| Mathematics Major [4]

Philippine Normal University

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course for Year 2013

WHAT TO EXPECT

MAJORSHIP

Area: Mathematics

Focus: ARITHMETIC AND BUSINESS MATH

LET Competencies:
1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations
2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest

Prepared by: Dr. Robert D. Diaz

PART I CONTENT UPDATE

INTEGERS
The set of integers (also called the signed numbers) is the union of the set of counting numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
the set of their opposites {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and zero {0}. It is usually denoted by Z. Thus,
Z = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The set of negative integers is {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
The integer zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.

OPERATIONS ON SIGNED INTEGERS

Addition.
1. To add two integers with like signs, add their absolute values and affix
their common sign.
(+5) + (+9) = +5 + +9 (3) + (7) = 3 + 7
=5+9 =3+7
+
= 14 = 10
2. To add two integers with unlike signs, find the difference of their
absolute values and use the sign of the number with the larger
absolute value.
(+15) + (9) = +15 9 (21) + (+9) = 21 +9
= 15 9 = 21 9
+
= 6 = 12
Subtraction.
To subtract two integers, change the sign of the subtrahend and then
proceed to the rules for addition.
(+15) (9) = +15 + +9 (28) (+23) = 28 + 23
= 15 + 9 = 28 + 23
= +34 = 51
Multiplication and Division
1. To multiply/divide two integers with like signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix positive sign.
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(+5) x (+29) = +5 x +29 (28) x (21) = 28 x 21
= 5 x 29 = 28 x 21
+
= 145 = +588
( 125) ( 5) = 125 5 ( 861) (123) = 861 123
+ + + +

= 125 5 = 861 123

= +25 = +7
2. To multiply/divide two integers with unlike signs, multiply/divide the
absolute values of the given integers and affix the negative sign.
(32) x (+14) = 32 x +14 (+15) x (31) = +15 x 31
= 32 x 14 = 15 x 31

= 448 = 465
(2706) (+11) = 2706 +11 (+2184) (12) = /+2184/ /12/
= 2706 11 = 2184 12
= 246 = 182

Odd and Even Numbers

Any integer that ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 is called an even number, and any integer that ends with 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9
is called an odd number.
Example:
4, 20, 36, 772, 1958 are even numbers.
11, 223, 805, 907, 8009 are odd numbers.
Three important facts about even and odd numbers
a) If two integers are both even or both odd, their sum or difference is even.
b) If one integer is even and the other is odd, their sum or difference is odd.
c) The product of two integers is even unless both of them are odd.

+/ Even Odd x Even Odd

Even Even Odd Even Even Even
Odd Odd Even Odd Even Odd

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Any positive integer with exactly two distinct positive factors in the set of integers is called a prime number. Any
positive integer that has more than two distinct positive factors in the set of integers is called composite number.

Example:
Which of the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither?
a) 53 prime
b) 421 prime
c) 24,638 composite
d) 43,101 composite
e) 1 neither

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite whole numbers can be expressed as the product of primes in exactly one way (the order of the
factors is disregarded).

Example:
Find the prime factorization of 300.
300

5 60

10 6

5 2 2 3

the prime factors of 300: 5 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 52 x 22 x 3

Factors and Multiples

If a and b are whole numbers and a 0, then a is a factor of b if and only if there is a whole number c such that ac = b.
If a is a factor of b, we can also say that a divides b (ab), or b is a multiple of a. Every number has a finite set of factors
(or divisors) and an infinite set of multiples.

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Examples:
Classify each of the following as true or false.
a) 3 is a factor of 12. true
b) 03 false
c) 30 true
d) 2 is a multiple of 8. false
e) for all integers a, 1a. true

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

Let a and b be natural numbers. The greatest natural number d that divides both a and b is called their greatest
common factor (divisor), and we write d = (a, b).
Example:
Find the greatest common factor.
(180, 220)
180 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5
220 = 2 x 2 x 5 x 11

2x2 x5 So, (180, 220) = 2 x 2 x 5 = 20

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE

Let a and b be natural numbers. The least natural number m that is a multiple of both a and b is called their
least common multiple and we write m = [a, b].
Example:
Find the least common multiple.
[28, 44]
28 = 2 x 2 x 7
44 = 2 x 2 x 11

2 x 2 x 7 x 11 So, [28, 44] = 2 x 2 x 7 x 11 = 308

Remember:
For positive integers a and b,

ab
[a, b] = and when (a, b) = 1, then [a, b] = a x b
( a, b)
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility Properties
a) If a number divides each of two other numbers, then it divides their sum.
If ab and ac, then a(b + c).
b) If a number divides one of two numbers but not the other, then it will not divide their sum.
If ab and a c, then a (b + c).
c) If one number divides another number, then it will divide the product of that number with any other
whole number.
If ab, then abk.

Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the number ends with an even number (0,2,4,6,8).
Example: 158 and 5792 are divisible by 2 since the numbers end with 8 and 2
respectively which are both even numbers.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Example: 2301 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits 2+3+0+1 = 6 is
divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 4.
Example: 2900, 3136, and 745084 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends with 0 or 5.
Example: 1015, 2890, and 802525 are divisible by 5.
A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 1350 and 201564 are divisible by 6 because they are both divisible by
2 and by 3.
A number is divisible by 7 if the difference between twice the unit digit and the
number formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 2191 is divisible by 7, since
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2191 219
2 (twice 1)

217 21
14 (twice 7)

7 divisible by 7

A number is divisible by 8 if the last three digits of the number form a number
which is divisible by 8.
Example: 413000, 6739048, and 9013816 are divisible by 8.

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

Example: 19008 and 324594 are divisible by 9, since 1+9+0+0+8 = 18 and
3+2+4+5+9+4 = 27 are divisible by 9

A number is divisible by 10 if the number ends with 0.

Example: 47020 and 390580 are both divisible by 10.

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits in

the even position and the sum of the digits in the odd position is divisible
by 11.
Example: 7654235050 is divisible by 11 since,
(7+5+2+5+5) (6+4+3+0+0) = 24 13 = 11 is divisible by 11
even position odd position
A number is divisible by 12 if the number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
Example: 16178904 is divisible by 12 because it is divisible by 3 (since
1+6+1+7+8+9+0+4 = 36 is divisible by 3) and by 4 (since the last 2 digits
04 form a number which is divisible by 3).

A number is divisible by 13 if the sum of four times the unit digits and the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible be 13.
Example: 195 is divisible by 13, since
195 19
+ 20 (four times 5)

39 is divisible by 13.

RATIO AND PROPORTION

A ratio is a comparison of 2 numbers a and b, with b 0, and may be expressed in the form a to b, a : b or
a/b.
Ratio compares two quantities with same units.
12 Math books to 15 English books is a ratio
10 kilometers per liter is a rate.
Example:
In 1993, for every woman arrested in the United States, 4 men were arrested.
1. What is the ratio of the number of men arrested to the number of women arrested?
4
Ans. or 4:1
1
2. What is the ratio of the number of women arrested to the number of men arrested?
1
Ans. or 1:4
4

For any two equal ratios a/b and c/d, a/b = c/d is called a proportion. This is also written as a:b = c:d. In this
form, a and d are called extremes and b and c are called the means, and the rule states that the product of the means
equals the product of the extremes. This can also be written as; if a : b = c : d, then ad = bc.

Example:
If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?

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Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
18x = 360
x = 20 teachers

PARTITIVE PROPORTION

If a quantity q is to be partitioned into p1, p2, p3, . . . pn, so that the partitions are in the ratio a1 : a2 : a3 : . . . : an,
then the size of the kth partition may be computed as follows:
q
Pk = ak
a1 a 2 a3 ... a n
Example:
Joshua divides his day into leisure, sleep, and work. In the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. How many hours does he spend
working?
24
P3 = 3 = 12 hours.
1 2 3
DIRECT PROPORTION

If the ratio of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are directly proportional.
y1 y y y
y1 = kx1 and y2 = kx2, then k and 2 k , therefore 1 2
x1 x2 x1 x 2
Example:
Junior paid 125php for 14 chocolate candies. How much would 25 of such chocolate candies cost?

125 x
14x = 125(25) = 223.21php
14 25

INVERSE PROPORTION
If the product of two quantities being compared is constant, then they are inversely proportional
x1 x2
x1y1 = k and x2y2 = k, then x1y1 = x2y2 or
y 2 y1
Example:
It takes 20 men to build a house for 60 days. How many men will be needed to build it in 15 days?
20 x
15x = 20(60) = 1 200 x = 80 men
15 60

COMPUTING INTEREST
Simple Interest ( Simple Interest = Prt )
Simple interest is an interest computed on the original principal. The original amount deposited or borrowed is
called the principal. The percent used to determine the interest is called the interest rate. Interest rates are given for
specific periods of time such as years, months or days.
Example:
Christian opens a savings account that pays simple interest at the rate of 5% per year. If he deposits 2 000php
and makes no other deposits, find the interest and the final amount for 90 days.

I = (2 000php) (5%) (90/365) = (2 000php) 0.0525) (90/365) = 25.89php

Final Amount = Principal + I = P(1 + rt) = 2 000php + 25.89php = 2 025.89php

Compound Interest ( Final Amount = P[ 1 + r ]n )

Compound interest is different from simple interest because after the first interest calculation, the interest is
added to the principal, so interest is earned on previous interest in addition to the principal. Compound Interest rates
are usually given as annual (1 time a year), semiannual (2 times a year), quarterly (4 times a year), monthly (12 times a
year), and daily (365 times a year).
Example:
If 500php is invested at 8% compounded semiannually, what will the final amount be after three years?
Final Amount = P[ 1 + r ]n = 500[ 1 + (8% / 2)]3 * 2 = 500[ 1 + 0.04 ]6
= 500[1.27]
= 635

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PART II ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

P R S T

1 0 +1

1. Points P,R,S, and T lie on a number line, as illustrated above. Which of the following statements could be true?
A) R x S = P C) R x S = T
B) P x R = T D) R x T = P
Solution:
Approximate the value of each point and see what happens.
P is closed to ; R is closed to ; S is approximately ; and T is about 1.
Try:
R x S = P becomes ()() = (). Not true.
P x R = T becomes ()() = (1). Not true.
R x S = T becomes ()() = (1). Not true.
R x T = P becomes ()(1) = (). True.
ANSWER: D

2. If a and b are integers and the sum of ab and b is odd, which of the following could be true?
I. a and b are both odd.
II. a is even and b is odd.
III. a is odd and b is even.
A) I only C) III only
B) II only D) I and II
Solution:
Statement I says a and b are both odd. Let a = 1 and b = 3.
Then ab + b = (1)(3) + (3) = 6. Since the sum is even, statement I is incorrect.
Statement II says a is even and b is odd. Let a = 2 and b = 3.
Then ab + b = (2)(3) + (3) = 9. Since the sum is odd, statement II is correct.
Statement III says a is odd and b is even. Let a = 1 and b = 2.
Then ab + b = (1)(2) + (2) = 4. Since the sum is even, statement III is incorrect.
ANSWER: B

3. How many positive integers less than 60 are equal to the product of a positive multiple of 5 and an even number?
A) Four C) Nine
B) Five D) Ten
Solution:
Here we want to determine how many numbers between 0 and 60 are even multiples of 5. All even multiples of
5 must be multiples of 10. So, the multiples of 10 between 0 and 60 are 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. There are 5 altogether.
ANSWER: B

4. A wire is cut into three equal parts. The resulting segments are then cut into 4, 6, and 8 equal parts respectively. If
each of the resulting segments has an integer length, what is the minimum length of the wire?
A) 24 C) 72 E) 144
B) 48 D) 96
Solution:
Each third of the wire is cut into 4,6 and 8 parts respectively, and all the resulting segments have integer lengths.
This means that each third of the wire has a length that is evenly divisible by 4, 6, and 8. The smallest positive integer
that is divisible by 4, 6, and 8 is 24, so each third of the wire has a minimum length of 24. So, the minimum length of the
whole wire is three time 24, or 72.
ANSWER: C
2
5. A student finishes the first half of an exam in of the times it takes him to finish the second half. If the entire
3
exam takes him an hour, how many minutes does he spend on the first half of the exam?
A) 20 C) 27
B) 24 D) 36
Solution:
The time it takes to complete the entire exam is the sum of the time spent on the first half and the time spent

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2
on the second half. We know the time spent on the first half is of the time spent on the second half. If X represents
3
2x 5x
the time spent on the second half, then the total time spent is +x= . For one hour or 60 minutes,
3 3
5x
= 60
3
5x = 60(3) = 180
180
x= = 36
5
2 2(36)
So, it took him 36 minutes to finish the second half. The first half takes of 36, or = 24 minutes.
3 3
ANSWER: B
6. If the sum of 4 consecutive integers is p, then what is the least of these integers in
terms of p?
A) (p 6) 4 C) p 4
B) (p 3) 4 D) (p 2) 4
7. If a is an odd integer and b is an even integer, which of the following is an odd
integer?
A) b3a C) 2a b
B) a 1 D) a2 + 3b
8. Which of the following must be odd?
A) The product of two even numbers.
B) The product of an odd and an even number.
C) The sum of two odd numbers.
D) The sum of an odd and an even.
9. Find the final amount if 200php is invested for 5 years at 6% per annum compounded
semiannually.
A) 268.80php C) 320.45php
B) 299.80php D) 355.25php
10. Steve, Karen, and John want to buy a 1 350php stereo. If Karen agrees to pay twice
as much as John, and Steve agrees to pay three times as much as Karen, how
much must Karen pay?
A) 300php C) 500php
B) 400php D) 600php
11. Which of the following could be a factor of n(n + 1), if n is a positive integer less than
3?
A) 1 C) 5
B) 3 D) 8
12. If p = 22 32 7, and y is a positive integer, what is the greatest number of values for
y such that p/18y is an integer?
A) 2 C) 4
B) 3 D) 5
13. If a, b, and c are positive integers such that b and c are factors of a, which of the
following must be an integer?
a a a
A) C) +
b+c b c
a bc
B) D)
bc a
14. If 60s is a factor of (22)(33)(5), and s is a positive integer, how many possible values
are there for s?
A) none C) two
B) one D) three
15. Simplify: { 7 + [ 5 x ( 8 + 4 22 ) 3 ] 5}
A) 6 C) 17
B) 12 D) 21

16. How long will it take for 100php to amount 215.80php if interest is paid at the rate of
8% per year compounded annually?
A) 8.5 years C) 9.8 years
B) 9 years D) 10.75 years

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17. If m is a multiple of 5 and n is a factor of 3, which of the following could equal 13?
m
A) mn C)
n
n
B) m + n D)
m
18. If 12y = x3, and x and y are positive integers, what is the least possible value for y?
A) 3 C) 18
B) 9 D) 27
19. When x is divided by 7, the remainder is 6. When x is divided by 6, the remainder is
0. Which of the following is a possible value for x?
A) 42 C) 79
B) 66 D) 90
20. If b divided by 4 and b divided by 6 are integers, and 100 < b < 150, which could be
a possible value for b?
A) 120 C) 135
B) 127 D) 139
21. The sum of 3 consecutive even numbers is always divisible by
I. 2
II. 3
III. 4
IV. 6
A) II and IV only C) I, II, and IV only
B) I, II, and III only D) I, II, III and IV only
22. If x, y and z are all numbers which are divisible by 5, which of the following
must be divisible by 5?
I. x+y
II. x*y
III. x+y+z
A) I only C) II and III only
B) II only D) I, II and III

x 4 x 1 k
23. If and , then ?
y 3 k 2 y
1 8
A) C)
6 3
3 3
B) D)
8 2
24. At what interest rate compounded annually will 100php amount to 229.20 in 17
years?
A) 5% C) 6%
B) 5.5% D) 6.25%
25. A teacher gave her class chocolate and vanilla ice cream bars in the ratio of 5:1. If x
represents the number of students in her class, and 18 < x < 30, how many students
received chocolate ice cream bars, if each student received exactly one bar?
A) 4 C) 15
B) 6 D) 20
26. In a certain classroom were an equal number of boys and girls. If 2 girls and 1 boy
leave to go home, the ratio of boys to girls in t he room would be 4:3. How many
girls are in the classroom now?
A) 2 C) 4
B) 3 D) 5
1 1
27. The ratio : is equal to the ratio 35 to
6 5
A) 24 C) 36
B) 30 D) 42
28. An artist makes a certain shade of green paint by mixing the blue and yellow in the
ratio 3:4. She makes orange by mixing the red and yellow in the ratio 2:3. If on one
day she mixes both green and orange, and uses equal amounts of blue and red
paint, what fractional part of the paint that she uses is yellow?
7 7
A) C)
12 8
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17 17
B) D)
29 12
29. The ratio of men to women in a room was 11:18. If 5 more men entered the room,
how many men are there in the room?
A) 14 C) 18
B) 15 D) It can not be determined from the data
given
30. Joshua and Cris have three different savings plans which accumulated the following
amounts of interest for 1 year:
I. A passbook savings account that accumulated $53.90 on a principal of $980.
II. A certificate of deposit that accumulated $55.20 on a principal of $600.
III.A money market certificate that accumulated $158.40 on a principal of $1200.
Which of these accounts paid the best interest rate for the year?
A) I only C) III only
B) II only D) I & III only

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