Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection Outline

Fuses
Protection Example
Overcurrent Protection
Differential Relaying
Current Matching
Phase Shift Compensation
Tap Changing Under Load
Magnetizing Inrush
Overexcitation
Connection Examples
Ground Differential
Sudden-Pressure Relays (63)
 Power Transformer Failure Statistics
1955 - 2002 (3,112 failures)

Winding failures = 31%

Tap changer failures = 26%
Bushing failures = 12%
Cooling equipment failures = 3%
Auxiliary equipment failures = 3%
Core failures = 1%
Leads failures = 1%
Other failures = 23%

Source: IEEE C37.91-2000

 Transformer Fusing

Normally used at 10MVA and below

Reference transformer damage curves
IEEE C37.91
Selected to fit below damage curve
Fuses must be coordinated with relays
Economical
 Fuse Characteristics
1000

200 A-AF
Maximum
100
Clear
OPERATE TIME

10 100 A-AF

Minimum
Melt
0.15 Sec
0.10

0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K

CURRENT
 115kV A

Example: Large CS

Industrial Load 86-

2
50/ 51N-
51 1
300/5
49 ALARM

63 T1 T2

200/5 30 87
MVA T

RG
86-
XX Primary 1
RG

Protection 51N-
2 2000/5 67
67N
67N 67, 67N OP
POL
TRIP DIR

87N 1/10 ACT

POL

87N 51N- 51
OP 3

13.8
N.C. kV
2000/5

67
POL
 Transformer Overcurrent Protection
High side overcurrent will not see low side ground faults.

CS

50/51

50/51
 High Side Overcurrent

Coordinate with upstream devices

Backup transformer differential /
sudden pressure
Thermal overload
Set above Inrush, 2-8 X Load
 Low Side Overcurrent

Coordinate with downstream devices

(radial)
Bus backup scheme
Thermal overload
Frequent and
10,000 10,000
9000 9000
8000 8000
7000 7000
6000 6000
5000
THROUGH-FAULT PROTECTION ON CURVE FOR THROUGH-FAULT PROTECTION ON CURVE FOR 5000
4000
FAULTS WHICH WILL OCCUR FREQUENTLY FAULTS WHICH WILL OCCUR INFREQUENTLY 4000

Infrequent 3000

2000
(TYPICALLY MORE THAN 5 IN A
TRANSFORMER LIFETIME).
(TYPICALLY NOT MORE THAN 5 IN A
TRANSFORMER LIFETIME). 3000

2000

Operating Limits 1000

900
800
700
1000
900
800
700
600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300

200 200

100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40

TIME (SECONDS)
30 30

20 20

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3

2 2
12 10 8 7 6 5 4
% OF TRANSFORMER THIS CURVE MAY ALSO BE USED FOR BACKUP
IMPEDANCE PROTECTION WHERE THE TRANSFORMER IS
1 EXPOSED TO FREQUENT FAULTS NORMALLY 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 CAUSED BY HIGH-SPEED RELAYING 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
FOR FAULT CURRENT FROM 50% TO 100% MAXIMUM POSSIBLE: I 2t =K
0.3 0.3
WHERE I = SYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT IN TIMES NORMAL BASE
0.2 CURRENT (ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1980 0.2
K = CONSTANT DETERMINED AT MAXIMUM I WITH t = 2 s
NOTE: SAMPLE I 2 t = K CURVES HAVE BEEN PLOTTED FOR
0.1 0.1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50

TIMES NORMAL BASE CURRENT

Transformer Monitor (51TF)

+
Pickup Counter + 1 Alarm -

Alarm Counts
Start Integration

M + 1 +
TF (M ) dt
Get TF(M)
TF Counter + 1
M1 - from curve 1 -

Reset Integration
Transformer Monitor (51TF)
 Transformer Differential Relays

Faster
More sensitive
Eliminates single phasing problem
More selective
Percentage Differential

PROTECTED
ZONE
(PHASE A)

OP
R1 R2

87T
 External Fault

PROTECTED
ZONE
(PHASE A)

OP
R1 R2

87T
 Internal Fault

PROTECTED
ZONE
(PHASE A)

OP
R1 R2

87T
Percentage Differential Characteristic
OPERATING CURRENT (IN MULTIPLES OF TAP)

THRU-CURRENT RESTRAINT SETTING

2.33

MAXIMUM RESTRAINT CURRENT (IN MULTIPLES OF TAP)

Transformer Differential Limitations

Unequal secondary currents, because of the

different turns ratios of the power transformer
windings and the CTs
Phase shift of wye-delta banks
Tap changing under load
Magnetizing inrush
Current Matching

5
OPERATING
COIL
R1 5 R2
10 5

RESTRAINT
COILS
 Current Matching

RELAY
INPUT
MATCHING
CTS
TAPS

ELECTRONICS

OPERATE RESTRAINT

COMPARATOR
Phase Shift Compensation

87T
Phase Shift Compensation /
Zero Sequence Trap
1 A
3 C
3 2 B 3
1 A
3 3
2 B
0
3 C
0
3

0
C
3 0 0
3
B
3 3
A
 Two Kinds of Delta Connections
A A A
B C
C B
C B

IA I IA IA I IA
B C

IB I IB IB I IB
C A

IC I IC IC I IC
A B
Percentage Differential Characteristic
OPERATING CURRENT (IN MULTIPLES OF TAP)

60%

THRU-CURRENT RESTRAINT SETTING

2.33

MAXIMUM RESTRAINT CURRENT (IN MULTIPLES OF TAP)

Tap Changing Under Load

60%
IOP - (M ULT. OF TAP)

15%

MARGIN
MARGIN

XMFR EXCITING CURRENT

MAXIMUM I R - (MULT. OF TAP)

 Magnetizing Inrush

ie

R R
Time

Transformer Transformer
Deenergized Reenergized
at This Point at This Point
 Magnetizing Inrush
is
Max
1

+Max
ie
R R
Time

Max
Transformer Transformer
Deenergized Reenergized
at This Point at This Point
 Inrush Waveform

DEAD SPOT
Unbalanced Inrush
 Differential Setting Review

If the transformer connection is a delta-wye

the angles of the two currents will not be 180
degrees apart, and must be compensated by
30 degrees
To compensate with the CT connection,
reverse the connection; for delta-wye
transformers connect the CTs wye-delta
Digital relays can be connected wye-wye and
set the compensation inside the relay
 Differential Setting Review

Ratio of taps=Ratio of currents

 Differential Setting Review

Set slope low for low mismatch and high

quality CTs
Increase slope setting for tap changer
transformers, poor quality CTs or poorly
matched CTs
Use of transient monitor to detect the effect
of CT saturation during through-fault =>
enhance security
 Differential Setting Review
Use of 2nd harmonic sharing for 2nd harmonic
inhibit => Superior method to enhance
security
 Overexcitation
OPEN
A) G S

LONG LINE OPEN

B) S

S - POWER SYSTEM
Relay restrains over the voltage range of
104-138% of rated excitation
%
100
and its harmonic components I1 (% of I m)
M agnetizing current I m

80
I3 (% of I 1)

60

IM (% of I n)
40
I 5 (% of I 1)

20

I7 (% of I 1)

100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Voltage in percent of nominal voltage
Bus/Transformer Application

CS
R1 R2 R3 R4
0P

R5
Bus/Transformer Application
1 2 3 4

30A 20A R1

50A 20A 20A

20A

0P

R2
0
CT Error Produces Incorrect Operation

20A OPERATING
POINT
OPERATING
OPERATI NG

ZONE

20A
MAXIMUM RESTRAINT
Ground Differential

87N
Neutral Overcurrent

51N
 Sudden Pressure Protection

Operates on rate of change in gas or oil

pressure
Detects incipient low magnitude faults
Protects for faults differential may not see
Backs up differential for high magnitude
internal faults
Users are split between using sudden
pressure for trip or alarm
Sudden Pressure Relay Mounted in Gas Space

2
1 SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY

1 2 TRANSFORMER TANK

5 3 INSULATING OIL LEVEL

7 4 4 MAIN PORT

8 5 BELLOWS

6 6 GAS CUSHION

7 SNAP SWITCH

8 EQUALIZER PORT
3
Thank You