Scribd
Upload
57 views2 pages

Math 211: Linear Algebra (Spring 2015) Section 2.2: Matrix Inverse

This document discusses matrix inverses. It defines an inverse of a matrix A as another matrix B such that AB and BA are equal to the identity matrix. Not all non-zero matrices have inverses. Properties of inverses include: 1) the inverse is unique if it exists; 2) the inverse of the inverse is the original matrix; and 3) the inverse of the product of invertible matrices is the product of their inverses in reverse order. The inverse of a matrix can be found by row reducing the augmented matrix [A | I]. Elementary matrices and their inverses are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Jerico Arciaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
57 views2 pages

Math 211: Linear Algebra (Spring 2015) Section 2.2: Matrix Inverse

This document discusses matrix inverses. It defines an inverse of a matrix A as another matrix B such that AB and BA are equal to the identity matrix. Not all non-zero matrices have inverses. Properties of inverses include: 1) the inverse is unique if it exists; 2) the inverse of the inverse is the original matrix; and 3) the inverse of the product of invertible matrices is the product of their inverses in reverse order. The inverse of a matrix can be found by row reducing the augmented matrix [A | I]. Elementary matrices and their inverses are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Jerico Arciaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Math 211: Linear Algebra (Spring 2015)

Section 2.2: Matrix Inverse

Let A be an m r matrix and let B be an r n matrix whose j th column is bj . Then


h i
AB = Ab1 Ab2 Abn

h i
The n n identity matrix is In = e1 e2 en . Furthermore In x = x for all x Rn .
h i
If A = a1 a2 an , then Aei = ai .

For any m n matrix A, the product Im A = A and AIn = A.

Definition: An n n square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists an n n matrix B such that
AB = BA = In . If B exists, then it is unique and we call it the (multiplicative) inverse of A. We denote the
inverse of A by A1 .
" #
1 2
Unlike real numbers, not all nonzero matrix A has a multiplicative inverse. Take for example A = .
0 0

Some Properties of the Inverse

1. The inverse of A, if it exists, is unique.


2. If A is invertible, then so is its inverse and (A1 )1 = A
3. If A and B are invertible, then their product is also invertible and (AB)1 = B 1 A1
4. If A is invertible, then so is its transpose and (AT )1 = (A1 )T .

Note that if A is an invertible matrix, then for any b Rn , the equation Ax = b has a unique solution given
by x = A1 b. Thus, the linear transformation that it represents must be one-one and onto.

Consider the linear system Ax = b where A Rnn and b Rn . A is invertible if and only if the system has
exactly one solution for any choice of b.

An n n matrix A is invertible if and only if rref(A) has n pivots. That is rref (A) = In .
" #
a b
A 2 2 matrix A = is invertible if and only if its determinant ad bc 6=. In this case
c d
" #
1 d b
A1 = .
ad bc c a

Examples:
" #
2 5
1. Is invertible?
3 7
" #
3 4
2. Find the inverse of B = .
5 6
" #
3
3. Using the inverse of B, find the unique solution to Bx = .
7
4. Find the inverse of AB and the inverse of B T .
5. What is the inverse of a diagonal matrix?
6. What is the inverse of a block diagonal matrix?

1
Elementary Matrices

A type I elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by interchanging two rows
(or columns).
Examples when n = 3:
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

A type II elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by multiplying a row (or a
column) by a nonzero scalar.
Examples when n = 3:
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.5

A type III elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by replacing a row (or a
column) by a multiple of another row (or column).
Examples when n = 3:
1 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 2 1 6 0 1

What is the inverse of a type I matrix?

What is the inverse of a type II matrix?

What is the inverse of a type III matrix?

If E is an n n elementary matrix and A is an n n matrix, how are A and EA related?

If E is an n n elementary matrix and A is an n n matrix, how are A and AE related?

If an n n matrix A is invertible, then A is row equivalent to In , that is there are elementary matrices
Ek Ek1 E2 E1 A = In . Thus, the inverse of A is the matrix A1 = Ek Ek1 E2 E1 .

To find the inverse of A, if it exists, row reduce the matrix

[A|In ] [Ek Ek1 E2 E1 A|Ek Ek1 E2 E1 In ] = [In |A1 ]

Examples:

0 1 2
1. A = 1 0 3

4 3 8

1 2 1
2. A = 1 5 6

5 4 5

You might also like