023 Training
023 Training
023 Training
st i l Training
i i i
Seminar on
BSNL
I
SESSION : 2014-15
- itt By:-
Submitted :-
I
SHUBHAM SINGH
. .( )
B.Tech.(EC)
i l Year
Final
ll .
Roll No. 111300208
I I
INTRODUCTION
CALL SETUP:
When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the
nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication
Network). Then it processes the caller and subscribers number if it exists in
the same BSC (Base Station Controller) then call setup is completed.
If subscriber is not in the same BSC then call transfer to MSC (Mobile
Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is
completed.
If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO(Mobile
Telephone Switching Office)
now call transfer is done on BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is
completed.
Parts of a Telecommunication network
1.Telephone Exchange
2.Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
3.Switch Room
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and
distributed through MDF.
The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. Each
jumper is a twisted wire.
It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange
area.
The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and functions as
a test point between a line and the office.
It provides testing of calls.
It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
All lines terminate individually
Structure Of MDF
ORGANIZATION OF MDF
Vertical side
Horizontal side
Vertical side
Rack:- On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags.
The counting is done from up (0) to down (7).
Tags:- Each rack consists of eight tags
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line
N.E:-The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT. It is used
for testing number.
Wedge:- Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is
placed in jack strips, which is connected to telephone for checking.
Horizontal side
The horizontal side connected to the
underground cable.
This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair are
distributed when company allot the telephone
number to the subscriber.
Horizontal side is again subdivided in
two parts:
One part is connected with the vertical
side.
Another with the subscriber line by using
100 pair underground cable.
POWER PLANT
As we know that, the power is the main source or any
organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the
first requirement of any organization is the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply.
The main part of power room are:-
1. Batteries for providing 48V supply
2. UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply)
3. Charging - Discharging Unit
4. Inverter and Converter Unit
Switch Room
Switch room consists of
BM(Benjamin Moore) and
CM cabinets mounted in
standard switch.
These cabinets are
fastened to a switch Room
and interconnected by
cables
VARIOUS INTERNET SERVICES
LEASED LINES
The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the
congestion that occurs in shared networks.
between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data, or
Internet services
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent Optical Fibre Cable(OFC) or telephone connection.
It is commonly used in ATMs.
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of
the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well
as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps
GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services
possible:
1.Personal Computer
2.ADSL Modem
3.Land Line Connection
4.Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer
5.High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
WIMAX
WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave
Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile
broadband applications.
FTTH
FTTH is an acronym which stands for Fiber To The Home.In this technology an optical
fiber of high bandwidth and frequency is connected to the local residence of the user to
provide high speed internet facility upto higher mbps to gbps.This facility is first
launched by BSNL in India.
OSI NETWORKING MODEL
The open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and
protocols needed to connect one computer to any other over a network.It
consists of following seven layers:
This section covers some of the basic concepts of IPv4 addressing, such as how the Internet's
address architecture uses the binary and dotted-decimal versions of IPv4 addressing. This section
also reviews the structure of IPv4 addresses, such as the various classes of IPv4 . 32-bit IP
addresses are written using dotted-decimal notation. Each 32-bit address is divided into four
groups of eight, called octets. Each octet is converted to decimal and then separated by decimal
points, or dots.Bit IP addresses are written using dotted-decimal notation.
FIBER OPTICS: The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and
optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are
widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the
transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of
kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA: