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‘Second Elton
Algorithm Design
Steven S. SkienaSteven S, Skiena
The Algorithm Design Manual
Second Edition
© SpringerPreface
ig a es ak Tw nk
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‘ten eatin cps 9 el
‘rates hppa eth nt cot Tes ee
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a oni athe an wl pesca a
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Saas tua peer
‘et tear eel ew wn pr Oo
Pepe steer ct yet He NG its”
Stearat iietane
‘rhea dd en eh ate
Seco eee nearness et sacra
‘Sec teen mgs becuse
+ ar Serra pt tn es ot te ining
sic rey pone
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Mo ee nnn ir ra na
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Sart fort
Acknowledgments
SEs tsi ee ee my eh re of
Hiecans cent osteo
io sl eh hl cnt tc we
se tes oe Ca Thre ya
tg nna bw pf et
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sae Sele (nn iy Soar Cian Fg
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pst el Sy a See
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‘erp nt Fy led eet
SESE ge nga peta
cavest
4st fh atic git we ee te
nif
ea
Practical Algorthin Design
3 Goethe Bin iis
[ca Nt ies
‘peti te Skee
a eptin
Weyl Pei
2 Smet ae
Contents
aeet SeRsrenu
azess,Sets Qe
Dey es
Ruse Seni hiner
‘Beto Sr Seta Dae
ey ee a
‘Bong Sah et Ses
hn ph Atte
Sat Si es
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S5EE evsennsus
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thr Ob on a
Pot tie
$y Neen
5 Dans Porn
Sopa Se ing
Parag Comer Ora
nto ane pang
5, SESS tet pan i Gs
1 lta rom Aspro git
2 Rela Reine
The Hitches Guide to Algoitms
1A Clg of Alpini Pre
SEEELERESS SueueEgEugEE122 Paty ors = * *
Sabena a 16 Grp Pane Hat Pre, wa
IRE Gogh baa Sass a Te Gone =
te kites Fo fe Sate Fd
Se ES atime = 1St Gaga ect i
‘okata 4 oc Ey
Sloe Mae = Tes blo ites is
‘Gece sf aed ye. & ‘eto See te
ieee a ‘Sit Rona eat EA
Ancora Nth 2 TPT Ret Gna Pros oat
Boden rae 2 ea Games oe
{it Dire Rese Tn ca 1 Mee m
16 Sel in Sin te ma on
14 Getting Cre ” oo
1 eat ea 2 Hiss au ‘ee
oS a ‘eis Masa Ais i
15 Grp ProbomsPtyomia Te os seid
i ees Ea o 1 Sl Sng Prat on
132 pt Setar is Scher =
5 a a ony ‘e
135 Si Cs a = Spy ing a
136 Mowing = ‘Tew Congest or
BK Big anos Gone is ‘pile Saeco ii ot
158, Neto Fw = [ene Cama Sonn anea ‘a
oberg ems Ey = a19 Aer Rewaces
“St Site a
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Introduction to Algorithm Design
"etme tn eeepc pin A
‘Sen and ete ote seaming ce oe a tees The isn,
‘ttn eta ots aes Pr
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tr of tn ih af ie Say.
nk eae cnet i ta) ee
oe peace ees erent og
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aso ean any are
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Eg ceaeaecy wane onecmarneperdanean,
‘oi a onan a
1.1. Robot Tour Optimization
‘Se ptt, epee ea gene nr
Silicone nbn i etl toma
eo wr) tit me ar eb To yea re
Peete ne ements nye tad pae mene
‘it i) th vn tht ee ia
one oe ee nt ang eth ha
‘Somer tn pn mh tne re ame ps ert
{Others fe we de lig en pe
‘din es Tr pinitin
Ineo haa Sek ns
(Oop arian eat i nn 5
“Yacht se, Si ht a ink
sp mipeian mie pens He apy to a iSc alpen i cnet io ve heen, Rete mat
EEX mara inp omy w ak os wel ae,
Tnon ceaeenoe oniman
SR sac paspmne
See
eee cere
Soreecheeeesnnearinins
Aga low pit hee yo pie
oer nent te a ae
“tr he eh of yu rt
srt i sd
Iwai twa steer wg tie at Pa
SSE a a a
ek eh lw ar i en
sou gst pt pe ft
Sep oer ow et wl epee
Sree Dent tnegpetgh beef po t
Shei nt te yr ah ak
anes
= A ta ‘et eae foo a
SaS ess
Sas
er pitt
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iui) Stan to niese an deta)
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cme to me aie wed Soe
"ist pare ana rom and ai
‘ie Tebaseyar emt tt ciel wl oe ie
iSeloaerca tenn po engi oe
Theol ol mln i acti Sn he
att Fe ih eae rer a cred po
{tap cc nar tne) ee sing pao
‘nu win uo Game) To te de ope eh
Seppe oa Ane epee peasgee A inte the pi ih pt in
faba becomemirtor sag) stra ye EOE
‘Sl er ep Li nd Sa er
‘coy ven 2 mt wi pa mei me
“te he cad dete at me Wim eset pe
se ae ona lg yg te: Cty bak
‘Slt yer bel nek
"Rape sum one et set pt ks
ei en ey tng psi ti pod
"ui cl ti tl
wc)
Sate Satan a oh
i a a aa em pea A
suena aw in ome tb a
‘Sate oem a irene eine a)
ent ep Ro oe ne no gs
‘Ste sem tin eat ee ing
Selanasn sensations
“ie got th tn ae hn al he rng
ato tin (15) ta rH
‘ero teu ot ay ee,
POL Sunt ga
seeds reas
nen st
cM Pee
Ft ena henge gan
ici aaa Tw Fo eal as ta Ss
“tapos ne oh oh ta
iin en feng sm
1.2. Selecting the Right Jobs
ame Swing wg sin. ea 4 ts Mahe
See ee eee See
ese eh: piel he a
ea a ee ar ty eget
‘step Tn cet rt meg et a
oor
og rt a ye heer i naga 0 wt
‘amie pny ote Bee ah i epee
a ie me
sna nm iota Fe 1: Wc at
‘ur my “Dente” Mates, Poramning ng: Ce
(Bint ae ty a ste
‘err oa) snr et ong aha hla en
‘Mi eg Pion
Inpro i
‘Bit iy ene ih
Ye me ph nn in spi i Sop
si to an Fe apr a
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‘ti bo cco "afr oe ae
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Baea See eeeecic cee
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‘Da jaan a wh et an
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nmesaniat)
Tah rsemaeas
Seer ann
Saar
mon
mares inmapnen pees
Sas
sf cig, gn eh bet opti pn, Te a aly
‘ain mene espero ef = tr
ri
Tea ten rt re ie
otis is see tame ee Ta a
‘eae nie cere atedsaaeh ence dpe
‘Sil hte sonar Tracie “ae ater
Eitan pls noy aie nes eae
Haieth owefecclaneeeroncirasmctceectngeen ti
‘ovolthor etter eben pak
Sessepreseel naegaare ony mre oar rg
‘Restgat eon eo
pst
‘sage
‘ie yh i ng a.
eS Sa eect
‘Sen fr he sti i es He set et a
Seatac deerme pee
‘is Toe Roca em
1.3 Reasoning about Correctness
ye en ma em thsi
ttn rma eae eg ate ar se
peer lmlpol come eerl p Pl b ee
‘Sef sia ni be eo ew ah a
‘moma ieee iy hee eh a
‘Sy Si rie
“ht ee nine rts ty
{te 9 dentin, ro a a nt we they ate be
pm arn ah sai smd aes geCot sets pr cl nti, te he ah
Noto Bt es
131 preing Algerie
et pn pen ic a
‘wees bee Ph mt tenes te a
SSSR SSG Sealy crete ts et ete oe
‘Weir a et ttc eal ge te me
‘Seauacerstbme ete er eee eee ea
pi ame pe ge
thet ce rome Ha lr we eo
Steno egy
"hah ta ht sh ti
met vk nay petra ea Sp ag
‘ome aur papuning anagem
{cen ttn acl boo pod re
such ee hap Re
‘he taatinccaning tino ya cnn er ee
=
Sera nea am te tet
‘ong of ecco
i oe te
132 Protiems and Propertias
‘We we oe th oto ation een ne dete
a AT ra A er a
Tt iis tte pt) ht of ett
sta eee eee nats Wp me
‘temas of et tlie a oe
eee gs eet eee
‘Sips lo tel ga nae Spe
wh Sa ep cng en ne
en nn Spe al ei i at tae
Poet ces ne el it aes er
‘tear cmeionsloetn et nr athe ng
poate ele ae spon at pen pa
Tica Taam aaa a let a
‘a it, ois cme» hi on
Terese nip em piesa een
cnt in en ees re es
"Teun opting apo at Te he bein a
etd te ead bed yt ai tae ce
‘Gain he fon mnt tg ri te Pd
Stet pentia ect oe nerte o ney ree
‘SCs al det wae or ae
aang ya tegen te pa a a tg
elie poe Fn ea
espn parle A a sal se
Soest ene se tc
133 DemonctratingIcoectnese
‘ee wg tht het a oo ina
* rats et let le re ae
‘Silman a) rn eter uae
Poti peo ah
al pe+ Sony Gon cago rey eae a
tales be oa met Sen eae ae
Sage ecreege eet teat Oe Se
Wey mn tr oe a a
sett stress il a devin ae ine
+ in oS tthe nde ses ed
Ber presage ie
eat ati hae Sen Sls
‘omy ne gle em ot sh thy a, tei od
Peering inariepeperrmeyy |
SSS ten ye
Th aay Thar al tr oh be
eihfaeatad cate brs ie ne temo
ey mb neo (eu ly
‘pla pry sees
‘eesti ma fae nt ath
‘ims ro in a
+ Mf mn pp igi et gn
NEN Geos ear. eat at
‘ot jew osteo
Goforth ee en
feesfoeterieminaneirenniegme tegen ad
‘intel eet oa stg
1 Bak ey ep i gt t
Boing ae heen ee
‘show eae meee Caw ie,
aie ecient eee ape
1S tw le Coa 3 mone fee a a be
Sie See hi ncn ate
aka eae
1.34 Induction and Recon
abet otra ze st ita a
Otc attnntial neta bie ae
i ean oa ea anne
sage gone sha a EE a se
‘Perel mn nny Tht rat et Hot
"es Fhe page acc nme
were mug, Tr rn el woe pe scan
Seri eon Sa
sorte ng ie pea wep
Seka pete tang tema ome capac
‘uty eer ree or esl
a crate ri kc at wa ad
siege toma a ae la
“Tae ce ite se le, yeaa cat
sor aay a.
pen aa an a aya
‘dy abe ete in
vi at st ad we tp dy
pele SN i Phar ae en
‘eeepc het het
(om gt net eee ale
singe op Ti ae ne rs es
SS ety ttt ope pita
‘etn ts sta ne tech oeRetry een inte iti a) tt
ow he nt ne pial hin ee to ei aly
fected LEN eng pce
Sona
Stop at Tin nome ace
Ps Pi tne ng en stn ee
wea
Tob ey ae
vomsye a
se ome)
it, Th seat api sy on
fyi eee
“ch = iy ty Sa hy a
thinnest mente tr the eu ey ae se
Sat mo re gon) ep ly
nent ge wt oe ate momo ba
SCREW hone matter ees
Stilt ts Dames Woeer ie mse ag
‘er gexec a ther cee 0 i
SASS eats nama arene ag
an ht 9 #01 te ge me ek th
Iceman 1/2) = 2 treme +12)
= biel
Dae
fot egal
Matt eine eae a i
‘tty hover eter, ati ection ne
yee eee woueemnerarenvenmns
‘sane apc Toate ee Tee
ec sor ei i Me
waive ma, ps ee
Sno ssers 40)
‘ears hd to matt nic ta Fo
“Sass
Ee
‘hm te eran ee ig eh (=
Er Bare emenmena
‘Rep toe fie am il po a a
adorn ante
“Antepost eed te pene
‘isa Ue We pty pt rt et a
a Oe ee
single Somer)(poche) they oa menue (OE) oe oe
‘Sand en 32
annieEsede ect
on sen he a he ae,
Ti ace re ph gs
‘se Mat cca er a ng eta
SR ssp Sen ye
1. mm en ty hc te a
PUL heresies
‘top Tic Fame
Pn Pe th i= nan,
kT nin cig rend Pk ye
Gieewe ne shore mal ee ae
dee
ate ya
Yoetoenetema sins
a enienea-iet
Eee = wominennenenre
= ee neqmen ent
Fiat
scales haa sie Ra ae oo
1.4 Modeling the Problem
Moen thet of bem ein of ey ed
ic ite py te
erent apa teeegree meee
Scale be Fs me es ore eee
jon te ae na mec fl Sato eco
Eat pace nape eras
once nil to masa eat els ae mh
focal eines etme pe argos ecto ger
[Remora pean ruc mtr pao a
1LA1 Combinatril Objcts
eae er a at tee ae i pa ede rin
So ee
bors St pre ine tna cl ort et
SS i i el i to
= maint nt neg of gs
(URS mC need pom me ae
Spent Spectre
antares ee et ine
Fe pe ar eel ah ng
evga linemen Peal 8)
Solace
‘SUYL3} en ome al Wea se we ea
PC ral rented ape a
ite» tlt” paee Maing str th ead
Tastes the ly re of he hs nT ty
She an neu pes ees ew Se
Sa ee
+ Got eit ange ewe hey a of et
Sohumase ier cgmae meena
‘Sean gue sheer yu see ant aa
sone
+ Pat nh ego sa me wee eet,
Saeiaahenasccay sae?
tei Pasa fi ee nan iso ts
gen = sen vfs ne pm pe rey
ther ae ee eel pe ae
Biggest ca tay as peng cane one
ere spe pan nebo
+ Sng ago ee rater ptr Re et
Soa ate erie pane sage
ies Bes en ch ee
oe tua ee eatin ee hte
[orig or hagas ao ot aot Toten a
sb m= tos ena ut
suet ecor os ead
tment ww ke eon a
‘ei
Wy
AY KY
MaA-At
Fe 1 Howe Swaps of cant ste cn Reman
En te nn a pe lg
acini agar ei
sain roa Imeem el ee ei
Peeing os
‘trations ney eerie ras
SESSA ck te Sc sro
kegs opi pin epi Beat
‘ht Sa epee ie a
SiS et nay il eee eet eee og
Shoe et
itn rine
‘Rist Tova par pia en a
‘sand dane st te sng ey tone ao
142 Recursive Obets
es tn ender bk i th te wee
eee ab cere wc guy eee ees
‘Stoner Ses ase
chance Ste ee a pen ah eb ch
st ese en se Yn
° Gilets peal nae se ftw oeSct ~ Ee te fe sate cat mt
oR st Sea
tr a an Ais oe
+ De ee a al ga, New
‘teens ihn nes kl ae eh
* Zi Raw yon hem me rf pa Po a a
oa
Paynter ee al wet
opene perro pestered
Ee:
So eS ms
2 See ees
‘Stim pT ec wma ace
ee a stare ote
sateen ee pnts oe i
15. About the War Stories
‘eh rani rfl ie pt
‘gia weigh eta emo
Ler ah seo st we ce
et ct et eae ean seen
‘Sect aberes Toe hn a tien eer ee
‘sina He, ve dehy ee peng 8
fit eramen Serer tren eens
“i ie ns ay i rn st eg
ete ta
es ene esr ken lil ine
sn sein lg Pri cee he pee sn oe
‘Shit At pe et cg
Sin fn spi pose ao
Seed abt paouot nwt et ge pon trae
1.6 War Story: Psychic Modeling
"Paton Sim, Theo eo pe
Spun eo oy Sn
fal ie ep Sar ona ae
Semuper
“etl me yu: rhe a met eh ae
sigeg te tik sty cy ona aAh
ee Cg a ae (12343) whe (2) {45 A MAS)
gt a ae ee en yb, ee he ne
pom pee psi eh
‘= Fine he ets eng
Se oi ye tn
itr i he ce e's py a) er as
Peta Ippiar a eetppad
‘ue nro =) it hei atc al
fst x3) fy ers oe
soe ego ah an lta a
ghd ete pupae et og
Ea i ee
Tanger pent ta ca ay ge gh
tbe ne Inn ot ns eee a eee eat
Teatl madteetee
en ner roca rn ph ter wen hy
satya hee me kanye
“Sed alin oa, Pe Sm Tae
ae
Es sae pc ng. a ik
prem anime Aer tg sr
SSS rae Sry eget
“SrgaSt ee
soars
+N a it tm i et
Tait ire peacetu ne rut mony te)
Sa
‘ih ps en a we 3 a 5
‘renga ened pl ta tg
lado sane spe
"ug te ea of he nar mci he de ee be
sep i
a)
wen eaeyey
ETT wares te
Keats iaaniall Vestine
seta tt
“ae bel neste, Yn he has
Siutscipotlent stn inset epee a,
cote tps pb ttn rato i
SER aed wel le as Cv
ROT ale ed tenes kas se
tg etl ror etn ene Fc,
WEehaty Gadenn) eonmby trai