LEAVING CERTIFICATE APPLIED

SUPPORT
S E R V IC E

ACTIVE LEARNING
& TEACHING
METHODOLOGIES
 Contents

Introduction 2

What is Active Learning 2

Chinese Proverb 4

Learning Pyramid 5

List of Active Teaching Methodologies 6

Brainstorming 7

Questionnaires 10

A Visitor to the Classroom 15

Personal Interview 20

Learning Logs/Diaries 22

Vox Pop 25

Out of school Visits 28

Report Writing 30

Making a Presentation 32

Case Studies 33

Group Work/Team Work/Discussion Groups 35

Learning Centres 38

Evaluation Sheet 42

1
Introduction

The promotion of the use of a broad range of teaching

methodologies and participant centred learning is a key underlying
principle in Leaving Certificate Applied. The programme is
characterised by the use of teaching styles which actively involve
the participants in locating and using relevant information, and
which promote personal responsibility, initiative, independence,
reflection, self-evaluation, self-confidence and co-operation.

In Leaving Certificate Applied each course consists of a number of

modules. All these modules are outlined in the Leaving Certificate
Applied Module Descriptor for the relevant course. Each modules
includes suggestions for the teaching approach under the heading
Teacher Guidelines.

This booklet contains practical examples of active methodologies

that are useful across all course areas and aims to compliment
teacher guidelines and student learning outcomes in all modules.

What is Active Learning?

Active Learning involves students directly and engages them

actively in the learning process itself. Students are involved in all
stages of planning, design, execution and evaluation.

Benefits:

focus is on the learner and learning

information retention
communication skills
higher level thinking skills
teamwork
motivation
new learning resources
variety of learning styles

2
Suggested Strategies:

students are involved in goal setting

activities are problem- centred and student- driven
teaching is developmental rather than directive
teacher does less than 50% of talking and no more than 75% of
the decision making
positive feedback from teacher and student

Why does it work?

students are exposed to alternative problem solving strategies

less intimidating generating answers in small groups
individuals may quit groups tend to stay going
students learn best what they teach

3
 I hear, and I forget
I see, and I remember
I do, and I
understand
Chinese Proverb

4
WHAT IS THE LEARNING PYRAMID?

AVERAGE
RETENTION
RATE

LECTURE 5%

READING 10%

AUDIO VISUAL 20%

DEMONSTRATION 30%

DISCUSSION GROUP 50%

PRACTICE BY DOING 75%

TEACH OTHERS/IMMEDIATE USE OF 90%

LEARNING

5
 Active Teaching Methods Out of Active Teaching Methods in School
School
Surveys Group projects
Market research Questionnaires
Questionnaire design School library
Research material Computer data bases
Observing locality ordinance, Collage
map reading Practical work
Vox pop Periodicals
Visits Experimentation
Institutions Class feedback
Exhibitions 2s & 4s planning
Work places Other staff members
Cultural Individual interview
Trade fairs Brainstorming
Businesses Group discussion
Activity Centre finding routes, looking Case studies
for evidence e.g. looking for Irish signs in Sharing your own experiences
an area/audio taped tours Group work
Planning trips Role play
Visual recording Individual students class presentation
Interview Visitor
Research Posters/brochures
Monitoring Work Experience Tape work
Work shadowing Imagery tree pyramids
Competitions Vox pop
Outdoor pursuits Using the video
Internet (cyber caf) Enterprise
Broadcasting Running a radio station
Community work/local issues Performance
Resource collecting Diary keeping
Inter school debates and issues Surfing the net
Giving directions in a foreign Exhibition
language/Irish Using equipment
Giving a performance
Going to a performance and watching for
certain key elements e.g.
lighting/colour/costumes etc.
Meeting another school group of LCA
with a task.
Students part-time work
Local radio station
Library
Television
Home
Practical work
Team involvement

6
 BRAINSTORMING

Brainstorming is a method used with a group to generate a large number

of ideas quickly. It actively engages students in the learning process
and encourages full participation as one persons ideas spark off ideas
for another. Brainstorming is a valuable activity because it is unlikely
that if students worked alone that they would come up with the same
volume of ideas.

The teacher needs to preselect the topic or issue and facilitate the
session, limiting it in time to between 5-10 minutes.

Brainstorming has many uses e.g. it can be used to revise a topic,

introduce a new topic or solve a problem.

The ground rules are

All ideas are to be equally valued
No criticism of contributions allowed
No interruptions while contributions are being made
No evaluation of contributions

Steps involved:

Method 1 One topic or question posed to the whole group

1. The teacher initiates the process by asking all students in the class
to tell him/her everything they know about a specific topic
2. All ideas are allowed. The object is to keep the ideas flowing.
3. Nobody should comment on, criticise or evaluate anyone elses
ideas.
4. Points are recorded by the teacher on a flip chart, blackboard or
overhead projector.
5. When the brainstorm is completed ideas generated can be
organised into groups or categories.
Method 2 Different topics or questions with a common
theme are posed to sub groups within a larger group.

7
1. The teacher prepares a set of questions around a common theme
e.g. 4-6 questions.
2. The larger group is divided into smaller groups and each group is
given one of the questions to brainstorm.
3. Each group appoints one person to record their brainstorm and
report back to the larger group at the end.
4. The ideas can if wished be recorded by each group on large
sheets of card using thick markers. The card should be pre
prepared by having the question already stated at the top. The
card can then be held up at the end for everyone to see while the
appointed person summarises the points.
5. This method of brainstorming is very useful where several angles
of a topic need to be covered in a short period of time.
6. The teacher acts as a facilitator and moves from group to group
while the brainstorms are taking place.

Prioritising ideas that have been brainstormed or generated

through discussion

There are often times when a class needs to prioritise a set of ideas or
select the best idea e.g. the name of a Mini Enterprise.

The final decision can be particularly difficult as it is natural for everyone

to feel that their idea is the best one. A consensus may not be possible
without some agreed method.

The 5 point scoring system

This method is deal where one idea needs to be decided on e.g. the
name of a Mini Enterprise
Each person is given 5 points which they can award in any way they
wish, except that they cannot award points to their own idea e.g.
they could give all 5 points to one suggestion and none to the others
or 3 points to one suggestion and 2 to another. They could even if
they wanted give 1 point to each of 5 different suggestions. They
must use up all of their 5 points.
The points are added up and the idea with the most points is
obviously the winner.
In the case of a tie it can be put to a vote.

8
Prioritising where each person has produced a list of ideas and
they need to combine and reduce to form a group list.
The easiest way to do this is to make one long list combining all of
the groups ideas. Each time an idea is repeated a tick is placed
beside it.
If you are looking for e.g. a total of 10 ideas you can start by placing
on the list the idea that has the most ticks, the next closest and so
on down.
If you fail to complete a list of 10 you can use the five point scoring
system as outlined above, on the list of ideas that remains.
This should result in a final democratic list being formed.

9
 QUESTIONNAIRES

What is a questionnaire and how does it work?

A questionnaire is a list or set of questions that are written down
with a space left after each question for an answer.

It is a method that is used to get specific information from people

It can be used e.g. when carrying out a survey

The same set of questions are presented to several people.

Each person gives you their answers and then you summarise their
answers in the form of a report.

There are several different ways that you can present the questions to
people e.g. you can use the questionnaire as a:

Face to face interview: people answer the questions on a one to one

with you. You write down the answers as they
give them to you. This can be done in a persons
home, at a shopping centre, on the street,
outside a cinema, record shop etc.

Telephone interview: you telephone several people, call out the

questions and write down their responses to each
question

Mail out: you post the questionnaire to several people, ask

them to fill it in and post it back to you.

Internet survey: you post your questionnaire on a popular web

site and wait for the responses to come in.

How is a questionnaire planned and designed?

1. Decide what you want to learn/find out (goals).
2. Decide who you are going to ask to fill in the questionnaire.
3. Decide how many people you need to complete the questionnaire.

10
4. Decide how you will get the questionnaire filled in e.g. face to face
interview, mail out etc.
5. Decide what questions you will ask.
6. Decide how you might pre test the questionnaire to make sure it
works.
7. Decide when you will start getting the questionnaires filled in and
when they need to be completed by.
8. Decide what you are going to do with the questionnaires when you
get them back. Decide how you are going to summaries the
answers to the questions in a report.

Example of some types of questions:

Multiple choice: Which method of transport do you use to travel to
school?
Bus
Train
Car

Bike
Other

Numeric open ended: How much pocket money do you get each week?
__________________

Open ended: How could this school improve its facilities for
students? ____________
______________________________

Rating questions: How would you rate the service provided by the
school tuck shop?
Excellent
Good

Fair
Poor

Scaling questions: On a scale of 1-5 where 5 is the greatest and 1

the lowest, rate your interest in each of the
following subjects?
Irish 1 2 3 4 5
Maths 1 2 3 4 5
English 1 2 3 4 5

11
 QUESTIONNAIRE ACTION PLAN

Students Name: _______________________ Date: _______

1. Overall what do you hope to learn or find out from your

questionnaire?
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

2. Who are you going to ask to fill in the questionnaire? e.g. age
group, sex, employed, unemployed etc.
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

3. Why have you selected this particular group?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

4. How many people are you going to get to complete the

questionnaire?
_________________________________________________

5. Why have you selected this number?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

6. What method are you going to use to get the questionnaire filled
in? e.g. mail out, face to face, interview etc.
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

7. Why have you selected this method?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

12
8. How many questions will be on your questionnaire?

_________________________________________________

9. What specific questions are you going to ask?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

10. Which questions are open-ended questions are which questions

are closed?
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

11. How will you pre-test the questionnaire?

_________________________________________________

12. When will you start to get the questionnaire filled in?

_________________________________________________

13. When is the deadline for the completion of questionnaires?

_________________________________________________

13
14. How are you going to summarise the answers to the questions
when you get them back?
_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

15. Are there any questions that might prove difficult to summarise?

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

16. If yes, rewrite the questions so that they are easier to summarise.

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

17. Any other comments about the questionnaire.

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

14
 A VISITOR TO THE CLASSROOM

Purpose
A visitor can be invited to the classroom because of his/her expertise in
a given area or to interact with the young people. It is advisable to brief
the visitor about the class group e.g. what they are studying, how far
they have gone with their course and topic, the age group etc. The
visitor will want to know the format of the visit e.g. question and answer,
presentation etc. A question and answer session is generally better for
involving the students. The following are some of the points that
students may want to discuss.

Planning
 Who do we invite and for what purpose?
 How do we issue the invitation phone, letter etc.?
 Who is responsible for the invitation?
 Does the visitor require any prior information about the class e.g. how
much they already know about the subject?
 Where do we meet room?
 What time suits the class and the visitor?
 Who meets the visitor on entering the school?
 How do we arrange the seating in the room?
 Do we offer refreshments? If so, who is responsible?

During the Visit

Who asks the questions? In what order?
Can we make sure everyone says something, even the shy
members? How do we help them do this?
How do you prevent certain members dominating the occasion?
Can we ask personal questions? Dare we ask about.?
Do we make notes while the visitor is speaking?
Do we record/video/audio the exchange?

15
Evaluation
What did we learn from this activity?
Did we get the information we were looking for?
Did we follow-up on our questions?
What worked well?
Were there any difficulties?
Did everyone participate actively?
Are there other questions we could have asked?
Is there anything we should remember for future activities?
How do we record what we have learned?
Who will issue the thank you letter/call?
How do we apply what we have learned to our
courses/modules/tasks?
Do we need to do more research on the topic?

16
 WORK-PLAN FOR A CLASSROOM VISITOR
Planning Points to Action plan When? How?
Stages consider Who will do
what?
Identify a Have you a clean
visitor topic in mind?
Have you identified
an appropriate
person?

Proposed Does it fit in with

time, date your timetable?
and length Will arrangements
of visit need to be made
with another
teacher?
Invite the By telephone or by
visitor to writing?
class
Confirm the In writing?
visit
Acquire e.g.
some basic video, books,
knowledge newspaper etc.
of topic and Enough to help you
speaker prepare your
questions.
Prepare a Decide:
set of How many
questions to questions?
be asked on Types of
the day. questions?
Who will ask
questions?
Order of
questions?
What happens if
the visitor
answers your
question before
you get to ask it?
Confirm the How?
visit again By telephone?
with the
visitor the
day before.

17
Meet the How will you
visitor at the recognise the
main school visitor?
entrance Prepare a few
words of
greetings.
Introduce e.g. prepare in
the visitor to advance:
the group. name of visitor.
Who they
represent.
Topic they will
answer questions
on.
Thanks for
coming.
How will you
decide who will
make the
introduction?
Record the e.g.
content of by cassette tape,
the visit. video or in written
format.
Thank the Prepare a few
visitor at the words of thanks
end of the in advance.
session. Try to mention
one of two
interesting points
that came up
during the talk.
Will you make a
small token
presentation to
the visitor e.g.
flowers, book
token etc.?
Accompany Prepare a few
the visitor to words.
the main
entrance
after the
talk.
Write up a What were the key
summary of points made by the
the visit and visitor?
its content.

18
Identify the e.g.
highlights of list everything
the visit. that went well
and why.
Identify what you
know as a result
of the visit.
list skills that you
used.
Identify Keep a list of points
anything on file.
that could
be improved
the next
time a visitor
is invited to
class.
Thank Write a letter.
visitor after
visit.

19
 PERSONAL INTERVIEW

The Personal Interview is a technique used by students when

researching information.

It is generally used where in depth knowledge is required from a small

number of participants.

The student will need to consider the following stages:

Preparation

What information do I require?

Is a personal interview the best way to get information?
Who could supply me with this information?

The student will need to:

Make an appointment with the interviewee either personally or by
phone etc. arranging the time, venue, date.
Write out the questions to be asked, but also be prepared to allow for
non-planned questions.
Decide how to record the interview, by written notes or tape recorder.
Rehearse the questions with another person in advance.

Conducting the Interview

The student must:

Arrive punctually.
Greet the interviewee pleasantly.
Ask prepared questions.
Allow the conversation to develop naturally.
Record the interview with the prior permission of the interviewee.
Finish at the agreed time.
Thank the interviewee.

20
Evaluation
The student must:
Write up the notes or transcribe tape from interview.
Decide how to use the information
Tell the story
Use quotations
Refer to the person by name.

Ask themselves what worked well:

Did I get the information I wanted?
Did I ask the right questions?
Could I have done anything better?
Did I feel comfortable during the interview?
Did the interviewee feel comfortable?
How do I use this information for my courses, tasks etc.

21
Learning Logs/Diaries

Learning Logs/Diaries enable students to:

Express what they are understanding

Identify points they are unsure about
Become aware of their own learning style
strengths and weaknesses
Evaluate their performance
Provide the opportunity for personal reflection
Offer a starting point to undertake future
actions to improve learning

Learning Logs/Diaries create greater learner involvement

in the learning process

Learning Logs/Diaries enable teachers to:

Identify student weaknesses

Identify how well a teaching methodology
worked

When to use Learning Logs/Diaries

At the end of each class students might:

Respond to a set of questions
Freewrite about key words relating to the topic
Explain how they perform an operation
State the important points from a class
discussion
Describe areas of confusion

At the end of each week students might:

React to class presentations or discussions

Relate class activities to personal experience

22
After some significant event students might:

Reflect on how it affected them

Write down how they might approach it the
next time

The learning log/diary should not merely be a record of

what the student did.
It should focus on the learning. It is not a personal diary or
a place to keep course notes.

Students can gain advantage by revisiting their Learning

Log/Diary regularly.

What form should the Learning Log/Diary take?

A loose leaf folder into which sheets could be

inserted
Structured worksheet consisting of leading
questions such as:
What was the activity?
What did you learn from it?
What did you like/dislike?
How did you perform in the activity?
Will you change anything the next time?
Freewrite about the following key words
Informal review of activity/event
describing both the process and how they
felt?

How should it be monitored?

If subject based, it can be collected at regular

intervals (weekly, to begin with, fortnightly as
its use becomes effective.
If course based, it can be collected less
regularly.

23
Non critical assistance should be offered where necessary

Who can use Learning Logs/Diaries?

Any subject teacher

Any course co-ordinator
Any teacher anchoring a task for Leaving
Certificate Applied

24
 VOX POP
Vox pop is a shortened version of the Latin word 'vox populi' which
means 'voice of the people'.

It is a method that is used to collect the opinions of a cross section of the

public on a particular subject. This is done by posing the same question
to several people and taping their answers/responses. The finished
length of a vox pop tape should be 1-2 minutes maximum. On the
finished tape the question is only posed once at the beginning. The
opinions then flow one after the other without the question being posed
again each time. If you want ten opinions of good quality on the final
tape you will probably have to interview double that number and edit the
tape to remove opinions of poor quality or poor sound. If you have
editing facilities in school this can be done when you get back to base.
Otherwise you will have to edit on the spot by playing back each
response after you have taped it and deciding whether you will keep it or
tape the next response over it.

Steps involved:
1. Select a partner to work with you. A vox pop is best done in twos.
2. Decide on a question. One question is all that is required.
3. Make sure it is an open ended question e.g. What do you think of .?
Avoid a question that can be answered with yes or no. Keep the
question simple and easy to understand as you will be directing it at
someone with whom you have had no opportunity to 'warm up'.
4. Remember that you are going to ask everyone the same question.
5. Collect the equipment you need - note pad, pen, cassette player,
microphone and spare tapes. Make sure batteries are charged. Bring
spares with you if necessary.
6. Do a trial run before you leave the school to make sure everything is
working properly.
7. Decide where you will carry out the vox pop. Make sure that the
location you choose is free from loud noise e.g. heavy traffic, chiming
bells and clocks etc. It will be impossible to hear the opinions of
people if background noise is interfering. Do a trial run on location.
Check the quality of the recording.
8. When out on location explain to each person you stop to interview -
who you are and what you are doing. Put the question to each person
and record the answer they give. Remember some people may be
nervous.
At the end of the day you are looking for a variety of spontaneous
comments. A little humour won't hurt either.

25
 Alternative Ideas

Written vox pop

The vox pop can be conducted in the same way as already outlined.
However, the tape does not have to be edited on the spot. When you
get back to base you only extract from the tape and write up the opinions
you want to keep. The pressure is removed to have a high quality
recording. The tape just has to be clear enough for you to be able to
hear the opinions and write them down.

You present the vox pop with the question posed at the top of the page
and the opinions written one after the other underneath. A space is left
in between each opinion.

Alternatively you can ask a multiple choice question followed by an

opinion. The answers to the multiple choice section would be presented
as a % total followed by opinions listed one after the other.

It might look something like this..

Question posed to each person

Which conveys more emotion music W

Poetry and H
Fiction Y
All of the above ?
None of the above

Summary of answers as percentages

Music 60% Poetry 10% Fiction 10% All of the above 10%
None of the above 10%

Opinions
'Music is more emotional. Poetry or prose are an intellectual activity
because you don't often understand a word but you can feel a note'.

'Fiction because you can absorb it better. You enter into the story and
become part of it. You get a much more detailed description of what the
subject is about. It is explained. Poetry is not always easy to understand'.

26
Written vox pop with profile of individuals who give opinions
The vox pop is written up in the same way as above except some
additional information is given to the reader e.g. a photograph of the
person who gives the opinion, their name, age, occupation and where
they come from.

Students using this method should bring a pocket camera with them and
ensure that they have permission to both take and use the photograph.
The sequence of the photographs needs to be carefully noted so that
they can be matched with the opinions on the tape afterwards. It is often
a good idea to say a few words into the microphone which describe each
person before they give their opinion e.g. lady with short hair and grey
anorak jacket. This ensures a correct match of photographs and
opinions.

Evaluation of vox pop

When completing an evaluation of your vox pop consider commenting on
on some of the following:

1. When doing the vox pop the most important skill I learned was

2. The parts of the vox pop I most enjoyed were
3. The things I did best were
4. Other things I learned about myself were
5. The main problems I encountered with the vox pop were
..
6. If I was doing it again I would do the following things differently
.. because .
7. My partner and I worked together/didn't work well together in the
following areas
8. The location we chose was suitable/unsuitable because
9. The vox pop method was suitable/unsuitable for what we needed to
achieve because
10. The people we interviewed were co-operative/uncooperative because
..
11. Overall we were well prepared/badly prepared because

27
 Out of School Visits

Out of school visits give students first-hand experience of the

world of work, enterprise, voluntary organisations, etc. All visits
need careful planning and preparation. Students should be
encouraged to take as much responsibility as appropriate for all
stages of the visit.

Visits need to have a clear focus relevant to the content of

course/s.

Preparation Guidelines:

Important issues include:

seeking permission from the Principal or Director

initial contact and briefing of the selected company, industry,
organisation re. purpose of visit
time, date and duration
insurance cover
mode of transport
co-operation with colleagues

Guidelines for Students:

Before the visit:

set clear aims and objectives

gather relevant information prior to visit
brainstorm on key questions
decide on who will ask questions and record answers
divide into teams with individual roles
bring note book, lunch, money. etc.

28
During the visit:

be well-mannered and well-behaved

follow all health and safety instructions
listen carefully and ask relevant questions
record answers and observations
remain with the group

After the visit:

de-brief and discussion of what was learned and observed

evaluation of all aspects of visit
reports/log entries/presentations prepared by students
letter of thanks sent to contact person

An out of school visit is an appropriate and relevant follow-on from

the Visitor in the Classroom exercise.

Visit Checklist

number of students
when?
how long?
purpose and type of information required
contact and confirmation
brainstorming and preparation of questions
format for activity
arrangements for visit: entrance, meeting place, code of
behaviour, recording of information

29
 Report Writing

A report is a means of communication. The purpose of every report

is to record actions and events by LCA students across all their
course areas. Most LCA students will need to write summary
reports at various times throughout the two-years of leaving
Certificate Applied.

Students need to be encouraged to:

plan their reports before they start writing

keep reports short and to the point
use simple language and explain any technical terms
keep sentences short
include their own personal evaluation
ensure that written reports have a title and are well structured
with headings/paragraphs and include a name

Student Guidelines:

1. Title: A Visitor to our Classroom (e.g. Ms. J. Daly, Chairperson,

Tourism Ireland)

2. Objectives: (e.g. What you hope to achieve/convey in the report)

3. Authors name:

4. Who the report is addressed to: (e.g.To the Leaving Certificate

Applied Co-ordinator)

5. Date of completion

6. Body of Report:

Describe how you prepared for and carried out the activity/event
Summarise what you learned
Your own knowledge
Notes youve taken, etc.

30
7. Evaluation

Describe what you thought of the activity

Analyse what value it was to you and/or the class
Suggest recommendations for carrying out similar activities and
events in the future

Report writing is a skill which all students require in school/centre,

further education and the workplace.

31
 Making a Presentation

Many people (not just students) find it difficult to speak in front of a

group of people. However, with guidelines and practice you will
become a good presenter and communicator.

Preparation for presentation:

know your aim, time, audience

gather the information you need (notes youve taken on a visit,
diary entries for work experience, etc.)
structure your presentation into a beginning, middle and end
decide if you need any aids e.g. flipchart, overhead projector and
slides, power point presentation using a computer, etc.
prepare what you need and forget what you decide you dont
need
keep it short and simple

Making the Presentation:

use some notes on cards

do not read from a script or overheads
if using overheads, be sure not to block your audiences view
make eye contact with your audience as often as possible
speak clearly and slowly
avoid slang or jargon
stand comfortably in front of your audience and do not lean on a
desk, table, chair
use your hands as you would normally and do not put them in
your pockets
believe that you can do this

After the Presentation:

if you are asked questions listen carefully and give yourself time
to think of an answer
thank everyone for their questions and interest
if you dont understand a question, ask the person to repeat or
rephrase it

32
 Case Studies

Most Leaving Certificate Applied students enjoy case studies.

Essentially a case study is a scenario, real or imaginary, which
describes an event, situation, experience, etc. which students are
required to read, assimilate, analyse, devise and answer questions
based on the case study.

Case studies used by teachers should be relevant to the course

content and relatively easy to understand.

Sample case studies:

1. Read the following and devise relevant questions and answers:

Johnny is unhappy in his work experience placement. He hopes to

get an apprenticeship as a mechanic when he finishes Leaving
Certificate Applied. He chose this work placement in Ryans Garage
to get what he thought would be valuable work experience. He was
really looking forward to this placement and he is going to spend
two weeks there. On his first morning he arrived early and was
excited. He approached the owner, Mr. Ryan, who was busy and
didnt give Johnny any time. He told him to start to wash cars. He
didnt give Johnny any guidelines on how to use the car wash. As a
result, Johnny found it difficult to get the foam and suds off the
first three cars he washed because, without realising it, he had
given double quantities of foam. The customers were unhappy and
one complained Johnny to Mr. Ryan. Johnny asked a member of
staff for help but he said he was too busy doing a service on a car
and hed talk to Johnny later. The whole fortnight was much the
same and Johnny now feels that he will not try to get an
apprenticeship. However, one mechanic gave him some time one
day and showed him how to drain oil from a car. Johnny loved it
but it was the only bright spot in the two weeks.

Students work on the case study individually or in small groups,

brainstorm on their questions and analyse responses. They should
be encouraged to be Johnny as in to role play the experience.
Students who have had a positive experience in a similar work
placement should be encouraged to give their responses.

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Case Studies can be used across all course areas and afford
students the opportunity to be realistic, imaginative, creative and
practical.

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 Group Work/ Team work/ Discussion groups
Adapted from Cooperation in the Classroom Johnson, Johnson & Holubec.

Students do not instinctively know how to interact with

each other.

Students who have not been taught to work effectively

with others cannot be automatically expected to do so.

Many teachers encounter difficulties when they ask their

students to collaborate together because:

o social skills are often lacking

o students do not know how to behave
o students do not know what is expected of them.

The social skills of communicating, behaving and taking

on different roles in a group should be ideally taught and
are a prerequisite to effective learning.

Discuss:

1. The various roles that individuals play within

groups.

2. The various skills that are required in order to take

part in a discussion group.

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 Group Skills
Having identified the skills needed to function in a group students need to
understand:

What each skill is

i.e.
How to perform it

This could be done using a T.Chart e.g.

Encouraging Participation

Looks Like Sounds Like

Smiles What is your idea?

Eye contact Awesome!
Thumbs Up Great idea
Nodding head Cool!
Pat on back That sounds interesting

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 ROLE CARDS

Reader Encourager Time Keeper

Watches to make Keeps an eye on the

Reads the problem
sure everyone is time allocated.
aloud to the group
participating and
invites everyone Reminds group of
to join in time so that all work

allocated gets done

Recorder Reporter Observer

Records the
Records the Shares the ideas actions of each
notes from the generated with group member.
discussion other groups Does not
participate in
discussion.

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 LEARNING CENTRES
Learning Centres can be created very simply in a classroom
situation by designing a series of activities, presenting them on
large sheets of card and displaying them like posters on the
walls of the classroom.

Usually the learning centres for a given day would follow a

theme and cover several learning outcomes from a unit within a
module.

Each learning centre/poster should have pasted to it a visual

stimulus e.g. photograph, magazine cutting etc. and an
enlarged exercise/worksheet. Each poster should also be
numbered for reference.

An expanding file is created to contain numbered A4 size

worksheets to correspond with the worksheets on each poster.

Steps involved:

As the students works his/her way around the learning centres

within the classroom
1. they should check the number on the learning centre/
poster they want to complete
2. take the corresponding worksheet from the expanding file
that holds all the worksheets
3. complete the worksheet
4. discuss it with the teacher who keeps a record of the
worksheets that the student has completed
5. place it in their folder and move on to another learning
centre/poster.

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The advantages of using this approach are that

Each student can work at their own pace some students

need to take more time at each learning centre while others
move around the room more quickly. No one feels held
back, the class or that they themselves are holding back
others. Students can if they wish work in pairs and support
each other through the activities.
Several learning outcomes can be contained within the
learning centres enabling a lot of learning and material to be
covered in just a few classes.
Students are responsible for their own learning and can
select independently the order that they work through the
learning centres.

Designing a learning centre/poster

It should be made of card.
A1 or A2 size or even bigger.
For easy storage sheets that fit into an artists portfolio are
ideal.
Lamination ensures that the learning centres/posters will last
for a long time.
A learning centre/poster should ideally contain some sort of
visual stimulus e.g. photograph, picture from a magazine,
drawing, chart, map, booklet/leaflet etc.
A learning centre/poster should also include an activity
based worksheet designed around the stimulus e.g.
- a worksheet asking questions about the photograph
- a worksheet asking for missing words to be filled in
- a crossword
- an anagram
- a case study with questions
- a poem with questions
- questions based on a booklet attached to the poster
where the student has to look up information
- etc.

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When the learning centres have been completed they
can be stored until the next time they are needed.
While they take time and resources to prepare, they are
very effective as an activity based learning method and
will last for years if they are properly stored and cared
for.

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Graphics to go in here

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This sheet may be used to evaluate any of the methodologies.

NAME OF ACTIVE METHODOLOGY

Describe the process involved

How did it go? Did it work well?

Anything you would do differently if

you were doing it again?

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