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Linear Algebra: Basis & Transformations

This document discusses matrix representations of linear transformations and change of basis matrices. It defines the matrix representation [T]CB of a linear transformation T:V→W relative to bases B and C, and explains how it relates the coordinate vectors of inputs and outputs. It also defines the change of basis matrix P from basis B1 to B2, and how it relates the coordinate vectors of vectors in different bases. Finally, it provides examples and properties of these matrix representations and their relationships.

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Jerico Arciaga
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101 views2 pages

Linear Algebra: Basis & Transformations

This document discusses matrix representations of linear transformations and change of basis matrices. It defines the matrix representation [T]CB of a linear transformation T:V→W relative to bases B and C, and explains how it relates the coordinate vectors of inputs and outputs. It also defines the change of basis matrix P from basis B1 to B2, and how it relates the coordinate vectors of vectors in different bases. Finally, it provides examples and properties of these matrix representations and their relationships.

Uploaded by

Jerico Arciaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 114: Linear Algebra

Matrix Representations of Linear Transformations

Coordinate Vectors

Recall: If B = {v1 , . . . , vn } is a basis for V and x V , then x can be written as a unique linear combination
h iT
of v1 , . . . , vn . That is, there is exactly one a1 an Rn such that x = a1 v1 + + an vn .

Definition: Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn } be a basis for V . Given any x V , we define the Bcoordinate vector of
x, denoted by [x]B to be the unique element Rn such that [x]B = [ai ] and x = a1 v1 + + an vn .

Examples:
(" # " #) " #
2
1 0 2
1. Let V = R and B1 = , . If x = , what is [x]B1 ?
0 1 3
(" # " #) " # " #
2
1 2 2 1
2. Let V = R and B2 = , . If x = , what is [x]B2 ? If [y]B2 = , what is y?
1 1 3 1
h i
3. Suppose V = Rn and B = {v1 , . . . , vn }. Let A = v1 vn . Then [x]B = A1 x.


2
2 8
0
3

4. Let V = R and B = 1 , 3 , 5 and x = 2

. Find [x]B .



1 2 4 1

1
2 2 2

5. Let V = P2 [t] and B = {1 + t , t 3t , 1 + t 3t }. If [q]B = 1
, what is q(t)?
2

Some remarks: Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn } is a basis for V .

1. [vi ] = ei
2. The arrangement of elements of B matters in computing [x]B .
3. The map T ]B : V Rn such that T (x) = [x]B is a linear isomorphism.

Matrix Representations of a Linear Transformation

Definition: Let B be a basis for the vector space V and C be a basis for the vector space W . Suppose
T : V W is a linear transformation. Then there is a unique matrix A such that

[T (x)]C = A[x]B .

This matrix is called the matrix representation of T relative to B and C and is denoted by [T ]CB . Moreover,
if B = {v1 , . . . , vn }, then the ith column of [T ]CB is given by [T (vi )]C .

Example: Find [T ]CB .

1. T1 : P3 [t] P2 [t] such that T (p) = p0 with B = {1, t, t2 , t3 } and C = {1, t, t2 }


" #!
2
a
2. T4 : R P2 [t] such that T = (a + 3b) + at bt2 .
b
(" # " #) (" # " #)
1 0 2
1 2
(a) B = , and C = {1, t, t } (c) B = , and C = {1, t, t2 }
0 1 1 1
(b) B and C = {1 + t2 , t 3t2 , 1 + t 3t2 } (d) B and C

Remarks: Let T : V W be a linear transformation and A = [T ]CB a matrix representation of T .

I x ker(T ) if and only if [x]B N ul(A)

1
I T is one-one if and only if N ul(A) = {0} if and only if the columns of A are linearly independent.
I y ran(T ) if and only if [y]C Col(A)
I T is onto if and only if Col(A) = Rdim(W )
I T is an isomorphism if and only if A is invertible.
I If T1 and T2 are linear transformations such that T1 T2 is defined, then [T1 T2 ]D D C
B = [T1 ]C [T2 ]B .

I Trivia: If T : Rn Rn is a linear transformation, then det(A) is the area/volume of the region/(hyper)solid


that is formed by the image of the unit square/(hyper)cube under the transformation.

Change of Basis

Definition: Given two bases B1 and B2 of a vector space V , there is a matrix A such that [x]B2 = A[x]B1 .
This matrix is called the change-of-basis matrix from B1 to B2 and is denoted by P .
B2 B1

Remarks:

1. P = I (identity matrix)
BB
2. P is invertible.
CB
1
3. P = P
CB BC
4. If B = {v1 , . . . , vn }, then h i
P = [v1 ]C ... [vn ]C
CB

5. Generally, when C is chosen to be a standard basis, P becomes easy to compute.


CB
6. Suppose A is the matrix of a linear transformation T : V W relative the bases B1 of V and C1 of W
and suppose B is the matrix of a linear transformation T relative the bases B2 of V and C2 of W . Then

1
B= P A P = P A P
C2 C1 B1 B2 C1 C2 B1 B2

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