Math 432 HW 2.

5 Solutions
Assigned: 1-10, 12, 13, and 14.

Selected for Grading: 1 (for five points), 6 (also for five), 9, 12

Solutions:
1. (2y3 + 2y2) dx + (3y2x + 2xy) dy = 0.
M/y = 6y2 + 4y
N/x = 3y2 + 2y
This equation is not exact.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of y alone.

dy/dx = (2y3 + 2y2)/(3y2x + 2xy) = 2y2(y + 1)/[xy(3y + 2)]

This equation is separable.

xy(3y + 2)(dy/dx) + 2y2(y + 1) = 0 This is not linear, with y as a function of x, but. . .

2y2(y + 1)(dx/dy) + y(3y + 2) x = 0 This is linear, with x as a function of y.

2. (2x + y/x)dx + (xy 1)dy = 0

M/y = 1/x
N/x = y
This equation is not exact.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

This equation does not have an integrating factor that is a function of y alone.

This is not separable.

(xy 1)(dy/dx) + (1/x)y = 2x

(2x + y/x)(dx/dy) + yx = 1
This is not a linear equation.
3. (y2 + 2xy)dx x2dy = 0
M/y = 2y + 2x
N/x = 2x, so this equation is not exact.

This equation does not have an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of y alone.

x2dy = (y2 + 2xy)dx = y(y + 2x)dx

dy/dx = y(y + 2x)/x2
This equation is not separable.

x2(dy/dx) 2xy = y2
(y2 + 2xy)(dx/dy) = x2
This equation is not linear.

4. (2x + y)dx + (x 2y)dy = 0

M/y = 1 = N/x, so this equation is exact.

Note that both and are zero, so this equation has integrating factors that are functions of x
alone and y alone, respectively. (This will always be the case for exact equations, so I will not repeat this.)

dy/dx = (2x + y)/(2y x) is not separable.

(2y x)(dy/dx) y = 2x
(2x + y)(dx/dy) 2y = x
This equation is not linear.

5. (2y2x y)dx + x dy = 0
M/y = 4xy 1 1 = N/x, so this is not exact.

This equation does not have an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of y alone.

y(2yx 1)(dx/dy) + x = 0
x(dy/dx) y = 2y2x, so this equation is not linear.

dy/dx = (y 2y2x)/x, so this equation is not separable.

6. (x2 sin x + 4y)dx + x dy = 0
M/y = 4 1 = N/x, so this is not exact.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

NOTE: As you will see below, this equation is linear, and any linear equation has an integrating factor that
is a function of the independent variable alone, namely, .

This equation does not have an integrating factor that is a function of y alone.

x(dy/dx) + 4y = x2 sin x so this equation is linear.

dy/dx = (4y x2 sin x)/x = (4y/x + x sin x)

This equation is not separable.

7. (3x2 + y)dx + (x2y x)dy = 0

M/y = 1 N/x = 2xy 1, so this equation is not exact.

This equation has an integrating factor that is a function of x alone.

That integrating factor is .

Multiplying both sides of the equation by this integrating factor gives (3 + y/x2)dx + (y 1/x)dy = 0 which
should be exact. Let me check before going on.
M/y = 1/x2 = N/x OK.

F(x, y) = (3 + y/x2) dx + h(y) = 3x y/x + h(y)

h(y) = F(x, y) 3x + y/x
h'(y) = (y 1/x) 0 + 1/x = y
h(y) = y2/2

Implicit solution: 3x y/x + y2/2 = C.

NOTE: Multiplying both sides of the equation by our integrating factor 1/x2 assumed that x 0.

As we've seen above, it makes just as much sense to think of this equation, which is in differential form, as
expressing x = x(y) as a function of y. The corresponding equation, in non-differential form, is
dx/dy = x(1 xy)/(3x2 + y)
And, as you can check, the constant function x(y) 0 is a solution to this equation.

Thus there is another solution and we report solutions 3x y/x + y2/2 = C or x 0.

8. (2xy)dx + (y2 3x2)dy = 0
M/y = 2x N/x = 6x, so this equation is not exact.
Check for integrating factors:

So our integrating factor is (y) found as follows:

Multiplying by this factor . . .

(2x/y3)dx + (1/y2 3x2/y4)dy = 0
M/y = 6x/y4
N/x = 6x/y4 so these are equal and, as expected, we have an exact equation.

F(x, y) = 2x/y3dx + h(y) = x2/y3 + h(y)

h(y) = F(x, y) x2/y3
h'(y) = (1/y2 3x2/y4) + 3x2/y4 = 1/y2
h(y) = 1/y

Implicit solution: x2/y3 1/y = C

NOTE: When we multiplied by the integrating factor 1/y4 we had to assume that y 0. Consider the
function y(x) 0. As you can check, it is a solution for the equation 2xy + (y2 3x2)(dy/dx) = 0. So we
must report it as a solution as well:

Solutions: y(x) 0 and x2/y3 1/y = C.

9. (2y2 + 2y + 4x2)dx + (2xy + x)dy = 0

M/y = 4y + 2
N/x = 2y + 1

(2xy2 + 2xy + 4x3)dx + (2x2y + x2)dx = 0

M/y = 4xy + 2x
N/x = 4xy + 2x Good: this new one is exact.

F(x, y) = (2xy2 + 2xy + 4x3)dx + h(y) = x2y2 + x2y + x4 + h(y)

h(y) = F(x, y) x2y2 x2y x4
h'(y) = (2x2y + x2) 2x2y x2 0 = 0
h(y) = some constant

Solution: x2y2 + x2y + x4 = C or x2(y2 + y + x2) = C.

NOTE: Multiplying by our integrating factor (x) = 1/x assumed that x 0. This time we do not need to
add any solution since the constant function x(y) 0 appears in the above solution when C = 0.
10. (x4 x + y)dx x dy = 0

M/y = 1
N/x = 1

[M/y N/x]/N = 2/x so there is an integrating factor (x) given by . . .

Using this integrating factor we get

(x2 1/x + y/x2)dx (1/x)dy = 0
M/y = 1/x2
N/x = 1/x2 Good: this new equation is exact.

F(x, y) = (x2 1/x + y/x2) dx + h(y) = x3/3 ln |x| y/x + h(y)

h(y) = F(x, y) x3/3 + ln |x| + y/x
h'(y) = (1/x) 0 + 0 + 1/x = 0
h(y) = some constant

Solution: x3/3 ln |x| y/x = C which can be solved for y, giving y = x4/3 x ln |x| Cx.

As has happened before, there is another solution, x(y) 0, if you're willing to consider the possibility that x
is a function of y.

===============================================================
This one is also linear: dy/dx = (x4 x + y)/x so dy/dx (1/x)y = x3 1.
So P(x) = 1/x and Q(x) = x3 1.
The integrating factor is then (x) = e (1/x) dx = eln(1/x) = 1/x. And so you get the solution

y = x4/3 x ln |x| + Cx So you get the same solution, except for that quirky x(y) 0.
===============================================================

12. (2xy3 + 1) dx + (3x2y2 1/y) dy = 0

M/y = 6xy2
N/x = 6xy2 So this one is exact!

F(x, y) = (2xy3 + 1)dx + h(y) = x2y3 + x + h(y)

h(y) = F(x, y) x2y3 x
h'(y) = (3x2y2 1/y) 3x2y2 0 = 1/y
h(y) = ln |y|

Solution: x2y3 + x ln |y| = C.

13. (2y2 6xy)dx + (3xy 4x2)dy = 0

If xnym is to be a successful integrating factor, then when we multiply both sides of the given equation by it:
(2xnym+2 6xn+1ym+1) dx + (3xn+1ym+1 4xn+2ym) dy = 0
we should end up with an exact equation. So the partials
M/y = 2(m + 2)xnym+1 6(m + 1)xn+1ym = xnym[2(m + 2)y 6(m + 1)x]
and
N/x = 3(n + 1)xnym+1 4(n + 2)xn+1ym = xnym[3(n + 1)y 4(n + 2)x]
must be equal. So we'd need
xnym[2(m + 2)y 6(m + 1)x] = xnym[3(n + 1)y 4(n + 2)x]
2(m + 2)y 6(m + 1)x = 3(n + 1)y 4(n + 2)x
To assure this, we would need two things:
2(m + 2) = 3(n + 1), or
2m + 4 = 3n + 3, or
2m 3n = 1
and
6(m + 1) = 4(n + 2), or
3(m + 1) = 2(n + 2), or
3m 2n = 1
So we need to solve the system
2m 3n = 1
3m 2n = 1
Solving the first equation for m: m = (3n 1)/2.
Substituting in the second equation: (3/2)(3n 1) 2n = 1, and solving. . .
3(3n 1) 4n = 2
9n 3 4n = 2
5n = 5
n=1
m = (3(1) 1)/2 = 1.

So the integrating factor is simply xy.

Now to solve the differential equation. First I'll use the integrating factor multiply both sides by xy.
(2xy3 6x2y2)dx + (3x2y2 4x3y)dy = 0
Check (for exactness of the new equation):
M(x, y) = 2xy3 6x2y2 and N(x, y) = 3x2y2 4x3y
(it checks)
Solve:

So h(y) is just a constant and we have implicitly

Solution: xy3 2x3y2 = C.

14. (12 + 5xy) dx + (6xy 1 + 3x2) dy = 0
(12xnym + 5xn+1ym+1) dx + (6xn+1ym1 + 3xn+2ym) dy = 0

M/y = 12mxnym1 + 5(m + 1)xn+1ym = xnym1[12m + 5(m + 1)xy]

N/x = 6(n + 1)xnym1 + 3(n + 2)xn+1ym = xnym1[6(n + 1) + 3(n + 2)xy]

So this time we'd need 12m + 5(m + 1)xy = 6(n + 1) + 3(n + 2)xy
Which means we'd need
12m = 6(n + 1) and 5(m + 1) = 3(n + 2)
2m = n + 1 and 5m = 3n + 1
n = 2m 1 and 5m = 3(2m 1) + 1 = 6m 2.
So m = 2 and n = 3, which means that our integrating factor is x3y2.

Check: For (12x3y2 + 5x4y3) dx + (6x4y + 3x5y2) dy = 0 we have partials

M/y = 24x3y + 15x4y2 and N/x = 24x3y + 15x4y2, which are equal.

Solving the new equation:

Solution: 3x4y2 x5y3 = C.