (4) Late Miocene-Holocene: inboard belt stable and eroding, outboard
belt E Baram Delta, prograding to NW)
Tate, R.B. (1976)- Palaeo-environmental studies in Brunei. SEAPEX Proc. 3, p. 102-124.

(Measured sections of Brunei Neogene deltaic deposits with interpretations of paleoenvironments)
Tate, R.B. (1991)- Cross-border correlation of geological formations in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Geol. Soc.
(Correlation charts to reconcile new stratigraphy established by Kalimantan Australian- Indonesian mapping
team and Sarawak)
Tate, R.B. (1992)- The Mulu Shear Zone- a major structural feature of NW Borneo. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
31, p. 51-65.
(Major regional NE-SW trending shear zone from Sarawak- Brunei to Sabah)
Tate, R.B. (1994)- The sedimentology and tectonics of the Temburong Formation- deformation of early
Cenozoic deltaic sequences in NW Borneo. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull., p. 97-112.
Tate, R.B. (compiler) (2001)- The geology of Borneo Island. Geol. Soc. Malaysia CD-ROM.
Tate, R.B. (1995)- The Balingian shear zone, West Balingian and West Baram lines, Sarawak, and their
importance in the early Cenozoic evolution of NW Borneo. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 38; p. 141-151.
(Major zone of WNW- trending intense deformation near Sg. Balingian between Sibu and Bintulu, probably
continuing offshore along gravity lineament. W Balingian and W Baram Lines mark boundaries of offshore
hydrocarbon provinces and together with new shear zone, form fundamental tectonic framework for this part of
NW Borneo. Distribution of heat flow, igneous rocks, Oligocene deltas and Oligocene-Miocene carbonates
across N Sarawak and N Kalimantan appear to be related to framework which extends across C Borneo)
Tate, R.B. & V. Hon (1991)- The oldest rocks in Borneo; a note on the Tuang Formation, West Sarawak and its
importance in relation to the presence of a ''basement'' in West Borneo. Warta Geologi, Geol. Soc. Malaysia
Newsl. 17, 5, p. 221-224.
Teoh Ying Jia & A.H. Abd Rahman (2009)- Comparative analysis of facies and reservoir characteristics of Miri
Formation (Miri) and Nyalau Formation (Bintulu), Sarawak. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 55, p. 39- 45.
(Outcrop study of sandstones of tidal- shallow marine M Miocene Miri and Nyalau Fms in Sarawak)
Thies, K., M. Ahmad, H. Mohamad, R. Bischke, J. Boyer & D.Tearpock (2006)- Structural and stratigraphic
development of extensional basins: a case study offshore deepwater Sarawak and Northwest Sabah, Malaysia.
AAPG Ann. Conv. 2005, Search and Discovery Article #10103, 6p.
(online at: http://www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/2006/06026thies/images/thies.pdf)
(Half-grabens of deepwater Sarawak and Sabah two or more regressive cycles of rift fill, related to early rifting
from ~43- 30 Ma and S China Sea seafloor spreading between 30-16 Ma, separating Dangerous Grounds-

Luconian microplates from Eurasia. Collision of Luconian Block with Kalimantan Block in M Oligocene and
Dangerous Grounds block in M Miocene, terminating half-grabens extension. Lower part of rift-fill cycles
predominantly bathyal facies; upper parts more sand prone inner neritic to fluvio-marine)
Ting Ching Soon (1992)- Jurassic-Cretaceous palaeogeography of the Jagoi-Serikin area as indicated by the
Bau Limestone Formation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 31, p. 21-38.
(Bau Limestone near Kuching, W Sarawak, is Late Jurassic- E Cretaceous fringing reef complex. Back-reef
facies closest to landmass (Jagoi granodiorite, Gunung Kisam) at edge of basin with Pedawan Fm deposition)
Tingay, M.R.P. (2003)- In situ stress and overpressures of Brunei Darussalam. Ph.D. Thesis, Adelaide
University, Australia, p.
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, C.K. Morley, R.C. King, R.E. Swarbrick & A.R. Damit (2009)- Present-day stress
and neotectonics of Brunei: implications for petroleum exploration and production. AAPG Bull. 93, 1, p. 75-
100.
(Present-day stress in Tertiary Baram Delta exhibits range of values that reflect NW Borneo active margin
(situated underneath the basin) and local stresses generated within delta)
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, C.K. Morley, R.E. Swarbrick & S.J. Drake (2005)- Present-day stress orientation in
Brunei: a snapshot of prograding tectonics in a Tertiary delta. J. Geol. Soc. London 162, p. 39-49.
(Baram Delta on active margin. Structures margin-parallel gravity tectonics and margin-normal transpressive
tectonics associated with active margin. Maximum horizontal stress margin-normal (NW-SE) in proximal parts
of basin and margin-parallel (NESW) in outer shelf. Rotations result of deltaic and basement-associated
tectonic regimes that prograde basinwards. Proximity of active margin resulted in uplift and inversion of
hinterland that forced delta system to prograde rapidly. Zone of active deltaic growth faulting prograded as
delta rapidly prograded across shelf. After uplift and delta progradation, old growth faults of inner shelf ceased
being active and successively reactivated by similarly prograding margin-normal inversion front)
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, C.K. Morley, R.E. Swarbrick & E.C. Okpere (2003)- Pore pressure/ stress coupling
in Brunei Darussalam; implications for shale injection. In: P. van Rensbergen et al. (eds.) Subsurface sediment
mobilization, Geological Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 216, p. 369-379.
(Shale dykes, diapirs and mud volcanoes common in Brunei. Outcrop examples show shale intruded along
faults and tensile fractures. Changes in pore pressure are coupled with changes in total minimum horizontal
stress, so rocks can sustain greater pore pressure prior to failure than predicted)
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, C.K. Morley, R.E. Swarbrick & E.C. Okpere (2003)- Variation in vertical stress in
the Baram Basin, Brunei: tectonic and geomechanical implications. Marine Petrol. Geol. 20, p. 1201-1212.
(Vertical stress determined in 24 fields in Baram Basin, using density log and checkshot velocity data. Basin
shows variation in vertical stress gradient between 18.3 and 24.3 MPa/km at 1500 m depth below surface.
Variation caused by bulk rock density change of 2.48-2.07 g/cm3 from hinterland to delta front. Differential
uplift of hinterland and undercompaction caused density and hence vertical stress variation)
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, R.E. Swarbrick & C.K. Morley (2005)- Origin and petrophysical log response of
overpressures in the Baram Delta Province, Brunei. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 381-390.
Tingay, M.R.P., R.R. Hillis, R.E. Swarbrick, C.K. Morley & A.R. Damit (2007)- Vertically transferred
overpressures in Brunei: evidence for a new mechanism for the formation of high-magnitude overpressure.
Geology 35, 11, p. 1023-1026.
(Pore pressure data from 61 fields across Baram Delta province reveal two types of overpressure: basal pro-
delta shales overpressures generated by disequilibrium compaction, overlying sand/shale deltaic sequence
overpressures generated by fluid expansion. Fluid expansion overpressures in fields that were inverted during
Pliocene, which resulted in large-scale fluid migration from prodelta shales into deltaic sequences)

Tingay, M., R. Hillis, R. Swarbrick, C. Morley & A. Damit (2009)- Origin of overpressure and pore-pressure
prediction in the Baram Delta province, Brunei. AAPG Bull. 93, p. 51-74.
(Baram Delta overpressures in inner shelf deltaic sequences and prodelta shales, generated by disequilibrium
compaction in prodelta shales and by fluid expansion in inner-shelf deltaic sequences. Overpressures in inner-
shelf deltaics vertically transferred into reservoir units via faults from prodelta shales. Sediments overpressured
by disequilibrium compaction different physical properties to those overpressured by vertical transfer)
Tjia, H.D. (1970)- Transcurrent faulting in the Sarawak-Kiri region, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Geol. Mag. 107,
3, p. 217-224.
(Left lateral, NNW trending transcurrent fault in Sarawak-kiri, W Sarawak. Belongs to important fracture zone
that extends into Kalimantan, and continues in N direction along edge of Sunda Shelf beneath S China Sea.
Continental part of SE Asia rotated counter-clockwise up to Lower Paleogene)
Tjia, H.D. (1972)- Structural pattern of Bau Limestone Formation, Sarawak. Sains Malaysia (Malaysian J.
Science) 1, B, p. 173-182.
(Abrupt change in trend from SSW-NNE to NW-SE, compression directions reflected in topography, etc.)
Tjia, H.D. (1974)- Sense of tectonic transport in intensely deformed Trusmadi and Crocker sediments, Ranua-
Tenompok area, Sabah. Sains Malaysiana 3, 2, p. 129-161.
Tjia, H.D. (1988)- Accretion tectonics in Sabah: Kinabalu Suture and East Sabah accreted terrane. Geol. Soc.
(Kinabalu suture zone 80 km wide belt with Triassic- M Miocene rocks across Sabah from Darvel Bay- Telupid-
Marudu Bay to Banggi and Balambangan islands. Three collisional rock assemblages: (1) Cretaceous-
Paleocene chert-spilite Fms, (2) Paleocene- Oligocene turbiditic Trusmadi Fm and Crocker Fms and (3)
Oligocene-M Miocene Garinono-Kalabakan olistostromes. W Sabah is continental piece from Asian continent,
E Sabah oceanic basin. By end M Miocene Sabah terrane welded to mainland Borneo)
Tjia, H.D. (1998)- The Dulit Triangle in Sarawak: a most striking example of detachment tectonics. In: G.H.
Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology Conference 1997, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 42, p. 95-100.
Tjia, H.D. (1999)- Northwest Sabah overthrust system. Proc. Ann. Geol. Conf. 2003, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
46, p. 5-10.
Tjia, H.D. (2007)- Kundasang (Sabah) at the intersection of regional fault zones of Quaternary age. Geol. Soc.
Tjia, H. D. & M.I. Ismail (1994)- Tectonic implications of well-bore breakouts in Malaysian basins. Bull. Geol.
(Over 100 well-bore breakout directions in Malay, Sarawak, Sabah and Sandakan basins show consistent
correlation with current and past tectonic stress fields)
Tjia, H.D., M.I. Ismail & O.A. Mahmud (1998)- The Tubau Lineament (Sarawak) is a strike-slip fault zone.
Warta Geologi 24; 3, p. 129-132.
(N-S Tubau Lineament 25-km left-stepping change of Bukit Mersing Line, 25-km of linear Tubau river valley,
and as long axis of Ulu Suai Dome which adds ~30 km to lineament. Tubau Lineament originated as pre-Upper
Miocene time left-lateral strike slip fault zone with ~25 km displacement)
Tjia, H.D., I. Komoo, P.S. Lim & Tungah Surat (1991)- The Maliau Basin, Sabah: geology and tectonic setting.
(E Maliau Basin, Sabah, is landward extension of Tarakan Basin. Fieldwork found good quality coal seams in
E-M Miocene Tanjung Fm. Majority of current indicators to NE. Miocene rocks uplifted to 1600m above SL)

Tjia, H.D. I. Komoo, C.A. Ali & S. Tahir. (1992)- Geology of Taman Bukit Tawau, Semporna Peninsula,
Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 31, p. 113-131.
(Volcanic mountains in SE Sabah up to 1320m high are Quaternary dacitic, andesitic and basaltic volcanics)
Tokuyama, A. & S Yoshida (1974)- Kinabalu fault, a large strike-slip fault in Sabah, East Malaysia. In: T.
Kobayashi & R. Toriyama (eds.) Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia 14, Univ. Tokyo Press, p.171-
188.
(Series of NW-SE trending left-lateral strike-slip fault zone with possible 300km of displacement across Sabah-
Kinabulu, supposedly linking up with Palu-Koru fault of Sulawesi)
Tongkul, F. (1987)- Sedimentology and structure of the Crocker Formation in the Kota Kinabalu area, Sabah,
East Malaysia. Ph.D. Thesis University of London, 318 p.
Tongkul, F. (1989)- Sedimentology and structure of the Crocker Formation in the Kota Kinabalu area, Sabah,
East Malaysia. In: B. Situmorang (ed.) Proc. 6th Reg. Conf. Geology Mineral Hydrocarbon Res. SE Asia
(GEOSEA VI), Jakarta 1987, IAGI, p. 135-156.
(Crocker Fm Eocene- E Miocene flysch outcrops, composed of lower shaly unit, upper sandy sequence,
interpreted as large N-prograding submarine fan system. Deposition of coarse sediment peaked in Oligocene.
Sediment source Borneo/Sunda Shelf to SW. Fan sediments imbricated into series of thrust slices, 200-600m
thick. Termination of deformation followed by major uplift of Crocker complex in M-L Miocene, after collision
of Dangerous Grounds microcontinent)
Tongkul, F. (1990)- Structural styles and tectonics of Western and Northern Sabah. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull.
27, p. 227-240.
(Deformational episodes of W and N Sabah E Cretaceous-Pliocene igneous and sedimentary rocks: (1) Late
Cretaceous- E Eocene basement (chert-spilite oceanic formation) deformation/ uplift; (2) M Miocene NW-SE
and N-S directed thrusting of M Eocene- E Miocene Crocker- Kudat sediments (3) gentle deformation of U
Miocene- Pliocene sediments)
Tongkul, F. (1991)- Basin development and deposition of the Bongaya Formation in the Pitas area, northern
Sabah. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 29, p. 183-193.
Tongkul, F. (1991)- Tectonic evolution of Sabah, Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, p. 395-406.
(SE-ward subduction in front of rifted continental block of S China under emergent oceanic basement in E
Sabah controlled development of NE-SW trending basin with M Eocene-E Miocene sediments. Opening of S
China Sea Basin in M Oligocene-M Miocene caused further subduction and narrowing of basin. M Eocene-E
Miocene sediments compressed into fold-thrust belt trending ~NE-SW in W Sabah and NW-SE in N and E
Sabah. Subduction accompanied by volcanic activity in E Sabah in E-M Miocene. Deformed sedimentary pile
and underlying oceanic basement then subjected to NW-SE extension related to E-M Miocene opening of Sulu
Sea Basin. This resulted in development of extensive chaotic deposits in E and C Sabah and also controlled
development of circular basins for deposition of thick, Early- Late Miocene sediments. Continued extension
resulted in further SE-ward subduction in SE Sabah, producing the Late Miocene-Quaternary volcanics)
Tongkul, F. (1993)- Tectonic control on the development of the Neogene basins in Sabah, East Malaysia. In:
G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. Symp. Tectonic framework and energy resources of the Western Margin of the Pacific
Basin, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 33, p. 95-103.
Tongkul, F. (1994)- The geology of northern Sabah, Malaysia: its relationship to the opening of the South China
Sea basin. Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 27, p. 95-103.
(Same paper as below)
Tongkul, F. (1994)- The geology of northern Sabah: its relationship to the opening of the South China Sea.

(N Sabah E Cretaceous-Pliocene sedimentary and igneous rocks. Three deformation episodes associated with
NW-SE and N-S oriented compression: (1) Late Cretaceous- E Eocene uplifted oceanic basement, site for
deposition of M Eocene- E Miocene Crocker and Kudat Fms, sourced from continental basement in SW; (2)
Latest Oligocene and early M Miocene N-S directed imbricate thrusting, controlling E-W trending basins
development filled with U Miocene S Banggi and Bongaya Fms; (3) Minor continuation of N-S compressional
deformation. Deformation episodes related to S-ward movements of continental blocks separated from S margin
of China during opening of S China Sea subbasins)
Tongkul, F. (1995)- The Paleogene basins of Sabah, East Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. AAPG-GSM Int.
Conf. Southeast Asian Basins: oil and gas for the 21st century, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 37, p.
301-308.
(Paleogene basins of Sabah developed in two stages. Earlier deformation (latest Mesozoic?) produced wide
NE-SW trending basin, with continental block to NW and emergent oceanic basement to SE. Shallow to deep
water Early Paleogene sediments. Later (M Eocene?) deformation divided basin into two parallel basins, also
NE-SW. Basins independently filled by shallow to deep water late Paleogene sediments derived axially from SW
and laterally from NW and SE. Basins finally closed in E Miocene, with Paleogene fold-thrust belt of Sabah)
Tongkul, F. (1997)- An ancient oceanic crust in Tandek, Sabah - a unique geological heritage. Sabah Society J.
14, p. 1-10.
Tongkul, F. (1997)- Sedimentation and tectonics of Paleogene sediments in central Sarawak. Geol. Soc.
Tongkul, F. (1997)- Polyphase deformation in the Telupid Area, Sabah, Malaysia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 15, p.
175-184.
(Telupid area in C Sabah Mesozoic ophiolitic basement, overlain by Cretaceous- Oligocene sediments. At
least three deformation phases: (1) M Eocene folding- thrusting of basement and older Paleogene sediments
trending N70E, (2) early Lower Miocene imbrication of basement rock and overlying sediments to NE; (3)
early M Miocene thrusting of deformed basement rock and overlying sediments to NW)
Tongkul, F. (1999)- Regional geological correlation of Paleogene sedimentary rocks between Sabah and
Sarawak, Malaysia. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA '98, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43, p. 31-
39.
Tongkul, F. (2004)- The structural style of Lower Miocene sedimentary rocks, Kudat Peninsula, Malaysia.
(Kudat Peninsula mostly Lower Miocene sediments, deformated into large-scale folds on three major WNW-
ESE trending imbricate thrust slices. Deformation probably caused by progressive N-S transpression related to
M Miocene collision of Dangerous Ground/ Reed Bank with NW Sabah along NW Borneo Trough)
Tongkul, F. (2006)- The structural style of Lower Miocene sedimentary rocks, Kudat Peninsula, Sabah. Geol.
Soc. Malaysia Bull. 49, p. 119-124.
Tongkul, F. & F.K. Chang (2003)- Structural geology of the Tertiary Maliau Basin, Sabah. In: G.H. Teh (ed.)
Petroleum Geology Conference and Exhibition 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 51-61.
(Maliau Basin saucer shaped basin in C and S Sabah. 7500m thick clastics section, mainly M Miocene age and
deltaic- coastal facies)
Ujie, H. (1970)- Miocene foraminiferal faunas from the Sandakan Formation, North Borneo. Geol. Palaeont
Southeast Asia 8, p. 165-185.
(Sandakan Fm on Sandakan Peninsula, NE Sabah, >4500m thick clastic series, mostly barren, 3 samples with
middle Miocene planktonic forams)

Ujie, H. (1977)- New species and subspecies of benthonic foraminifera from the Miocene Sandakan Formation,
North Borneo. Geol. Palaeont Southeast Asia, University of Tokyo Press, 18, p. 87-102.
(Descriptions of marine benthic forams; no (bio-)stratigraphy)
Vachard, D. (1990)- A new biozonation of the limestones from Terbat area, Sarawak, Malaysia. In: H. Fontaine
(ed.) Ten years of CCOP research on the Pre-Tertiary of East Asia, CCOP Techn. Bull. 20, p. 183-208.
(Terbat Last of W Sarawak- NW Kalimantan border area with 7 foraminifera assemblages, including diverse
fusulinids, of M Carboniferous - earliest Permian (Moscovian- Asselian) age)
Vahrenkamp, V.C. (1998)- Miocene carbonates of the Luconian Province, Offshore Sarawak: implications for
regional geology and reservoir properties from Strontium-isotope stratigraphy. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Geol. Soc.
Malaysia Petrol. Geol. Conf., Kuala Lumpur 1997, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 42, p. 1-13.
(Luconia province E-M Miocene carbonate platforms growth and demise correlated with 2nd-order eustatic
sea-level cycle. Major karst horizons, flooding, aggradation and progradation packages linked via step-
changes in isotope signature to 3rd order eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Simultaneous with 2nd order sea-level
drop (late M Miocene) influx of siliciclastics split province into S part with low relief carbonate banks and N
part with high relief platforms. All growth terminated at end M Miocene. Low relief banks buried, high relief
platforms karstified prior to drowning (Late Miocene-Pliocene). Porosity-permeability distribution linked to
duration of exposure and burial diagenesis)
Vahrenkamp, V.C., F. David, P. Duijndam, M. Newall & P. Crevello (2004)- Growth architecture, faulting, and
karstification of a Middle Miocene carbonate platform, Luconia Province, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. In: G.P.
Eberli et al. (eds.) Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems, AAPG Mem. 81, p. 329-350.
(Mega Platform is 30x50-km large and 1.2-km-thick carbonate platform, originating in late Early- early M
Miocene on structural high. First aggraded, then backstepped in M Miocene. Several transgressive,
aggradational, and progradational cycles overprinted by karst events. Demise of platform either drowning from
combined subsidence- eustatic sea level rise, or much-later drowning, preceded by period of exposure resulting
from second-order sea level fall and decrease in subsidence caused by onset of Late Miocene tectonism in
Borneo. Hiatus of ~5 m.y. before platform was buried by deep-marine siliciclastics prograding from large NW
Borneo deltas. Growth architecture, faulting and karstification key to exploiting hydrocarbon reservoirs)
Vahrenkamp, V.C., Y. Kamari & S.A. Rahman (1998)- Three dimensional reservoir geological model and
multiple scenario volumetrics of the F23 Miocene carbonate build-up, Luconia Province, offshore Sarawak.
Van Borren, L.K., A. Koopman & A.J. Schreurs (1996)- Stratigraphy. In: S.T.Sandal (ed.) The geology and
hydrocarbon resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam (2nd ed.), Spec. Publ. Muzium Brunei and Brunei Shell
Petroleum Company Berhad, Syabas, Bandar Seri Begawan, p. 81-128.
Van der Zee, W. & J.L. Urai (2005)- Processes of normal fault evolution in a siliciclastic sequence: a case study
from Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Struct. Geol. 27, 12, p. 2281-2300.
(Outcrop observations of normal faults formed at shallow depth in deltaic sand-clay sequence near Miri used to
study early stages of fault development)
Van Ditzhuijzen, P.J.D. & J.A. de Waal (1984)- Reservoir compaction and surface subsidence in the Central
Luconia gas bearing carbonates, offshore Sarawak. Proc. 5th Offshore South East Asia Conf., Singapore 1984,
SEAPEX, p. 27-40.
(Pores in carbonates with common moldic porosity may collapse as reservoirs are depleted, and cause
subsidence)
Van Hattum, M.W.A. (2005)- Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in Northern Borneo. Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis Royal Holloway, University of London, 467 p.

Van Hattum, M., R. Hall & G.J. Nichols (2003)- Provenance of northern Borneo sediments. Proc. 29th Ann.
(Upper Cretaceous- Eocene sediments mature quartzose, possibly derived from mainland SE Asia/Indochina. In
Eocene shift to relatively immature recycled orogenic sands. Eo- Oligocene Crocker Fm mainly derived from
granites; ultimate source probably S Borneo Schwaner Mountains)
Van Hattum, M.W.A., R. Hall, A.L. Pickard & G.J. Nichols (2006)- Southeast Asian sediments not from Asia:
provenance and geochronology of North Borneo sandstones. Geology 34, 7, p. 589-592.
(Eocene- Lower Miocene Crocker turbidite sst of N Borneo derived from Borneo and SE Asia, not from Asian
sources after India-Eurasia collision. Compositionally mature due to tropical weathering, but mostly first-cycle
sandstones from granitic and subordinate metamorphic, sedimentary and ophiolitic rocks. Detrital zircons
Archean- Eocene ages, mostly Mesozoic. Main source Cretaceous granites of Schwaner Mts in SW Borneo in
Eocene, Permo-Triassic granites and Proterozoic basement of Malay-Thai Tin Belt in Oligocene)
Van Rensbergen, P. & C.K. Morley (2000)- 3D seismic study of a shale expulsion syncline at the base of the
Champion delta, offshore Brunei and its implication for the early structural evolution of large delta systems.
Marine Petrol. Geol. 17, p. 861-872.
(Example of Late Miocene expulsion rollover syncline related to mobile shale, described from 3D seismic)
Van Rensbergen, P., C.K. Morley, D.W. Ang, T.Q. Hoan & N.T. Lam (1999)- Structural evolution of shale
diapirs from reactive rise to mud volcanism: 3D seismic data from the Baram Delta, offshore Brunei
Darussalam. J. Geol. Soc. London 156, p. 633-650.
(Two areas of shale diapyrism in Baram Delta)
Van Rensbergen, P. & C.K. Morley (2003)- Re-evaluation of mobile shale occurrences on seismic sections of
the Champion and Baram Deltas, offshore Brunei. In: P. Van Rensbergen et al. (eds.) Subsurface sediment
mobilization, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 216, p. 395-409.
(3D seismic data in Baram and Champion delta provinces show chaotic areas, conventionally interpreted as
shale diapers, have dimmed but coherent reflectivity. Dimming attributed to sediment intrusive complexes,
overpressured fluids, gas clouds or processing artefacts. M Miocene-Recent Champion and Baram deltaic
provinces characterized by gravity tectonics-related structures, also affected by episodic contraction, with
inversion of some growth faults. Emplacement of shale pipes, gas clouds and intrusive complexes generally
later (Pliocene) than underlying reactive diapirs (Late Miocene))
Van Vliet, A. & M.M. Schwander (1989)- Stratigraphic interpretation of a regional seismic section across the
Lauban Syncline and its flank structures, Sabah, North Borneo. In: A.W. Bally (ed.) Atlas of seismic
stratigraphy, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Studies in Geology 27, p. 163-167.
Vogt, E.T. & M.F.J. Flower (1989)- Genesis of the Kinabalu (Sabah) granitoids at a subduction-collisional
junction. Contr. Min. Petrol. 103, p. 493-509.
(Kinabalu batholith is Late Neogene granitoid in NW Sabah, where subducted S China Sea lithosphere
interacted with roots of N Sabah collision suture. Exposed batholith small core of biotite-quartz monzodiorite
grading to hornblende-quartz monzonite. Unusual zonation from inner low-K to outer high-K compositions may
indicate that cessation of subduction prevented upward migration of melting anomaly and thermal maturation
of pluton)
Walker, T. (1993)- Sandakan Basin prospects rise following modern reappraisal. Oil Gas J. 10 May, p. 43-47.
Wanner, J. (1922)- Beitrage zur Geologie und Geographie von Nordost-Borneo. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Pal., Beil.
Band 45, 1921, p. 149-213.
(Contributions to the geology and geography of NE Borneo. Summary of results of field survey in N Borneo in
areas of Darvel Bay, Siagau River and Sandakan Bay by K. Stamm for NKPM)

Wannier, M. (2009)- Carbonate platforms in wedge-top basins: an example from the Gunung Mulu National
Park, Northern Sarawak (Malaysia). Marine Petrol. Geology 26, 2, p. 177-207.
(Melinau carbonate platform of NE Sarawak initiated in M Eocene on rotating slice of Rajang accretionary
prism. Differential loading enhanced rotation of mobile substratum and created asymmetrical wedge-top basin.
Extensional S margin of basin 21002200m thick Eocene-Oligocene carbonates. Backstepping and
dismemberment of carbonate system started in latest Oligocene and deep-marine sedimentation became
prevalent in E Miocene)
Watters, D.G., R.C. Maskall, I.M. Warrilow & V. Liew (1999)- A sleeping giant awakened: further
development of the Seria Field, Brunei Darussalam, after almost 70 years of production. Petrol. Geosc. 5, 2, p.
147-159.
(Seria Field 1929 discovery produced 164 Mm3 oil by 1996, 34% of in-place volumes. 3D seismic used to
identify undrilled closures and areas of unswept oil in field)
Weber, H.S. & D.T.C. Lee (1990)- Mineral resources investigation in Sabah, East Malaysia, 1980-1984;
selected results and conclusions. Geol. Jahrbuch, B 74, p. 3-29.
Whittaker, J.E. & R.L. Hodgkinson (1979)- Foraminifera of the Togopi Formation, eastern Sabah, Malaysia.
Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. Ser. 31, p. 1-120.
Whittle, A.P. & G.A. Short (1978)- The petroleum geology of the Tembungo Field, East Malaysia offshore.
Proc. SEAPEX Offshore SE Asia Conf., Singapore 1978, 11p.
(Tembungo 1971 first oil and gas discovery offshore Sabah in anticlinal structure with Late Miocene turbidite
reservoir sands. Reserves ~15 MBO)
Wicker, J.J. & J.E.F Stearn (1999)- Baram Field- the 3D marine re-processing challenge. In: Proc. GEOSEA '98
Conf., Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 43, p. 439-450.
Wilford, G.E. (1955)- The geology and mineral resources of the Kuching-Lundu area, West Sarawak, including
the Bau mining district. Geol. Survey Dept. British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 3, 254 p.
(Kuching-Lundu area is westernmost part of Sarawak. N Borneo composed of sedimentary rocks from probably
Devonian to Quaternary age and variety of volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks. Structurally part of Sunda
shelf, an extension of continental Asia. Gold, antimony, and mercury ores genetically associated with Tertiary
acid intrusions. With 1:125,000 geologic map of study area and 1:50,000 map of Bau gold mining district)
Wilford, G.E. (1961)- The geology and mineral resources of Brunei and adjacent parts of Sarawak with
descriptions of Seria and Miri oilfields. British Borneo Geol. Survey Dept., Mem. 10, 319 p.
(Area part of centre of NW Borneo geosyncline, with great thicknesses of Paleocene- Recent sediments
(possibly >100,000))
Wilford, G.E. (1964)- The geology of Sarawak and Sabah caves. Bull. Geol. Surv. Borneo Region Malaysia 6,
181p.
Wilford, G.E. (1968)- Notes on the geomorphology of Sabah. In: P. Collenette & J. Goh (eds.) Geological
Papers 1967. Geological Survey of Borneo Region, Malaysia, Bull. 9, p. 1-22.
Wilford, G.E. & C.H. Kho (1965)- The geology and mineral resources of the Penrissen area, West Sarawak,
Malaysia. Malaysia Geol. Survey Borneo Region, Rept. 2, 195 p.
(incl. identifications of Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous algae in Bau limestone)
Williams, A.G., J.J. Lambiase, S. Back & M.K. Jamiran (2003)- Sedimentology of the Jalan Selaiman and Bukit
Melinsung outcrops, western Sabah: is the West Crocker Formation an analogue for Neogene turbidites
offshore? In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology Conf. Exhib. 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 63-75.

(Outcrop study of~500m of Oligocene- E Miocene West Crocker Fm turbidites, W Sabah. Texturally immature
sands. Paleocurrent directions consistently to N, oblique to the NE-SW marginal basin, possibly derived from
uplifted Rajang accretionary prism)
Wilson, R.A.M (1961)- The geology and mineral resources of the Banggi island and Sugut river area, North
Borneo. British Borneo Geol. Surv. Mem. 15, 143 p.
(NE Borneo Banggi island, mainland Sugut river area and islands off N coast. Thick Tertiary geosynclinal
sequence on mainland. On islands Upper Cretaceous or Lower Eocene pillow lavas, basaltic intrusions and
chert beds , brecciated and intruded by serpentinite sheets and younger ultrabasic plutonics)
Wilson, R.A.M (1964)- The geology and mineral resources of the Labuan and Padas Valley area, Sabah,
Malaysia. Geol. Surv. Borneo Region, Malaysia, Mem. 17, 150p.
Wolfenden, E.B. (1960)- The geology and mineral resources of the lower Rajang Valley and adjoining areas,
Sarawak. Geol. Survey Dept. British Territories in Borneo, Mem. 11, 167 p.
(Area with mainly Upper Cretaceous- Recent sediments and rare Tertiary intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
Thick Upper Cretaceous- Upper Eocene deep water series of mildly dynamically metamorphosed argillaceous
rocks, sandstone, and conglomerate, intensely folded in Late Eocene. In NE thick Upper Eocene- Pliocene
sandstones and shales with thin Late Eocene limestones and volcanics. Upper Eocene- Pliocene rocks folded)
Wolfenden, E.B. (1961)- Bauxite in Sarawak. Economic Geol. 56, 5, p. 972-981.

(Tropical weathering of basic and intermediate igneous rocks caused bauxite deposits of W Sarawak. Highest-
grade material (Munggu Belian) formed from pyroxene andesite; other parent materials gabbro, diorite,
plagioclase amphibolite and altered andesites and basalts. Bauxite consists mainly of gibbsite)
Wolfenden, E.B. (1965)- Bau mining district, West Sarawak, Malaysia, Part 1: Bau. Geol. Survey Borneo
Region, Malaysia, Bull. 7, 1, p. 1-147.
(Geologic map of part of W Sarawak, SW of Kuching. Includes description of >1800' thick, massive Upper
Jurassic Bau Limestone. Locally with sandstone- pebbly sandstones with abundant igneous rock fragments at
base, unconformable on U Triassic basaltic Serian volcanics. Conformably overlain by >10,000' of marine
Cretaceous Pedawan Fm, now mostly eroded in Bau region. Upper Cretaceous folding phase, strongest NW of
bau, rel. minor to SE, followed by deposition of Plateau Sandstone. Also probably M Miocene folding phase.
Acidic igneous intrusions of probably M Miocene age. Long history of gold-siver mining)
Wolfenden, E.B. & N.S. Haile (1963)- Sematan and Lundu Area, West Sarawak. Explanation of sheets 1-109-3,
1-109-4, 1-109-7, 1-109-8 and 2-109-15. Geol. Survey Dept., British Terr. Borneo, Kuching, Report 1, p. 1-159.
(Geologic maps at 1:50,000 scale of W-most part of Sarawak, W of Kuching, bordering W Kalimantan. Oldest
rocks thick, intensely folded and locally metamorphosed Jurassic- Cretaceous Serabang Fm flysch, radiolarian
chert and ultrabasics (mainly gabbro-dolerite). Interpreted as 'geosynclinal' series (Hutchison 2005 suggests
this is Lower Cretaceous melange, similar to Lubuk Antu/ 'Lupar Line' further East; it is accretionary prism
formed during Early Cretaceous subduction of Proto China Sea from N). Unconformably overlain by gently-
dipping Paleogene? Plateau Sandstone)
Wong, R.H.F. (1993)- Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Miocene-Pliocene Southern offshore Sandakan
Basin, East Sabah. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. Symposium on the Tectonic framework and energy resources of the
western margin of the Pacific Basin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Spec. Publ. 33, p. 129-142.
Wong, R. (1996)- Seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation enhances remaining hydrocarbon potential of
the SE Collins Field. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum Geology Conf. 1995, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 39, p. 223-
240.
(SE Collins field 1972 marginal oil field discovery in complexly faulted central portion of the Inboard Belt of
NW Sabah Basin. Elongated, N-S anticlinal structure with reverse faults on N, W and S. Main reservoirs M
Miocenesands. New sequence stratigraphic study lead to doubling of reserves estimate)

Wong, R.H.F. (1997)- Sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Miocene Stage IVC in the Labuan-Paisley Syncline,
NW Sabah Basin. Geol. Soc Malaysia Bull. 41, p. 53-60.
Yabe, H. (1918)- Notes on a Carpenteria Limestone from B.N. Borneo. Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ.,
Sendai, Japan, Ser. 2 (Geol.), 5, p. 15-30.
(Three limestone samples from Kinatabang River, British Borneo, with Cycloclypeus annulatus and common
Carpenteria. Interpreted to be Oligocene, but could be M Miocene; HvG)
Yabe, H. & S. Hanzawa (1925)- A Lepidocyclina limestone from Klias Peninsula, B.N. Borneo. Verhand.
Geol.-Mijnb. Gen. Nederl. Kolon., Geol. Ser. 8 (Verbeek volume), p. 617-632.
(Early Miocene limestone with Lepidocyclina, Miogypsina, Spiroclypeus from Klias Peninsula)
Yabe, H. & S. Hanzawa (1926)- A foraminiferous limestone, with a questionable fauna, from Klias Peninsula,
British North Borneo. Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Sendai, Japan, Ser. 2 (Geol.), 9, 1, p. 1-7.
(online at http://ir.library.tohoku.ac.jp/re/bitstream/10097/30195/1/KJ00004178169.pdf)
(Discusssion of Rutten (1925) and description of another example of limestone with mixed Eocene (Pellatispira,
Discocyclina, Nummulites) and Late Oligocene-E Miocene larger forams (Spiroclypeus, Lepidocyclina ))
Yanagida, J. & J. Lau (1978)- The Upper Jurassic and Middle Cretaceous Terebratulidae from the Bau
Limestone formation in West Sarawak, Malaysia. Geol. Palaeont. SE Asia, Univ. Tokyo Press, 19, p. 35-47.
Zampetti, V. (2004)- Interdependence of seismic imaging and sedimentology (Miocene carbonate platforms,
South China Sea). Doct. Thesis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 134 p.
Zampetti, V, W. Schlager, J.H. Van Konijnenburg & A.J. Everts (2003)- Depositional history and origin of
porosity in a Miocene carbonate platform of Central Luconia, offshore Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum
Geology Conf. Exhib. 2002, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 47, p. 139-152.
(Seismic and core study of unidentified M-Late Miocene carbonate platform in Luconia province. Buildup
growth primarily vertical aggradtion, with flat top, with backstepping of margin. Two phases of progradation,
youngest steep and with segments of slope collapsing in large landslides. Porosity very heterogeneous, mostly
secondary and related to dissolution under deep burial conditions)
Zampetti, V, W. Schlager, J.H. Van Konijnenburg & A.J. Everts (2004)- Architecture and growth history of a
Miocene carbonate platform from 3D seismic reflection data; Luconia province, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia.
(Luconia carbonate platform growth started in Late Oligocene-Early Miocene by coalescence of isolated
patch reefs. Growth history includes phases of progradation, backstepping and occasional collapsing of
platform flanks. Most pronounced seismic reflections correspond to flooding events. Subaerial exposure could
be demonstrated in only one case. Platform growth terminated by gradual drowning)
Zampetti, V, W. Schlager, J.H. Van Konijnenburg & A.J. Everts (2004)- 3-D Seismic characterization of
submarine landslides on a Miocene carbonate platform (Luconia Province, Malaysia). J. Sedim. Res. 74, 6, p.
817-830.
(Submarine landslides on flanks of Miocene carbonate platform. Chaotic deposits basinward of slide scar
widen in transport direction and end in indistinct lobes. Slide masses extend for 1.5 km into basin, with130 m
maximum thickness. Slide deposit on W flank two events, separated by smooth reflection interpreted as
hemipelagic mud between carbonate-rich slide masses. Syndepositional faulting affects geometry of platform
margins, particularly at time of slope failure)
Zielinski, G.W., M. Bjoroy, R.L.B. Zielinski & I.L. Ferriday (2007)- Heat flow and surface hydrocarbons on the
Brunei continental margin. AAPG Bull. 91, 7, p. 1053-1080.
(Brunei margin thermogenic hydrocarbons in landward half of study area (mean heat flow 83.7 66.5
mW/m2). Seaward, mean heat flow is 59.0 22.6 mW/m2, and surface thermogenic hydrocarbons largely

absent. Low-heat-flow zone coincides with Palawan Trough paleosubduction zone. High-heat-flow zone of
seepage coincides with land-derived Baram delta sediments, constituting a pseudo-accretionary prism)
Zin, I.C.M. (1992)- Regional seismostratigraphic study of the Tembungo area, offshore West Sabah. Bull. Geol
Zin, I.C.M. (1994)- Dent Group and its equivalent in the offshore Kinabatangan area, East Sabah. In: G.H. Teh
(ed.) Petroleum Geology Conf. VIII, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 36, p. 127-143.
(Deposition of Dent group (Sabahat, Ganduman and Togopi Fms) similar from W to E offshore and onshore.
Onshore Dent Peninsula Togopi Fm mainly marls, Ganduman Fm delta plain deposits grading to shallow
marine deltaic and marine eastward, argillaceous Sabahat Fm marine deposit)
Zin, I.C.M. (1998)- Subsidence nature of a strike-slip related basin; an example learned from the Sarawak
Basin. G.H. Teh (ed.) Petroleum geology conference 1997, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 42, p. 63-83.
Zin, I.C.M. (2000)- Stratigraphic position of the Rangsi Conglomerate in Sarawak. In: G.H. Teh et al. (ed.)
Geol. Soc. Malaysia Ann. Geol. Conf. 14, p. 131-136.
(Rangsi conglomerate, outcropping in Sarawak Tatau Horst area, younger than Tatau Fm, possibly equivalent
to Late Miocene Balingian Fm. Tatau Horst not horst, but positive flower structure, formed as result of
Miocene transpressional strike-slip episode)
Zin, I.C.M. & J. Sipan (1994)- Application of sequence stratigraphic tecniques on the non-marine sequences:
An example from the Balingian Province, Sarawak. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 36, p. 105-117.

IV.3. Makassar Straits
Aini, S.N., R. Hall & C.F. Elders (2005)- Basement architecture and sedimentary fill of the North Makassar
Basin. Proc 30th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 483-497.
(N Makassar Basin probably underlain by extended continental crust rather than oceanic crust. Age of rifting
M-L Eocene. Mainly thin, deepwater sediment. Becomes foreland basin in Early Pliocene with W-ward
propagation of W Sulawesi fold-thrust belt, resulting in increase in sediment supply from E)
Baillie, P., P. Gilleran, W. Clark, S.J. Moss, A. Stein, E. Hermantoro & S. Oemar (1999)- New insights into the
geological development of the deepwater Mahakam delta and Makassar Straits. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon.
(New non-exclusive 2D seismic survey revealed new insights into geological evolution and prospectivity of N
Makassar Straits. Neogene deepwater basin floorfans and channel complexes identified in Neogene)
Baillie, P., P.A. Teas, J. Decker, D. Orange & Widjanarko (2008)- Contrasting deepwater sediment feeder
systems, Sulawesi, Indonesia. AAPG Abstract.
(Present-day deepwater depositional channel systems which drain W Sulawesi, imaged on multibeam
bathymetry: (1) high-sinuosity system draining NW into Makassar Strait from Palu Bay, and (2) low-sinuosity
system draining S into Bone Bay and E Java Sea)
Berenson, E., A. Cebastiant, D. Glenn, F. Hariyannugraha, K. Kirschner, R. May, R. Schneinder et al. (2005)-
Geocellular modelling and uncertainty qualification of reservoir properties: a deepwater laminated-sand
reservoir, Gendalo Field, Kutei Basin, Indonesia. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 499-504.
(Makassar Strait Gendalo field ~60 km SE of Mahakam Delta in 2,500-5,200 of water. Miocene basin floor
fan sands primary pay. Broad, anticline, formed as result of Late Pliocene compression. Reservoir thin-bedded
sand (most sands <3 cm) and shale sequences. Depositional environment ranges from channelized sequences to
unconfined fan lobes)
Burollet, P.F. & C. Salle (1981)- Seismic reflection profiles in Makassar Strait. In: A.J. Barber & S.
Wiryosujono (eds) The geology and tectonics of Eastern Indonesia. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec.
Publ. 2, p. 273-276.
(Old 1974 IFP/ Total/ Elf seismic survey)
Cloke, I.R. & D.J. Blundell (1996)- Geological implications of gravity modelling across the Kutai Basin and
Makassar Straits. University of London, Southeast Asia Research Group. Report 156 p.
Cloke, I.R., J. Milsom & D.J.B. Blundell (1999)- Implications of gravity data from East Kalimantan and the
Makassar Straits: a solution to the origin of the Makassar Straits? J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 1-2, p. 61-78.
(Gravity modeling and flexural backstripping suggest North Makassar basin underlain by Middle Eocene
oceanic crust)
Decker, J., P.A. Teas, J.A. Curiale, E.A.E. Johnson & D.L. Orange (2004)- Multibeam exploration in the
Makassar Strait. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and Frontier Exploration in Asia & Australia
Symposium, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., DFE.04-0R-043, p. 11-30.
(Unocal multibeam bathymetry surveys over 3 PSC blocks in Makassar Straits. Papalang and Popodi blocks off
E Kalimantan numerous anomalous seafloor bathymetry features, many characterized by gas seeps, and few oil
seeps. Sangkarang PSC off SW Sulawesi no indications of thermogenic hydrocarbons in 109 samples from 33
cores; Lombosang 1 well confirmed lack of charge in one portion of that basin)
Decker, J., P.A. Teas, R.D. Schneider, A.H. Saller & D.L. Orange (2004)- Modern deep sea sedimentation in
the Makassar Strait: insights from high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and backscatter, sub-bottom profiles,
and USBL-navigated cores. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and Frontier Exploration in Asia &
Australia Symposium, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 377-387.

(Makassar Strait Papalang block multibeam bathymetry shows modern large basin floor fan (65 km long, area
2500 km2, only 2m maximum relief) in water depth >2000 m. Incised feeder channel flow from S to N. Upslope
migrating deep sea sediment waves, 1-3 km long and 10-30m high, composed of interbedded fine sand- mud)
Dinkelman, M.G., J. Granath, D. Bird, J. Helwig, N. Kumar & P. Emmet (2009)- Predicting the Brittle-Ductile
(B-D) transition in continental crust through deep, long offset, prestack depth migrated (PSDM), 2D seismic
data. AAPG Int. Conf. Rio de Janeiro 2009, 6p. (Extended Abstract)
(Online at: http://www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/2010/40511dinkelman/ndx_dinkelman.pdf)
(Deep seismic imaging allows interpretation of features in crystalline basement. Example of stretched
continental crust for South Makassar Basin, showing supracrustal faults sole out near top of seismic
transparent zone, possibility brittle-ductile transition in lower continental crust)
Dunham, J., R. Lin, A. Saller, J. Decker & T. Nicholson (2003)- Transportation and concentration of oil- and
gas-prone kerogen into deep water sediments of the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. Newsl., June 2003, p. 26-30.
Dunham, J.B. & L.D. McKee (2001)- Hydrocarbon discoveries in Upper Miocene unconfined submarine fan
facies, deep-water Kutei Basin, Indonesia. Proc. 2nd Reg. Seminar Indon. Sedim. Forum, p. 50.
Effendi, L. (1993)- Selat Makasar merupakan wilayah kompleks antara perairan bagian barat dan timur. Proc.
22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 2, p. 950-961.
('Makassar Straits constitutes a complex region between eastern and western areas')
Eisma, D. (1990)- Dispersal of Mahakam River suspended sediment in Makassar Strait, Indonesia. In: V.
Ittekkot et al. (eds.) Facets of modern biogeochemistry, Springer, Berlin, p. 127-146.
Faugeres, J.C., J. Gayet & E. Gonthier (1989)- Microphysiographie des depots Quaternaires dans le detroit de
Makassar (Ocean Indien); opposition entre une marge stable (Borneo, Kalimantan) et une marge active
(Celebes, Sulawesi). Bull. Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 8, 5, 4, p. 807-818.
(Micro-physiography of Makassar Straits Quaternary deposits, between stable Borneo and active Sulawesi
margin)
Fowler, J.N., E. Guritno, P. Sherwood & M.J. Smith (2001)- Depositional architectures of Recent deep water
deposits in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 409-422.
(Seismic facies and depositional models of Recent slope channel and basin floor fan system in NW Makassar
Straits)
Fowler, J.N., E. Guritno, P. Sherwood, M.J. Smith, S. Algar et al. (2004)- Depositional architectures of Recent
deepwater deposits in the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. In: R.J. Davies et al. (eds.) 3D seismic technology:
application to the exploration of sedimentary basins. Geol. Soc., London, Mem. 29, p. 25-33.
(Seismic examples of slope channes and basin floor fans. Large depocentres occur where gradients are low and
system switches from confined to unconfined. Erosionally confined channels feed basin floor fans at toe-of-
slope, while channels confined by levees feed fans on 'distal' basin floor)
Fraser, T.H. & L.A. Ichram (1999)- Significance of Celebes Sea spreading centre to the Paleogene petroleum
systems of the SE Sunda Margin, Central Indonesia. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. p. 431-441.
(Celebes Sea is Eocene spreading centre active until ~37 Ma, same time as Sarawak Orogeny. About 300 km of
Paleogene Celebes oceanic crust now partly consumed by Minahasa Trench. Makassar Straits is continuation
of Celebes Sea extension. Paleogene clastics much thicker in SW Sulawesi than in Barito Basin. Source of
clastics in Sangkarang Graben proposed to be craton of west C Kalimantan. Development of S Makassar
Straits ruptured proto-Barito fluvial system which previously flowed from Kalimantan into Flores Sea)
Fraser, T.H., B.A. Jackson, P.M. Barber, P. Baillie & K. Myers (2003)- The West Sulawesi Foldbelt- a new
exploration play in the Makassar Straits, Indonesia. SEAPEX Press 6, p. 27-38.

(Similar to paper below. Makassar Straits is Paleogene rifting- sea floor spreading. Onset of compression in
Miocene, resulting in development of W Sulawesi foldbelt in Pliocene)
Fraser, T.H., B.A. Jackson, P.M. Barber, P. Baillie & K. Myers (2003)- The West Sulawesi foldbelt and other
new plays within the North Makassar Straits- a prospectivity review. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol.
Assoc. G-171, p. 429-450.
(Makassar Straits started in Eocene in response to extension propagating SW from Celebes Sea spreading
centre. After initial opening of Straits, Eocene horst- graben terrains overlain by Oligocene-Miocene basinal
sag sediments. Following Neogene uplift of Borneo and outbuilding of Mahakam Delta, considerable amounts
of sediment redeposited as turbidite facies in N Makassar Basin. Plio-Pleistocene inversion of extensional areas
as successive micro-continental fragments from Australian Plate collided with SE margin of Sundaland. This
collision assembled Sulawesi into K-shape and formed W Sulawesi Fold Belt, which obscures E part of original
Makassar Straits Eocene rift. Traps in foldbelt compressional folds over thin-skinned detachment in probably
overpressured Late Eocene- E Miocene mudrocks. Neogene turbidite reservoirs postulated charged from
Paleogene and Neogene source rocks)
Gallup, D.L., P.C. Smith, J.F. Star & S. Hamilton (2005)- West Seno deepwater development case history-
production chemistry. SPE Int. Symp. on Oilfield Chemistry 2005, Soc. Petrol. Eng., SPE 92969, p. 1-13.
Gartrell, A., C. Hudson & B. Evans (2005)- The influence of basement faults during extension and oblique
inversion of the Makassar Straits rift system; insights from analog models. AAPG Bull. 89, 4, p. 495-506.
(Analog models used to investigate influence of cross-trending basement faults on inverted rift systems like
Makassar Straits)
Gayet, J., P. Carbonel, J. Duprat, L. Labeyrie, J.C. Faugeres et al. (1990)- Impact de la transgression holocene
sur la sedimentation dans le detroit de Makassar, Oceanologica Acta, Spec. Issue 10, p. 321-327.
(Impact of the Holocene transgression on sedimentation in Makassar Straits)
Guntoro, A. (1999)- The formation of the Makassar Strait and the separation between SE Kalimantan and SW
Sulawesi. J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, p. 79-98.
(SE Kalimantan and W Sulawesi separated due to Eocene opening of Makassar Strait. Seismic refraction and
gravity modeling support Eocene extension and Eocene-Oligocene oceanic crust in central parts of Makassar
Straits. Makassar Strait formed by backarc spreading/ trench roll-back of Cretaceous accretionary crust,
related to subduction east of W Sulawesi. Subduction polarity changed after Banggai-Sula collision in Miocene
caused partial subduction of oceanic crust of E part Makassar Strait beneath W Sulawesi)
Guritno, E., L. Salvadori, M. Syaiful, I. Busono, A. Mortimer, S. Hakim, J. Dunham, J. Decker & S. Algar
(2003)- Deep-water Kutei Basin: a new petroleum province. Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc. 1, p.
519-540.
(Deep-water Kutei Basin Merah Besar and West Seno discoveries in toe-thrust anticlines. Development of toe-
thrust anticlines influenced deposition of reservoir, source, maturity, migration routes and traps. Mildly
structured Upper Miocene in C Province is gas prone, N Province contains oil and gas)
Hall, R., I.R. Cloke, S. Nuraini, S.D. Puspita, S.J. Calvert & C.F. Elders (2009)- The Makassar Straits: what
lies beneath? Petroleum Geosc. 15, 2, p. 147-158.
(Makassar Straits formed by rifting, starting in M Eocene. age. Structures beneath Late Eocene unconformity
may be carbonate build-ups on tilted fault blocks or volcanic edifices. Authors of this paper can not agree on
whether basement beneath straits is oceanic or extended continental)
Heri, T., R. Mathers & R.A. McCarty (2009)- West Seno; the first deepwater field in Indonesia a strategy to
optimize reserves. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA09-E-192, 15 p.
(West Seno gas-oil field off E Kalimantan in 2,400- 3,400 of water. Reservoirs ~50 independent compartments
in mainly Upper Miocene amalgamated deepwater channel-levee sands)

ISIS Petroleum Consultants/ TGS-NOPEC (2003)- CM-01 MC2D Seismic survey- Hydrocarbon potential of
the deep water Makassar Straits, Indonesia. Unpubl. Multi-client study.
(More detailed version of Fraser et al. (2003) papers. N Makassar Basin on Cretaceous accretionary crust,
followed by E-M Eocene (50-42) Ma rifting, 42 Ma breakup, Late Eocene/ 42-38 Ma sea floor spreading with
volcanic centers along spreading axes/ transfer faults, Oligocene (38-20.5 Ma) sag phase)
Isnawati, D. Sunarjanto, Julikah & S. Munadi (2006)- Optimistic view for hydrocarbon exploration in South
Makassar Basin. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta06-PG-06, 4p.
(Paleogene rifting between Kalimantan and Sulawesi created conditions for generation of hydrocarbons)
Jackson, B.A. (2004)- Seismic evidence for gas hydrates in the North Makassar basin, Indonesia. Petrol. Geosc.
10, p. 227-238.
(Gas hydrates suggested by bottom simulating reflectors (BSR), primarily in offshore extension of W Sulawesi
Fold Belt. Turbidites in fold belt mini-basins provide reservoir and source of organic material for production of
biogenic methane gas. Geothermal gradients from BSR database av 4.7C/100 m)
Jackson, B.A. (2004)- Gas hydrates in the North Makassar Basin, Indonesia. IPA-AAPG Deepwater and
Frontier Symposium, Jakarta 2004, p. 373-375.
(Gas hydrate in deep-water N Makassar Straits. Sediments in West Sulawesi Fold Belt sourced from Mahakam
Delta until Late Pliocene, when tectonic event in Sulawesi reversed direction of sediment transport. Sulawesi
fold-belt numerous thrust sheets, creating long anticlinal structures and intervening mini-basins. Most BSR
anomalies concentrated on E side of study area in vicinity of WSFB ~300 ms below seafloor. No figures)
Johansen, K., S. Maingarm & A. Pichard (2007)- Hydrocarbon potential of the South Makassar Basin,
Indonesia. Presentation SEAPEX Conf., Singapore 2007, 43p. (slide presentation)
(S Makassar Basin non-explored area in 1000-2000 m water. Sulawesi Fold Belt to E, Paternoster Platform to
W and E Java Sea/Doang Platform to S. Separated from N Makassar Basin by Adang strike slip Fault Zone. S
Makassar rift basins part of Eocene extensional phase from C Java to onshore S Sulawesi. Half graben syn-rift
fill two seismic facies: lower main rift non marine clastics, upper sequence late syn-rift or early post rift marine
clastics. Syn-rift fill >2 km thick and potential source rock. DHIs and gas anomalies indicate active petroleum
system. Structural plays mainly defined by Eocene rift phase. Main reservoir Oligocene carbonates and Eocene
- E Oligocene clastics over basement highs. Platform carbonates and pinnacle type reefs may have better
reservoirs. Oligocene-E Miocene turbidities possible secondary play. Post-rift thermal subsidence resulted in
3-4 km of mudstone- shales. Late Miocene-Pliocene compressional tectonics only resulted in minor deformation
of S Makassar Basin, while this phase resulted in N-S trending folds and thrusts along Sulawesi Fold Belt)
Kacewicz, M., J. Decker, R. Lin, C. Stuart, P. Taylor, & E. Johnson (2002)- A new regional heat flow and
hydrocarbon migration model for the Kutei Basin and Central Makassar Straits. AAPG Ann. Mtg, Houston,
Texas (Abstract).
(New heat flow model based on crustal stretching in deepwater Kutei basin and C Makassar Straits. Heat flow
varies from 32-44mW/m2 in shallow water to 45- 52 mW/m2 in deepwater at present. No significant difference
between deepwater heat flow N and S of Mahakam delta and no basinward cooling)
Kirschner, K. & S.F. Walden (2004)- A case study: gas in place sensitivities from geocellular modeling of the
Gendalo Field, Ganal PSC. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia &
Australia Symposium, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., DFE04-PO-054, 5p.
(Modeling of Gendalo Field deepwater gas field off Mahakam Delta. Water depths 3500-5000. Two deep
water turbiditic sand intervals)
Lin, R., A. Saller, J. Dunham, P. Teas, J. Curiale, M. Kacewicz & J. Decker (2005)- Source, generation,
migration and critical controls on oil vs. gas in the deepwater Kutei petroleum systems. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv.
(Kutei Basin deep water geochemical analyses indicate that allochthonous land-plant organic matter is source
of hydrocarbons. TOC 1%- over 50% with hydrogen indices between 100- 400. Overall kerogen assemblages

type III and subordinate type II, consistent with gas condensate to gas volatile oil system. No marine algal
remains evident. Gases mainly thermogenic; mixing of biogenic methane and CO2 in some shallow Pliocene
reservoirs. Generation of oil and gas mostly at oil window maturities)
Lumadyo, E. (1999)- Deep-water exploration in the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. In: C.A. Caughey & J.V.C.
Howes (eds.) Proc. Int. Conf. Gas Habitats of SE Asia and Australasia, Jakarta 1998, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p.
205-209.
(Summary of Unocal deep water Makassar Straits evaluation)
Malacek, S.J. & P. Lunt (1996)- Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of Middle-Late Miocene lowstand sands
in the Makassar Strait, offshore east Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: C.A. Caughey, D.C. Carter et al. (eds.) Proc.
Int. Symp. Sequence stratigraphy in Southeast Asia, Jakarta 1995, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 369-379.
(Lowstand deepwater sands reservoirs in M-L Miocene of Makassar Straits off Kalimantan. Depositional
patterns and correlations on slope and basin floor modified by compressional folding and faulting, most evident
in M Miocene and older sections. These areas were also deformed by growth faulting and shale diapirism in
much of Late Miocene and younger section. With Teritis- Perintis wells correlation)
Malecek, S.J., C.M. Reaves, W.S. Atmaja & K.O.Widiantara (1993)- Seismic stratigraphy of Miocene and
Pliocene age outer shelf and slope sedimentation in the Makassar PSC, Offshore Kutei Basin. Proc. 22nd Ann.
(Sequence stratigraphic framework for Miocene-Pliocene age outer shelf, slope and basin floor sediments in the
Makassar PSC. No detailed stratigraphy)
McKee, D. & J. Dunham (2004)- Does 2D seismic still have a role in frontier exploration? A perspective from
the deepwater Kutei Basin. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Symp. Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia
and Australasia, Jakarta, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 59-69.
(Deepwater Makassar Straits 2D seismic identified 11 prospects, 10 drilled, 5 successful)
Morley, R.J., J. Decker, H.P. Morley & S. Smith (2006)- Development of high resolution biostratigraphic
framework for Kutei Basin. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosci. Conf. Exh., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., PG 27, 6 p.
(28 sequences identified in M Miocene- Pleistocene of Makassar Straits)
Morley, R.J. & H.P. Morley (2011)- Neogene climate history of the Makassar Straits, Indonesia. In: R. Hall,
M.A. Cottam & M.E.J. Wilson (eds.) The SE Asian gateway: history and tectonics of Australia-Asia collision,
Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., p. (in press)
(Neogene climate history of Makassar Straits frompalynological studies of Late Quaternary cores from ocean
floor and petroleum exploration wells penetrating Early Pleistocene- Middle Miocene section. Distinctly
seasonal climate during the last glacial maximum. Equatorial climate has been everwet since M Miocene, but at
subequatorial latitudes seasonal climates became established from Late Pliocene onward)
Morley, R.J., H.P. Morley, A.A.H. Wonders, Sukarno & S. van der Kaars (2004)- Biostratigraphy of modern
(Holocene and Late Pleistocene) sediment cores from Makassar Straits. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. IPA
Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia and Australasia, Jakarta 2004, 11 p.
(Palynology and foraminifera from two shallow Late Pleistocene- Holocene cores from Makassar Straits and
offshore SW Sulawesi)
Moss, S.J., W. Clark, P.W. Baillie, I. Cloke, A.E. Hermantoro & S. Oemar (2000)- Tectono-stratigraphic
evolution of the North Makassar Basin, Indonesia. AAPG Int. Conf. Bali 2000, p. A-63 (Extended abstract, 3p.)
(New seismic in Makassar Straits indicates M Eocene extension and sufficient rifting to generate seafloor
spreading in deeper parts of N Makassar Straits. Evidence for oceanic crust underlying parts of N Makassar
Straits includes rugose nature of top basement and volcanic topography (seamounts). N Makassar Basin is M
Eocene marginal oceanic basin formed with extension of W Philippines Sea- Celebes Sea spreading ridge into
E Borneo/W Sulawesi margin. Interpretation in line with plate tectonic, gravity modeling and paleogeographic

reconstructions. Four prominent seismic stratigraphic markers in N Makassar represent major phases of basin
development from early extension to present-day contractional tectonics)
Musgrove, F.W., R. Avianto & R. Schneider (1999)- Construction and destruction at a deepwater slope seabed:
implications for reservoir models in the Makassar Strait, offshore East Kalimantan. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 415-429.
(High frequency data of present-day deepwater sea bed useful for models of deepwater deposition)
Nur' Aini, S., R. Hall & C.F. Elders (2005)- Basement architecture and sedimentary fill of the North Makassar
Straits basin. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 483-497.
(2D seismic, gravity and well data over N Makassar Strait extensional basin shown-echelon faults bounding
disconnected NNW-SSE trending half-graben and graben depocentres, most likely produced by oblique rifting.
Principal extension direction E-W. Rifting M- Late Eocene. Crust beneath N MS interpreted to be continental.
Three postrift megasequences: (1) Late Eocene- Oligocene, (2) E-M Miocene prograding delta after uplift of
Kalimantan, (3) Late Miocene with turbidite interval in central part of basin. E Pliocene increase sediment
supply from E as result of W-ward propagation of W Sulawesi fold- thrust belt)
Nurusman, S. (1986)- Etude geothermique des bassins profonds du detroit de Makassar (Indonesie).
Implications geodynamiques. Thesis Docteur Ingnieur, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 175 p.
(Geothermal study of Makassar Straits and geodynamic implications. Yuwono et al. 1988: Makassar Straits
rifting caused thinning of continental crust without significant opening)
Panjaitan, S. (2003)- Kemungkinan adanya minyak dan gas alam dari data gayaberat bagian Timur cekungan
Selat Makassar Utara daerah Pasangkayu, Sulawesi Selatan. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. (GRDC) 13, 137, p.
('Oil and gas possibilities from gravity data in the East part of the North Makassar Straits basin, Pasangkayu
area, S Sulawesi')
Pireno, G.E., C. Cook, D. Yuliong & S. Lestari (2009)- Berai Carbonate debris flow as reservoir in the Ruby
Field, Sebuku Block, Makassar Straits: a new exploration play in Indonesia. Proc. 33rd Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., IPA09-G-005, 19p.
(Ruby Field, originally discovered in 1974 with Makassar Straits 1 well. Inversion structure? in NW-SE
trending W Makassar Graben. Reservoir Upper Berai Fm Late Oligocene- earliest Miocene detrital carbonate,
derived from Paternoster Platform in NE)
Pireno, G.E. & D.N. Darussalam (2010)- Petroleum system overview of the Sebuku Block and the surrounding
area: potential as a new oil and gas province in South Makassar Basin, Makassar Straits. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA10-G-169, 16p.
(Overview of SW Makassar Straits petroleum system. Source rock in Eocene Lower Tanjung Fm lacustrine
shale (Pangkat 1) and fluvio-deltaic coaly beds (Martaban 1). Potential reservoir rocks are Lower Tanjung Fm
sandstones, Berai Fm carbonates (reefal facies (Berlian-1) and carbonate debris (Ruby Field)) and Upper
Warukin Fm carbonates)
Posamentier, H.W., P.S.W. Meizarwin & T. Plawman (2000)- Deep-water depositional systems ultra-deep
Makassar Strait, Indonesia. In: P. Weimer, R.M. Slatt et al. (eds.) Deep-water reservoirs of the world, Gulf
Coast section SEPM Found. 20th Ann. Res. Conf., p. 806-816.
Prasetya, G.S, W.P. De Lange & T.R. Healy (2001)- The Makassar Strait tsunamigenic region, Indonesia.
Natural Hazards 24, 3, p. 295-307.
(Makassar Strait region highest frequency of historical tsunami events for Indonesia. Seismic activity due to
convergence of four tectonic plates. Main tsunamigenic features are Palu-Koro and Pasternoster transform
fault zones. Earthquakes from both fault zones appear to cause subsidence of W coast of Sulawesi)

Redhead, R.B., E. Lumadyo, A. Saller, J.T. Noah, T.J. Brown, Yusak, Yusri et al. (2000)- West Seno field
discovery, Makassar Straits, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: P. Weimer, R. Slatt et al. (eds.) Deep-water
reservoirs of the world, Gulf Coast Section SEPM 20th Ann. Res. Conf., p. 862-876.
Ruzuar, A.P., R. Schneider, A.H. Saller & J.T. Noah (2005)- Linked lowstand delta to basin-floor fan
deposition, Offshore East Kalimantan: an analogue for deepwater reservoir systems. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv.
Saller, A.H., T. Brown, R.B. Redhead, H.F. Schwing & J. Inaray (2000)- Deepwater depositional facies and
their reservoir characteristics, West Seno Field, offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Int. Conf.
Abstracts, AAPG Bull. 84, 9, p. 1484-1485. (Abstract only)
(Upper Miocene deepwater strata between 7500-8800 in West Seno Field about 27% sand, f-vf-grained and
poorly sorted, deposited in middle- upper slope channel-levee complexes. Massive sands best reservoirs (av.
porosity 29.3%, perm 630 mD), deposited as channel-fills or splay deposits. "High resistivity", "terrigenous"
shales with thin silt and sand laminae interpreted as lowstand overbank deposits. Massive to burrowed, "low-
resistivity", "hemipelagic" shales widespread and interpreted as transgressive and highstand deposits. Very thin
sheets of coaly fragments locally abundant immediately above and within sand beds)
Saller, A., R. Lin & J. Dunham (2006)- Leaves in turbidite sands: the main source of oil and gas in the deep-
water Kutei Basin, Indonesia. AAPG Bull. 90, 10, p. 1585-1608.
(Hydrocarbons in Kutei basin derived from land-plant source material. Leaf fragments in turbidite sandstones
look like main source of deep-water oil and gas)
Saller, A. & J. Noah (2005)- Sequence stratigraphy of a linked shelf to basin floor system, Pleistocene, north
Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. SEG 2005 Conv., Houston, 4p. (extended abstract)
(Pleistocene lowstand delta-canyon- basin-floor fan system, 240 ka old. The 18 and 130 ka lowstand deltas did
not reach slope)
Saller, A.H., J.T. Noah, A.P. Ruzuar & R. Schneider (2004)- Linked lowstand delta to basin-floor fan
deposition, offshore Indonesia: an analog for deep-water reservoir systems. AAPG Bull. 88, 1, p. 21-46.
(3D seismic study of lowstand delta to basinfloor deposition in three Pleistocene depositional cycles)
Saller, A., K. Werner, F. Sugiaman, A. Cebastiant, R. May, D. Glenn & C. Barker (2008)- Characteristics of
Pleistocene deep-water fan lobes and their application to an upper Miocene reservoir model, offshore East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Bull. 92, 7, p. 919-949.
(Late Pleistocene basin-floor fan seismic study to provide analog for deep-water fields off E Kalimantan.
Pleistocene basin-floor fan ~170 m thick, 22 km across, and contains 18 lobes. Average lobe size 3.8x 7.2 km
and 34m thick. Lobes contain sheetlike splays, distributary channels and younger incised channels. Upper
Miocene Gendalo 1020 reservoir is composed of turbidite sands draped over an anticline. Gross reservoir
interval 50-150 m thick thin-bedded turbidite sands with net-to-gross of ~50%)
Sardjono (2000)- Gravity field and structure of the crust beneath the Makassar Strait, Central Indonesia. AAPG
Int.Conf. Exhib., Bali. (Abstract only)
(Basement of Makassar Strait attenuated continental crustal rocks and probably also parts of upper mantle.
Basins with up to 15,000m sediment and water depth of 2,000-3,000m. SEASAT data show trends and structure
of crust, indicating stretching of continental crust in or before Miocene but tectonic polarity changed, probably
in Late Miocene. Buckling-up of lower crustal rocks, suggests regional stretching ceased and regional
compression prevailing until today)
Sassen, R. & J.A. Curiale (2006)- Microbial methane and ethane from gas hydrate nodules of the Makassar
Strait, Indonesia. Organic Geochem. 37, 8, p. 977- 980.
(White gas hydrate nodules in piston cores from Borneo side of deep water Makassar Strait. Hydrocarbon
99.9% methane and traces of microbial ethane, relatively depleted in 13C. Detrital higher-plant material likely
source of microbial methane-ethane, formed by in-situ reduction of CO2 by extremophile bacteria adapted to

high pressure. Hydrate several 100m above base of gas hydrate stability zone. Nodular hydrate associated with
seafloor authigenic carbonate and chemosynthetic clams characteristic of deep cold vent sites)
Schwing, H.F. (1999)- Deep-water exploration in the Kutei basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Palawan 99,
p.
Sebayang, D., E. Guritno & B. September (2004)- Seismofacies comparison of deepwater sequences:
Pleistocene to Recent Examples from Offshore North Sumatra and Kutei Basins, Indonesia. In: R.A. Noble et
al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia and Australasia symposium, Jakarta 2004, Indon.
(Basic paper on deep water channel-levee complexes)
Teas, P.A., J. Decker, A. Nurhono & A. Isnain (2004)- Exploration significance of high resolution bathymetry
in the Makassar Straits. In: R.A. Noble et al. (eds.) Proc. Deepwater and frontier exploration in Asia and
Australasia symposium, Jakarta 2004, Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 389-397.
(Bathymetric map of Makassar Strait illustrates compression across basin, dominant over past ~15Ma, with
surface anticlines on both sides of strait. High resolution resolves slumping of over-steepened forelimb and re-
direction of depositional systems. Focused views show areas of active extensional faulting and folding, and
submarine mud-volcanoes defining areas of active fluid venting. Tectonic lineaments expressed by changes in
slope angle and degree of canyonization. Evidence for recent rapid uplift at N margin of Makassar Strait vs.
aggrading canyon systems on W margin)
Sherwood, P., S. Algar, G. Goffey, I. Busono, J.N. Fowler et al. (2001)- Comparison of recent and Mio-
Pliocene deep water deposits in the Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc.
1, p. 423-438.
(Deepwater Kutei Basin seismic examples of slope and basin floor sediments)
Situmorang, B. (1982)- The formation and evolution of the Makassar Basin, Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis Chelsea
College, University of London, p. .
Situmorang, B. (1982)- The formation of the Makassar Basin as determined from subsidence curves. Proc. 11th
(Subsidence of Makassar Basin compatible with McKenzie stretching model. Basin formation started with
rifting in Lw-M Eocene or earlier, continuing until E Miocene. Rifting ceased by end of E Miocene, and since
then > 6 km of sediments deposited continuously across basin without significant deformation. Oceanic crust
will occur at stretching factor of 2.9, corresponding to present water depth of >3.2 km. No such water depths,
so basin underlain by thinned continental crust. NB: Not clear if sediment thickness is incorporated here; HvG)
Situmorang, B. (1984)- Formation, evolution, and hydrocarbon prospects of the Makassar Basin, Indonesia. In:
S.T. Wilson (ed.) Trans. 3rd Circum Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conf., Honolulu, 1982, p. 227-232.
Situmorang, B. (1987)- Seismic stratigraphy of the Makassar Basin. Lemigas Scient. Contr. Petrol. Science
Techn. 1987-1, p. 3-38.
Situmorang, B. (1989)- Crustal structure of the Makassar basin as interpreted from gravity anomalies:
implications for basin origin and evolution. Lemigas Scient. Contr. Petrol. Science Techn., 1/89, p. 10-24.
Teague, R., J.T. Noah, R. Redhead, M. Swanson, T. Brown & N. Briedis (1999)- Merah Besar and West Seno
Field discoveries, Makassar Strait, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. AAPG Int. Conf. Exh. Abstracts, AAPG Bull.
83, 8, p. 1343.
(First Indonesia deep water discoveries by Unocal in 1996 and 1998 in toe-thrust anticlines with stratigraphic
trapping components. Merah Besar in 1700' - 2700' of water, 40 km2, productive reservoirs between 4000-
9500 TVD in Pliocene and Upper Miocene upper to mid-slope turbidite channel-levee sandstones. West Seno
in 2400- 3200' of water, ~70 km2, with hydrocarbons between 7000' -9500' TVD, where Upper and M Miocene

sandstones are faulted and stratigraphically trapped in updip position. Sandstones rel. continous and
interpreted as amalgamated turbidite channels capped by hemipelagic shales. Porosity 24-32%, permeability
150-1500 md. Sandstones quartzose and mainly fine grained. Miocene oils and Pliocene and Miocene gases
derived from similar source facies of land plant-dominated organic material. Oils API gravity 35-46 degrees)
Thompson, P., J.J. Hartman , M.A.A. Anandito, D. Kumar et al. (2009)- Distinguishing gas sand from
shale/brine sand using elastic impedance data and the determination of the lateral extent of channel reservoirs
using amplitude data for a channelized deepwater gas field in Indonesia. Leading Edge 28, 3, p. 312-317.
(Sadewa Field 2002 discovery in Makassar Straits, ~5 km from Kalimantan shelf edge in water depths of 1500-
2500 ft . Nine wells drilled. Very expensive development)
Untung, M., J. Taruno, Maulana Ali, P. Kridoharto & S. Sukardi (1985)- Explanatory note on preliminary
aeromagnetic map of the Makassar Strait. Proc. 20th Sess. Comm. Co-ord. Joint Prosp. Min. Res. in Asian
Offshore Areas (CCOP), Kuala Lumpur 1983, p. 199-209.
(Aeromagnetic map over Makassar Straits shows two areas of different magnetic character, separated by
Paternoster Arch: (1) high anomalies of quiet magnetization in North Makassar Basin (interpreted to be
oceanic crust) and (2) low to high anomalies of noisy character in South Makassar Basin)
Visser, K., R. Thunell & M.A. Goni (2004)- Glacial- interglacial organic carbon record from the Makassar
Strait, Indonesia: implications for regional changes in continental vegetation. Quat. Sci. Rev. 23, 1-2, p. 17-27.
(Climate in W Pacific Warm Pool 34C colder during glacial periods. Core MD9821-62 from Makassar Strait
suggests vegetation on Borneo and other islands did not significantly change from tropical rainforest during
last two glacial periods. This supports hypothesis that winter monsoon increased in strength during glacial
periods, allowing Indonesia to maintain high rainfall despite cooler conditions. Organic matter mixed marine-
terrestrial; higher TOC during glacials due to enhanced erosion of continental shelves)
Willacy, C., S. Oemar, A.E. Hermantoro & P. Gilleran (2000)- Prestack depth imaging within Makassar Straits,
Eastern Kalimantan. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 457-466.
(Prestack depth migration of deepwater E Kalimantan seismic line with complex overthrusting)
Wismann, G. (1984)- Makassar Straits- Celebes Sea survey, data compilation and interpretation of cruises,
Valdivia, 16/1977; Sonne 16/1981. BGR Techn. Report 97210, Hannover, 210 p.

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Bibliography of Indonesian Geology

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA

J.T. VAN GORSEL

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 1 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

N-S cross-section Semitau area, NW Kalimantan (Molengraaf 1902).

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 2 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 3 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 4 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

Suggested reading- North Borneo

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 5 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

IV.3. Makassar Straits

Bibliography of Indonesia Geology 6 www.vangorselslist.com 4/21/11

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Anonymous (1921)- Yzerertsafzetting in Borneo. Verslagen Meded. Indische Delfstoffen en Hare

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Brandon-Jones, D. (2001)- Borneo as a biogeographic barrier to Asian-Australasian migration In: I. Metcalfe et

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Esenwein, P. (1932)- Petrologische beschouwingen omtrent de korund-diaspoorrots rolsteenen (leboer steenen)

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Heryanto, R. & H. Panggabean (2010)- Characteristics and depositional environment on Jurassic-Cretaceous

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