Introduction to

Unix/Linux
Daniel Lucio

Training Event at UPRM

October 27, 2016
 Overview
Origins Why learn it?
Features Where to use it?
What is it? What commands are
available?
The Unix philosophy
The Unix shell
Architecture
The Unix Filesystem Tree
What is a terminal?
GNU == Linux?
Terminal Emulators
More Information
Introduction to Unix
 Origins ENIAC - 1946

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

Introduction to Unix
What is an Operating System?
An operating system (O.S.) is
software that manages computer
hardware resources and provides
common services for computer
programs.

Introduction to Unix
Examples of Operating Systems

Introduction to Unix
What is an Operating System?
Basic services offered by an Operating System are:
Kernel Multiuser
Program Execution Disk access and File system
Interrupts Device Drivers
Modes Networking
Memory Management Security
Virtual Memory User Interface
Multitasking

Introduction to Unix
 http://bellard.org/jslinux/

Introduction to Unix
 Origins
Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX) is a
multitasking, multi-user computer operating
system originally developed in 1969 by a group of
AT&T employees at Bell Labs.
The Open Group, an industry standards
consortium, owns the UNIX trademark.
The term Unix is often used informally to denote
any operating system that closely resembles the
trademarked system, (Ex: Linux, BSD).
Introduction to Unix
(1964)
MULTICS

MIT
G.E.
Bell Labs
 What is it?
Unix is an operating system that was designed to be
portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing
configuration.

Under Unix, the operating system consists of many

utilities along with the master control program: the
kernel.

The kernel provides services to start and stop programs,

handles the file system and other common "low level"
tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to
avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same
resource or device simultaneously.
Introduction to Unix
 The Unix Philosophy

vs

Introduction to Unix
 Simple and Elegant Design
Unix is simple: Only implements a few hundred system calls and all
are well defined.

Everything is a file: Provides a universal interface.

Is written in C: Makes it accessible and portable.

Has fast process creation through the fork() operation whereby a

process creates a copy of itself.

Provides a simple yet robust interprocess communication (IPC)

primitives.

Supports all modern features like multitasking, multithreading, virtual

memory, demand paging, shared libraries, TCP/IP networking,

Introduction to Unix
 Users view
Server

}
users Client

Command Line Interpreter

Programs
(apps)

Operating
System

Terminal UNIX Hardware

Introduction to Unix
 Users view
Supercomputer

compute
nodes
users terminal

login nodes

Introduction to Unix
 What is a Terminal?
In the past, a computer terminal was an electronic or
electromechanical hardware device that was used for
entering data into, and display data from a computer or a
computing system.

The function of a terminal is confined to display and

input of data.

In the present, a personal computer can run terminal

emulator software that replicates the function of a
terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local
programs and access to a distant terminal host system.
Introduction to Unix
 What is a Terminal?
It includes all forms of keyboard/screen computer
communication devices, including personal
computers, diskless workstations, network
computers, thin clients, and X terminals, the term
dumb terminal is sometimes used to refer to any
type of traditional computer terminal that
communicates serially over a RS-232 connection
that does not locally process data or execute
user programs.

Dumb terminal

Introduction to Unix
 MacOS Emulator

Terminal Emulators

MacOS Terminal App

Introduction to Unix
 Linux computer

Introduction to Unix
 Windows Client
http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html

login.xsede.org
Introduction to Unix
 Is there a GUI for Unix?

Example of a graphical user interface using X11 and KDE.

Introduction to Unix
 Why, learn it?
Linux UNIX Windows BSD

As of June 2013,
95.2% of the
Top500
computers use a
Linux-like O.S.

Source: http://www.top500.org/statistics/list/
Introduction to Unix
 Why, learn it?
Have you noticed that in
the movies when the
super-hacker wants to
break into a super-ultra
secure computer the only
way to really get it done is
by typing on a keyboard??

Try http://geektyper.com/

Introduction to Unix
 Why, learn it?
A command line interface can be can be a powerful
expressive way of communicating with a computer.

Graphical user interfaces (GUI) make easy tasks easy, while

command line interfaces make difficult tasks possible!

Learning the command line can be challenging and takes

real effort. BUT, not that its so hard, but, rather its so vast.

Unlike many other computer skills, knowledge of the

command line is long lasting. The skills learned today will be
useful 10 years from now.

Introduction to Unix
 Why, learn it?
Android is a Linux-based operating system
designed primarily for touchscreen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablet
computers.
The iOS kernel is based on Darwin OS. Darwin
forms the core set of components upon which
OS X and iOS are based. It is compatible with
the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3)
and POSIX UNIX applications and utilities.

Introduction to Unix
 Why, learn it?

According to
indeed.com, there are
40 available positions
in P.R. today for
someone who knows
Unix/Linux!

Introduction to Unix http://www.indeed.com

 Where to use it?
Login to a Unix system like kraken or any other NICS/
UT/XSEDE resource.

Download and boot from a Linux LiveCD either from a

CD/DVD or USB drive.

http://www.puppylinux.com/

http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/index-en.html

http://www.ubuntu.com/

Introduction to Unix
 Where to use it?

Introduction to Unix
 Where to use it?
Install Cygwin: a collection of tools which provide a
Linux look and feel environment for Windows.

http://cygwin.com/index.html

Online terminal emulator

http://bellard.org/jslinux/

http://www.technonutty.com/2015/07/9-online-linux-
terminal-emulator-for-practice.html

Introduction to Unix
 Where to use it?

Introduction to Unix
 What type of commands
are available?
Communication Shells
Comparison Shell programming
File Management Storage
Printing System status
Programming Text processing
Searching
Introduction to Unix
 Architecture Computer System

}
users terminal UNIX Computer
utilities
(commands)

kernel
Development
Environment

Documentation
}

}
Software Hardware
Introduction to Unix
 Bash commands (Linux)
alias crontab false if mknod ram strace
unshar
apropos csplit fdformat ifconfig more rcp su
until
apt-get cut fdisk ifdown mount read sudo
uptime
aptitude date fg ifup mtools readarray sum
useradd
aspell dc fgrep import mtr readonly suspend
userdel
awk dd file install mv reboot symlink
usermod
basename ddrescue find jobs mmv rename sync
users
bash declare fmt join netstat renice tail
uuencode
bc df fold kill nice remsync tar
uudecode
bg diff for killall nl return tee
v
break diff3 format less nohup rev test
vdir
builtin dig free let notify-send rm time
vi
bzip2 dir fsck ln nslookup rmdir times
vmstat
cal dircolors ftp local open rsync touch
wait
case dirname function locate op screen top
watch
cat dirs fuser logname passwd scp traceroute
wc
cd dmesg gawk logout paste sdiff trap
whereis
cfdisk du getopts look pathchk sed tr
which
chgrp echo grep lpc ping select true
while
chmod egrep groupadd lpr pkill seq tsort
who
chown eject groupdel lprint popd set tty
whoami
chroot enable groupmod lprintd pr sftp type
wget
chkconfig env groups lprintq printcap shift ulimit
write
cksum ethtool gzip lprm printenv shopt umask
xargs
clear eval hash ls printf shutdown umount
xdg-open
cmp exec head lsof ps sleep unalias
yes
comm exit help make pushd slocate uname
.
command expect history man pwd sort unexpand
!!
continue expand hostname mkdir quota source uniq
###
cp export iconv mkfifo quotacheck split units
cron exprx` id mkisofs quotactl ssh unset

Introduction to Unix
 https://goo.gl/5gK1td

http://www.dummies.com/computers/operating-systems/unix/unix-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/

Introduction to Unix
 Communication
ftp Insecure interactive file transfer program
login Sign on to Unix
mailx Read and send email
scp Secure file transfer
sftp Secure interactive file transfer
slogin Sign on to remote Unix using secure shell
ssh Connect to another system, securely
telnet Connect to another system, INSECURELY
Introduction to Unix
 Comparisons
cmp Compare two files, byte by byte
comm Compare items in two sorted files
diff Compare two files, line by line
diff3 Compare three files
dircmp Compare directories
sdiff Compare two files, side by side

Introduction to Unix
 File Management
cd Change directory
chgrp Change file group
chmod Change access modes on files
chown Change file owner
cksum Print a file checksum
cp Copy files
csplit Break files at specific locations
file Determine a files type
head Show the first few lines of a file
less Advanced file viewer
ln Create symbolic links
locate Locate a given file using a database
Introduction to Unix
 File Management (cont)
ls List files or contents of directories
md5sum Print a file checksum using MD5 algorithm
mkdir Create a directory
more Display contents of files by screen
mv Move or rename files
pwd Print working (current) directory
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove (empty) directories
split Split files evenly
tail Show the last few lines of a file
wc Count lines, words and characters
Introduction to Unix
 Printing Commands
lpr Send to the printer
BSD

lpq Get printer status

lprm Cancel a printer request
pr Format and paginate for printing

cancel Cancel a printer request

System V

lp Send to printer
lpstat Get printer status
pr Format and paginate for printing

Introduction to Unix
 Programming
cc C compiler
ctags C function references (for vi)
ld Linker
lex Lexical analyzer generator
make Execute commands in a specific order
od Dump input in various formats
splint C program analyzer
strace Trace signals and system calls
strip Remove data from an object file
truss Trace signals and system calls
yacc Parser generator. Can be used with lex.
Introduction to Unix
 Searching
egrep Extended version of grep
fgrep Search files for literal words
find Search filenames or directories
grep Search contents of files for a pattern
strings Display text strings found in binary files

Introduction to Unix
 Shells
(Command line interpreters)
C family Bourne Family

bash GNU s Bourne Again Shell

ksh The Korn shell
pdksh Public domain Korn shell
sh Original Bourne shell
zsh The Z-shell

csh The original BSD C shell

tcsh Tenex shell (csh on steroids)

Introduction to Unix
 Shell Programming
basename Return filename of a pathname.
dirname Return directory portion of a pathname
echo Write arguments to the standard output
expr Evaluate expression
id Return user identity
line Read a line of input
printf Formatted output
sleep Suspend execution for an interval of time
test Test a condition
Introduction to Unix
 Storage
bunzip2 Expand compressed files .bz2
bzip2 Compression program
cpio Copy archives in or out
gunzip Expand compressed files .gz and .Z
gzcat Uncompress files on the fly
gzip File compression program
tar File/tree directory archiver
zcat Uncompress files on the fly
Introduction to Unix
 System Status
at Execute commands later
crontab Execute commands (periodically) at certain time
date Display or set date
df Show free disk space and mounted disks
du Show disk usage
env Show environment variables
finger Display information about users
kill Terminate a running program
ps Show processes
stty Set or display terminal settings
who Show who is logged on
Introduction to Unix
 Text Processing
awk Pattern-directed scanning and processing language
cat Concatenate files or display them
cut Select columns for display
ex Line editor (underlying vi)
fmt Simple text formatter
iconv Character set conversion
join Merge different columns into a database
paste Merge columns or switch order
sed Non-interactive text editor
sort Sort or merge files
tr Translate characters
uniq Find repeated or unique lines in a file
vi Visual text editor
xargs Process many arguments in manageable portions
Introduction to Unix
 Text Editing on Unix
There are screen text editors like vi, vim,
ex, emacs, pico, nano,..
There are graphical text editors like gVim,
gEdit, Eclipse, emacs,..
You can process text files via utilities or
custom programs with tools like: sed, awk,
gawk, troff, nroff, ...

Introduction to Unix
 The Unix Shell
The shell is the user interface to Unix.
There is always a default one, but you can
choose from different ones with different
features.
The shell is simply a program that allows
the system to understand your commands.
That is why is called a Command Line
Interpreter.

Introduction to Unix
 The Unix Shell Features
Cursor movement with keyboard
arrow keys.

Command history

Automatic completion
Introduction to Unix
 Command line session
Command
Results
from
command

Prompt

Terminal Window
Introduction to Unix
 Command line session
user004@sshell ~ $
user004@sshell ~ $ fdsfdsf
bash: fdsfdsf: command not found
user004@sshell ~ $ date
Thu Oct 24 14:38:15 UTC 2013
user004@sshell ~ $ cal
October 2013
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31

user004@sshell ~ $ whoami
user004
user004@sshell ~ $ exit

Introduction to Unix
 Purpose of the
Command-line interface?
Is a program that takes keyboard commands
and passes them to the operating system to
carry out.
Customization of your Unix session: You can
setup variables, run initialization files, run
startup commands, etc.
Programming: Shells allow you to create small
programs called shells scripts that help
automate tasks.

Introduction to Unix
 More information
http://www.gnu.org/
http://www.linux.org/
Unix man pages
http://www.ubuntu.com/
http://linuxcommand.org

Introduction to Unix
 Operating Systems Evolution

https://www.betterbuys.com/evolution-of-operating-systems/

Introduction to Unix
 The Mythical Man-Month
by Frederick P Brooks Jr

Introduction to Unix