,

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI

HAUS KHAS, NEW DELHI-110016

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course Number: CEL 742
Traffic Engineering

REPORT
Lab 8: Parking Study

Submitted To:
Dr. Kalaga Ramchandra Rao
(Associate Professor)
Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi

Submitted By:
Mohit Kohli
2015CEP2096
M Tech Transportation Engineering, Semester-I (2016-2017)
 LAB-8: Parking Study

Objectives:

To identify the various elements affecting parking such as parking demand, parking turnaround, parking
accumulation, etc., that relate to a parking study by examining an existing parking area.

Need for the Study:

Parking studies are conducted to determine the demand at an existing or new parking area. The basic
design elements studied are the parking turnover, parking accumulation, parking index (occupancy rate),
parking load and average parking duration. Also, parking studies are conducted to study the existing
parking regulations and safety aspects of the parking area.

General Overview:

Parking is one of the major problems that is created by the increasing road traffic. It is an impact of
transport development. The availability of less space in urban areas has increased the demand for parking
space especially in areas like Central business district. This affects the mode choice also. This has a great
economic impact.

Parking System

o On Street Parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be usually
controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as listed below. This
classification is based on the angle in which the vehicles are parked with respect to the road
alignment. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5 x 2.5 meters and that for a truck
is 3.75 x 7.5 meters.

1. Parallel Parking: The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is no
backward movement involved while parking or unparking the vehicle. Hence, it is the most
safest parking from the accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum curb length
and therefore only a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerb length. This
method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-going traffic on the road since least road
width is used. Parallel parking of cars is shown in following figure.

Fig.: Parallel Parking

The length available to park number of vehicles, L =

2. 30o Parking: In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30 with respect to the road
alignment. In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking. Also there is
better maneuverability. Delay caused to the traffic is also minimum in this type of parking. An
example is shown in following figure.
For N vehicles, L = AC + (N-1)CE =5.58+(N-1)5 =0.58+5N
 Fig.: 30o Parking

3. 45o Parking: As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked. Hence
compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles can be
accommodated in this type of parking. From following figure , length of parking space available
for parking N number of vehicles in a given kerb is = 3.54 N+1.77

Fig.: 45o Parking

4. 60o Parking: The vehicles are parked at 60o to the direction of road. More number of vehicles
can be accommodated in this parking type. From the following figure, length available for
parking N vehicles =2.89N+2.16.

Fig.: 60o Parking

5. Right Angle Parking: In right angle parking or 90 parking, the vehicles are parked
perpendicular to the direction of the road. Although it consumes maximum width kerb length
required is very little. In this type of parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering and this
may cause severe accidents. This arrangement causes obstruction to the road traffic particularly
if the road width is less. However, it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a
given kerb length. An example is shown in following figure. Length available for parking N
number of vehicles is L= 2.5N.
 Fig.: 90o Parking

o Off Street Parking: In many urban centers, some areas are exclusively allotted for parking which
will be at some distance away from the main stream of traffic. Such a parking is referred to as off-
street parking. They may be operated by either public agencies or private firms. A typical layout of an
off-street parking is shown in following figure.

Fig.: Off-Street Parking

Parking Requirements
There are some minimum parking requirements for different types of building. For residential plot area
less than 300 sq.m require only community parking space. For residential plot area from 500 to 1000 sq.m,
minimum one-fourth of the open area should be reserved for parking. Offices may require at least one
space for every 70 sq.m as parking area. One parking space is enough for 10 seats in a restaurant where as
theatres and cinema halls need to keep only 1 parking space for 20 seats. Thus, the parking requirements
are different for different land use zones.

Study Components:

Parking Statistics
Before taking any measures for the betterment of conditions, data regarding availability of parking space,
extent of its usage and parking demand is essential. It is also required to estimate the parking fares also.
Parking surveys are intended to provide all these information. Since the duration of parking varies with
different vehicles, several statistics are used to access the parking need. The following parking statistics
are normally important.
 1. Parking accumulation: It is defined as the number of vehicles parked at a given instant of time.
Normally this is expressed by accumulation curve. Accumulation curve is the graph obtained by
plotting the number of bays occupied with respect to time.
2. Parking volume: Parking volume is the total number of vehicles parked at a given duration of
time. This does not account for repetition of vehicles. The actual volume of vehicles entered in the
area is recorded.
3. Parking load: Parking load gives the area under the accumulation curve. It can also be obtained by
simply multiplying the number of vehicles occupying the parking area at each time interval with
the time interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours.
4. Average parking duration: It is the ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of vehicles parked.

(1)

5. Parking turnover: It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to the number of
parking bays available. This can be expressed as number of vehicles per bay per time duration.

(2)

6. Parking index: Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of
number of bays occupied in a time duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate
measure of how effectively the parking space is utilized. Parking index can be found out as follows

(3)

Parking Surveys
Parking surveys are conducted to collect the above said parking statistics. The most common parking
surveys conducted are in-out survey, fixed period sampling and license plate method of survey.

In-Out Survey
In this survey, the occupancy count in the selected parking lot is taken at the beginning.
Then the number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for a particular time interval is
counted. The number of vehicles that leave the parking lot is also taken. The final
occupancy in the parking lot is also taken. Here the labor required is very less. Only one
person may be enough. But we wont get any data regarding the time duration for which a
particular vehicle used that parking lot. Parking duration and turnover is not obtained.
Hence we cannot estimate the parking fare from this survey. For quick survey purposes, a
fixed period sampling can also be done. This is almost similar to in-out survey. All vehicles
are counted at the beginning of the survey. Then after a fixed time interval that may vary
between 15 minutes to i hour, the count is again taken. Here there are chances of missing
the number of vehicles that were parked for a short duration.

License Plate Survey

This results in the most accurate and realistic data. In this case of survey, every parking
stall is monitored at a continuous interval of 15 minutes or so and the license plate number
is noted down. This will give the data regarding the duration for which a particular vehicle
 was using the parking bay. This will help in calculating the fare because fare is estimated
based on the duration for which the vehicle was parked. If the time interval is shorter, then
there are less chances of missing short-term parkers. But this method is very labor
intensive.

Field Work and Data Collection:

License plate method was used for the study at parking outside Aurobindo Market. The following Figure
1 shows the location of survey area and Figure 2 shows the parking area plan. The data was collected for
one hour and the worksheet was formed as follows in Table 1:

Fig. 1: Survey Area Location Fig. 2: Survey area Plan

WORK SHEET: LAB 8

DATE: 09-10-2016 TEMPERATURE: 32 C DAY: SUNDAY WEATHER: SUNNY

STUDENT NAME: MOHIT KOHLI ENTRY NUMBER: 2015CEP2096

STARTING TIME: 4.00PM ENDING TIME: 5.00PM

LOCATION : Aurobindo Market, Hauz Khas

Result:

Table 1 : License Plate Survey

TIME TIME INTERVAL Tota TURN OVER
Bay l
00- 15- 30- 45- 00- 15- 30- 45- 00- 15- 30- 45-
No Vol
15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60 15 30 45 60
ume
A1 5606 5606 8826 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 3
A2 5644 4576 4489 3 3 1 0 1 1 3
A3 7515 9794 9794 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 3
A4 6016 6016 6016 6016 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
A5 5174 5174 5174 9289 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4
A6 5425 5425 5425 1 1 1 1 1 0 3
A7 5128 8138 7586 3 3 1 0 1 1 3
A8 7455 6789 6789 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 3
A9 7754 5135 4046 4046 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 4
A10 2412 2412 1 1 0 0 1 1 2
A11 6244 6244 6244 6244 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
A12 9243 9243 9243 9243 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
A13 4753 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
A14 4901 4901 4901 4901 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
A15 9520 9520 9520 9520 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
A16 7679 7679 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
A17 5545 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
A18 1187 9656 2 2 1 0 0 1 2
B1 5768 5768 2360 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 3
B2 2356 2356 1 1 0 0 1 1 2
B3 6399 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
B4 4068 3107 3107 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 3
B5 5933 5933 5933 1 1 1 1 1 0 3
B6 2701 2701 2701 1 1 1 1 1 0 3
C1 0 0 0 0 0 0
C2 1343 1343 1500 7918 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 4
C3 5144 5144 5144 5144 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
C4 1936 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
C5 3376 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
C6 1635 2592 2 2 1 0 1 0 2
C7 2337 4920 4920 4920 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4
C8 1654 1654 1654 1654 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
C9 8356 8356 8356 1 1 1 1 1 0 3
C10 0603 0603 0603 0603 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
C11 4807 4807 6799 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 3
C12 0 0 0 0 0 0
D1 5860 5860 5860 5860 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
D2 1666 1666 1666 1666 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
D3 8520 8520 8520 8520 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
D4 2777 2777 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
D5 4537 8300 8300 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 3
D6 0 0 0 0 0 0
D7 5687 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
 D8 4348 4348 4348 4348 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
D9 4623 4623 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
D10 0 0 0 0 0 0
D11 3179 3179 1275 3398 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 4
D12 2312 2245 2 2 1 0 0 1 2
D13 8848 8848 8848 8848 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
D14 7137 7137 7137 7137 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
13
50 Accumulation 33 15 6 14 68 41 31 33 32
7
0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
Occupancy
2 2 6 4

Analysis of Data
Parking turnover = = 1.36
Parking Load = (33*15 + 15*30 + 6*45 + 14*60) / 60 = 34.25 vehicle hours

.
Avg. Parking Duration = = 0.50 minutes
Parking Capacity = 50 X 1 = 12

.
Parking index = 100 68.50
The relationship between no of vehicle accumulation and interval range has been shown in graph below.

Graph: No of Vehicle vs. Accumulation per interval

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

1. The parking turnover comes out to be as 1.36.
2. Parking load has been calculated as 34.25 veh per hour.
3. Avg. parking duration has been calculated as 0.50 minutes.
4. From vehicle occupancy it is clear that the parking lot can accommodate more vehicles i.e. in the
current condition the parking area runs in under capacity
5. Parking Index is 68.5.

Reference:
1. L. R Kadiyali. Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,
1987.
2. Murthy. A.S.N., Mohle. H.R., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2001,
Transportation Engineering Basics, 2nd Edition, Virginia.