Manual

TheBrooklynGenevaAmsterdamHelsinki
ParsedCorpusofOldEnglish

SusanPintzuk

September2000
 TableofContents

SectionI:GeneralIntroductiontotheCorpus

1.Introduction..........................................52.Designofthesyntacticannotationscheme 6
3.Formatandlayoutofthetexts......................................................................................6
3.1Textformats...............................................................................................................6
3.1.1Format1...........................................................................................................7
3.1.2Format2....................................................................................................9
3.1.3Format3....................................................................................................9
3.1.4Format4....................................................................................................9
3.2Separatingandjoiningwords.....................................................................10
4.Conventionsusedinthismanual........................................................................11

SectionII:PartofSpeech(POS)Tags

5.IntroductiontoPOStagging.......................................................................................12
6.POStags.....................................................................................................................13
6.1Adjectives.................................................................................................................13
6.1.1Normaladjectives:JJc(~)...............................................................................13
6.1.2Interrogativeadjectives:WJc..................................................................13
6.2Adverbs......................................................................................................13
6.2.1Locativeadverbs:RL(~)................................................................................14
6.2.2Manneradverbs:RM..............................................................................14
6.2.3Temporaladverbs:RT............................................................................14
6.2.4Othernoninterrogativeadverbs:RR(~).................................................14
6.2.5Interrogativeadverbs:WR......................................................................15
6.3Nouns.........................................................................................................15
6.3.1Commonnouns:NNc(~)................................................................................15
6.3.2Names:NMc...........................................................................................15
6.4Numbers:NR.............................................................................................15
6.5Pronouns............................................................................................................16
6.5.1Demonstrativepronouns:PDc.......................................................................16
6.5.2Personalpronouns:PEc..........................................................................16
6.5.3Possessivepronouns:PO(c)....................................................................17
6.5.4man:PMn................................................................................................17
6.5.5Otherindefinites:PIc(~).........................................................................17
6.5.6Reflexivepronouns:PFc.........................................................................19
6.5.7Interrogativepronouns:WPc..................................................................19
6.6Verbs..........................................................................................................19
6.6.1Lexical:Vx(~)................................................................................................19
6.6.2Copulabe:Bx(~)..................................................................................20
6.6.3Auxiliaryhabbanhave:Hx(~).............................................................21
6.6.4Auxiliarybe:Ex(~)..............................................................................21
6.6.5Modal:Mx(~)..........................................................................................21

2
 6.6.6Auxiliarywuton:Ax(~)...........................................................................22
6.6.7Casemarkingofverbs............................................................................22
6.7Conjunctionsandcomplementizers...........................................................22
6.7.1Coordinatingconjunctions:CC(~).................................................................22
6.7.2Subordinatingconjunctions:CS(~).........................................................23
6.7.3Complementizers:CO.............................................................................23
6.8Prepositions:PP.........................................................................................24
6.9(Verb)particles:PA..........................................................................................25
6.10Negativeparticlene:NE.................................................................................25
6.11Interjectionsandexclamations:UH................................................................25

SectionIII:SyntacticBracketingandLabelling

7.Generalcharacteristicsofthesyntacticannotationscheme................................27
7.1Complementsandadjunctsofverbsandadjectives.................................................27
7.2Constituentinternalannotation.........................................................................27
7.3NonadjacentconstituentsofNPs.....................................................................29
7.4Determiningtheboundariesofphrases.............................................................30
7.5Foreignwordsandphrases................................................................................30
8.Clausebracketing................................................................................................31
8.1Clauselabels.............................................................................................................31
8.2Mainclauses......................................................................................................32
8.2.1Normaldeclarativemainclauses(...)...........................................................32
8.2.2Mainclausesembeddedindirectspeech(D...D)..................................32
8.2.3Directquestions(Q...Q)........................................................................32
8.2.4Imperatives(V...V)or[V...V]............................................................33
8.2.5Exclamations(I...I)...............................................................................34
8.2.6Parentheticals[P...P].............................................................................34
8.2.7Embeddedmainclause[N...N].............................................................35
8.3Subordinateclauses....................................................................................37
8.3.1Adverbialclauses[B...B].............................................................................37
8.3.1.1(swa)(...)swaclauses..........................................................................39
8.3.1.2na+t+atan+t+atclauses.........................................................40
8.3.2Headedrelativeclauses[L...L]....................................................41
8.3.2.1serelatives............................................................................................42
8.3.2.2+terelatives................................................................................43
8.3.2.3se+terelatives............................................................................44
8.3.2.4swahw...swarelatives...............................................................44
8.3.2.5Locativerelatives.......................................................................45
8.3.3Freerelativeclauses[H...H]........................................................45
8.3.3.1Leftdislocatedswahw...swarelatives................................................46
8.3.3.2hwrelatives............................................................................46
8.3.4Indirectquestions[Q...Q]............................................................47
8.3.5Thatclauses[T...T]...............................................................................48
8.3.6Infinitivalclauses[U...U]......................................................................51

3
 8.3.7Comparativeclauses[M...M]................................................................52
8.3.8Degreecomplements[G...G]................................................................54
8.3.9Smallclauses[S...S]..............................................................................55
8.3.10Adjunctparticipial/adjectivalclauses[R...R].....................................57
8.3.11Absoluteclauses[A...A].....................................................................57
8.3.12Directspeechfragments[F...F]...........................................................58
8.3.13Unknownclausetype[X...X].............................................................58
8.4Mainorsubordinateclause?......................................................................59
9.Clauseinternallabels..........................................................................................60
9.1Nounphrases............................................................................................................60
9.1.1NParguments[nc...]....................................................................................60
9.1.2NPsusedadverbially[gc...]..................................................................62
9.1.3Emphaticreflexives[lc...].....................................................................63
9.1.4Dativesofpossession[d...]....................................................................63
9.1.5LeftdislocatedNPs[fc...].....................................................................64
9.2Prepositionalphrases[pp...].....................................................................65
9.3Verbs.................................................................................................................66
9.4Verbprojections[vx...]....................................................................................68
9.5Negation............................................................................................................68
9.6Verbparticles[pa...]........................................................................................69
9.7PredicateAdjectives[jc...]..............................................................................71
9.8Adverbs.............................................................................................................71
9.9Complementizers,whconstituents,conjunctions,etc.....................................72
9.9.1Complementizers[co...]...............................................................................72
9.9.2whconstituents[wh...].........................................................................74
9.9.3Subordinatingconjunctions[cs...]........................................................76
9.9.4Coordinatingconjunctions[+...]...........................................................77
9.10Floatedquantifiers[ec...].......................................................................77
9.11Leftdislocatedphrases[f...].........................................................................78
9.12Other[o...].....................................................................................................78
9.13Unknown[x...]..............................................................................................81
10.Conjunction.......................................................................................................81
10.1Wordandphrasalconjunction................................................................................81
10.2Clausalconjunction.........................................................................................82
10.3Verbalconjunctionandclausalconjunction...................................................84
11.Emptycategories...............................................................................................88
11.1Emptynonclausalcategories.................................................................................88
11.1.1Subjects........................................................................................................88
11.1.1.1Emptysubjectswithovertantecedents:%nn%.................................89
11.1.1.2Emptysubjectswithoutovertantecedents:%np%..................89
11.1.1.3Subjectgapsinwhclauses:%nni%......................................90
11.1.1.4Extraposedclausalsubjects:%nei%.......................................91
11.1.1.5Emptysubjectsinclauseswithimpersonalverbs:%ne%........91
11.1.1.6Emptysubjectsincomparativeclauses:%nni%.....................92
11.1.2NonsubjectNPs:%nc%or%nx%.............................................92

4
 11.1.3whconstituents,complementizersinwhclauses:%whi%,%co%. .93
11.1.4Subordinatingconjunctions,complementizersinnonwhclauses:
%cs%,%co%.......................................................................................93
11.1.5Gappedconstituentsinwhclauses......................................................94
11.1.6Thepositionofemptynonclausalcategories......................................95
11.1.6.1Withinmatrixwhclauses.................................................................95
11.1.6.2Withinembeddedwhclauses..................................................96
11.1.6.3Withindirectyes/noquestions.................................................96
11.1.6.4Withinnonwhsubordinateclauses.........................................97
11.1.6.5Emptyverbalcategories...........................................................97
11.1.6.6Emptysubjects.........................................................................97
11.1.6.7Emptyobjects...........................................................................98
11.2Emptyclausalcategories................................................................98

SectionIV:MorphologicalAnnotationoftheBrooklynCorpus

12.Morphologicalannotation.................................................................................99

SectionV:UsingandSearchingtheBrooklynCorpus

13.SearchingtheBrooklynCorpus.............................................................................102
13.1Searchmethod2:PERLscripts............................................................................102
13.1.1oe_print_if..................................................................................................102
13.1.2oe_print_unless...................................................................................103
13.1.3PERLregularexpressions...................................................................103
13.2Searchmethod3:CorpusSearch............................................................103

AppendixA:CorpusTexts..........................................................................................105
AppendixB:CopyrightMattersandConditionsofUse.............................................108
AppendixC:Bibliography..........................................................................................109

5
SectionI:GeneralIntroductiontotheCorpus

Introduction
TheBrooklynGenevaAmsterdamHelsinkiParsedCorpusofOldEnglish(henceforththe
BrooklynCorpus)isanannotatedversionoftextsfromtheOldEnglishSectionofthe
HelsinkiCorpusofEnglishTexts(henceforththeHelsinkiCorpus);theHelsinkiCorpuswas
createdunderthedirectionofMattiRissanenandOssiIhalainenattheUniversityof
Helsinki).TheBrooklynCorpuscontainsmorethan106,000wordsofOldEnglishtext(see
AppendixAforacompletelistoftexts);thesamplesfromthelongertextsare5,000to
10,000wordsinlength.Thetextsrepresentarangeofdatesofcomposition,authors,and
genres.ThetextsintheBrooklynCorpusaresyntacticallyandmorphologicallyannotated,
andeachwordisglossed.TheBrooklynCorpusisavailablewithoutfeeforeducationaland
researchpurposes,butseeAppendixBforcopyrightmattersandconditionsofuse.

TheBrooklynCorpusisthejointprojectoffivelinguists:SusanPintzuk(UniversityofYork,
UK),EricHaeberli(UniversityofGeneva,Switzerland,andUniversityofReading,UK),
AnsvanKemenade(UniversityofNijmegen,theNetherlands),WillemKoopman
(UniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands),andFrankBeths(VrijeUniversiteit,
Amsterdam,theNetherlands,andUniversityofYork,UK).Pintzuksworkwasfundedby
grant#RT2158394fromtheNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities(USA),an
independentfederalagency.VanKemenade,Koopman,andBethswereresponsibleforthe
designandimplementationofthemorphologicalannotationscheme,whichwasbasedonthe
onedevelopedfortheOldFrenchcorpusofAnthonijDeesatVrijeUniversiteit.Pintzukand
Haeberliwereresponsibleforthedesignandimplementationofthesyntacticannotation
scheme,whichwasbasedontheonedevelopedattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaforthefirst
editionofthePennHelsinkiParsedCorpusofMiddleEnglish(KrochandTaylor1994),
henceforththePPCME1.Ourintentwastomakethetwocorporaassimilaraspossible;and
thosewhoarefamiliarwiththePPCME1willrecognizethesimilaritiesbetweenthe
PPCME1andtheBrooklynCorpusinboththedesignandimplementationofthesyntactic
annotationschemesandalsointheorganizationofthemanuals.WeareindebtedtoTony
KrochandAnnTaylorfortheirhelpandsupport.Wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgehere
theenthusiasticsupportofMattiRissanenandMerjaKytoftheHelsinkiCorpus,and
AntonetteHealeyoftheTorontoDictionaryofOldEnglishproject.

ThemarkupconventionsoftheHelsinkiCorpushavebeenretainedintheBrooklynCorpus
exceptwheretheyconflictwiththesyntacticannotation.Themajorchangesarethe
following:
1 Thetextispresentedinunitsofmainclauseswiththeirassociatedsubordinate
clauses,ratherthanlinebyline.
2 AllHelsinkiCorpustextlevelcodes(seeKyt1993:2840)withinthetextshave
beenchangedasfollows:

TEXTLEVELCODE HELSINKI BROOKLYN

6
emendation [{...{] notindicated
heading [}...}] <heading>...</heading>
Helsinkicomment [^...^] eithereliminated(e.g.thoseindicatingtext
information),or<HC:_...>
Brooklyncomment <BC:_...>

NoticethattheHelsinkiCorpusconventionsforOldEnglishcharactershavebeenretained:
+a=ash,+t=thorn,+d=eth.

Designofthesyntacticannotationscheme
SincethephilosophyandgoalsoftheBrooklynCorpusarealmostidenticaltothoseofthe
PPCME1,wequotefromthePPCME1Manual,pp.56:

Ourprimarygoalhasbeentocreateanannotationsystemthatfacilitatesautomaticsearches,
nottogiveacorrectlinguisticanalysisofeachsentence.Thus,ifaconstructioncanbefound
unambiguouslythroughacombinationofpropertiesofabracketedsentence,theannotation
maynotcontainallofthestructurethatafullphrasestructurediagramofthesentencewould
have.

...subjectivejudgmentsmustbeavoidedsincetheyareextremelyerrorprone;so,for
example,wehavenotdistinguishedverbalfromadjectivalpassiveparticiples.Some
syntacticstructure(e.g.theinternalstructureofNPsandPPs)hasbeensystematicallyleftout
...

Asmanycategoriesaspossibleshouldhaveclearmeaningssothatunclearcasesshould
windupinasmallnumberofcategoriesofresidualcases.Thepriceofmakingmost
categorieshomogeneousisthattheseresidualcategorieswillnotbe.

Tothemaximumextentpossiblewehaveavoidedmakingdecisionsthatwouldbe
controversial,eitherlinguisticallyorasfarasinterpretationisconcerned.Wherethereis
roomfordoubtastothecorrectparseorinterpretationofthesentencewehaveeitheruseda
mechanicalruletodecidethecaseforsearchingpurposesorwehaveleftstructureunmarked.
AdherencetothiscriterionhasmadeitimpossibleforustoincludeaVPconstituentsince,
giventhewordordervariation/changeinMiddleEnglish[andinOldEnglish(SP)]andthe
existenceofscrambling,theboundariesoftheVParealltoooftenindeterminate.

NOTETOTHEUSER:Theannotationsystemusedinthiscorpusiscomplexandtriesto
makeanumberofquitesubtlesyntacticdistinctionswhilefailingtomakesomeothers,
mostlyforpracticalreasons.Hence,itisveryimportantinusingthiscorpusthattheusernot
relyonaninformalnotionofhowthesystemworksbutratherreadthedocumentation
carefullyindecidinghowtosearchforconstructionsofinterestandtocheckthe
exhaustivenessofasearchbysearchingforabroadersetofsentencesthanthosedesiredina
subsetofthedata.Onlyinthiswaycanonebecertainthatwhatisactuallysearchedfor
correspondstotheresearchersintentions.

7
Andfinally,weshouldemphasizethatthesyntacticannotationsshouldinnowaybe
regardedastheimplementationofastructuralanalysiswithinaparticulartheoretical
framework.Theannotationschemesweredevelopedasatoolfortheinvestigationofthe
structureofearlierstagesofEnglish.Theannotationsenabletheuserstoposeandanswer
questionsaboutwordorder,constituentorder,abstractstructure,andsyntacticand
morphologicalcharacteristicsofthetextsinthecorpus.Theannotationschemesare
generalpurposeonesthatareastheoryneutralaspossible,whilestillincorporatingthe
insightsofmodernlinguistictheory.Theannotationscanbeusedastheyare,oraugmented
withouttheneedforrevisionorredesign,byscholarswithwidelyvaryingresearchinterests.

Formatandlayoutofthetexts

Textformats
EachtextintheBrooklynCorpusissuppliedinfourdifferentformats,eachformatasa
separatefilewiththesamenameandadifferentextension.Foranexplanationofthenames
ofthefiles,seeAppendixA.Thefourdifferentformatsaresuitableforusewithdifferent
searchmethods(seeSection13below).
3 Format1,withextension.o2/.o23/.o24/.o3/.o34.Thelargestversionofthecorpus,
withaheaderblockandthreesectionsforeachtoken:1)theOldEnglishdatawith
syntacticannotation,2)thegloss,and3)themorphologicalannotation.Thisformatcanbe
searchedonlybysearchfunctionswithinwordprocessingprogramsandeditors(see
Section13,Method1).
4 Format2,withextension.oe.TheOldEnglishdatawithsyntacticannotationonly.
ThisformatcanbesearchedbywordprocessingprogramsandbythePERLscripts
suppliedwiththeBrooklynCorpus(seeSection13,Methods1and2).
5 Format3,withextension.unpacked.TheOldEnglishdataunpacked,withoneclause
pertoken.ThisformatcanbesearchedbywordprocessingprogramsandbythePERL
scriptssuppliedwiththeBrooklynCorpus(seeSection13,Methods1and2).
6 Format4,withextension.psd.TheOldEnglishdatainaformatsuitableonlyfor
searchingwithCorpusSearch(seeSection13,Method3).

7 Format1
ForfilesinFormat1,eachtokenconsistsofonemainclause,togetherwithitsdependent
subordinateclauses.Therearethreepartsforeachtoken,eachpartseparatedfromprevious
andsubsequentpartsbyablankline.Part1containstheOldEnglishdatawithpartofspeech
(POS)tagsandsyntacticbracketingandlabelling,andwithatokenreference.Part2contains
thewordforwordModernEnglishgloss.Part3containstheOldEnglishdatawith
morphologicalannotation.Anexampleisgivenbelow:

8
 ([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,
1[L[wh1seo/PDN]%co%%nn1%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]
2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2L]1,][ppbetwux/PP
o+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDm+aran/JJD
byrigene/NND],[oand/CChire/POdohtor/NNNsamod/RR
,seo/PDNges+alige/JJNLucia/NMN].)
(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia,between
otherpersonstothatfamousgrave,andherdaughter
simultaneously,thatfortuitousLucy.

+ta_l(+ta)_m(w:avti)
com_l(cuman)_m(m:in_n:sg_p:3_t:pa_w:vb)_c(1)
sum_l(sum)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:ajat)
wydewe_l(wuduwe)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nono)
seo_l(se)_m(c:nm_g:fm_n:sg_w:prrl)
w+as_l(beon)_m(m:in_n:sg_p:3_t:pa_w:vbax)
geciged_l(geciegan)_m(m:pt_t:pa_w:vb)_c(8)
Euthicia_l(euthicia)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nona)
betwux_l(betwux)_m(w:pp)
o+drum_l(o+ter)_m(c:dt_n:pl_w:ajat)
mannum_l(mann)_m(c:dt_n:pl_w:nono)
to_l(to)_m(w:pp)
+t+are_l(se)_m(c:dt_g:fm_n:sg_w:prde)
m+aran_l(m+are)_m(c:dt_n:sg_w:ajat)
byrigene_l(byrgen)_m(c:dt_n:sg_w:nono)
and_l(and)_m(w:coco)
hire_l(hire)_m(w:prpo)
dohtor_l(dohtor)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nono)
samod_l(samod)_m(w:av)
seo_l(se)_m(c:nm_g:fm_n:sg_w:prde)
ges+alige_l(ges+alig)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:ajat)
Lucia_l(lucia)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nona)

InSection1,thetokenissurroundedbyopeningandclosingparentheses,whichare
separatedfromthetextbyaspace.Subordinateclausesarenumbered,andareenclosed
withinlabelledsquarebracketsinsidethemainclausetoken.Thetokenreferencefollows
immediately,surroundedbyanothersetofparentheses,withnospaces.Thereference
consistsoftheHelsinkiCorpusfilenamewithouttheinitialCO,followedbythevolume
referencewhererelevant,thepagenumber,andthelinenumberorrecordnumber.Page
numbers,linenumbers,andrecordnumbersaretakendirectlyfromtheHelsinkiCorpus;see
Kyt1993:5556.SeeAppendixAforthelistoffiles,referencenames,andrecordnumber
formats.

Part2ofeachtokencontainsthewordforwordModernEnglishgloss.Theseglosseswere
constructedautomatically,withoutregardforsenseorreasonabletranslation,simplybyusing
thefirstdefinitionforeachlemma(=baseform)fromClarkHall1960.Itshouldbe
emphasizedthattheglossesaremeantonlyasanaid,arenotguaranteedtobeaccurate,and
infactfrequentlydonotmakemuchsense.Usethematyourownrisk!Betteryet,donotuse
thematall!

9
Part3ofeachtokencontainstheOldEnglishdatawithmorphologicalannotation.Thedata
arelistedonewordperline,withthefollowingfields:
Field1:theOldEnglishwordasitappearsinthetext
Field2(beginningwith_l):theOldEnglishlemmacorrespondingtotheword
Field3(beginningwith_m):themorphologicalannotation
Field4(beginningwith_p):forverbswith(separable)particlesonly,theparticle.
Field5(beginningwith_c):forlexicalverbsonly,thecomplementationcode

InFormat1,eachfilebeginswithaheaderblockof13to17linescontainingtextand
copyrightinformation,andmaycontainadditionalblockswithinthefile,dependingon
whethertheHelsinkiCorpushassuppliedinformationrelevantfortheindividualsamples;
coaelet3.o3,coaelive.o3,colaw2.o2,colaw4.o34,cowulf3.o3,andcowulf4.o34contain
fileinternalblocks.ThetextinformationistakendirectlyfromtheHelsinkiCorpus;seeKyt
1993:4055foracompletedescription.Asampleheaderblock,fromBedesEcclesiastical
History,isgivenbelow:

/********************************************************************
BEDESECCLESIASTICALHISTORY.THEOLDENGLISHVERSIONOFBEDES
ECCLESIASTICALHISTORYOFTHEENGLISHPEOPLE,PARTSI,1;I,2.EARLY
ENGLISHTEXTSOCIETY,O.S.95,96.ED.T.MILLER.LONDON,1959(1890;
1891).PP.104.12124.24(SAMPLE1);PP.252.4272.18(SAMPLE2);
PP.418.22436.19(SAMPLE3)

<BCOBEDE><QO2NNHISTBEDEHE><NBEDE><AX><CO2><O850950><M
850950><KNONCONTEMP><DWS/A><VPROSE><THISTORY><GTRANSL><F
LATIN><WX><XX><YX><HX><UX><EX><JX><IX><ZNARR
NONIMAG><SSAMPLEX>

TheBrooklynGenevaAmsterdamHelsinkiParsedCorpusofOldEnglish
Copyright(C)2000SusanPintzuk,EricHaeberli,AnsvanKemenade,
WillemKoopman,andFrankBeths
********************************************************************/

Format2
FilesinFormat2containonlytheOldEnglishdatawithPOStagsandsyntacticbracketing
andlabellingandwithatokenreference;inotherwords,thedatafromPart1ofeachtokenin
theFormat1files.Eachtokenisseparatedfrompreviousandsubsequenttokensbyablank
line.TheexamplefromSection3.1.3isrepeatedbelow.

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,
1[L[wh1seo/PDN]%co%%nn1%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]
2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2L]1,][ppbetwux/PP
o+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDm+aran/JJD
byrigene/NND],[oand/CChire/POdohtor/NNNsamod/RR
,seo/PDNges+alige/JJNLucia/NMN].)
(AELIVE,I,210.5)

10
 Format3
FilesinFormat3againcontainonlytheOldEnglishdatawithPOStags,syntacticbracketing
andlabelling,andtokenreferences;butinthisformatthedataisunpacked,i.e.separatedby
clause,withoneclause(mainorsubordinate)pertoken.Thetokenreferenceisrepeatedfor
eachclausewithnomodificationoraddition;notethatifthereferenceincludesaline
number,thatnumberwillbethenumberofthebeginningofthesentence,notthebeginning
ofeachindividualclause.Whereasubordinateclausehasbeenpulledoutfromtheclause
thatcontainedit,aspecialtraceislefttoindicatetheoriginallocationoftheclause:{Zn},
whereZistheclauselabel,nistheclausenumber.TheexamplefromSection3.1.2isshown
belowasitappearsinaFormat3file:

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,
{L1},][ppbetwux/PPo+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP
+t+are/PDDm+aran/JJDbyrigene/NND],[oand/CChire/PO
dohtor/NNNsamod/RR,seo/PDNges+alige/JJNLucia/NMN].)
(AELIVE,I,210.5)

(1[L[wh1seo/PDN]%co%%nn1%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]
{S2}L]1)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

(2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

Format4
FilesinFormat4containallofthedatafromfilesinFormat2,withtheannotationmodified
sothatthedatacanbesearchedbyCorpusSearch.TheexamplefromSection3.1.2is
repeatedbelow,followedbytheFormat4version.

Format2:
([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,
1[L[wh1seo/PDN]%co%%nn1%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]
2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2L]1,][ppbetwux/PP
o+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDm+aran/JJD
byrigene/NND],[oand/CChire/POdohtor/NNNsamod/RR
,seo/PDNges+alige/JJNLucia/NMN].)
(AELIVE,I,210.5)

Format4:
((IP(rt(RT+ta))(vt(VTcom))(nn(JJNsum)(NNNwydewe)(,,)
(IPL(wh1(PDNseo))(e%nn1%)(e%co%)(vt(ETw+as))(vn(VNgeciged))
(IPS(e%nn1%)(nn(NMNEuthicia))))(,,))(pp(PPbetwux)
(JJDo+drum)(NNDmannum))(pp(PPto)(PDD+t+are)(JJDm+aran)
(NNDbyrigene))(,,)(o(CCand)(POhire)(NNNdohtor)(RRsamod)
(,,)(PDNseo)(JJNges+alige)(NMNLucia))(..))
(IDAELIVE,I,210.5.2))

NoticethefollowingdifferencesintheFormat4token:
8 MainclausesarelabelledIP;subordinateclausesarelabelledIPZ,whereZisthe
clausetype.Labelsareusedonlyatthebeginningofclauses.

11
 9 Subordinateclausesarenotnumbered.
10 Squarebracketshavebeenreplacedbyparentheses.
11 POStagshavebeenreplacedbylabelsonbrackets.
12 Emptycategoriesaredominatedbyanodelabellede.
13 Punctuationisdominatedbyanodewiththelabelofthepunctuation.
14 ThetokenreferenceisdominatedbyanodelabelledIDandincludedwithinthe
token.Thetokenreferencealsonowcontainsatokennumberaddedasthelastnumberin
thereference;thetokennumberistherelativenumberofthetokenwithinitsfile.
15 Datacontainedbracketedhtmllikeindicators(e.g.<Latin>...</Latin>,<heading>...
</heading>,<HC:_...>,<BC:_...>)arenowdominatedbyanodeCODE.

16 Separatingandjoiningwords
Ingeneral,wehaveavoidedalteringthewordboundariesoftheHelsinkiCorpustexts.There
aretwoexceptions:1)IncaseswhereaparticularwordintheHelsinkiCorpuswasnotlisted
inClarkHall1960,andwhereeitherjoiningthewordtoanadjacentwordorseparatingthe
wordintotwopartsproducedaClarkHalllexicalitem,wehavedoneso.Wordsthathave
beenjoinedtogetherareindicatedinthetextbyanunderlinecharacter(_)betweenthetwo
parts;wordsthathavebeenseparatedareindicatedinthetextbyanunderlinecharacteratthe
endofthefirstpart.

(1[B[cs+ta/RT+da/CS][nnhe/PEN][rrhamwerd/RR][vtw+as/BT]
[ppmid/PPhis/POheah_+tegenum/NND]B]1)(AELIVE,I,318.179)

([nnSe/PDNearm/NNN][vtwear+t/ET][vngeled/VN][rm
arwur+dlice/RM][ppon/PPscrine/NNDof/PPseolfre/NNDasmi+tod/VN],
[ppon/PPsancte/NMGPetres/NMGmynstre/NND][ppbinnan/PP
Bebbanbyrig/NMD],[ppbe/PP+t+are/PDDs+a_strande/NND],)
(AELIVE,III,136.172)

(1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnheo/PEN][vtbeceapode/VT][na+ta/PDA
scinendan/JJAgymmas/NNA,and/CCeac/RRhire/POlandare/NNA][pp
wi+d/PPlicgendum/VGDfeo/NND,]B]1)(AELIVE,I,212.52)

(4[B[cs+ta_/RT+da/CS][nnheo/PEN][vthrepode/VT][na+t+as/PDG
H+alendes/NMGreaf/NNA]B]4)(AELIVE,I,210.11)

(3[L[wh1se_/PDN][co+te/CO]%nn1%[vtdem+d/VT][ppbe/PP
+tam/PDDwillan/NND]L]3)(AELIVE,I,214.86)

2)Incaseswhereaverbparticleappearsjoinedtoitsverb,wehaveseparatedthetwo.Since
thepositionofparticlesisanimportantdiagnosticforthestructureofOldEnglishclauses,
wefeltitwasimportanttolabelparticlesseparatelytofacilitatesearches.Notethatinthe
ModernEnglishgloss,theparticleisnotglossedseparately.

(1[B[csMid/PP+dy/PDI][nnwit/PEN][rt+da/RT][ppin/PP+da/PDA
+teostro/NNA][pain_/PA][vteodon/VT]B]1...)(BEDE,13.426.9)

withthatwetwotheninthosedarknessesentered...

12
 Conventionsusedinthismanual
Fortheremainderofthismanual,thefollowingconventionsareused:
17 nc/gc/lc/fc/ec/jc=casemarkedconstituent,wherecstandsforn(ominative),
a(ccusative),d(ative),g(enitive),ori(nstrumental).
18 Z=anyclauselabel
19 z=anyclauseinternallabel,oflength1through4characters

InallofthedocumentationinSectionsIIandIIIofthismanual,theannotationisdescribed
asitappearsinFormats1through3oftheBrooklynCorpus.Thoseuserswhointendto
searchtheCorpususingCorpusSearchontextsinFormat4shouldkeepinmindthe
differenceslistedinSection3.1.4.

13
SectionII:PartofSpeech(POS)Tags

IntroductiontoPOStagging
EachOldEnglishwordinthecorpusismarkedwithaPOStag,attachedtotheendofthe
wordandprecededbyaslash(/).ThePOStagsusedintheBrooklynCorpuswillnotbe
discussedindetailinthismanual,sincetheywerederiveddirectlyfromthemorphological
annotationofPart3oftheFormat1files(seeSection3.1.1forabriefdescriptionand
Section12forthecorrespondencebetweenPOStagsandmorphologicalannotation).Fora
completedescriptionofthemorphologicalannotationuponwhichthePOStagsarebased,
contactAnsvanKemenade([email protected]).

ListedbelowarethePOStagsusedintheBrooklynCorpus.

Adjectives
normal JJc(~)
interrogative WJc
Adverbs
locative RL(~)
manner RM
temporal RT
othernoninterrogative RR(~)
interrogative WR
Nouns
commonnouns NNc(~)
names NMc
Numbers NR
Pronouns
demonstrative PDc
personal PEc
possessive PO(c)
man PMc
otherindefinites PIc(~)
reflexive PFc
interrogative WPc
Verbs
lexical Vx(~)
copulabe Bx(~)
auxiliaryhabbanhave Hx(~)
auxiliarybe Ex(~)
modal Mx(~)
auxiliarywuton Ax
wherex=V(infinitival),T(finiteindicative/subjunctive),I(imperative),G(present
participle),orN(pastparticiple)
Conjunctions/complementizers

14
 coordinating CC(~)
subordinating CS
complementizer CO
Prepositions PP
(Verb)particles PA
Negativeparticlene NE
Interjections/exclamations UH

POStags

Adjectives

Normaladjectives:JJc(~)
AttributiveandpredicativeadjectivesarePOStaggedJJ,withcasemarkingandoptional
negation.

([nn+tis/PDN][vtcom/VT][rt+ta/RT][ppto/PPearan/NND][d
+tam/PDD+a+delborenan/JJDcnihte/NND...].)(AELIVE,I,212.57)

thiscamethentoearthatdistinguishedboy...

([nnHe/PEN][vtw+as/BT][jncystig/JJN][ndw+adlum/NNDand/CC
wydewum/NND][ppswa/RRswa/CSf+ader/NNN],)(AELIVE,IV,314.22)

hewascharitablebeggarsandwidowssosoasfather,

QuantifiersarePOStaggedasadjectiveswhenusedasmodifierswithinNPs.

([nd+te/PEDsylf/PFD][rrso+dlice/RR][~ne/NE][vt
genealec+a+d/VT][nn~nan/JJN~yfel/NNN]...)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

youselftrulynotapproachesnoevil.

([rrFor+ty/RR][vtbi+d/BT][nn+anig/JJN+ting/NNN][jnfull/JJN]
1[B[cs+te/CS][nnsum/PIN][vtbi+d/BT][jnwana/JJN]B]1,)
(BOETH,83.10)

thereforeisanythingfullwhensomeiswanting,

Interrogativeadjectives:WJc
ThePOStagWJcisusedonlyforthelexicalitemhwilc.Interrogativeadjectivesareused
onlywithin[whconstituents.

(1(Q[wh1On/PPhwilcum/WJDgodum/NND][vttihst/VT][nn+tu/PEN]
[naus/PEA]2[U%pp1%[avto/PP][vvgelyfenne/VVD]U]2?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,316.145)

onwhichgodsinviteyouustoallow?

15
 Adverbs
ForthePOStagsoftheadverbsinthecorpus,wehavesimplyusedtheadverbwordclass
usedinthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken(part3ofFormat1data):

[rl...] locativeadverbs
[rm...] manneradverbs
[rt...] temporaladverbs
[rr...] allotheradverbs

Usersshouldbewarnedthattheadverbtypesarenotalwaysconsistent;ifyouare
investigatingthebehaviorofadverbsinOldEnglish,weadviseyoutocollectallclauseswith
adverbsandmakeyourowndivisionoftypes.Examplesaregivenbelow.

Locativeadverbs:RL(~)
(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtsynd/BT][nnge/PEN2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%
[rl+t+ar/RL][vtspreca+d/VT]L]2],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

notareyouthattherespeak,

Manneradverbs:RM
([rt+ta/RT][vtgeb+ad/VT][nnGeorius/NMN][nahine/PFA][rm
bealdlice/RM][ppto/PPGode/NMD],{V1})(AELIVE,I,312.89)

thenaskedGeorgehim(self)boldlytoGod,

Temporaladverbs:RT
([rtNu/RT][nnic/PEN][atwylle/MT][name/PEAsylfe/PFA][nd
him/PED][rrso+dlice/RR][vvgeoffrian/VV]...)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

nowIwillmeselfhimtrulyoffer...

Othernoninterrogativeadverbs:RR(~)
([pp+after/PP+disum/PDDgebede/NND][vtb+arst/VT][pput/PAof/PP
heofonum/NND][nnswy+de/RRf+arlic/JJNfyr/NNN],)
(AELIVE,I,316.141)

afterthisprayerbrokeoutofskiesverymuchsuddenfire,

([+and/CC][rr~na/RR~][rtleng/RT][nnheo/PEN][~ne/NE][vt
gebad/VT]1[B[cs+donne/CS][nnhit/PEN][nnd+ag/NNN][vt
w+as/BT]B]1,)(APOLLO,28.18.1)

andnotlongershenotstayedwhenitdaywas,

+tewhenusedasanarticleinlateOldEnglishtextsislemmatizedas+ty,classifiedas
w:avinthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,andPOStaggedas/RR:

16
 ([+and/CC]1[B[csto/PP+dam/PDD][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][na
hi/PEA][rt+te/RRlengc/RT][vvbrucan/VV][atmihte/MT][nghis/PO
dohtor/NNGarleasan/JJGbridbeddes/NNG]B]12[B[+and/CC]%cs%%co%
%nn%%at%[pphim/PEDfram/PP][vvadryfan/VV][na+ta/PDA3[L%wh%
[co+de/CO][nghyre/PEG][vtgirndon/VT][ppto/PPrihtum/JJD
gesynscipum/NND]L]3]B]2,[nnhe/PEN][vtasette/VT][rt+da/RT]
[nar+adels/NNA]4[R[rr+tus/RR][vgcwe+dende/VG]{D1}R]4:)
(APOLLO,4.3.5)

andtothatthatheherthereforelongerusecouldhisdaughter
dishonorablebridalbedandhimfromdrivethosethatheryearnedto
straightcohabitations,hesetthenenigmathussaying:

...
+te_l(+ty)_m(w:av)
lengc_l(leng)_m(w:avti)
...

Interrogativeadverbs:WR
(1(Q[wh1Hw+ar/WR]%rl1%[vteart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT][o
gefera/NNN]?Q)1)(AELIVE,IV,324.148)

whereareyounowassociate?

Nouns

Commonnouns:NNc(~)
(1(V2[B[csGif/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtgelyfst/VT],[omodor/NNN],
[nd+tysum/PDDm+aran/JJDgodspelle/NND]B]2,[vtgelyf/VI]3[T[co
+t+at/CO][nnAgathes/NMN][vtgeearnode/VT][pp+at/PP
Criste/NMD],4[B[cs+ta_/RT+da/CS][nnheo/PEN][ppfor/PPhis/PO
naman/NND][vt+drowode/VT]5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][na
hine/PEA][rtsymle/RT][vth+abbe/VT][ppon/PPandwerdnysse/NND]
[ppon/PPecere/JJDblysse/NND]B]5B]4T]3.V)1)(AELIVE,I,210.14)

ifyouallow,mother,thisfamousgospel,allowthatAgathaearnedat
Christ,thenwhensheforhisnameenduredthatshehimeverhaveon
presenceonperpetualbliss.

NegativequantifiersthatareheadsofNPsaretaggedasnegativecommonnouns:

([~ne/NE][atmiht/MT][nn+du/PEN][na~naht/NNA~][vv
l+adan/VV][ppof/PP+tysum/PDDlife/NND][ppmid/PP+te/PED],)
(AELIVE,I,212.46)

notcanyounothingleadofthislifewithyou,

Names:NMc
([+&/CC][nnse/PDNCenwalh/NMN][vtw+as/BT][nnCynegilses/NMG
sunu/NNN];)(CHROA2,2.14)

17
 andthatC.wasC.son;

Numbers:NR
NRisusedonlyforthefirstpartofacomplexnumeral;cardinalandordinalnumbersare
POStaggedJJc,andnominalnumbersarePOStaggedNNc.

([+and/CC]%nn%[ppon/PPeallum/JJDd+adum/NND][nahis/PO
Drihten/NMA][vtarwur+dode/VT],1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnhe/PEN]
[paof_/PA][vnslagen/VN][vtwear+d/ET][ppfor/PPhis/PO
folces/NNGware/NND],[ppon/PP+tam/PDDnigo+dan/JJDgeare/NND2[L
%wh1%[co+te/CO]%rt1%[nnhe/PEN][ngrices/NNG][vtgeweold/VT]
L]2],3[B[cs+ta/RT+ta/CS][nnhe/PENsylf/PFN][vtw+as/BT][pp
on/PPylde/NND][nneahta/NRand/CC+trittig/NNNgeara/NNG]B]3
B]1.)(AELIVE,III,134.143)

andonalldeedshisLordhonored,untilhestruckoffbecamebeforehis
peoplesea,onthatninthyearthatheruleruled,thenwhenheselfwas
onageeightandthirtyyears.

Pronouns

Demonstrativepronouns:PDc
Demonstrativescanbeusedasnominals,determiners,orrelativepronounsinwhclauses.
NotethatpeisPOStaggedasacomplementizer,notapronoun,whenusedinawhclause.

([nn+tis/PDN][vtcom/VT][rt+ta/RT][ppto/PPearan/NND][d
+tam/PDD+a+delborenan/JJDcnihte/NND...].)(AELIVE,I,212.57)

thiscamethentoearthatdistinguishedboy...

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtl+addan/VT][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDbyrig/NND
1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP%nx1%][vt
+drowode/VT]L]1],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

andledtothatfortthatheonendured,

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[wh1seo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1,]...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia...

Personalpronouns:PEc
(...3[B[csswa/CS][nnhe/PEN][nalyft/NNA][paon_/PA][vt
styrge/VT]B]34[B[+ond/CC]%cs%%nn%[nahis/POhond/NNA][pp
swa/RRswa/CS5[U[naus/PEA][avto/PP][vvsleanne/VV]U]5]...
B]4...)(BEDE,3.270.2)

18
 ...soasheairmoveandhishandsosoasustostrike...

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

(...5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][nahine/PEA][rtsymle/RT][vt
h+abbe/VT][ppon/PPandwerdnysse/NND][ppon/PPecere/JJD
blysse/NND]B]5...V)1)(AELIVE,I,210.14)

...thatshehimeverhaveonpresenceonperpetualbliss.

(...3[L%wh%[co+de/CO][nghyre/PEG][vtgirndon/VT][ppto/PP
rihtum/JJDgesynscipum/NND]L]3...)(APOLLO,4.3.5)

...thatheryearnedtostraightcohabitations...

Possessivepronouns:PO(c)
Caseismarkedonallformsofpossessivepronounsexcept3rdperson,whichareinvariant
forms.

([nnWe/PEN][vtsyndon/BT][nn+tyne/PONceastergewaran/NNN]1[R
[ppof/PP+a+delum/JJDgebyrdum/NND][vngeborene/VNN]R]1)
(APOLLO,30.19.10)

weareyourburghersofnobledescentscarried.

(1(V[vthlyst/VI][ngmines/POGr+ades/NNG]V)1)(AELIVE,I,212.46)

listenmyadvice;

(1[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][namine/POAhand/NNA][vtahebbe/VT
][ppto/PP+dinum/PODh+a+tengilde/NND]B]1...)(AELIVE,I,214.86)

althoughyoumyhandraisetoyouridolatry...

([rrfor+dy/RR][vtfundia+d/VT][nn+alc/JJNgesceaft/NNN][rl
+tider/RL%L1%][rrswi+dost/RR]1[L1[wh2+tider/CS]%co%%rl2%
[nnhis/POeard/NNN&/CChis/POh+alo/NNN][rrswi+dost/RR][vt
bio+d/BT]L]1,)(BOETH,92.19)

thereforetendeachcreaturesthithermostwherehiscountryandhis
healthmostare,

(...1[B[cs+tonne/CS][nnhie/PEN][ndheora/POwillan/NND][at
moton/MT][rmwel/RM][vvwealdan/VV]B]1.)(OROSIU,60.5)

...whentheytheirmindmaywellrule.

man:PMn
manisusedonlyinthenominativecase.

19
 (1[B[csGif/CS][nnmon/PMN][nafolcleasunge/NNA][vtgewyrce/VT]
B]1...)(LAW2,66.32)

ifoneslanderprepare...

Otherindefinites:PIc(~)
ThesearenonnegativequantifiersusedasheadsofNPs:

([+and/CC][rtsona/RT][rt+ta/RT][painn/PA][vteode/VT][nn
an/PIN+t+as/PDGcyninges/NNG+tegna/NNG...],)(AELIVE,III,130.87)

andsoontheninwentonethatkingservantsthathisalmskept,

([f11[H[wh2swa/CShw+at/PIA][coswa/CO]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN]
[ndminum/PODlichaman/NND][vtdest/VT]H]1],[~ne/NE][at
m+ag/MT][nn1+t+at/PDN][vvbelimpan/VV][ppto/PPme/PED].)
(AELIVE,I,214.92)

soasanyonesoasyoumybodydo,notcanthatconcerntome.

([+&/CC][rl+t+ar/RL][vtwear+d/BT][nn+tara/PDGDenescra/JJG
micle/RRma/PIN][paof_/PA][vnslegenra/VNG]...)
(CHROA3,132.1001.9)

andtherewasthoseDanishgreatlymorestruckoff...

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][vtadelfe/VT][naw+aterpyt/NNA]B]1
...)(LAW2,34.1.22)

ifanyonedigwell...

(...1[B[cs+te/CS][nnsum/PIN][vtbi+d/BT][jnwana/JJN]
B]1,)(BOETH,83.10)

whensomeiswanting,

(...2[Q[wh1hu/WRfela/PIN]%co%[rl+t+ar/RL][nn%nn1%
swelcerra/JJGmanna/NNG][vtw+are/BT]3[M[csswelce/CS][nn
he/PEN][vtw+as/BT]M]3Q]2.)(OROSIU,68.25)

...howmanytheresuchpersonswerejustashewas.

(...1[Q[whhw+a+der/CS]%co%[nnhe/PEN][pp+after/PPf+ace/NND]
[atmeahte/MT][nao+derne/PIA%L1%][vvfindan/VV],2[L1%wh2%
[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nnmon/PMN][ppto/PPbiscope/NND][vv
hadian/VV][atmeahte/MT]L]2Q]1.)(BEDE,1.254.13)

...whetherheafterintervalcouldotherfind,thatonetobishop
ordaincould.

20
 (1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][ppto/PPhw+a+drum/PID+tissa/PDG]
[vngenied/VN][vtsie/ET][ppon/PPwoh/NNA]...B]1...)
(LAW2,46.1.1)

ifanyonetoboththeseforcedbeonbending...

(1(D%ne1%[nn2Se/PDN%L3%][ndme/PED][vt+dinc+d/VT]2[S1
%nn2%[jnges+aligra/JJN]S]23[L3%wh4%[co+te/CO]%nn4%[na
hw+athwugu/PIA][vth+af+d/VT]L]3.D)1)(BOETH,119.4)

thatmeappearsmorefortuitousthatsomethinghas.

([+&/CC][nnures/POGhlafordes/NNGger+adnes/NNN&/CChis/PO
witena/NNG][vtis/BT],1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnmuneca/NNGgehwylc/PIN
...][vtdo/VT]4[B[csswa/CS][ndhim/PED][nn+tearf/NNN][vt
is/BT]B]4T]1...)(LAW3,238.5)

andourlordagreementandhissagesis,thatmonkseach...dosoas
himneedis...

Reflexivepronouns:PFc
Thiscategoryincludesthelexicalitemself,personalpronounsusedreflexively,andpersonal
pronounsusedasbenefactiveswhentheirreferentisthesameasthesubject.

([nd+te/PEDsylf/PFD][rrso+dlice/RR][~ne/NE][vt
genealec+a+d/VT][nn~nan/JJN~yfel/NNN]...)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

youselftrulynotapproachesnoevil.

(1(D2[B[cs+teah/CS][nnhe/PEN][nahit/PEA][lnsilf/PFN][vt
forswige/VT]B]2,[nnhis/POgegirla/NNN][nahine/PEA][vt
geswutela+d/VT].D)1)(APOLLO,22.14.10)

althoughheitselfsuppress,hisdresshimshows.

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnmon/PMN][vt~n+abbe/VT~][rrbuton/RR][na
anfeald/JJAhr+agl/NNA2[L%wh1%%co%3[U[nahine/PFA][ppmid/PP
%nx1%][avto/PP][vvwreonne/VV]U]3...B]1....)(LAW2,38.36.1)

ifonenothaveoutsidesingledresshim(self)withtocover...

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhi/PEN][nahie/PFA][~ne/NE][vt
gesamnien/VT]B]1...)(LAW2,60.19.1)

iftheythem(selves)notassemble...

([rtNu/RT][vtbidde/VT][nnwe/PEN][na+te/PEA]1[T[co+t+at/CO
][nn+tu/PEN][vtgeceose/VT][nd+te/PFD][na+anne/PIA][ppof/PP
us/PED+trym/JJD]...)(APOLLO,30.19.12)

nowaskweyouthatyouchooseyou(yourself)oneofusthree...

21
 Interrogativepronouns:WPc
Interrogativepronounsareusedonlywithin[whconstituents.

(1(Q[wh1hw+at/WPN]%nn1%[vtis/BT][nnse/PDN
intinga/NNN]...?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,216.108)

whoisthatmatter...?

Verbs
Inthissectionofthemanual,xusedinconjunctionwithaverblabelstandsforoneofthe
following:V(infinitival),T(finiteindicative/subjunctive),I(imperative),G(present
participle),N(pastparticiple)

Lexical:Vx(~)
([rtNu/RT][nnic/PEN][atwylle/MT][name/PEAsylfe/PFA][nd
him/PED][rrso+dlice/RR][vvgeoffrian/VV]...)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

nowIwillmeselfhimtrulyoffer...

([pp+after/PP+disum/PDDgebede/NND][vtb+arst/VT][pput/PAof/PP
heofonum/NND][nnswy+de/RRf+arlic/JJNfyr/NNN],)
(AELIVE,I,316.141)

afterthisprayerbrokeoutofskiesverymuchsuddenfire,

(V[vtGehrepa/VI][nahire/PObyrigene/NNA],V)(AELIVE,I,210.19)

touchhergrave,

(...1[B[co+t+at/CO][ppon/PPswelce/JJAhealfe/NNA2[M[cs
swelce/CS][nnhie/PEN][rt+tonne/RT][vgwinnende/VG][vv
beon/EV][atwoldan/MT]...M]2]...B]1.)(OROSIU,106.11)

...thatonsuchhalfjustastheythenlaboringbewould...

([vt~Nis/ET~][nnAngelcynn/NMN][vnbed+aled/VN][ngDrihtnes/NMG
halgena/NNG]...)(AELIVE,IV,332.259)

notisEnglishpeopledeprivedLordsaints...

Copulabe:Bx(~)
BxisusedforthePOStagoffourverbsmeaningbewhentheyareusedascopulas:beon,
eom,wesan,andweor+tan..IntheBrooklynCorpus,copulabeisnotusedinpresent
participleform.

(...2[M[cs+te/CS][nn+t+as/PDGhweoles/NNGfelga/NNN][at
magon/MT][vvbion/BV][ppon/PP+d+am/PDDf+arelte/NND]...
M]2]...)(BOETH,130.8)

22
 neithertonothingnotare,iftheybynoportionnotarefastenedto
God.thenmorewhenthatwheelfelloescanbeonthatway,iftheynot
arefastonthosespokes,andthosespokesonthataxis.

([nnHe/PEN][vtw+as/BT][jncystig/JJN][ndw+adlum/NNDand/CC
wydewum/NND][ppswa/RRswa/CSf+ader/NNN],)(AELIVE,IV,314.22)

hewascharitablebeggarsandwidowssosoasfather,

([nnEalle/JJN,we/PEN][atscoldan/MT][vvforweor+dan/VV][gd
ecan/JJDdea+de/NND],1[N%ne1%[vt~n+are/BT~]2[T1[co+t+at/CO]
[nnCrist/NMN][ppfor/PPus/PED][nadea+d/NNA][vt+trowode/VT]
T]2N]1.)(WULF3,227.42)

all,wemustperishperpetualdeath,notwerethatChristbeforeus
deathendured.

(1(V[vtbeo+d/BI][ng+tyses/PDG][jngemyndig/JJN]...V)1)
(AELET3,142.211)

bethismindful...

(%ne1%[jnBetere/JJN][ndhim/PED][vtw+are/BT]1[T1[co
+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][nnman/NNN][vt~n+are/ET~][rt+afre/RT]
[vngeworden/BN]T]12[M[cs+tonne/CS][nnhe/PEN][vtgewurde/VT]
M]2.)(WULF3,230.86)

betterhimwerethathepersonnotwereeverbeenwhenhebecame.

Auxiliaryhabbanhave:Hx(~)
(...1[B[csswa/CS][nnDatianus/NMN][ndhim/PED][vngediht/VN]
[ath+afde/HT]B]1...)(AELIVE,I,316.158)

...soasDatianthemarrangedhad...

(1(D[at~Nabbe/HT~][nnge/PEN][rr~na/RR~][nagodne/JJA
timan/NNA][vnaredodne/VNA].D)1)(APOLLO,30.19.13)

nothaveyounotgoodtimemadeready.

TherearenoexamplesintheBrooklynCorpusofauxiliaryhabbaninimperativeor
participialform,andonlytwocasesininfinitivalform.

(1(Q[whMid/PPhu/WRmicle/JJIfeo/NND]%pp%[atwoldest/MT][nn
+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT][avhabban/HV][vngeboht/VN]...Q)1)
(BOETH,89.26)

withhowgreatcattlewouldyounowhavebought...

23
 Auxiliarybe:Ex(~)
ExisusedforthePOStagoffourverbsmeaningbewhentheyareusedasauxiliaries:
beon,eom,wesan,andweor+tan..IntheBrooklynCorpus,auxiliarybeisnotusedin
imperativeorparticipialform.

(...1[B[co+t+at/CO][ppon/PPswelce/JJAhealfe/NNA2[M[cs
swelce/CS][nnhie/PEN][rt+tonne/RT][vgwinnende/VG][vv
beon/EV][atwoldan/MT]...M]2]...B]1.)(OROSIU,106.11)

...thatonsuchhalfjustastheythenlaboringbewould...

([nnSe/PDNearm/NNN][vtwear+t/ET][vngeled/VN][rm
arwur+dlice/RM][ppon/PPscrine/NNDof/PPseolfre/NNDasmi+tod/VN],
[ppon/PPsancte/NMGPetres/NMGmynstre/NND][ppbinnan/PP
Bebbanbyrig/NMD],[ppbe/PP+t+are/PDDs+a_strande/NND],)
(AELIVE,III,136.172)

([vt~Nis/ET~][nnAngelcynn/NMN][vnbed+aled/VN][ngDrihtnes/NMG
halgena/NNG]...)(AELIVE,IV,332.259)

notisEnglishpeopledeprivedLordsaints...

Modal:Mx(~)
Thefollowinglexicalitemsarecategorizedasmodals:+urfan,cunnan,durran,magan,
motan,sculan,willan.IntheBrooklynCorpus,modalsareusedonlyintensedforms.

(...4[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][nabiscopas/NNA][vvhadian/VV
][atmoste/MT]T]4...)(BEDE,7.118.26)

...thathebishopsordainmight.

(...2[G[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][at~nolde/MT~][vvabugan/VV]
[ppto/PPbysmorfullum/JJDleahtrum/NND]G]2,)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

...thathenotwouldbowtoinfamousvices,

Auxiliarywuton:Ax(~)
wutonappearsonlyintensedform:utan,uton.,orwutan.

([+ac/CC][atutan/AT][vvdon/VV]1[B[csswa/CS][ndus/PED]
[nn+tearf/NNN][vtis/BT]B]1,)(WULF3,181.123)

butletusdosoasusneedis,

Casemarkingofverbs
Verbsmaybecasemarkedwhentheyarenonfinite.

24
 (1(Q[wh1On/PPhwilcum/WJDgodum/NND][vttihst/VT][nn+tu/PEN]
[naus/PEA]2[U%pp1%[avto/PP][vvgelyfenne/VVD]U]2?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,316.145)

onwhichgodsinviteyouustoallow?

(...1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnheo/PEN][vtbeceapode/VT][na
+ta/PDAscinendan/JJAgymmas/NNA,and/CCeac/RRhire/POlandare/NNA]
[ppwi+d/PPlicgendum/VGDfeo/NND,]B]1)(AELIVE,I,212.52)

...untilshesoldthoseshininggems,andalsoherlandedpropertywith
lyingcattle,

Conjunctionsandcomplementizers

Coordinatingconjunctions:CC(~)
([+And/CC][rreac/RR][nn+ta/PDNhalgan/JJNcanones/NNN][nd
gehadodum/VND][vtforbeoda+d/VT][oge/CCbisceopum/NNDge/CC
preostum/NND],1[U[avto/PP][vvbeonne/BVD][ppembe/PP
+teofas/NNA]U]1...)(AELIVE,IV,330.220)

andalsothoseholycanonsordainedprohibitandbishopsandpriests,to
bearoundcriminals...

([+&/CC]%nn%[rt+ta/RT][pp+t+ar/RLto/PP][vteodon/VT];)
(CHROA2,48.755.23)

andthentheretowent;

([fn1Se/PDNcirlisca/JJNmon/NNN...],[vtslea/VT][nd1
him/PED][nnmon/PMN][nahond/NNA][paof/PA][oo+d+de/CC
fot/NNA].)(LAW2,104.37)

thatcommonperson...,strikehimonehandofforfoot.

([fnSe/PDN1[L%wh1%[co+de/CO]%nn1%[nahine/PEA][rt+tonne/RT
][rrnedes/RR][paof_/PA][vtsloge/VT][oo+d+de/CCunwillum/RM
o+d+de/CCungewealdes/RM]...)(LAW2,30.13.2)

thatthathimthenofneedstruckofforunwillinglyor
involuntarily...

(...2[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na~nanne/JJA~brydguman/NNA]
[rr~n+afre/RR~][ndme/PED][~ne/NE][vtnamige/VT]T]2,3[T[+~
ne/CC~]%co%%nn%[ppof/PPminum/PODlichaman/NND][nadeadlicne/JJA
w+astm/NNA][~ne/NE][vtsece/VT]T]3;)(AELIVE,I,212.36)

...thatyounobridegroomnevermenotname,neitherofmybodymortal
growthnotseek;

25
 Subordinatingconjunctions:CS(~)
(...2[B[csgif/CS][nnheo/PEN][vvsuwian/VV][at~nolde/MT~]
B]2....)(AELIVE,I,214.68)

...ifshebesilentnotwould.

(...1[B[cs+donne/CS][nnhit/PEN][nnd+ag/NNN][vtw+as/BT]B]1
,)(APOLLO,28.18.1)

...whenitdaywas,

(...1[B[cso+d/CS][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][ndhire/PED][na
swingele/NNA][vtbehet/VT]...B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.68)

...untilthatheherwhippromised...

(...1[B[csbutan/CS]%nn%[nd+tam/PDDlyfigendan/JJDdrihtne/NMD]
[na+tas/PDAlac/NNA][vtgeoffrode/VT]B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.64)

...exceptthatlivingLordtheseplaysoffered.

(...1[B[csfor+tan/CS][co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
godspelle/NND][vtcw+a+d/VT],{D1}B]1,)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

...becausethatheonhisgospelsaid,

Complementizers:CO
ThePOStagCOisusedforinvariantpeorpt.invarioustypesofsubordinateclauses,and
forthesecondswainswa...swarelativeclauses(seeSections8.3.2.4and8.3.3.1).

(...1[B[csfor+tan/CS][co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
godspelle/NND][vtcw+a+d/VT],{D1}B]1,)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

...becausethatheonhisgospelsaid,

(...3[L%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[ndhim/PED][vtbead/VT][nn
Hinguar/NMN]L]3...)(AELIVE,IV,318.59)

...thathimcommandedHingwar.

(...3[G[co+t+at/CO][nnan/JJNmynet/NNN][vtgange/VT][pp
ofer/PPealle/JJA+tas/PDA+teode/NNA][ppbutan/PP+alcan/JJD
false/NND]G]3...)(LAW3,314.7.8)

...thatonecoingooverallthisnationoutofeachfalsehood...

(1(D[nnHluttor/JJNoffrung/NNN][nn1+t+at/PDN][vtis/BT],[o
and/CClicwur+de/JJNGode/NMD],2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnmann/PMN]
[nawydewan/NNA][vtgeneosige/VT]T]2...D)1)(AELIVE,I,212.60)

puresacrificethatis,andpleasingGod,thatonewidowsvisit...

26
 (...5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][atwolde/MT][ppmid/PPhis/PO
l+afnesse/NND&/CCmid/PPhis/PObl+atsunge/NND][na+t+at/PDA
willsume/JJAweorc/NNA][paon_/PA][vvginnan/VV]...B]5.)
(BEDE,12.418.22)

...thathewouldwithhispermissionandwithhisconsecrationthat
desirableworkbegin...

([f11[H[wh2swa/CShw+at/PIA][coswa/CO]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN]
[ndminum/PODlichaman/NND][vtdest/VT]H]1],[~ne/NE][at
m+ag/MT][nn1+t+at/PDN][vvbelimpan/VV][ppto/PPme/PED].)
(AELIVE,I,214.92)

soasanyonesoasyoumybodydo,notcanthatconcerntome.

Prepositions:PP
Prepositionsalwayshaveanobject,eitherovertorempty.

([rt+ta/RT][pp+after/PP+t+are/PDDm+assan/NND][nnseo/PDN
modor/NNNand/CCseo/PDNdohtor/NNN][vtastrehton/VT][nahi/PFA]
[ppon/PPgebedum/NND][pp+at/PP+t+are/PDDbyrgene/NND].)
(AELIVE,I,210.20)

thenafterthatmassthatmotherandthatdaughterextendedthem(selves)
onprayersatthatgrave.

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtl+addan/VT][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDbyrig/NND
1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP%nx1%][vt
+drowode/VT]L]1],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

andledtothatfortthatheonendured,

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtclypode/VT][nd1hyre/PED][rr+tus/RR][pp
to/PP%nd1%],1[R[vgclypigende/VG][rlufenne/RL],{Q1}R]1)
(AELIVE,I,210.22)

andspokeherthusto,speakingfromabove,

(Verb)particles:PA
AdverbialparticlesassociatedwithverbsarePOStagged/PA.ThefollowingaretheOld
Englishlexicalitemswehaveidentifiedasparticles:adun(e),+after,aweg,(of)dune,fore,
for+t,fram,geond,in,mid,ni+ter,of,ofer,ongean,on,onweg,to,+turh,under,up,ut,
wi+t,wi+ter,ymb(e).Forexamples,seeSection9.6.

Negativeparticlene:NE
Adistinctionismadebetweenthenegativeparticlene,whichalwaysappearsimmediately
beforethefiniteverbandisPOStagged/NE,andthenegativeconjunctionne,whichis
POStagged/CC~.

27
 ([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

([+~ne/CC~][pp~on/PPna+tre/JJD~healfe/NND][nnhe/PEN][~ne/NE
][vtahylde/VT][nahis/PO+teawas/NNA],)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

neitheronneitherhalfhenotbenthisusages,

Whennegationappearsattachedtoverbsandotherlexicalitems,~isappendedtothe
POStag,asintheexamplesbelow:

(...2[G[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][at~nolde/MT~][vvabugan/VV]
[ppto/PPbysmorfullum/JJDleahtrum/NND]G]2,)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

...thathenotwouldbowtoinfamousvices,

(...%np%[ppmid/PPnanum/JJD~leohtran/JJD+dinge/NND][vtgebete/VT
]...4[B[co+t+at/CO][nahie/PEA][nnmon/PMN][rr~na/RR~][gd
undeorran/JJDweor+de/NND][atmoste/MT][vvlesan/VV]...B]4.)
(LAW2,66.32)

...withnolighterthingrepair...thatheronenotcheapervalue
mightloosen...

Interjectionsandexclamations:UH
Interjectionsandexclamationsplaynoroleinthesyntaxoftheclause,andtheyarenormally
enclosedin[o...]:

(1(Q[vtEart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][ola/UH][nnGod/NMN]?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,214.72)

areyouloGod?

([+and/CC][nnse/PDNhalga/JJNGeorius/NMN][vtsi+dode/VT][pp
to/PPCriste/NMD,1[L[wh1mid/PP+dam/PDD]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN]
[rta/RT][vtwuna+d/VT][ppon/PPwuldre/NND]L]1];[oAmen/UH].
)(AELIVE,I,318.179)

andthatholyGeorgewenttoChrist,withthathealwaysinhabitson
glory;amen.

([oHw+at/UH][rt+da/RT][nnGeorius/NMN][ppto/PPeor+dan/NND]
[vtabeah/VT]...)(AELIVE,I,316.134)

whatthenGeorgetogroundbowed...

(1(D[oEala/UH+tu/PENs+a/NNGNeptune/NMN,manna/NNGbereafigend/NNN
and/CCunsc+a+d+digra/JJGbeswicend/NNN],[nn+tu/PEN][vteart/BT]
[jnw+alreowra/JJN][pp+tonne/CSAntiochus/NMNse/PDNcyngc/NNN].
D)1)(APOLLO,16.12.4)

28
alasyouseaNeptune,personsdispoilerandinnocentdeceiver,youare
cruelerwhenAntiochusthatking.

29
SectionIII:SyntacticBracketingandLabelling

Generalcharacteristicsofthesyntacticannotationscheme

Complementsandadjunctsofverbsandadjectives
ThereisnoVPorAdjPconstituentintheannotationscheme:giventhewordordervariation
inOldEnglish,theboundariesoftheVPandtheAdjPareinmostcasesimpossibleto
determine.Complementsandadjunctsofverbsandadjectivesaretreatedinthesameway:
theyarebracketedseparately,andtheyarenotcoindexedtoemptycategoriesiftheyarenot
adjacenttotheverboradjective.

Complementsandadjunctsofverbs:

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtawearp/VT][nahis/POw+apna/NNA],)
(AELIVE,IV,320.101)

andthrewhisweapons,

([rt+ta/RT][vtcw+a+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][ppmid/PPgeleafan/NND]
[ppto/PPhire/POmeder/NND],{V1})(AELIVE,I,210.14)

thensaidLucywithbelieftohermother,

Complementsandadjunctsofadjectives:

([nnHe/PEN][vtw+as/BT][jncystig/JJN][ndw+adlum/NNDand/CC
wydewum/NND][ppswa/RRswa/CSf+ader/NNN],)(AELIVE,IV,314.22)

hewascharitablebeggarsandwidowssosoasfather,

([rt+ta/RT][vtcw+a+d/VT][nnEadmund/NMNcyning/NNN]1[B[cs
swa/RRswa/CS][nnhe/PEN][rrful/RR][jncene/JJN][vtw+as/BT]
B]1,{D1})(AELIVE,IV,318.73)

thensaidEdmundkingsosoasheveryboldwas,

Constituentinternalannotation
Ingeneral,thereisnononclausalinternalstructurebracketedwithinaconstituent:headsand
alltheirmodifiers,specifiers,complements,adjuncts,etc.areenclosedonasinglelevel
withintheconstituent.ThusPPsarenotbracketedwithinNPs,norareNPobjectsof
prepositionsbracketedwithinPPs.

([nnHe/PEN][vtgenam/VT][rt+da/RT][naane/JJAcuppan/NNAmid/PP
cwealmberum/JJDdrence/NND],)(AELIVE,I,312.73)

hetookthenonecupwithdeadlydrink,

30
 ([+ac/CC][nnic/PEN][~ne/NE][vtforhtige/VT][ppfor/PP
+dinum/PODgebeote/NND],)(AELIVE,I,314.99)

butInotfearbeforeyourboast,

WhenparticlesoccurattheleftedgeofaPP,theyareincludedwithinthePPandnot
bracketedseparately.

([pp+after/PP+disum/PDDgebede/NND][vtb+arst/VT][pput/PAof/PP
heofonum/NND][nnswy+de/RRf+arlic/JJNfyr/NNN],)
(AELIVE,I,316.141)

afterthisprayerbrokeoutofskiesverymuchsuddenfire,

Whenclausalconstituents(e.g.L,R,T)appearadjacenttotheconstituentthattheymodify,
theyareincludedwithinthatconstituent.Theyarebracketedandlabelled,andhavefull
internalstructure.

([nn+tis/PDN][vtcom/VT][rt+ta/RT][ppto/PPearan/NND][d
+tam/PDD+a+delborenan/JJDcnihte/NND1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[vt
awogode/VT][naLucian/NMA]L]1...].)(AELIVE,I,212.57)

thiscamethentoearthatdistinguishedboythatwooedLucy...

([nnAthanasius/NMN][rt+da/RT][rrardlice/RR][vtgenam/VT][na
+anne/JJAmycelne/JJAbollan/NNA1[R[ppmid/PPbealuwe/NND][vn
afylled/VNA]R]1],)(AELIVE,I,312.67)

Athanasiusthenquicklytookonegreatbowlwithharmfilled,

([nd+te/PED][vtis/BT][rrso+dlice/RR][nnmicel/JJN+tearf/NNN
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na+de/PFA][vtwarnige/VT]T]1],
2[B[csfor+dam/CS][co+te/CO][nn+du/PEN][vteart/ET][vn
fordemed/VN]B]2.)(APOLLO,12.8.11)

youistrulygreatneedthatyouyou(yourself)warn,becausethatyou
arecondemned.

Similarly,clauseswithin[o...]phrasesarebracketedandgivenfullinternalstructure.

([rtNu/RT][vtbidde/VT][nnwe/PEN][na+te/PEA]1[T[co+t+at/CO
][nn+tu/PEN][vtgeceose/VT][nd+te/PFD][na+anne/PIA][ppof/PP
us/PED+trym/JJD][o2[H[wh2hwilcne/PIA]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN][at
wille/MT][d+te/PED][ppto/PPa+dume/NND][vvhabban/VV]H]2]T]1
.)(APOLLO,30.19.12)

nowaskweyouthatyouchooseyou(yourself)oneofusthreewhichyou
willyoutosoninlawhave.

([rt+ta/RT][vtgeascade/VT][nnse/PDNcyng/NNN][na+t+at/PDA]
[o1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhie/PEN][paut/PA][ppon/PPherga+d/NNA]
[vtforon/VT]T]1],)(CHROA2,96.911.8)

31
 thendiscoveredthatkingthatthattheyoutonharryingwent,

([rrEac/RR][rrswylce/RR][nn+ta/PDNsacerdas/NNN][vt
suncon/VT][pafor+d/PA][rrmid/RR],[oand/CCsume/JJN+da/PDN
h+a+denan/JJN1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[rl+t+ar/RL][rlgehende/RL]
[vtstodon/VT]L]1];)(AELIVE,I,316.145)

alsoinlikemannerthosepriestssankforthwith,andsomethose
heathenthattherenearstood;

Thismethodofbracketinghasatleastonedisadvantage:someconstituentsarehidden
withinotherconstituents.Forexample,asearchfor[nd...](dativeNPs)willnotretrieveall
dativeNPsintheCorpus,sincesomearecontainedwithinprepositionalphrases.When
searchingthecorpus,therefore,itisnecessarytogivesomeconsiderationtothesearch
stringsused,takingthelimitationsoftheannotationschemeintoaccount.

NonadjacentconstituentsofNPs
Threetypesofnonclausalconstituentsaregivenaseparatetagwhentheyareseparatedfrom
theNPthattheybelongto:emphaticreflexives,floatedquantifiers,andappositives.When
theseconstituentsareadjacenttotheirNP,theyareincludedwithintheNPandnotbracketed
andlabelledseparately.

Reflexives:

([nd+te/PEDsylf/PFD][rrso+dlice/RR][~ne/NE][vt
genealec+a+d/VT][nn~nan/JJN~yfel/NNN]...)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

youselftrulynotapproachesnoevil.

(1(D2[B[cs+teah/CS][nnhe/PEN][nahit/PEA][lnsilf/PFN][vt
forswige/VT]B]2,[nnhis/POgegirla/NNN][nahine/PEA][vt
geswutela+d/VT].D)1)(APOLLO,22.14.10)

althoughheitselfsuppress,hisdresshimshows.

Quantifiers:

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

(1(D2[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtclypige/VT][natyn/JJA
+tusend/NNAmanna/NNG]B]2,[nnhi/PEN][atsceolan/MT][en
ealle/JJN][vvgehyran/VV][na+tone/PDAhalgan/JJAgast/NNA]3[U[rr
+tus/RR][vgcwe+dende/VG],{D2}U]3D)1)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

althoughyouspeaktenthousandpersons,theymustallhearthatholy
breaththussaying,

32
Appositives:

([nnSe/PDNilca/JJNGeoweor+da/NMN][vtw+as/BT][nnMecipsuses/NMG
m+ag/NNN,Nume+dia/NMGcyninges/NNG].)(OROSIU,228.7)

thatsameJugurthawasMicipsamalekinsman,Numidiansking.

([nn1Hit/PEN][vtgelamp/VT][ppon/PPsumne/JJAs+al/NNA]1[T1
[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][vts+aton/VT][rr+atg+adere/RR],[o
Oswold/NMNand/CCAidan/NMN][ppon/PP+tam/PDDhalgan/JJD
easterd+age/NND]T]1;)(AELIVE,III,130.87)

ithappenedonsometimethattheysattogether,O.andAidanonthat
holyEasterday;

Determiningtheboundariesofphrases
IfitisunclearwhetheraPPoranadverbbelongswithinanotherconstituent,itisbracketed
asaseparateconstituent.

([+ac/CC][nn+du/PEN][vt~n+afst/VT~][rrswa/RR][rr+teah/RR]
[namine/POAsawle/NNA],[oac/CCGod/NMN].)(AELIVE,I,314.99)

butyounothavesohowevermysoul,butGod.

(...1[B[csswa/RRswa/CS][nngreat/JJNbeam/NNN][ppon/PP
wuda/NND][vtwyrc+d/VT][nahludne/JJAdynt/NNA]2[B[cs+tonne/CS]
[nnmen/NNN][rrl+ast/RR][vtwena+d/VT]B]2B]1;)(BOETH,117.28)

...sosoasgreattreeonwoodpreparesloudblowwhenpersonsleast
imagine;

([+&/CC][nnic/PEN][nd+de/PED][vts+ade/VT][rtealne_weg/RT]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnse/PDNfyrst/NNN][vtbi+d/BT][rrswi+de/RR]
[nnlytle/JJNhwile/NNN]T]1.)(BOETH,120.26)

andIyousaidalwaysthatthatperiodisverymuchlittlewhile.

Foreignwordsandphrases
AlloftheforeignwordscontainedintheBrooklynCorpusareLatin.Ingeneral,theLatin
wordsandphrasesdonotplayaroleinthesyntaxoftheclause,andaresimplyleft
unbracketed.Notethatintheexamplebelow,adirectspeechtokenwhichisthetranslationof
theLatinhasbeenextracted,with{D1}markingtheextractionsite.

([+And/CC][rmegeslice/RM][vtsp+ac/VT][nnGregorius/NMN][pp
be/PP+dam/PDD]1[B[cs+ta/RT+da/CS][nnhe/PEN][rr+tus/RR][vt
cw+a+d/VT]:<latin>siquisecclesiamDeidenudauerituelsanctimonia
uiolauerit,anathemasit;adquodrespondentesomnesdixerunt,amen
</latin>{D1}B]1.)(WULF3,202.46)

33
 andawfullyspokeGregorybythatthenwhenhethussaid:

ButiftheLatinphrasehasafunctioninaclause,itiseitherincludedwithinthebracketsofa
constituentorelsesyntacticallybracketedandlabelledappropriately.

(<HC:_VERSE_OMITTED>[rtHer/RT][nn+a+telstan/NMNcyning/NNN][pa
for+d_/PA][vtferde/VT][ppon/PP<latin>viKalendaeNovembris
</latin>].[ppymbe/PPxli/NNAwintra/NNGbutan/PPanre/JJDniht/NND
1[B[cs+t+as/RT][co+te/CO][nn+alfred/NMNcyning/NNN][pa
for+t_/PA][vtferde/VT]B]1];)(CHROA2,110.941.1)

hereAEthelstankingdepartedon.around41wintersoutofonenight
afterwardsthatAelfredkingdeparted;

([rtHer/RT][vtgefor/VT][nnA+tulf/NMNealdormon/NNN
Ealhswi+de/NMGbro+dor/NNN&/CCUirgilius/NMNabbud/NNNof/PP
Scottum/NMD.&/CCGrimbald/NMNm+assepreost/NNN].[gx<latin>viii
idusIulii</latin>].)(CHROA2,92.903.1)

herewentA.rulerE.brotherandV.abbotofScots.andG.masspriest.
.

NotethatLatinwordsarenotglossed.

Clausebracketing
Parentheses()areusedforbracketingmostmainclauses,squarebrackets[]forsubordinate
clauses.Labelsareattachedtothebeginningandendofbothmainandsubordinateclauses:
(V...V),[T...T].ThisdiffersfromthePPCME1practice,whichdoesnotattachlabelsto
theendofmainclauses.

Subordinateclauses(exceptfordirectspeech)arenotseparatedfromtheirmainclausesin
Format1,2,and4textfiles.Capitallettersareusedtolabelclausetypes.Theonlymain
clausesthatarelabelledfortypearedeclaratives(D...D),directquestions(Q...Q),
imperatives(V...V),exclamations(I...I),parentheticals[P...P],andembeddedmain
clauses[N...N],butallsubordinateclauseshavealabel.Consecutivesubordinateclauses
governedbythesameelementarebracketedseparately.Ifthereisaconjunction,itis
includedinsidethesecond/thirdetc.clausebracket;thatis,conjunctionsarebracketedwith
theconstituentthatfollowsthem.Embeddedsubordinateclausesarebracketedsothatthey
arenestedwithintheclausesthatcontainthem.Embeddedsubordinateclausesarealso
numbered,intheorderinwhichtheirleftperipheryoccurswithinthemainclause;when
clausesareunpacked,thetraceoftheextractedclausecontainstheclausenumber.

Clausesthatareembeddedindirectspeecharealwaysextractedfromthemainclause,witha
speciallyformattedtraceleftwithinthemainclause;seeSection8.2.2.

34
Clauselabels
Mainclauselabels.Notethatthislistincludesclausesthataremainclauselike,andthat
twoofthemareenclosedinsquarebrackets.
(...) thenormaldeclarativemainclausehasnolabel
(D...D) declarativemainclausethatwasembeddedindirectspeech
(Q...Q) directquestion
(V...V) imperative
(I...I) exclamation
[P...P] parenthetical
[N...N] embeddedmainclause

Subordinateclauselabels.Allareenclosedinsquarebrackets.
[B...B] adverbialclause
[L...L] relativeclause
[H...H] freerelativeclause
[Q...Q] indirectquestion
[T...T] thatclause
[U...U] infinitivalclause
[M...M] comparativeclause
[G...G] degreecomplement
[S...S] smallclause
[R...R] adjunctparticipial/adjectivalclause
[A...A] absoluteclause
[F...F] directspeechfragments
[X...X] unknownclausetype

Mainclauses

Normaldeclarativemainclauses(...)
Eachmainclausetokentogetherwithallthesubordinateclausesthatitincorporates(except
directspeech)iscontainedin(...).

([nnIc/PEN][vtswerige/VT][pp+turh/PP+da/PDAgem+anan/JJA
h+alo/NNA]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][name/PFA][rr~n+afre/RR~
][rmbet/RM][~ne/NE][vtba+dode/VT]2[M[cs+tonne/CS][nn
ic/PEN][vtdide/VT][rttod+ag/RT]M]2T]1)(APOLLO,20.14.1)

IswearthroughthatcommonhealththatIme(myself)neverbetternot
washedwhenIdidtoday

Mainclausesembeddedindirectspeech(D...D)
Directspeechismarkedonlywhenitisintroducedbyaverbofspeaking;inthe
morphologicalsectionofthetoken,thecomplementationcodeoftheverbofspeakinginthe
mainclauseindicatesadirectspeechcomplement(complementationcode4or6).Clauses
thatareembeddedindirectspeechareextractedfromthemainclausetokenandstandas

35
independenttokens.Withinthemainclausewherethedirectspeechoriginated,curly
bracketscontainingaclausetypeindicator(D/Q/V/I)andaclausenumberareinserted.The
directspeechclauseispulledout,enclosed(asusual)inparentheses,andmarkedwiththe
matchingnumberandclausetype.Thisextractedformatisthesameastheunpackedformat
ofFormat3files(seeSection3.1.3above).Onlythefirstclauseofthespeechismarkedas
directspeech;therestoftheclausesaretreatedasnormalmainclauses.Intheexample
below,thesecondandthirdtokensarebothdirectspeech,butonlythesecondislabelledas
such.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vts+ade/VT][ppto/PPhire/POmeder/NND],{D1})
(AELIVE,I,212.34)

andsaidtohermother,

(1(D[nn+tu/PEN][vteart/ET][rrmihtiglice/RR][vn
geh+aled/VN].D)1)(AELIVE,I,212.34)

youaremightilyhealed.

([rtNu/RT][vtbidde/VT][nnic/PEN][na+te/PEA]...)
(AELIVE,I,212.36)

nowaskIyou...

Directquestions(Q...Q)
Directquestions,bothwhandyes/no,areenclosedin(Q...Q).

(Q[wh1Hu/WR]%rr1%[atmagon/MT][nnhi/PEN][vvahreddan/VV]
[na+de/PEA][ppfram/PPfrecednyssum/NND],1[B[cs+tonne/CS][nn
hi/PEN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nahi/PEAsylfe/PFA][vv
ahreddan/VV]B]1?Q)(AELIVE,I,316.149)

howcantheysaveyoufromharms,whentheynotcouldthemselvessave?

(1(Q[wh1hw+at/WPN]%nn1%[vtis/BT][nnse/PDNintinga/NNN]
2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnan/JJN+tusend/NNNmanna/NNG][na+te/PEA][~
ne/NE][atmagon/MT][vvastyrian/VV]3[R[rrswa/RR][jn
unstrang/JJN]4[M[csswa/CS][nn+du/PEN][vteart/BT]M]4R]3
T]2?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,216.108)

whoisthatmatterthatonethousandpersonsyounotcanexcitesoweak
soasyouare?

(1(Q[wh1On/PPhwilcum/WJDgodum/NND][vttihst/VT][nn+tu/PEN]
[naus/PEA]2[U%pp1%[avto/PP][vvgelyfenne/VVD]U]2?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,316.145)

onwhichgodsinviteyouustoallow?

(1(Q[vtEart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][ola/UH][nnGod/NMN]?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,214.72)

36
 areyouloGod?

hw+a+tercanbeusedtointroduceyes/nodirectquestions;thereisnosubjectverbinversion
intheseclauses.hw+a+terisPOStaggedas/CSandsyntacticallybracketedaswh.No
emptycategoryrepresentingthewhconstituentisleftintheclause.

(1(Q[whHw+a+ter/CS][nn+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT][rrfullice/RR][pa
on_/PA][vtgite/VT]2[Q[wh1forhwy/WR]%co%%rr1%[nnhit/PEN]
[rt+tonne/RT][rrswa/RR][vtsie/BT]Q]2?Q)1)(BOETH,74.25)

whetheryounowentirelygraspwhyitthensobe?

Aswithdeclarativeclauses,directquestionsthatareembeddedindirectspeechareextracted
fromthemainclausetokenandstandasindependenttokens(seeSection8.2.2).

([nnHe/PEN][vtaxode/VT][rt+da/RT][ppmid/PPolle/NND],
{Q1})(AELIVE,I,214.72)

heaskedthenwithcontempt,

(1(Q[vtEart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][ola/UH][nnGod/NMN]?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,214.72)

areyouloGod?

Imperatives(V...V)or[V...V]
Imperativesareenclosedin(V...V).

(V[vtGehrepa/VI][nahire/PObyrigene/NNA],V)(AELIVE,I,210.19)

touchhergrave,

Imperativesaretheonlyfiniteclausetypethatdonotobligatorilycontainasubject,but
subjectsareoccasionallypresent.

(1(V...[oGod/NMN][vtbeseoh/VI][nn+du/PEN][ppon/PPminum/POD
fultume/NND],V)1)(AELIVE,I,312.89)

...Godseeyouonmyhelp,

Aswithdeclarativeclauses,imperativesthatareembeddedindirectspeechareextracted
fromthemainclausetokenandstandasindependenttokens(seeSection8.2.2).

([rt+ta/RT][vtcw+a+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN]{V1};)
(AELIVE,I,212.46)

thensaidLucy,

(1(V[vthlyst/VI][ngmines/POGr+ades/NNG]V)1)(AELIVE,I,212.46)

37
 listenmyadvice;

Someembeddedimperativesarenotdirectspeech;inthesecases,theyareenclosedinsquare
brackets.

(V[+and/CC][na+ta/PDA+ahta/NNA][vtateoh/VI]1[V[vtloca/VI]
2[H[wh1hu/WR]%co%%ne%%rr1%[nd+te/PED][vtlicige/VT],H]2
[omin/PONleofa/JJNdohtor/NNN]V]1.V)(AELIVE,I,212.44)

andthosepossessionsdrawupseehowyouplease,mydeardaughter.

Exclamations(I...I)
Exclamationsareenclosedin(I...I),andaretreatedlikedirectquestionsinstructure.

(I[wh1hu/WRemnlice/RM]%rm1%[nn1hit/PEN][vtgelomp/VT][pp
ymb/PP+das/PDAtu/JJAheofodricu/NNA,Asiria/NMG&/CCRomana/NMG],
1[B[csswa/RRswa/CS][nnwe/PEN][rt+ar/RT][vts+agdon/VT]B]1,
2[T1[co+t+atte/CO][nnNinus/NMN][vtricsade/VT][ppon/PP
+don/PDIeastrice/NND][gaLII/NNAwintra/NNG],[o&/CC+after/PP
him/PEDhis/POcwen/NNNSameramis/NMNXLII/NNAwintra/NNG]T]2,I)
(OROSIU,62.9)

howequallyithappenedaroundthesetwoempires,AssyriansandRomans,
sosoaswebeforesaid,thatNinusreignedonthateasternkingdom52
winters,andafterhimhiswomanSemiramis42winters,

Aswithdeclarativeclauses,exclamationsthatareembeddedindirectspeechareextracted
fromthemainclausetokenandstandasindependenttokens(seeSection8.2.2).

Parentheticals[P...P]
Parentheticalsareoftenofthetype...hesaid/saidhe...,butoccasionallycontainmore
substantivedata.

([nnIc/PEN][vtwene/VT],1[P[vtcw+a+d/VT][nnOrosius/NMN]P]1
,2[T[co+t+at/CO][nn~nan/JJN~wis/JJNmon/NNN][~ne/NE][vt
sie/BT]...T]2.)(OROSIU,58.13)

Iimagine,saidOrosius,thatnowisepersonnotbe...

(V[rtnu/RT]1[B[csgif/CS][nn+tu/PEN][na+anig/JJA+tincg/NNA]
[vth+afst/VT][ppof/PP+t+as/PDGhalgan/NNGreliguium/NND]B]1,[vt
syle/VI][ndme/PED],2[P[nnic/PEN][na+te/PEA][vtbidde/VT]
P]2.V)(AELIVE,III,142.256)

nowifyouanythinghaveofthatsaintrelicsofsaints,giveme,Iyou
ask.

38
 Embeddedmainclause[N...N]
TherearefourtypesofembeddedmainclausesintheBrooklynCorpus:

1)complementclauses.Allthatclausecomplementsofverbsthathaveempty
complementizersandthatarenotconjoinedaretreatedasembeddedmainclauses,unless
theyareclearlypartofaconjoinedsequencebutdonothaveanovertconjunction.

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhie/PEN
ealle/JJN][rrgem+anelice/RR][vtcunnoden/VT],2[N[atmehten/MT]
[nnhi/PEN][naheora/POgem+anan/JJAfiend/NNA][pphim/PEDfrom/PP]
[vvadon/VV]N]2T]1.)(OROSIU,118.12)

andaskedthattheyallcommonlytried,couldtheytheircommonfoethem
fromtakeaway.

Ifthematrixclauseispassive,theembeddedmainclauseiscoindexedwiththeexpletive
subject(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

(%ne1%[rrEac/RR][vtis/ET][vnfunden/VN]:1[N12[B[csgif/CS
][nnmon/PMN][vthafa+d/VT][naspere/NNA][ppofer/PPeaxle/NNA]
B]2,3[B[+&/CC]%cs%[nahine/PFA][nnmon/PMN][paon/PA][vt
asnase+d/VT]B]3,%np%[vtgielde/VT][na+tone/PDAwer/NNA][pp
butan/PPwite/NND]N]1.)(LAW2,68.36)

alsoisfound:ifonehasspearovershoulder,andhim(self)oneon
spits,yieldthatmanoutofpunishment.

Thiscontrastswithasimilarconstructionwherenoargumentsaremissinginthematrix
clause.Inthesecases,thetwoclausesareseparated,andthesecondisbracketedasanormal
mainclause.

([nn+d+at/PDNgewrit/NNN][vtw+as/ET][rr+tus/RR][vngewriten/VN
]:)(APOLLO,32.20.15)

thatletterwasthusincised:

([o+tu/PENgoda/JJNcyngc/NNNand/CCmin/PONse/PDNleofesta/JJN
f+ader/NNN],1[B[csnu/CS][nn+tin/PONmildheortnesse/NNN][nd
me/PED][naleafe/NNA%T1%][vtsealde/VT]2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nn
ic/PENsilf/PFN][atmoste/MT][vvceosan/VV]3[H[wh1hwilcne/WJA
wer/NNA]%co%%na1%[nnic/PEN][vtwolde/VT]H]3T]2B]1,[nn
ic/PEN][vtsecge/VT][nd+de/PED][ppto/PPso+dan/JJD]4[T%co%
[na+tone/PDAforlidenan/VNAman/NNA][nnic/PEN][vtwille/VT]T]4.
)(APOLLO,32.20.15)

yougoodkingandmythatdearestfather,nowthatyourlovingkindness
mepermissiongavethatIselfmightchoosewhichmanIwished,Isay
youtotruethatsufferedshipwreckpersonIwish.

39
2)mainclauseswithbe,inthesenseithappened.Again,theembeddedclauseis
coindexedwiththeexpletivesubjectofthematrixclause(butseethenoteoncoindexingin
Section11).

(%ne1%[rt+ta/RT][vtw+as/BT][pp+after/PP+a+delbehrtes/NMG
for+dfore/NND],1[N1[nnEadbald/NMNhis/POsunu/NNN][vtfeng/VT]
[ppto/PP+dam/PDDrice/NND]N]1,)(BEDE,5.110.22)

thenwasafterA.departure,E.hissontooktothatrule,

(%ne1%[rt+da/RT][vtw+as/BT][gi+ty/PDI+afteran/JJIgeare/NNI]
,1[N1[vtcwom/VT][nnsum/JJNmonn/NNN][ppin/PPNor+danhymbra/NMG
m+ag+de/NNA]N]1;)(BEDE,8.122.8)

thenwasthatsecondyear,camesomepersoninNorthumbriansmaiden;

3)subordinateV1clauses:

([+&/CC]1[B[csgyf/CS][nnhe/PEN][na+t+at/PDA][vt
gel+aste/VT]B]1,[rt+tonne/RT][vtbi+d/BT][nnhe/PEN][jn
wyr+de/JJN],2[T[co+t+at/CO][nahine/PEA][nnman/PMN][rr
+te/RR][rmbet/RM][vthealde/VT],3[N%np%[vtwunige/VT]4[H
[wh1+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnhe/PEN][vtwunige/VT]H]4N]3
T]2.)(LAW3,238.6.1)

andifhethatfollow,thenisheworthy,thathimonethereforebetter
hold,inhabitwhereheinhabit.

4)V1conditionals.NotethatthePPCME1treatstheseasadverbialclausesthatarenot
embeddedunderprepositions.

([nnEalle/JJN,we/PEN][atscoldan/MT][vvforweor+dan/VV][gd
ecan/JJDdea+de/NND],1[N%ne1%[vt~n+are/BT~]2[T1[co+t+at/CO]
[nnCrist/NMN][ppfor/PPus/PED][nadea+d/NNA][vt+trowode/VT]
T]2N]1.)(WULF3,227.42)

all,wemustperishperpetualdeath,notwerethatChristbeforeus
deathendured.

([+and/CC][nnse/PDN+almihtiga/JJNGod/NMN][vtwat/VT]1[T[co
+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][at~nelle/MT~][vvabugan/VV][ppfram/PP
his/PObiggengum/NND][rt+afre/RT],[one/CC~fram/PPhis/PO
so+tan/JJDlufe/NND],2[N[vtswelte/VT][nnic/PEN]N]2,3[N[vt
lybbe/VT][nnic/PEN]N]3T]1.)(AELIVE,IV,320.78)

andthatalmightyGodknowsthatInotwillbowfromhispracticesever,
neitherfromhistruelove,dieI,liveI.

40
 Subordinateclauses

Adverbialclauses[B...B]
Adverbialclausesincludethoseintroducedbyasubordinatingconjunctionand(so)that
purposeandresultclauses.Any(swa)swaclausewhichdoesnotclearlycontainagapis
categorizedasanadverbialclause.

+t+at,+te,and+t+atteascomplementizers/conjunctions/subordinatorsinadverbialclauses
areclassifiedasw:cosuinthemorphologicalsectionofthetokenbutPOStaggedas/CO.
AllothersarePOStaggedasinthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,andsyntactically
bracketedascswithnointernalstructure.

([nnSeo/PDNwydewe/NNN][vtw+as/BT][jnunhal/JJN],1[B[cs
swa/RR][co+t+at/CO][dhire/PED][vtarn/VT][nnblod/NNN][pp
geond/PPfeower/JJDgeare/NNDf+ac/NNA]B]1,)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

thatwidowwassick,sothatherranbloodthroughoutfouryear
interval,

(1(V2[B[csGif/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtgelyfst/VT],[omodor/NNN],
[nd+tysum/PDDm+aran/JJDgodspelle/NND]B]2,[vtgelyf/VI]3[T[co
+t+at/CO][nnAgathes/NMN][vtgeearnode/VT][pp+at/PP
Criste/NMD],4[B[cs+ta_/RT+da/CS][nnheo/PEN][ppfor/PPhis/PO
naman/NND][vt+drowode/VT]5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][na
hine/PEA][rtsymle/RT][vth+abbe/VT][ppon/PPandwerdnysse/NND]
[ppon/PPecere/JJDblysse/NND]B]5B]4T]3.V)1)(AELIVE,I,210.14)

ifyouallow,mother,thisfamousgospel,allowthatAgathaearnedat
Christ,thenwhensheforhisnameenduredthatshehimeverhaveon
presenceonperpetualbliss.

([rr+tus/RR][vttihte/VT][nnLucia/NMN][rtgelome/RT][na
+ta/PDAmodor/NNA],1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnheo/PEN][vt
beceapode/VT][na+ta/PDAscinendan/JJAgymmas/NNA,and/CCeac/RR
hire/POlandare/NNA][ppwi+d/PPlicgendum/VGDfeo/NND,]B]1)
(AELIVE,I,212.52)

thusinvitedLucyoftenthatmother,untilshesoldthoseshininggems,
andalsoherlandedpropertywithlyingcattle,

([~Ne/NE][vtdreah/VT][nnic/PEN][rtnu/RT][gd+trym/JJD
gearum/NND][na~nane/JJA~o+tre/JJAd+ada/NNA],1[B[csbutan/CS]
%nn%[nd+tam/PDDlyfigendan/JJDdrihtne/NMD][na+tas/PDAlac/NNA]
[vtgeoffrode/VT]B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.64)

notdidInowthreeyearsnootherdeeds,exceptthatlivingLordthese
playsoffered.

([rrfor+ti/RR][nnic/PEN][vtcw+a+d/VT][naGodes/NMG
word/NNA],1[B[csfor+tan/CS][co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP
his/POgodspelle/NND][vtcw+a+d/VT],{D1}B]1,)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

41
 thereforeIsaidGodwords,becausethatheonhisgospelsaid,

(1(D[nnIc/PEN][vthate/VT]2[U[na+te/PEA][rrardlice/RR][vv
l+adan/VV][ppto/PP+t+ara/PDGmyltestrena/NNGhuse/NND]U]2,3[B
[co+t+at/CO][nn+du/PEN][na+tinne/POAm+ag+dhad/NNA][vt
forleose/VT]B]3,4[B[co+t+at/CO][nnse/PDNhalga/JJNgast/NNN]
[pp+te/PEDfram/PP][vtfleo/VT],5[B[cs+donne/CS][nn+tu/PEN]
[rrfullice/RR][vtbyst/ET][vngescynd/VN]B]5B]4.D)1)
(AELIVE,I,214.81)

Icommandyouquicklyleadtothoseprostituteshouse,thatyouyour
virginitylose,thatthatholybreathyoufromflee,whenyouentirely
areputtoshame.

+tecanbeusedasasubordinatingconjunction;forexample,whenitisrelatedtoanadverb
thatcanbeusedasasubordinatingconjunction:

([rrFor+ty/RR][vtbi+d/BT][nn+anig/JJN+ting/NNN][jnfull/JJN]
1[B[cs+te/CS][nnsum/PIN][vtbi+d/BT][jnwana/JJN]B]1,)
(BOETH,83.10)

thereforeisanythingfullwhensomeiswanting,

hw+a+dercanbeusedasasubordinatingconjunction;comparetheclausebelowwiththatin
Section8.2.3,wherehw+a+derintroducesadirectquestion.

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtsie/BT][ppon/PPcyninges/NNGdome/NND],1[B
[cshw+a+der/CS][nnhe/PEN][nalif/NNA][vtage/VT+te/CC
nage/VT~]B]1.)(LAW2,90.6)

andbeonkingdoom,whetherhelifeownornotown.

butoncanbeincludedwithinacsalongwithanotheradverborsubordinatingconjunction:

(Q...3[B[csbuton/CSfor+dy/CS][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vt
tiohhia+d/VT]4[T[co+t+at/CO][nnse/PDNstemn/NNN&/CCse/PDN
helm/NNN][atmote/MT][rr+ty/RR][rmf+astor/RM&/CC+te/RRleng/RT
][vvstondan/VV]T]4B]3...?Q)(BOETH,91.25)

...exceptbecausethattheydeterminethatthatvoiceandthat
protectionmaythereforemorefirmlyandthereforelongerstand?

Anadverbialclauseintroducedbytwoormoreadverbs(oftenthesamewordrepeated,e.g.
+ta+ta,swaswa)isbracketedwiththeadverbialgroupasthesubordinatingconjunction,
ratherthanasanadverbfollowedbyanadverbialclause.

([+And/CC][rmegeslice/RM][vtsp+ac/VT][nnGregorius/NMN][pp
be/PP+dam/PDD]1[B[cs+ta/RT+da/CS][nnhe/PEN][rr+tus/RR][vt
cw+a+d/VT]:<latin>siquisecclesiamDeidenudauerituelsanctimonia

42
 uiolauerit,anathemasit;adquodrespondentesomnesdixerunt,amen
</latin>{D1}B]1.)(WULF3,202.46)

andawfullyspokeGregorybythatthenwhenhethussaid:

Ingeneral,PPsandNPsthatareusedascs+cocanbefoundinClarkHalllistedunder
theprepositionorthenoun:

([rt+ta/RT][vtbes+at/VT][nnsio/PDNfierd/NNN][nahie/PEA][rl
+t+ar/RL][rrutan/RR]1[B[cs+ta/PDAhwile/NNA][co+te/CO][nn
hie/PEN][rl+t+ar/RL][rtlengest/RT][namete/NNA][vt
h+afdon/VT]B]1.)(CHROA2,85.894.26)

thensurroundedthatnationallevythemtherefromoutsidethatwhile
thattheytherelongestmeathad.

(1[B[csMid/PP+tam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vtlagon/VT]B]1
...[rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][ppon/PP
sl+ape/NND],)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

withthatthattheylay...thenbecameLucyonsleep,

Occasionally,however,thecollocationisnotlistedinClarkHall,butwehaveanalyzeditas
cs+coanyway:

([+And/CC][rrealles/RR][nnto/RRmanege/JJNhalige/JJN
stowa/NNN][rrwide/RR][vtforwurdan/VT]1[B[cs+turh/PP
+t+at/PDA][co+te/CO][nnman/PMN][nasume/JJAmen/NNA][pp+ar/PP
+tam/PDD][vtgelogode/VT]2[B[csswa/CS][nnman/PMN][rr~
na/RR~][~ne/NE][vtscolde/VT],3[B[csgif/CS][nnman/PMN][pp
on/PPGodes/NMGgri+de/NND][nam+a+te/NNA][vvwitan/VV][at
wolde/MT]B]3B]2B]1;)(WULF3,270.74)

andentirelyalsomanyholyspotswidelyperishedthroughthatthatone
somepersonsbeforethatlodgedsoasonenotnotowed,ifoneonGod
trucemeasureknowwould;

(swa)(...)swaclauses
(swa)(...)swaclausesareofthreetypes:

1)freerelatives,eitherinplaceorleftdislocated;seeSections8.3.2.4and8.3.3.1.

2)comparativeclauses,where(swa)swaisrelatedtoswainthemainclause,orwhereits
clearthatthereisagapinthe(swa)swaclause.SeeSection8.3.7below.

3)adverbialclauses.Notethatinthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,thefirstswa,ifit
exists,isclassifiedasw:av,thesecondasw:cosu.swaisPOStaggedaccordingly.

43
 ([nn1Se/PDN+aresta/JJNcyning/NNN][vtw+as/ET]1[S%nn1%[nn
Ninus/NMN]S]1[vnhaten/VN],2[B[csswa/CS][nnwe/PEN][rt
+ar/RT][rrbeforan/RR][vts+agden/VT]B]2.)(OROSIU,60.11)

thatfirstkingwasNinuscommanded,soaswebeforebeforesaid.

([nn+t+at/PDNCrecisce/JJN&/CC+t+at/PDNAffricanisce/JJN][vt
w+aron/BT]1[B[csswa/RRswa/CS][nnhie/PEN][ndhim/PED][vt
hiersumedon/VT]B]1...)(OROSIU,60.7)

thatGreekandthatAfricanweresosoastheythemobeyed...

Otheradverbsbesidesswacanappearwithinthe[cs...]:

(1[B[csSona/RTswa/CS][nnAtheniense/NMN][vtwiston/VT]2[T[co
+t+at/CO][nnDarius/NMN][nahie/PEA][ppmid/PPgefeohte/NND][vv
secan/VV][atwolde/MT]T]2B]1,[nnhie/PEN][vtacuron/VT][na
endlefan/JJA+tusend/NNAmonna/NNG],)(OROSIU,78.22)

soonsoasAtheniansknewthatDariusthemwithfightseekwould,they
choseeleventhousandcrimes,

na+t+atan+t+atclauses
Theseclausesareinvariablyconjoinedwithaclausestartingwithaceacswilceoracswilce
eac.Theyaretreatedasadverbialsubordinateclauses,withthenegativeadverbialphrasena
+t+atanbeforethecomplementizer+t+at.

([oHlaford/NNNApolloni/NMN],1[B[csgif/CS][nn+du/PEN][nd
+tissere/PDDhungrigan/JJDceasterwaru/NND][vtgehelpest/VT]B]1,
2[B[rr~na/RR~+t+at/RRan/RR][co+t+at/CO][nnwe/PEN][at
willa+d/MT][na+tinne/POAfleam/NNA][vvbediglian/VV]B]2,[+
ac/CC][rreac/RR][rrswilce/RR],3[B[csgif/CS][nd+te/PED]
[nnneod/NNN][vtgebira+d/VT]B]3,[nnwe/PEN][atwilla+d/MT][vv
campian/VV][ppfor/PP+dinre/PODh+alo/NND].)(APOLLO,14.9.18)

lordApollonius,ifyouthishungryburghershelp,notthenalonethat
wewillyourflightconceal,butalsoinlikemanner,ifyoudesire
happens,wewillstrivebeforeyourhealth.

([+&/CC][ppto/PPfor+dspownisse/NNDgedefre/JJGheannisse/NNG][pp
mid/PPgelomlicre/JJDstefne/NNDhaligre/JJGtrymnisse/NNG&/CClare/NNG
&/CCmid/PPsingalum/JJDbysenum/NNDarf+astre/JJGwyrcnesse/NNG][nn
he/PEN][paon_/PA][vtgon/VT]1[U[vvhean/VV&/CCmiclian/VV]U]1
.2[B[rr~Nales/RR~+t+at/RRan/RR][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][na
gem+ane/NNA%ng1%][vtdyde/VT][ng1+t+are/PDGneowan/JJG
cirican/NNG,3[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[ppof/PPOngolcynne/NMD]
[vngesomnod/VN][vtw+as/ET]L]3],[oac/CCswilce/RReac/RR
+tara/PDGealdra/JJGbiggengena/NNGBretta/NMG&/CCScotta/NMG.]B]2)
(BEDE,4.106.23)

andtoprosperitybefittinghighnesswithrepeatedvoiceholyfirmness
andloreandwithperpetualexamplesrespectedworkhebeganraiseand

44
 increase.notatallthenalonethathecaredidthatnewchurch,that
ofEnglishpeopleassembledwas,butinlikemanneralsothoseold
inhabitantsBritonsandScots.

([+ond/CC][nnhe/PEN][rtsona/RT][rrmicle/RR][ngwonunge/NNG
&/CC+awerdlan/NNG%ng1%][vtw+as/BT][ng1+t+are/PDGm+arwan/JJG
cyrican/NNGweaxnisse/NNG].1[B[csFor+don/CS][rr~nales/RR~
+t+at/RRaan/RR][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][naCristes/NMG
geleafan/NNA][paon_/PA][vvfon/VV][~ne/NE][atwolde/MT]B]1,
2[B[+ac/CC]%co%%np%[rrswylce/RR][rreac/RR][gdunalyfedre/JJD
forlegenesse/NND&/CCegeslicre/JJD][vtw+as/ET][vnbesmiten/VN],
3[B[rrswa/RR][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][vteode/VT][ppto/PP
his/POf+ader/NNGwife/NND]B]3B]2.)(BEDE,5.110.22)

andhesoongreatlywaningandinjurywasthattenderchurchincrease.
becausenotatallthenalonethatheChristbelieftakenotwould,but
inlikemanneralsonotallowedfornicationandawfulwassoiled,so
thathewenttohisfatherwoman.

Headedrelativeclauses[L...L]
Restrictiveandnonrestrictiveheadedrelativeclausesarenotdistinguished.Iftherelative
clauseisadjacenttoitsantecedent,itiscontainedwithinthebracketsoftheantecedent.Ifit
isextraposedfromanNPoraPP,itiscoindexedwithanemptycategory%L%(butseethe
noteoncoindexinginSection11).

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[whseo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1,][ppbetwux/PPo+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP+t+are/PDD
m+aran/JJDbyrigene/NND],[oand/CChire/POdohtor/NNNsamod/RR,
seo/PDNges+alige/JJNLucia/NMN].)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia,betweenotherpersonsto
thatfamousgrave,andherdaughtersimultaneously,thatfortuitous
Lucy.

(...1[Q[whhw+a+der/CS]%co%[nnhe/PEN][pp+after/PPf+ace/NND]
[atmeahte/MT][nao+derne/PIA%L1%][vvfindan/VV],2[L1%wh2%
[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nnmon/PMN][ppto/PPbiscope/NND][vv
hadian/VV][atmeahte/MT]L]2Q]1.)(BEDE,1.254.13)

...whetherheafterintervalcouldotherfind,thatonetobishop
ordaincould.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

45
Relativeclausesobligatorilycontainbothawhconstituentandacomplementizer;empty
categories%wh%and%co%areusediftheconstituentsarenotovert,asintheexamples
above.

Ingeneral,allwordswithinthewhconstituentarePOStaggedwiththeirnonwhpartof
speech,e.g.demonstrativepronoun,locativeadverb,prepositionpluscomplement,etc.The
whconstituent,whetherovertorempty,iscoindexedwithanemptycategorywithinthe
clauseindicatingthefunctionofthegap(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).Ifthe
gapisanargumentoftheverb,theemptycategoryimmediatelyfollowsthecomplementizer.
If,however,thegapiswithinaPPorsomeotherconstituent,theemptycategoryappears
withinthatconstituent.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtgemette/VT][naane/JJAn+addran/NNA,1[L[wh1
+t+are/PDD]%co%[nnhe/PEN]2[R[vgbebeodende/VGN]R]2[rr
+tus/RR][ppto/PP%nd1%][vtcw+a+d/VT],{V1}L]1])
(GREGD3,6.24.2)

andmeasuredoneadder,thatheofferingthustosaid,

Allen1980suggeststhat+t+atasarelativepronounshouldbeacomplementizerratherthan
awhconstituent.ItisntusedfrequentlyinOldEnglish,butitdoesoccurinrelativeswitha
neuterhead,relativesontemporalheads,andrelativeswitheallashead.Evidencethatitisa
complementizer:thetemporalheadsarenotnecessarilyneuterorsingular(gender/number
clash);+t+atpermitsprepositionstranding,like+teandunlikese.Thereforeall+t+at
relativepronouns,includingthosewheretheheadoftherelativeclauseisneutersingular,are
syntacticallybracketedascomplementizers.

Wehavedistinguishedfivetypesofheadedrelativeclauses:serelatives,+terelatives,se+te
relatives,swahw...swarelatives,andlocativerelatives,whicharediscussedinmoredetail
below.

Infinitivalrelativesaredifficulttodistinguishfrominfinitivalpurposeclauses.Therefore,we
donotgenerallylabelinfinitivalclausesasrelatives:infinitivalclausesaresyntactically
bracketedasU.AnLbracketisaddedonlyincaseswhereaclearrelativeclausegap
occursintheinfinitivalclause:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnmon/PMN][vt~n+abbe/VT~][rrbuton/RR][na
anfeald/JJAhr+agl/NNA2[L%wh1%%co%3[U[nahine/PFA][ppmid/PP
%nx1%][avto/PP][vvwreonne/VV]U]3L]24[L[+&/CC]%wh2%%co%

46
 5[U%nx2%[avto/PP][vvwerianne/VV]U]5L]4]B]1,6[B[+&/CC]
%cs%[nnhe/PEN][nahit/PEA][ppto/PPwedde/NND][vtselle/VT]B]6
,[pp+ar/PPsunnan/NNGsetlgonge/NND][vtsie/ET][nnhit/PEN][vn
agifen/VN].)(LAW2,38.36.1)

ifonenothaveoutsidesingledresshim(self)withtocoverandto
guard,andheittopledgegive,beforesunsettingbeitgiven.

serelatives
Intheserelativeclauses,thewhconstituentisovertandthecomplementizerisempty.The
caseofsewithinthewhconstituentalmostalwaysmatchesitscaseoftherelativeclause
gap.Allen1980saysthereareafewcaseswherethecaseinsteadmatchestheheadofthe
relativeclause,butthesecasesdonotappearintheBrooklynCorpus.Allenalsonotesthat
piedpipinginserelativesisobligatory(noprepositionstranding).

Inthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,seisclassifiedasw:prrl.ItisPOStaggedas
/PDc.

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[wh1seo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1,]...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia...

([+and/CC][nnse/PDNhalga/JJNGeorius/NMN][vtsi+dode/VT][pp
to/PPCriste/NMD,1[L[wh1mid/PP+dam/PDD]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN]
[rta/RT][vtwuna+d/VT][ppon/PPwuldre/NND]L]1];[oAmen/UH].
)(AELIVE,I,318.179)

andthatholyGeorgewenttoChrist,withthathealwaysinhabitson
glory;amen.

+terelatives
Intheserelativeclauses,thewhconstituentisempty,andthecomplementizerisovert.Inthe
morphologicalsectionofthetoken,+teisclassifiedasw:prrl;itisPOStaggedas/CO.
Allen1980notesthatthereisnopiedpipingintheseclauses(prepositionstrandingis
obligatory).

(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtsynd/BT][nnge/PEN2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%
[rl+t+ar/RL][vtspreca+d/VT]L]2],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

notareyouthattherespeak,

Includedinthiscategoryarewhatlooklikeheadlessse+terelativeclauses,bothwithinthe
clauseandleftdislocated,wherewehaveneverthelessidentifiedseastheheadofthe
relativeclause;inotherwords,theyarebracketedasNPsratherthanasclauses.Wehave
donesobecausetheypatternwith+terelatives:seis(almost)alwayscasemarkedforthe
mainclausegap,nottherelativeclausegap;andthereisnopiedpiping(preposition

47
strandingisobligatory).Inaddition,therelativeclausecanappearedextraposed,separated
fromtheheadse.Inthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,seisclassifiedasw:prde,+te
asw:prrl;seisPOStaggedas/PDCand+teas/CO.Analysingheadlessse+terelatives
inthiswaycausesaclashwiththecomplementationcodeinthemorphologicalsectionofthe
token,sinceinthatsectiontheyareanalyzedasfiniteclausesratherthanNPs.

(1(Q[oMin/PONswustor/NNNLucia/NMN,so+d/JJNgodes/NMGm+aden/NNN,
][wh1hwi/WR]%rr1%[vtbitst/VT][nn+tu/PEN][pp+at/PPme/PED]
[ng+t+as/PDG2[L%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nn+du/PEN][atmiht/MT]
[lnsylf/PFN][vvgeti+dian/VV]L]2]?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

mysisterLucy,trueGodmaiden,whyaskyouatmethatthatyoucan
selfgive?

Sincethedemonstrativepronounisidentifiedasthehead,boththewhconstituentandthe
complementizermaybeemptyinthistypeofrelativeclause:

([rtNu/RT][atwille/MT][nnwe/PEN][ndeow/PED][vvsecgan/VV]
[na+t+at/PDA1[L%wh%%co%%nn%[jnso+d/JJN][vtis/BT][ppbe/PP
+dam/PDD]L]1],...)(AELIVE,I,306.3)

nowwillweyousaythattrueisbythat,...

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhi/PEN][nahie/PFA][~ne/NE][vt
gesamnien/VT]B]1,[vtgielde/VT][nnse/PDN2[L%wh1%%co%%nn1%
[ng+d+as/PDGw+apnes/NNG][paon_/PA][vtlah/VT]L]2][na
+t+as/PDGweres/NNG+driddan/JJAd+al/NNA&/CC+t+as/PDGwites/NNG
+driddan/JJAd+al/NNA].)(LAW2,60.19.1)

iftheythem(selves)notassemble,yieldthatthatweaponlentthatman
thirdportionandthatpunishmentthirdportion.

Inleftdislocatedse+terelatives,seisoftencasemarkedfortherelativeclausegap.The
leftdislocatedsyntacticlabelfciscoindexedwiththeresumptivepronounonlyifthereisa
casemismatch(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

(V...[fa+ta/PDA1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%na%[nnman/PMN][vt
l+at/VT][ppto/PPdea+de/NND]L]1][vtalys/VI][nahi/PEA][pa
ut/PA][rtsymble/RT].V)(AELIVE,IV,330.214)

...thatthatoneleadstodeathloosenthemoutever.

Insomecases,nogapcanbeidentified,andaBrooklyncommenttothiseffectisadded:

([nnSe/PDN][vtw+as/BT][nnKarles/NMGsunu/NNN1[L%wh%[co+te/CO
][nn+a+telwulf/NMNWest_Seaxna/NMGcyning/NNN][nahis/PO
dohtor/NNA][vth+afde/VT][dhim/PED][ppto/PPcuene/NND]
<BC:_no_gap_in_rel_clause,_poss_pro_his_as_resumptive_pro>L]1].)
(CHROA2,78.885.18)

thatwasC.sonthatA.WestSaxonskinghisdaughterhadhimtowoman.

48
 se+terelatives
Intheserelativeclauses,boththewhconstituentandthecomplementizerareovert.Inthe
morphologicalsectionofthetoken,bothseand+teareclassifiedasw:prrl;seis
POStaggedas/PDCand+teas/CO,asintheserelativesandthe+terelatives.Asinthe
serelatives,thecaseofsenormallymatchesthecaseoftherelativeclausegap,but
occasionallymatchesthecaseofthehead.Allen1980notesthatpiedpipingisobligatoryin
theseclauses(noprepositionstranding).

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

swahw...swarelatives
Theseclausesbehaveliketheheadlessse+teclausesinSection8.3.2.3above,whereseis
analyzedastheheadofthe+terelativeclause.(Butnotethatleftdislocatedswahw...swa
relativeclausesbehavedifferently;seeSection8.3.3.1)Accordingly,wehaveanalyzedthe
swahw...phraseaspartofthemainclause,andthehwconstituent,ifitisnominal,is
casemarkedaccordingly.Thesecondswaistreatedasacomplementizer.Inthe
morphologicalsectionofthetoken,bothswaareclassifiedasw:cosu;thefirstswais
POStaggedas/CS,andthesecondswaas/CO.

(V[+Ac/CC][vtsyle/VI][rtnu/RT][ppon/PPgesundfulnysse/NND]
[nd+tam/PDDso+dan/JJDH+alende/NMD][naswa/CShw+at/PIA1[L%wh1%
[coswa/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgemyntest/VT]2[U%nx1%[ppon/PP
for+dsi+te/NND][avto/PP][vvdonne/VVD]U]2L]1].V)
(AELIVE,I,212.50)

butgivenowonhealththattrueSaviorsoasanythingsoasyouintend
ongoingforthtodo.

([+and/CC][rlswa/CShwider/RL1[L%wh1%[coswa/CO]%rl1%[nn
he/PEN][vtcom/VT]L]1][nnhe/PEN][vtcydde/VT][na+tas/PDA
wundra/NNA].)(AELIVE,III,142.262)

andsoaswhithersoashecameheproclaimedthesewonders.

Locativerelatives
Theseareanalyzedjustlikeserelatives,with%rl%astheemptycategoryintheclause.
+t+aristhemostfrequentlyusedwhconstituent.Inthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,
theadverbisclassifiedasw:cosu.Itisglossedaccordingly,andPOStaggedas/RL.

49
 (%nn%[vtsende/VT][rt+da/RT][ppto/PPScotlande/NMD,1[L[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnse/PDNgeleafa/NNN][vtw+as/BT][rt+da/RT
]L]1],)(AELIVE,III,128.48)

sentthentoScotland,wherethatbeliefwasthen,

([rtHer/RT][nnIda/NMN%L1%][vtfeng/VT][ppto/PPrice/NND],
1[L1[wh2+tonon/RL]%co%%rl2%[nnNor+tanhymbra/NMGcynecyn/NNN]
[paon_/PA][vtwoc/VT]L]1)(CHROA2,16.547.1)

hereI.tooktorule,thenceNorthumbriansroyalraceawoken

Locativerelativesmayhaveanotherlocativeadverbastheirhead:

([rrfor+dy/RR][vtfundia+d/VT][nn+alc/JJNgesceaft/NNN][rl
+tider/RL%L1%][rrswi+dost/RR]1[L1[wh2+tider/CS]%co%%rl2%
[nnhis/POeard/NNN&/CChis/POh+alo/NNN][rrswi+dost/RR][vt
bio+d/BT]L]1,)(BOETH,92.19)

thereforetendeachcreaturesthithermostwherehiscountryandhis
healthmostare,

Freerelativeclauses[H...H]
Wehavedistinguishedfourtypesoffreerelativeclauses:se+terelatives(bothinplaceand
leftdislocated)andswahw...swarelatives,whichareanalyzedasheadedrelatives(see
Sections8.3.2.4and8.3.3.2above);leftdislocatedswahw...swarelatives;andhw
relatives.

Ifafreerelativeisasubject,an[nnbracketisaddedsothatthematrixclausehasa
nominativeconstituent:

([+And/CC][oloc_/UH][nn1[H[wh1hwa/PIN]%co%%nn1%[na
+tone/PDAflyman/NNA][vtfede/VTo+d+de/CCfeormie/VT]H]1],[vt
gylde/VT][naV/JJApund/NNA][nd+tam/PDDcingce/NND],2[B[cs
butan/CS][nnhe/PEN][nahine/PFA][vtgeladige/VT],3[B[co
+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][ndhine/PEA][gdfleame/NND][vt~nyste/VT~]
B]3B]2.)(LAW3,316.13.2)

andlookanyonethatfugitivefeedorentertain,yield5poundthat
king,excepthehim(self)exculpateoneself,thathehimflight
notknew.

Leftdislocatedswahw...swarelatives
Intheseclauses,ifthehwconstituentisanNP,itiscasemarkedfortherelativeclause
gap.Inthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,bothswaareclassifiedasw:cosu;thefirst
swaisPOStaggedas/CS,thesecondas/CO.Theleftdislocationsyntacticlabelfis
alwayscoindexedwiththeresumptivepronountomakeidentificationofcoreferenceeasier
(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11):thecaseoftherelevantelementwithinthe
whconstituentfrequentlydoesnotmatchthecaseoftheresumptivepronoun.

50
 ([f11[H[wh2swa/CShw+at/PIA][coswa/CO]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN]
[ndminum/PODlichaman/NND][vtdest/VT]H]1],[~ne/NE][at
m+ag/MT][nn1+t+at/PDN][vvbelimpan/VV][ppto/PPme/PED].)
(AELIVE,I,214.92)

soasanyonesoasyoumybodydo,notcanthatconcerntome.

hwrelatives
Theserelativescanfunctionassubjects,complements,adjuncts,andappositives.Iftheyare
subjects,theyareenclosedin[nn...].

(...1[B[csfor+dan/CS][nnic/PEN][rtleng/RT][vt~n+abbe/VT~]
2[H[wh1hw+at/PIA]%co%%na1%[nnic/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
lacum/NND][vtaspende/VT]H]2B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

...becauseIlongernothaveanyoneIonhisplaysspend.

(V[+and/CC][na+ta/PDA+ahta/NNA][vtateoh/VI]1[V[vtloca/VI]
2[H[wh1hu/WR]%co%%ne%%rr1%[nd+te/PED][vtlicige/VT],H]2
[omin/PONleofa/JJNdohtor/NNN]V]1.V)(AELIVE,I,212.44)

andthosepossessionsdrawupseehowyouplease,mydeardaughter.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vthet/VT][nahine/PEA]1[U[vvsecgan/VV]2[H
[wh1of/PPhwilcere/WJDbyrig/NND]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN][vt
w+are/BT]H]2...U]1.)(AELIVE,I,308.23)

andcommandedhimsayofwhichforthewere...

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtrad/VT][ppmid/PPwerode/NND][ppto/PP1[H
[wh1+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnhis/PObro+dor/NNGheafod/NNN][vt
stod/VT]2[R[ppon/PPstacan/NND][vngef+astnod/VN]R]2H]1],)
(AELIVE,III,136.164)

androdewiththrongtowherehisbrotherheadstoodonpinfastened,

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtl+adde/VT][ppfor+d/PAmid/PPhim/PED]1[H
[wh1+t+ar/RL]%co%[nnhe/PEN][vtfundode/VT][ppto/PP%rl1%]
H]1.)(AELIVE,III,138.221)

andledforthwithhimwherehetendedto.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtges+at/VT]1[H[wh1+tar/RL]%co%%rl1%%ne%
[ndhim/PED][vnget+aht/VN][vtw+as/ET]H]1[ppongean/PP+done/PDA
cyngc/NNA].)(APOLLO,22.14.19)

andsatwherehimshownwastowardsthatking.

([rtNu/RT][vtbidde/VT][nnwe/PEN][na+te/PEA]1[T[co+t+at/CO
][nn+tu/PEN][vtgeceose/VT][nd+te/PFD][na+anne/PIA][ppof/PP
us/PED+trym/JJD][o2[H[wh2hwilcne/PIA]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN][at

51
 wille/MT][d+te/PED][ppto/PPa+dume/NND][vvhabban/VV]H]2]T]1
.)(APOLLO,30.19.12)

nowaskweyouthatyouchooseyou(yourself)oneofusthreewhichyou
willyoutosoninlawhave.

Someoftheseclausescouldbeinterpretedasheadedrelativeclauseswithamissinghead:

([nn+t+at/PDNo+der/JJN][vtw+as/BT][ngCreca/NMG],1[H[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnAlexander/NMN][vtricsade/VT]H]1;)
(OROSIU,58.28)

thatsecondwasGreeks,whereAlexanderreigned;

Indirectquestions[Q...Q]
Indirectquestionshavethesameinternalstructureasrelativeclauses(seeSection8.3.2).
TheyoccurasthecomplementsofverbsandNPs.Theyareintroducedbyvariouswh
phrases,includinghw+a+ter;seeSections8.2.3and8.3.1fordirectquestionsandadverbial
clausesintroducedbyhw+a+ter.

(1[B[cs+ta/CS][nnhe/PEN][na+d+at/PDA][vvsecgean/VV][at~
nolde/MT~]B]1,[rt+ta/RT][vtacsedon/VT][nnhie/PEN][na
hine/PEA]2[Q[wh1hu/WRfela/PIN]%co%[rl+t+ar/RL][nn%nn1%
swelcerra/JJGmanna/NNG][vtw+are/BT]3[M[csswelce/CS][nn
he/PEN][vtw+as/BT]M]3Q]2.)(OROSIU,68.25)

whenhethatsaynotwould,thenaskedtheyhimhowmanytheresuch
personswerejustashewas.

([rt+ta/RT][vtb+ad/VT][nnhe/PEN][nahine/PEA][ngeldenne/NNG
&/CCfyrstes/NNG],1[Q[whhw+a+der/CS]%co%[nnhe/PEN][pp
+after/PPf+ace/NND][atmeahte/MT][nao+derne/PIA%L1%][vv
findan/VV],2[L1%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nnmon/PMN][ppto/PP
biscope/NND][vvhadian/VV][atmeahte/MT]L]2Q]1.)
(BEDE,1.254.13)

thenaskedhehimdelayandperiod,whetherheafterintervalcould
otherfind,thatonetobishopordaincould.

IndirectquestionsarealsousedinappositiontoademonstrativepronounorotherNP.Inthis
casetheyareenclosedin[o...]todistinguishthemfromverbalcomplementsoftheclause.

([nnIc/PEN][vtwat/VT]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+alc/PIN+tara/PDG
2[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[na+tone/PDAcr+aft/NNA][~ne/NE][vt
can/VT]L]2][atwile/MT][ng+t+as/PDG][vvwundrian/VV][o3[Q
[whforhwy/WR]%co%%rr%[nnhi/PEN][rrswa/RR][vtdon/VT]Q]3]
T]1.)(BOETH,132.9)

Iknowthateachthosethatthatstrengthnotknowswillthatwonderwhy
theysodo.

52
Itisfrequentlydifficulttodistinguishfreerelativesfromindirectquestionsthatare
complementsofverbs.Wehaveusedthefollowingdiagnostic:ifthematrixverbasitisused
intheclause(e.g.negatedornot)cantakeawhetherclauseasacomplement,thenthe
complementisanindirectquestion;otherwiseitisafreerelative.

Thatclauses[T...T]
Thatclausesoccurasthecomplementsofverbs,nouns,andadjectives.Thatclause
complementsofverbsthathaveemptycomplementizersandthatarenotconjoinedare
treatedasembeddedmainclauses(seeSection8.2.7).Otherwise,ifthethatclausedoesnot
haveanovertcomplementizer,anemptycomplementizerisinserted.

Thatclausecomplementsofverbs:

([rt+ta/RT][vtf+agnode/VT][nnDatianus/NMN]1[T[co+t+at/CO]
[nnhe/PEN][vtfunde/VT][naswylcne/JJAdry/NNA]T]1,)
(AELIVE,I,310.59)

thenrejoicedDatianthathefoundsuchmagician,

(1(D[nnIc/PEN][vtsecge/VT][ndeow/PED][ppto/PPso+tan/JJD]
2[T[co+t+at/CO][nnsib/NNN][vtis/ET][vnforgifen/VN][nd
Godes/NMGgela+dunge/NND]T]2,3[T[+and/CC]%co%[nnse/PDN
gramlica/JJNcasere/NNNDioclytianus/NMN][vtis/ET][vngedon/VN]
[ppof/PPhis/POrice/NND]T]34[T[+and/CC]%co%[nnMaximianus/NMN
se/PDNmanfulla/JJN][vtis/BT][jndead/JJN]T]4.D)1)
(AELIVE,I,218.127)

IsayyoutotruethatrelationshipisgivenGodcalling,andthat
wrathfulemperorDiocletianisdoneofhisruleandMaximianthatwicked
isdead.

ThatclausecomplementsofnounsthatoccuradjacenttotheNPareenclosedwithinthe
bracketsoftheNP.

([nd+te/PED][vtis/BT][rrso+dlice/RR][nnmicel/JJN+tearf/NNN
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na+de/PFA][vtwarnige/VT]T]1],
2[B[csfor+dam/CS][co+te/CO][nn+du/PEN][vteart/ET][vn
fordemed/VN]B]2.)(APOLLO,12.8.11)

youistrulygreatneedthatyouyou(yourself)warn,becausethatyou
arecondemned.

ThatclausecomplementsofnounsthatareextraposedfromanNPoraPParecoindexed
withanemptycategory(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

(...1[B[csnu/CS][nn+tin/PONmildheortnesse/NNN][ndme/PED][na
leafe/NNA%T1%][vtsealde/VT]2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN
silf/PFN][atmoste/MT][vvceosan/VV]3[H[wh1hwilcne/WJA
wer/NNA]%co%%na1%[nnic/PEN][vtwolde/VT]H]3T]2B]1...)
(APOLLO,32.20.15)

53
 ...nowthatyourlovingkindnessmepermissiongavethatIselfmight
choosewhichmanIwished...

Thatclausesassociatedwiththelexicalitem+tearf,whethernominativeoraccusative,are
alwaysenclosedwithintheNPbrackets,eventhoughintuitivelytheseseemofasomewhat
differenttypethanthatclausecomplementslikethefactthat...

([nd+te/PED][vtis/BT][rrso+dlice/RR][nnmicel/JJN+tearf/NNN
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na+de/PFA][vtwarnige/VT]T]1],
2[B[csfor+dam/CS][co+te/CO][nn+du/PEN][vteart/ET][vn
fordemed/VN]B]2.)(APOLLO,12.8.11)

youistrulygreatneedthatyouyou(yourself)warn,becausethatyou
arecondemned.

Thatclausecomplementsofadjectivesarenotenclosedwithinthebracketsoftheadjective,
andthereisnoemptycategoryorcoindexing.

(1(V...[vtBeo/BI][nn+du/PEN][jngemindig/JJN],2[T[co
+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgehalige/VT][narestend+ag/NNA]T]2.
V)1)(AELET3,194.126)

...beyoumindful,thatyouhallowdayofrest.

([jnWyr+de/JJN][vtis/BT][nnseo/PDNstow/NNN][ppfor/PP
+tam/PDDwur+dfullan/JJDhalgan/NND]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nahi/PEA]
[nnman/PMN][vtwur+tige/VT]T]1...)(AELIVE,IV,332.255)

worthyisthatspotbeforethatworthysaintthatheroneesteem...

Thatclausesextraposedfromsubjectpositionarecoindexedtotheexpletivesubject,
whetherovertorempty(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

([nn1Hit/PEN][vtgelamp/VT][rt+da/RT][pp+at/PP+t+are/PDD
m+assan/NND],1[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnman/PMN][vtr+adde/VT][na
+t+at/PDAgodspell/NNA]...T]1.)(AELIVE,I,210.11)

ithappenedthenatthatmass,thatoneadvisedthatgospel...

([+and/CC]%ne1%[ndhim/PED][rreac/RR][rrswa/RR][vt
geeode/VT]...2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnhis/POswi+dre/JJNhand/NNN]
[vtis/BT][jngesundful/JJN][ppo+d/PP+tis/PDA]T]2.)
(AELIVE,III,132.98)

andhimalsosowent...thathisstrongerhandissoundtothis.

Insomecasesthethatclauseiscoindexedwiththesubject,buttheverbhasa
complementationcodeforatensedclause.Intheexamplebelow,theverbges+adhas
complementationcode4.

54
 (%ne1%[rtNu/RT][vtis/ET][ndus/PED][vnges+ad/VN]1[T1[co
+t+at/CO][nnsum/JJNhalig/JJNcyning/NNN][vtis/BT][ppon/PP
eowrum/PODearde/NND],2[S%nn%[nnOswold/NMN]S]2[vngehaten/VN]
T]1;)(AELIVE,III,140.256)

nowisussaidthatsomeholykingisonyourcountry,O.commanded;

...
ges+ad_l(secgan)_m(m:pt_t:pa_w:vb)_c(4)
...

Itisfrequentlydifficulttodeterminewhetherthethatclausefunctionsasthesubjectorasthe
complementofanounoradjective.Iftheverbisacopula,thethatclauseiscoindexedwith
thesubject(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

(1(Q[wh1hw+at/WPN]%nn1%[vtis/BT][nnse/PDNintinga/NNN]
2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnan/JJN+tusend/NNNmanna/NNG][na+te/PEA][~
ne/NE][atmagon/MT][vvastyrian/VV]3[R[rrswa/RR][jn
unstrang/JJN]4[M[csswa/CS][nn+du/PEN][vteart/BT]M]4R]3
T]2?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,216.108)

whoisthatmatterthatonethousandpersonsyounotcanexcitesoweak
soasyouare?

(%ne1%[vt~N+as/BT~][ndme/PED][rr~n+afre/RR~][jn
gewunelic/JJN]1[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][vtworhte/VT][ng
fleames/NNG]T]1,)(AELIVE,IV,320.78)

notwasmeneverusualthatIpreparedflight,

ThatclausesaresometimesusedinappositiontoademonstrativepronounorotherNP.In
thiscase,theNPisidentifiedastheargumentoftheverb,andthethatclauseisembeddedin
[o...]todistinguishitfromaverbalcomplement,withnoemptycategoryorcoindexing.

([rt+ta/RT][vtgeascade/VT][nnse/PDNcyng/NNN][na+t+at/PDA]
[o1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhie/PEN][paut/PA][ppon/PPherga+d/NNA]
[vtforon/VT]T]1],)(CHROA2,96.911.8)

thendiscoveredthatkingthatthattheyoutonharryingwent,

([nnHe/PEN][vt+tancode/VT][rt+da/RT][ndGode/NMD][ng
eallra/JJGhis/POgodnyssa/NNG],[o1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN]
[nahine/PEA][vtgescylde/VT][ppwi+d/PP+tone/PDAswicolan/JJA
deofol/NNA]T]1,2[T[+and/CC]%co%%nn%[ndhim/PED][na
sige/NNA][vtforgeaf/VT][pp+turh/PPso+dne/JJAgeleafan/NNA]T]2]
.)(AELIVE,I,318.163)

hethankedthenGodallhisgoodnesses,thathehimaccusedwiththat
guilefuldevil,andhimvictorygavethroughtruebelief.

55
 Infinitivalclauses[U...U]
Complementsofcausativeverbs,ECMverbs,verbsofperception,andaspectualverbsare
bracketedasinfinitivalclauses.Complementsofmodalsandauxiliaryverbsarenot
bracketedasinfinitivalclauses.

(1(D[nnIc/PEN][vthate/VT]2[U[na+te/PEA][rrardlice/RR][vv
l+adan/VV][ppto/PP+t+ara/PDGmyltestrena/NNGhuse/NND]U]2...
D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.81)

Icommandyouquicklyleadtothoseprostituteshouse...

(1[B[csGif/CS][nn+tu/PEN]2[U[name/PEA][rrunwilles/RR][vv
gewemman/VV]U]2[rtnu/RT][vtdest/VT]B]1,[ndme/PED][vt
bi+d/ET][nntwifeald/JJNcl+annysse/NNN][vngeteald/VN][ppto/PP
wuldre/NND].)(AELIVE,I,214.90)

ifyoumeunwillinglydefilenowdo,meistwofoldcleannesscountedto
glory.

([+and/CC]%np%[vtbegunnon/VT]1[U[nahi/PEA][vvteon/VV][pp
to/PP+t+are/PDGgalnysse/NNGhuse/NND]U]1;)(AELIVE,I,216.95)

andbeganherpulltothatfrivolityhouse;

(V[+Ac/CC][vtsyle/VI][rtnu/RT][ppon/PPgesundfulnysse/NND]
[nd+tam/PDDso+dan/JJDH+alende/NMD][naswa/CShw+at/PIA1[L%wh1%
[coswa/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgemyntest/VT]2[U%nx1%[ppon/PP
for+dsi+te/NND][avto/PP][vvdonne/VVD]U]2L]1].V)
(AELIVE,I,212.50)

butgivenowonhealththattrueSaviorsoasanythingsoasyouintend
ongoingforthtodo.

Participialsthatarecomplementsofverbsarealsobracketedasinfinitivalclauses:

(1(D2[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtclypige/VT][natyn/JJA
+tusend/NNAmanna/NNG]B]2,[nnhi/PEN][atsceolan/MT][en
ealle/JJN][vvgehyran/VV][na+tone/PDAhalgan/JJAgast/NNA]3[U[rr
+tus/RR][vgcwe+dende/VG],{D2}U]3D)1)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

althoughyouspeaktenthousandpersons,theymustallhearthatholy
breaththussaying,

Infinitivalrelativesareoftendifficulttodistinguishfrominfinitivalpurposeclauses.
Thereforenodistinctionisgenerallymadeandinfinitivalclausesaresimplybracketedas
[U.An[Lbracket,withtheaccompanyingwhandcoemptycategories,isaddedonlyin
caseswhereaclearrelativeclausegapoccursintheinfinitivalclause:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnmon/PMN][vt~n+abbe/VT~][rrbuton/RR][na
anfeald/JJAhr+agl/NNA2[L%wh1%%co%3[U[nahine/PFA][ppmid/PP
%nx1%][avto/PP][vvwreonne/VV]U]3L]24[L[+&/CC]%wh2%%co%

56
 5[U%nx2%[avto/PP][vvwerianne/VV]U]5L]4]B]1,6[B[+&/CC]
%cs%[nnhe/PEN][nahit/PEA][ppto/PPwedde/NND][vtselle/VT]B]6
,[pp+ar/PPsunnan/NNGsetlgonge/NND][vtsie/ET][nnhit/PEN][vn
agifen/VN].)(LAW2,38.36.1)

ifonenothaveoutsidesingledresshim(self)withtocoverandto
guard,andheittopledgegive,beforesunsettingbeitgiven.

Overtaccusativesubjectsofinfinitivalverbsarenotcontainedwithinthe[U...U],andno
distinctionismadeinthebracketingorstructureforthedifferenttypesofverbsthattake
infinitivalcomplements.Iftheaccusativesubjectisovert,thecomplementationcodeofthe
matrixverbis5;ifthesubjectisnotovert,thecomplementationcodeis7.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vthet/VT][nahine/PEA]1[U[vvsecgan/VV]2[H
[wh1of/PPhwilcere/WJDbyrig/NND]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN][vt
w+are/BT]H]2...U]1.)(AELIVE,I,308.23)

andcommandedhimsayofwhichforthewere...

InonetokenintheBrooklynCorpus,theovertNPsubjectcouldnotbestraightforwardly
parsedasbeingoutsidetheUclause:

([atUton/AT][vvl+atan/VV][rt+tonne/RT]1[U[vvbion/BV]U]1
[na+ta/PDAspr+ace/NNA],2[U[+&/CC][vvbion/BV][naunc/PEA]
[ng+d+as/PDG][jaorsorge/JJA]
<BC:_acc_N_exceptionally_within_inf_clause>U]2...)(BOETH,88.31)

letusleavebehindthenbethatlanguage,andbeustwothat
unconcerned...

Infinitivalsthemselvescanalsoactassubjects;whentheyareextraposed,theyarecoindexed
totheovertoremptyexpletive(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

([+and/CC]%ne1%[ndme/PED][rmbet/RM][vtlica+d/VT]1[U1[av
to/PP][vvforl+atenne/VVD][rtnu/RT][na+tisne/PDA
hwilwendlican/JJAwur+dmynt/NNA]U]1...)(AELIVE,I,308.28)

andmebetterpleasestorelinquishnowthistransitoryhonor...

Infinitivalscanalsoactaspurposeclauses:

(V[odrihten/NMN],[vtefst/VI][nn+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT]1[U[nd
me/PED][avto/PP][vvfultumigenne/VVD]U]1,V)(AELIVE,I,312.89)

Lord,hastenyounowmetohelp,

Comparativeclauses[M...M]
Aclauseiscategorizedascomparativeratherthanadverbialonlyifithasanobviousgap.
Comparativeclausesdonothavewhconstituents,andthegapinthecomparativeclauseis

57
notnormallyindicatedbyanemptycategory(butseebelowforsubjectgaps).Extraposed
comparativeclausesarenotcoindexedwithemptycategories.Thesubordinatorsmost
frequentlyusedareswaandswelce,although+tecanbeusedaswell.Inthemorphological
sectionofthetoken,thefirstswa/swelceisclassifiedasw:ajatorw:av,thesecondas
w:cosu,andtheyarePOStaggedcorrespondingly.

(...1[B[co+t+at/CO][ppon/PPswelce/JJAhealfe/NNA2[M[cs
swelce/CS][nnhie/PEN][rt+tonne/RT][vgwinnende/VG][vv
beon/EV][atwoldan/MT]...M]2]...B]1.)(OROSIU,106.11)

...thatonsuchhalfjustastheythenlaboringbewould...

([vt~Nis/ET~][nnAngelcynn/NMN][vnbed+aled/VN][ngDrihtnes/NMG
halgena/NNG],1[B[cs+tonne/CS][ppon/PPEnglalanda/NMD][vt
licga+t/VT][nnswilce/JJNhalgan/NNN2[M[csswylce/CS][nn+t+as/PDN
halga/JJNcyning/NNN][vtis/BT]M]2...B]1.)(AELIVE,IV,332.259)

notisEnglishpeopledeprivedLordsaints,whenonEnglandliesuch
saintsjustasthisholykingis...

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtli+d/VT][rl+t+ar/RL]1[R[rrswa/RR][jn
andsund/JJN]2[M[csswa/CS][nnhe/PEN][paof_/PA][vn
aslagen/VN][vtw+as/ET]M]2R]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.172)

andliestheresosoundsoashesmittenoffwas.

([+ac/CC]%nn%[pa+turh_/PA][vtwunode/VT][ppon/PP
gebedum/NND][rtswa/RRlange/RT1[M[csswa/CS][nnheo/PEN][vt
wolde/VT]M]1],)(AELIVE,I,218.127)

butremainedonprayerssolongsoasshewished,

([nnIc/PEN][vtswerige/VT][pp+turh/PP+da/PDAgem+anan/JJA
h+alo/NNA]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][name/PFA][rr~n+afre/RR~
][rmbet/RM][~ne/NE][vtba+dode/VT]2[M[cs+tonne/CS][nn
ic/PEN][vtdide/VT][rttod+ag/RT]M]2T]1)(APOLLO,20.14.1)

IswearthroughthatcommonhealththatIme(myself)neverbetternot
washedwhenIdidtoday

([+~ne/CC~]%nn%[pp~to/PPnauhte/NND~][~ne/NE][vtweor+da+d/BT
],1[B[csgif/CS][nnhi/PEN][pp~be/PPnanum/JJD~d+ale/NND][~
ne/NE][vtbeo+d/ET][vngef+astnode/VN][ppto/PPGode/NMD].[rr
+ton/RRma/RR2[M[cs+te/CS][nn+t+as/PDGhweoles/NNGfelga/NNN][at
magon/MT][vvbion/BV][ppon/PP+d+am/PDDf+arelte/NND],3[B[cs
gif/CS][nnhi/PEN][~ne/NE][vtbio+d/BT][jnf+aste/JJN][pp
on/PP+t+am/PDDspacum/NND],[o&/CC+ta/PDNspacan/NNNon/PP
+t+are/PDDeaxe/NND]B]3M]2]B]1.)(BOETH,130.8)

neithertonothingnotare,iftheybynoportionnotarefastenedto
God.thenmorewhenthatwheelfelloescanbeonthatway,iftheynot
arefastonthosespokes,andthosespokesonthataxis.

58
(swa)swaclausesthatareclearlyrelatedtoaswainthemainclausearetreatedinthesame
way:

(...2[B[rr~nales/RR~][rr~na/RR~][csfor_+t+am/CS][co+te/CO]
[nnhio/PEN][ppmid/PPforheriunge/NND][rrswa/RR][vngebismrad/VN
][vtw+are/ET]3[M[csswa/CS][nnBabylonia/NMN][vtw+as/ET]M]3
B]2...;)(OROSIU,74.34)

...notatallnotbecausethatshewithharassingsomockedweresoas
Babylonwas;

([+and/CC]1[M[csswa/RRswa/CS][nn+teos/PDNburh/NNN][vtis/ET
][vngem+arsod/VN][pp+turh/PPme/PEA][ppfram/PPCriste/NMD]
M]1,[rrswa/RR][vtbi+d/ET][nnSiracusa/NMNburh/NNN][pp
+turh/PP+te/PEA][vngewlitegod/VN]...)(AELIVE,I,212.30)

andsosoasthisfortisproclaimedthroughmefromChrist,sois
Syracusefortthroughyoubeautified...

Infinitivalcomparativeclausesareparsedasinfinitivalobjectsofprepositions:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][ppto/PPhw+a+drum/PID+tissa/PDG]
[vngenied/VN][vtsie/ET][ppon/PPwoh/NNA],[oo+d+de/CCto/PP
hlafordsearwe/NNDo+d+de/CCto/PP+angum/JJDunryhtum/JJDfultume/NND]
B]1,[nn+t+at/PDN][vtis/ET][rt+tonne/RT][jnryhtre/JJN]2[U
[avto/PP][vvaleoganne/VV]U]2[pp+tonne/CS3[U[avto/PP][vv
gel+astanne/VV]U]3].)(LAW2,46.1.1)

ifanyonetoboththeseforcedbeonbending,ortohightreasonorto
anywronghelp,thatisthenstraightertoliewhentofollow.

Aswasstatedabove,normallygapsarenotindicatedincomparativeclauses.However,so
thatallMclausescontainanominativeNP,clearsubjectgapsareindicatedbyanempty
categoryandanemptywhconstituent.

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][vtadelfe/VT][naw+aterpyt/NNA]B]1
...3[B[+&/CC]%cs%%nn%[nahine/PEA][rteft/RT][~ne/NE][vt
betyne/VT]B]3,%np%[vtgelde/VT][naswelc/JJAneat/NNA4[M%wh1%
[csswelc/CS]%nn1%[pp+d+ar/RLon/PP][vtbefealle/VT]M]4],)
(LAW2,34.1.22)

ifanyonedigwell...andhimagainnotenclose,yieldsuchanimalas
thereonfall,

Degreecomplements[G...G]
Degreecomplementsarefrequentlyrelatedtoswa,buttheycanalsoberelatedtoto+tonor
to+t+aswhenthesephrasesmeantotheextent...that.Degreeclausesarenevercoindexed
withemptycategories.

59
 ([rl+t+ar/RL][vtw+aron/BT][nnswa/RRm+are/JJNbiscopas/NNN
manege/JJN][ppon/PP+dam/PDDsyno+de/NND],1[G[co+t+at/CO][nn
hy/PEN][vvwyrcean/VV][atmihtan/MT][nawundra/NNA]G]1...)
(AELET4,3.7)

thereweresofamousbishopsmanyonthatsynod,thattheyprepare
couldwonders...

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtahsode/VT]1[Q[whhwylc/WJNmon/NNN]%co%%nn%
[ppto/PP+d+as/RR][jngedyrstig/JJN][vtw+are/BT],2[G[co
+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][ndswa/RRmiclum/JJDwere/NND][naswilc/JJA
witu/NNA][vtdyde/VT]G]2Q]1.)(BEDE,6.114.29)

andaskedwhichpersontoafterwardsdaringwere,thathesogreatman
suchpunishmentsdid.

([+and/CC]%nn%1[R[rrswa/RR][jnanr+ade/JJN]R]1[pa
+turh_/PA][vtwunode/VT]2[G[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][at~
nolde/MT~][vvabugan/VV][ppto/PPbysmorfullum/JJDleahtrum/NND]
G]2,)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

andsounanimousremainedthathenotwouldbowtoinfamousvices,

Smallclauses[S...S]
Thesmallclauselabelisusedforverblessconstituentscontaininginternalpredication:a
subjectandanominaloradjectivalcomplement.

Ifthetwoconstituentsofthesmallclauseareadjacentandthesubjectisbeforethe
complement,theyarebracketedastheyappearwithinsmallclausebrackets,nomatterwhere
inthematrixclausethesmallclauseappears.

([ppAn/PPAntiochia/NMD+tare/PDDceastre/NND][vtw+as/BT]1[S[nn
sum/JJNcyningc/NNN][nnAntiochus/NMN]S]1[vngehaten/VN]:)
(APOLLO,2.1.1)

onAntiochthatcastlewassomekingAntiochuscommanded:

Ifthetwoconstituentsofthesmallclauseareseparated,andthesubjectisbeforethe
complement,thesmallclausebracketingappearswiththecomplement,andthesubjectis
coindexedwithanemptycategorywithinthesmallclause(butseethenoteoncoindexingin
Section11).

([+and/CC][nn1se/PDNmunuc/NNN][vthatte/VT]1[S%nn1%[nn
Abbo/NMN]S]1.)(AELIVE,IV,314.1)

andthatmonkcommandedAbbo.

Ifthecomplementofthesmallclauseappearsbeforethesubject,thesmallclausecontains
twoemptycategoriesandappearsafterthematrixverb.

60
 ([nn1Georius/NMN][nn2ic/PEN][vteom/ET][vngehaten/VN]1[S
%nn2%%nn1%S]1,)(AELIVE,I,308.28)

GeorgeIamcommanded,

Ifthecomplementofthesmallclauseappearsbeforethesubjectandthesubjectappearsafter
thematrixverb,thesmallclausecontainsthesubjectandthereforealsoappearsafterthe
matrixverb:

(...[rt+da/RT][vtw+as/ET][nn1Apollonius/NMN][vngehaten/VN]
2[S[nnsum/JJNiung/JJNman/NNN...%nn1%S]2)(APOLLO,4.4.1)

...thenwasApolloniuscommandedsomeyoungperson...

Insmallclauses,PPscanfunctionassubjects:

([na1+deofas/NNA][nnwe/PEN][vthata+d/VT]1[S[ppo+d/PP
VII/JJAmen/NNA]%na1%S]1;[ofrom/PPVII/NNDhlo+d/NNNo+d/PP
XXXV/NNA];)(LAW2,94.13.1)

criminalswecommandto7persons;from7troopto35;

Wehavefoundsmallclausecomplementsofhatanwithonlyoneargument;thenonovert
NPisindicatedby%np%:

([+&/CC][nnhe/PEN][nd+d+are/PDDcirican/NND][ppfor/PP
hine/PFA][nao+derne/JJAbiscop/NNA][vtgehalgode/VT],1[P2[S%np
%[nnRomanus/NMN]S]2[vtw+as/ET][vnhaten/VN]P]1,3[B[cs
for+don/CS][nnhe/PEN][naaldorlicnisse/NNA%T1%][paon_/PA][vt
feng/VT][ppfrom/PPBonefatio/NMD+tam/PDDpapan/NND],4[T1[co
+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][nabiscopas/NNA][vvhadian/VV][at
moste/MT]T]4B]3.)(BEDE,7.118.26)

andhethatchurchbeforehim(self)otherbishophallowed,R.was
commanded,becauseheauthoritytookfromB.thatpope,thathebishops
ordainmight.

Forthesakeofconsistency,allpassiveclausesthatfitthesyntacticdescriptionofsmall
clausesaresyntacticallybracketedas[S...S],eventhoughitmaybepossibletointerpretthe
passiveparticipleasanadjunctofoneoftheNPs.Inthefollowingexample,theclausecould
betranslatedasInthecityofAntioch,therewasakingcalledAntiochus.

([ppAn/PPAntiochia/NMD+tare/PDDceastre/NND][vtw+as/BT]1[S[nn
sum/JJNcyningc/NNN][nnAntiochus/NMN]S]1[vngehaten/VN]:)
(APOLLO,2.1.1)

onAntiochthatcastlewassomekingAntiochuscommanded:

Nevertheless,somecasesarestillambiguous.Intheexamplebelow,wehavebracketedthe
embeddedclauseasanRratherthananS:

61
 ([nnWe/PEN][vtsyndon/BT][nn+tyne/PONceastergewaran/NNN]1[R
[ppof/PP+a+delum/JJDgebyrdum/NND][vngeborene/VNN]R]1)
(APOLLO,30.19.10)

weareyourburghersofnobledescentscarried.

Impersonalverbslike+tyncancantakesmallclausecomplements.Thenominativeargument
isthentreatedaspartofthesmallclause,andthesmallclauseiscoindexedwithan(empty)
expletiveinthemainclause(butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11).

(1(Q[csHwe+ter/CS]%ne1%[nd+te/PED][rt+tonne/RT][vt
+tince/VT]2[S1[jnunweor+d/JJN&/CCunm+arlic/JJN][nnsio/PDN
gegaderunc/NNN+tara/PDG+driora/JJG+tinga/NNG]S]23[B[cs
+tonne/CS][nn+ta/PDN+trio/NNN][vtbio+d/ET][ppto/PPanum/PID]
[vngedon/VN]B]3,Q)1)(BOETH,75.18)

whetheryouthenappearunworthyandingloriousthatgatheringthose
threethingswhenthosethreearetoonedone,

Thiscanresultinthepresenceofanemptyexpletivedespitethepresenceofanominative
NP:

(1(D%ne1%[nn2Se/PDN%L3%][ndme/PED][vt+dinc+d/VT]2[S1
%nn2%[jnges+aligra/JJN]S]23[L3%wh4%[co+te/CO]%nn4%[na
hw+athwugu/PIA][vth+af+d/VT]L]3.D)1)(BOETH,119.4)

thatmeappearsmorefortuitousthatsomethinghas.

Adjunctparticipial/adjectivalclauses[R...R]
AswithotherclausesthatcanmodifynounsandNPs,adjunctclausesthatareadjacenttothe
constituenttheymodifyareenclosedinthebracketsofthatconstituent,exceptinthecaseof
pronominals(eitherpersonalordemonstrative),wheretheyarebracketedseparately.

(...[rt+da/RT][vtcomon/VT][rl+tyder/RL][rtsona/RT][nn
his/POagene/JJNlandleode/NNN2[R[jngeleofede/JJN][ppon/PPGod/NMA
]R]2],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

...thencamethithersoonhisownnativesbelievingonGod,

([f1[H[wh1Swa/CShwilc/JJNman/NNN][coswa/CO][na+de/PEA]2[R
[vglifigende/VGA]R]2[ppto/PPhim/PED][vtbring+d/VT]H]1],[pa
on_/PA][vtfo/VT][nnse/PDN][nafiftig/JJApunda/NNA
goldes/NNG].)(APOLLO,12.8.17)

soaswhichpersonsoasyoulivingtohimbrings,takethatfifty
poundsgold.

Ifadjunctclausesareseparatedfromtheconstituenttheymodify,theyarenotcoindexedto
emptycategories.

62
 ([+and/CC]%nn%[vtgeseah/VT][naAgathen/NMA][ppbetwux/PP
engla/NNGwerodum/NND],1[R[rr+anlice/RR][vngefretewode/VNA]R]1
,)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

andsawAgathabetweenangelsthrongs,singularlyadorned,

Absoluteclauses[A...A]
Absoluteclausesareconstructionswithasubjectdifferentfromthatofthematrixclauseand
averbinparticipialorinfinitivalform.Whentheverboftheabsoluteclauseisapresent
participle,thestructureoftheclauseissimilartothatoftheadjunctparticipialclauses(see
Section8.3.10above),exceptthatthelatterdonothaveanovertsubject.Absoluteclauses
areoftentranslationsofLatinablativeabsolutes.

([+&/CC][rt+ta/RT][rtsona/RT][rteft/RT]1[A[ndGode/NMD]
[vgfultomiendum/VGD]A]1[nnhe/PEN][atmeahte/MT][vvgeseon/VV
&/CCsprecan/VV],)(CHROA2,56.797.1)

andthensoonagainGodhelpinghecouldseeandspeak,

Directspeechfragments[F...F]
Directspeechfragmentsincludedirectspeechthatisnotamainclause:thatis,nota
declarative,directquestion,imperative,orexclamation.Fragmentsmaybesubordinate
clauses,phrases,andevensinglewords.NotethatintheunpackedFormat3of.unpacked
files,speechfragmentsareunpackedasclauses.

([nnHellanicus/NMN][vts+ade/VT]:1[F2[B[csFor+dam/CS][co
+te/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgirndest/VT]3[T[co+t+at/CO][nn
+tu/PEN][vtw+are/BT][nn+t+at/PDN4[L%wh1%%co%%nn1%[nnse/PDN
f+ader/NNN][vtis/BT]L]4]T]3B]2.F]1)(APOLLO,12.8.15)

Hellanicussaid:becausethatyouyearnedthatyouwerethatthatfather
is.

([nnHellanicus/NMN][vtcw+a+d/VT]:1[F[nnAntiochus/NMNse/PDN
cyngc/NNN]F]1.)(APOLLO,12.8.13)

Hellanicussaid:Antiochusthatking.

([+and/CC][nnheo/PEN][vtgewat/VT][ppto/PPCriste/NMD]1[B
[csmid/PP+tam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vtcw+adon/VT]2[F[o
amen/UH]F]2B]1.)(AELIVE,I,218.149)

andshedepartedtoChristwiththatthattheysaidamen.

Unknownclausetype[X...X]
ClausesarelabelledXwhenthesyntacticstructureisnotclear.Inthetokenbelow,the
internalstructureisclear,butthehighestlevelappearstobeanNPratherthanamainclause.

63
 (1[X[nn+ta/PDNconsulas/NNN2[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[ppon/PP
+d+am/PDDdagum/NND][na+t+at/PDASabinisce/JJAgewinn/NNA][pa
under_/PA][vtfengon/VT]L]2],[x+te/CO][nnmon/PMN][vthet/VT
]3[S[naeall/JJAhiera/POcynn/NNA][naFabiane/NMA]S]3,4[B[cs
for_+ton/CS][nnhit/PEN][nnealra/JJGRomana/NMG+anlicost/JJN][vt
w+as/BT][o&/CCcr+aftegast/JJN]B]4X]1.)(OROSIU,72.8)

thoseconsulsthatonthosedaysthatSabinelaborreceived,thatone
commandedalltheirkindFabii,becauseitallRomansmostsingularwas
andstrongest.

Wehavefoundseveralcases(particularlyinthelawdocuments)wherearelativeclauseis
continuedwithoutagap,somewhatlikethecontinuationofanormalsubordinateclause
withoutsubordinatingconjunction.ThesecontinuationsarelabelledX.

([fnSe/PDN1[L%wh1%[co+de/CO]%nn1%[nahine/PEA][rt+tonne/RT
][rrnedes/RR][paof_/PA][vtsloge/VT][oo+d+de/CCunwillum/RM
o+d+de/CCungewealdes/RM],2[B[csswelce/CS][nahine/PEA][nn
God/NMN][rrswa/RR][vtsende/VT][ppon/PPhis/POhonda/NND]B]2
L]1],3[X[+&/CC][nnhe/PEN][nahine/PEA][~ne/NE][paymb_/PA
][vtsyrede/VT]X]3,[vtsie/BT][nnhe/PEN][ngfeores/NNG][jn
wyr+de/JJN][o&/CCfolcryhtre/JJGbote/NNG],4[B[csgif/CS][nn
he/PEN][nafri+dstowe/NNA][vtgesece/VT]B]4.)(LAW2,30.13.2)

thatthathimthenofneedstruckofforunwillinglyorinvoluntarily,
justashimGodsosentonhishand,andhehimnotdesigned,behelife
worthyandaccordingtocommonlawhelp,ifherefugeseek.

Intheexamplebelow,aclausewiththefunctionofamainclausebutintroducedbythatis
labelledX:

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtgestihtedon/VT]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN]
[rl+t+ar/RL][atwolden/MT][na+t+are/PDGwisan/NNGende/NNA][vv
gebidan/VV]T]1.[xAc/CC+ta/PDNarleasan/JJNcyningas/NNNnales/RR~
micelre/JJDtide/NND,2[B[cs+after/PP+ton/PDI][co+te/CO][nn
heo/PEN][na+tone/PDAso+df+astnisse/NNGbodan/NNA][ppfrom/PP
him/PED][vtadrifon/VT]B]2,3[X[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][nd
deofla/NNGbig+angum/NND][rrfreolice/RR][vt+teowedon/VT]
X]3].)(BEDE,5.112.31)

andruledthattheytherewouldthatwayendstay.butthose
dishonorablekingsnotatallgreattime,afterthatthattheythat
truthmessengerfromthemdrove,thattheydevilswaysfreelyserved.

Mainorsubordinateclause?
Itmustbeemphasizedthattheclausetypeisnotalwaysclear.Inthefollowingexample,the
Tclauses(apartfromthefirstone)couldalsobeinterpretedasmainclauses:

([+&/CC][nnures/POGhlafordes/NNGger+adnes/NNN&/CChis/PO
witena/NNG][vtis/BT],1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnmuneca/NNGgehwylc/PIN

64
 ,2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[rrute/RR][vtsy/BT][ppof/PP
mynstre/NND]L]23[L[+&/CC]%wh2%%co%%nn2%[ngregoles/NNG][~
ne/NE][vtgyme/VT]L]3],[vtdo/VT]4[B[csswa/CS][ndhim/PED]
[nn+tearf/NNN][vtis/BT]B]4T]1:5[T%co%%nn%[vtgebuge/VT][rm
georne/RM][ppinto/PPmynstre/NND][ppmid/PPeallum/JJD
eadmettum/NND]T]56[T[+&/CC]%co%%nn%[ngmisd+ada/NNG][vt
geswice/VT]T]67[T[+&/CC]%nn%[vtbete/VT][rrswy+te/RR][rm
georne/RM][na+t+at/PDA8[L%wh3%%co%%nx3%[nnhe/PEN][vn
abrocen/VN][ath+abbe/HT]L]8]T]7;9[T%co%%nn%[vtge+dence/VT]
[naword/NNA&/CCwedd/NNA,10[L%wh4%[co+te/CO]%nx4%[nn
he/PEN][ndGode/NMD][vtbet+ahte/VT]L]10]T]9.)(LAW3,238.5)

andourlordagreementandhissagesis,thatmonkseach,thatoutbeof
monasteryandrulenotcarefor,dosoashimneedis:boweagerlyinto
monasterywithallhumilitiesandmisdeedswanderandrepairverymuch
eagerlythathebrokenhave;thinkwordandpledge,thatheGod
madeover.

SincethesamelexicalitemscanbeusedassubordinatingconjunctionsandadverbialsinOld
English,manymorepotentialambiguitiesarise.Forexample,clausesintroducedby
for+t+amarealsosometimesambiguous.Theadverbialclausenumbered3inthefollowing
examplecouldbeinterpretedasamainclauseintroducedbytheadverbfor+t+am.

([+ac/CC]%nn%[vtsprece/VT][ppto/PP+dam/PDD1[L%wh%[co+te/CO
]%nn%[rmwel/RM][vtwilnia+d/VT]2[U[nawisdom/NNA][paon_/PA]
[vvgitan/VV]U]2L]1];3[B[csfor+d+am/CS][nn+t+at/PDN][vt
bi+d/BT][nntacn/NNNwisdomes/NNG][o4[T[co+t+at/CO][na1
hine/PEA][nnmon/PMN][vtwelnige/VT]5[U%na1%[vvgeheran/VV]
[vx[+&/CC][paon_/PA][vvgitan/VV]]U]5T]4]B]3.)
(BOETH,118.9)

butspeaktothosethatwellwishwisdomgrasp;becausethatistoken
wisdomthathimonewishhearandgrasp.

Similarly,somerelativeclausescouldbeinterpretedasmainclauses,andsome+taadverbial
clausescouldbeinterpretedasmainclauses.Theuserisremindedthatthesyntacticscheme
isnotintendedtorepresentananalysis,butisratheratooltobeusedtofacilitatesearches;
andthatthedatasetthatisoutputbysearchesshouldbecarefullyexaminedtomakesurethat
itreallythedatasetthattheuserintended.

Clauseinternallabels

Nounphrases
Nounphraselabels
[nc...] NPargument
[gc...] NPusedadverbially
[lc...] emphaticreflexiveNP
[d...] dativeNPofpossession
[fc...] leftdislocatedNP

65
Ingeneral,allfiniteclausescontainanominativeNP,withtheexceptionofimperativesand
wutonclauses.SeeSection8.2.1.

AlthoughalmostallNPshaveheadswhicharenouns,adjectivesandparticiplescanalsoact
asheadsofNPs.SeeinadditionSection8.3.3forfreerelativesassubjects.

([nn+ta/PDNgodan/JJN][atwylla+d/MT][vvgehyran/VV][na
Godes/NMGbebodu/NNA])(AELET3,70.6)

thosegoodwillhearGodcommands

([+And/CC][rreac/RR][nn+ta/PDNhalgan/JJNcanones/NNN][nd
gehadodum/VND][vtforbeoda+d/VT][oge/CCbisceopum/NNDge/CC
preostum/NND],1[U[avto/PP][vvbeonne/BVD][ppembe/PP
+teofas/NNA]U]1...)(AELIVE,IV,330.220)

andalsothoseholycanonsordainedprohibitandbishopsandpriests,to
bearoundcriminals...

NParguments[nc...]
MostNPsarebracketedasncs,includingargumentsofverbs,benefactives,and
nonemphaticreflexives(whetherornottheverbisinherentlyreflexive).ThecaseoftheNP
ordinarilymatchesthecaseoftheheadnounorpronoun:n(nominative),a(accusative),
g(genitive),ord(dative)(instrumentalNPsarenotarguments).

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

(1(V[vthlyst/VI][ngmines/POGr+ades/NNG]V)1)(AELIVE,I,212.46)

listenmyadvice;

([rr+tus/RR][vttihte/VT][nnLucia/NMN][rtgelome/RT][na
+ta/PDAmodor/NNA]...)(AELIVE,I,212.52)

thusinvitedLucyoftenthatmother...

(...1[B[cso+d/CS][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][ndhire/PED][na
swingele/NNA][vtbehet/VT]...B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.68)

...untilthatheherwhippromised...

(...2[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na~nanne/JJA~brydguman/NNA]
[rr~n+afre/RR~][ndme/PED][~ne/NE][vtnamige/VT]T]2...)
(AELIVE,I,212.36)

...thatyounobridegroomnevermenotname...

66
 ([rt+ta/RT][vtgeb+ad/VT][nnGeorius/NMN][nahine/PFA][rm
bealdlice/RM][ppto/PPGode/NMD],{V1})(AELIVE,I,312.89)

thenaskedGeorgehim(self)boldlytoGod,

ThecasemarkingofanNPmaybedoneaccordingtofunctionratherthanaccordingtothe
elementsitcontains,iftheelementsareclearlymodifiersofnonovertheads.Inthe
followingadjacentclauses,thefirstNPofthesecondclauseiscasemarkednominative
ratherthangenitive:

([nnoxan/NNGt+agl/NNN][vtbi+d/BT][ngscillinges/NNG][jn
weor+d/JJN],)(LAW2,116.59)

oxtailisshillingworthy,

([nncus/NNG][vtbi+d/BT][ngfifa/NNG];)(LAW2,116.59)

cowisfive;

Predicatesoftheverbbe,however,arenormallycasemarkedbyformratherthanby
function:

([nn+t+at/PDNo+der/JJN][vtw+as/BT][ngCreca/NMG]...)
(OROSIU,58.28)

thatsecondwasGreeks...

NPsthathavebeenmovedoutofotherNPsorPPsarealsosyntacticallybracketedasnc.
Theyarecoindexedwithanemptycategoryinordertodistinguishthemfromargumentsof
verbs,whicharenotcoindexed;butseethenoteoncoindexinginSection11.

([+and/CC][vtwurdon/ET][nnfela/PIN%ng1%][vngeh+alde/VN]
[ng1untrumra/JJGmanna/NNGand/CCeac/RRswilce/RRnytena/NNG][pp
+turh/PP+da/PDAylcan/JJArode/NNA]...)(AELIVE,III,126.30)

andbecamemanyhealedinfirmpersonsandalsoinlikemanneranimals
throughthatsamerood...

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtclypode/VT][nd1hyre/PED][rr+tus/RR][pp
to/PP%nd1%],1[R[vgclypigende/VG][rlufenne/RL],{Q1}R]1)
(AELIVE,I,210.22)

andspokeherthusto,speakingfromabove,

Withincomplexnumbers,thefirstnumberisPOStaggedwithoutcase(/NR),andthe
casemarkingonthesyntacticconstituentistakenfromthesecondnumber:

(...3[B[cs+ta/RT+ta/CS][nnhe/PENsylf/PFN][vtw+as/BT][pp
on/PPylde/NND][nneahta/NRand/CC+trittig/NNNgeara/NNG]B]3
B]1.)(AELIVE,III,134.143)

67
 ...thenwhenheselfwasonageeightandthirtyyears.

NPsusedadverbially[gc...]
TheseNPsareadjuncts,andmany(butnotall)aretemporaladverbials.

([+and/CC][nnic/PEN][vtheold/VT][rtnu/RT][ganigon/JJA
gear/NNA][ppwi+d/PPealle/JJAhyn+da/NNA][na+tines/POGf+ader/NNG
gestreon/NNA])(AELIVE,I,212.41)

andIheldnownineyearswithallhumiliationsyourfathergains

(1[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][namine/POAhand/NNA][vtahebbe/VT
][ppto/PP+dinum/PODh+a+tengilde/NND]B]1,2[B[+and/CC]%cs%%nn
%[rrswa/RR][pp+turh/PPme/PEA][vtgeoffrige/VT][ggmines/POG
unwilles/NNG]B]2...)(AELIVE,I,214.86)

althoughyoumyhandraisetoyouridolatry,andsothroughmeoffermy
repugnance...

([+and/CC]%nn%[ppon/PPhire/POnaman/NND][vtgehalgodon/VT],
[pp+tam/PDDh+alende/NMD%L1%to/PPwur+dmynte/NND1[L1[wh2se_/PDN
][co+de/CO]%nn2%[rt+afre/RT][vtrixa+d/VT][ppon/PP
ecnysse/NND][gngod/NMN]L]1];[oAMEN/UH].)(AELIVE,I,218.150)

andonhernamehallowed,thatSaviortohonorthatthateverreignson
eternityGod;amen.

([oHw+at/UH][rt+da/RT][nnGeorius/NMN][ppto/PPeor+dan/NND]
[vtabeah/VT]1[R[rr+tus/RR][vgbiddende/VG][nahis/PO
Drihten/NMA][gdgebigedum/VNDcneowum/NND],{V1}R]1)
(AELIVE,I,316.134)

whatthenGeorgetogroundbowedthusaskinghisLordbentknees,

([+and/CC]%nn%[rmearmlice/RM][vtgeendode/VT][gdyfelum/JJD
dea+de/NND].)(AELIVE,IV,330.231)

andmiserablyendedevildeath.

Emphaticreflexives[lc...]
TheseNPsarereflexivesusedinappositiontoanargument;asfaraswecantell,theyalways
contain(orconsistsolelyof)thewordself.Inthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,they
aregivenadistinctwordclassw:prrf(whichisalsousedforpronounsusedreflexively),
andthewordclassisreflectedinthePOStag/PF.Emphaticreflexivesaresyntactically
bracketedandlabelledonlyiftheyareseparatedfromtheargumentNP;iftheyappear
adjacenttotheargumentNP,theyaresimplyincludedwithinit.Iftheyareseparatedfrom
theargumentNP,noemptycategoryisleftinsidetheNP.

68
 (...[ng+t+as/PDG2[L%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nn+du/PEN][at
miht/MT][lnsylf/PFN][vvgeti+dian/VV]L]2]...)
(AELIVE,I,210.22)

...thatthatyoucanselfgive...

([rtNu/RT][nnic/PEN][atwylle/MT][name/PEAsylfe/PFA][nd
him/PED][rrso+dlice/RR][vvgeoffrian/VV]...)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

nowIwillmeselfhimtrulyoffer...

Whenemphaticreflexivescontainapronounaswellasself,theyaregenerallynot
casemarkedthesameasthecoreferentnounphrase:

(1[B[cs+da/RT+da/CS][nn+t+at/PDNm+aden/NNN][vtgehirde/VT]
2[T[co+t+at/CO]%ne1%[ndhire/PED][vtw+as/ET][vnalyfed/VN]
[ppfram/PPhire/POf+ader/NND]3[H1[wh2+t+at/PDA]%co%%na2%[nn
heo/PEN][rt+ar/RT][ldhyre/PEDsilf/PFD][vvgedon/VV][at
wolde/MT]H]3T]2B]1,[rt+da/RT][vtcw+a+d/VT][nnheo/PEN][pp
to/PPApollonio/NMD]:{D1})(APOLLO,24.16.7)

thenwhenthatmaidenheardthatherwasallowedfromherfatherthat
shebeforeherselfdowould,thensaidshetoApollonius:

Dativesofpossession[d...]
DativesofpossessionarebracketedandlabelledevenwhentheyoccuradjacenttotheNP
thattheymodify:

([nn+tis/PDN][vtcom/VT][rt+ta/RT][ppto/PPearan/NND][d
+tam/PDD+a+delborenan/JJDcnihte/NND...].)(AELIVE,I,212.57)

thiscamethentoearthatdistinguishedboy...

([nnSeo/PDNwydewe/NNN][vtw+as/BT][jnunhal/JJN],1[B[cs
swa/RR][co+t+at/CO][dhire/PED][vtarn/VT][nnblod/NNN][pp
geond/PPfeower/JJDgeare/NNDf+ac/NNA]B]1,)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

thatwidowwassick,sothatherranbloodthroughoutfouryear
interval,

([+and/CC]%nn%[nahine/PEA][rmarwur+dlice/RM][paunder_/PA]
[vtfeng/VT][dhis/POfolce/NND][ppto/PP+dearfe/NND]...)
(AELIVE,III,128.60)

andhimreverentiallyreceivedhispeopletoneed...

Thedistinctionbetweendativesofpossessionandotherdativesisnotalwaysclear.Some
dativesofpossessioncouldbeinterpretedasdativeargumentsofnouns:

69
 ([rt+ta/RT][vthet/VT][nnDatianus/NMN]1[U[na+da/PDA
h+a+denan/JJA][vvgegaderian/VV][ppto/PPhis/POdeofolgildum/NND]
[dhis/PODrihtne/NMD][ppon/PPteonan/NND]U]1,)(AELIVE,I,308.8)

thencommandedDatianthoseheathengathertohisidolatrieshisLordon
injury,

([rt+da/RT][vtaspende/VT][nnhe/PEN][nahis/POfeoh/NNA][rm
unforh/RM][ppon/PP+almyssum/NND][ndhafenleasum/JJDmannum/NND]
[d+tam/PDDh+alende/NMD][ppto/PPlofe/NND],)(AELIVE,I,308.12)

thenspenthehiscattlefearlesslyonalmsdestitutepersonsthat
Saviortopraise,

LeftdislocatedNPs[fc...]
LeftdislocatedNPsarenormallyassociatedwitharesumptivepronounorNPinthebodyof
theclause;thetwoarecoindexedonlyifthereisamismatchofcase(butseethenoteon
coindexinginSection11).AswithallNPs,theleftdislocatedNPisgiveninternalstructure
onlyifitcontainsaclause.

([fnBabylonisce/JJN+t+at/PDN+areste/JJN&/CCRomane/NMG+t+at/PDN
si+dmeste/JJN][nnhie/PEN][vtw+aron/BT][ppswa/CSf+ader/NNN&/CC
sunu/NNN],1[B[cs+tonne/CS][nnhie/PEN][ndheora/POwillan/NND]
[atmoton/MT][rmwel/RM][vvwealdan/VV]B]1.)(OROSIU,60.5)

BabylonianthatfirstandRomansthatlatesttheyweresoasfatherand
son,whentheytheirmindmaywellrule.

([fn1Se/PDNcirlisca/JJNmon/NNN...],[vtslea/VT][nd1
him/PED][nnmon/PMN][nahond/NNA][paof/PA][oo+d+de/CC
fot/NNA].)(LAW2,104.37)

thatcommonperson...,strikehimonehandofforfoot.

IfthereisacasemismatchbetweentheleftdislocatedNPandtheresumptiveelement,andif
nocoindexingispossiblebecausetheresumptiveelementisnotindependentlybracketedbut
ratherappearswithinanotherconstituent,theleftdislocatedNPislabelledsimplyasfand
notcasemarked.Intheexamplebelow,theresumptiveelementis+d+aswithinthe
nominativeNP.

([fCyninges/NNGhorswealh/NNN...],[nn+d+as/PDGwergield/NNN][vt
bi+d/BT][nnCC/NNNscillinga/NNG].)(LAW2,102.33)

kinggroom...,thatcompensationis200shillings.

LeftdislocatedNPswhicharecoreferentialwithanargumentofasubordinateclauseare
includedwithinthesubordinateclause.

(1[B[fnCierlisc/JJNmon/NNN][csgif/CS][nnhe/PEN][rtoft/RT]
[vnbetygen/VN][vtw+are/ET]B]1,2[B[csgif/CS][nnhe/PEN][pp

70
 +at/PPsi+destan/JJD][vtsie/ET][vngefongen/VN]B]2,[vt
slea/VT][nnmon/PMN][nahond/NNAo+d+de/CCfot/NNA].)
(LAW2,96.18)

commonpersonifheoftencoveredwere,ifheatlatestbetaken,strike
onehandorfoot.

Prepositionalphrases[pp...]
NodistinctionismadebetweencomplementandadjunctPPs,becausetherearenoprecise
andreplicablecriteriafordistinguishingthem.

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN...][ppbetwux/PP
o+drum/JJDmannum/NND][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDm+aran/JJD
byrigene/NND]...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia,betweenotherpersonsto
thatfamousgrave...

NotallPPscontainapreposition:

([+ac/CC]%nn%[vtstod/VT][ppswa/RRswa/CSmunt/NNN])
(AELIVE,I,216.100)

butstoodsosoasmountain.

([+&/CC][nnhi/PEN][rtsy+d+don/RT][vtwunodon/VT][ppon/PP
rihton/JJDgeleauon/NND][ppo+d_/CS+de/CODiaclitianes/NMGrice/NNN]
.)(CHROA2,8.167.1)

andtheyafterwardsinhabitedonstraightbeliefsuntilthatD.rule.

InthesePPs,theobjectscanbeclausal:

(...3[B[csswa/CS][nnhe/PEN][nalyft/NNA][paon_/PA][vt
styrge/VT]B]34[B[+ond/CC]%cs%%nn%[nahis/POhond/NNA][pp
swa/RRswa/CS5[U[naus/PEA][avto/PP][vvsleanne/VV]U]5]...
B]4...)(BEDE,3.270.2)

...soasheairmoveandhishandsosoasustostrike...

Infinitivalcomparativeclausesareparsedasinfinitivalobjectswithinprepositionalphrases:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][ppto/PPhw+a+drum/PID+tissa/PDG]
[vngenied/VN][vtsie/ET][ppon/PPwoh/NNA],[oo+d+de/CCto/PP
hlafordsearwe/NNDo+d+de/CCto/PP+angum/JJDunryhtum/JJDfultume/NND]
B]1,[nn+t+at/PDN][vtis/ET][rt+tonne/RT][jnryhtre/JJN]2[U
[avto/PP][vvaleoganne/VV]U]2[pp+tonne/CS3[U[avto/PP][vv
gel+astanne/VV]U]3].)(LAW2,46.1.1)

ifanyonetoboththeseforcedbeonbending,ortohightreasonorto
anywronghelp,thatisthenstraightertoliewhentofollow.

71
PostpositionalPPswith+t+ar/herobjectsarelabelledasadverbswhentheyarewrittenas
oneword(seeSection6.8).Whentheyarewrittenasseparatewords,orwhentheadverbial
objectisseparatedfromthepreposition,theyarelabelledPPs.

([+&/CC]%nn%[rt+ta/RT][pp+t+ar/RLto/PP][vteodon/VT];)
(CHROA2,48.755.23)

andthentheretowent;

([nnsame/JJN<HC:_sume_IN_BATELY_EDITION_1986:55>men/NNN][vt
cwe+ta+t/VT][ppon/PPEnglisc/JJA]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhit/PEN]
[vtsie/BT][nnfeaxede/JJNsteorra/NNN].2[B[csfor+t+am/CS][rl1
+t+ar/RL][vtstent/VT][nnlang/JJNleoma/NNN][pp%rl1%of/PP],
[rthwilum/RT][ppon/PPane/JJAhealfe/NNA][ohwilum/RTon/PP
+alce/JJAhealfe/NNA]B]2T]1:)(CHROA2,82.892.3)

somepersonssayonEnglishthatitbehairystar.becausetherestands
longrayoflightof,sometimesononehalfsometimesoneachhalf:

([+&/CC]%nn%[vthergodon/VT][ppon/PPNor+t_Wealas/NMA][rl
+aghw+ar/RL%L1%][ppbe/PP+tam/PDDs+a/NND],1[L1[wh2
+t+ar/RL]%co%%ne%[nahie/PEA][rt+tonne/RT][ppon/PP%rl2%]
[vthagode/VT]L]1;)(CHROA2,98.918.1)

andravagedonNorthWelsheverywherebythatsea,wheretheythenon
pleased;

Verbs
Thefollowinglabelsareusedforverbs:

[at...] finiteauxiliaryverb(modals,habban,wuton)
[av...] nonfiniteauxiliaryverb(modals,habban,wuton,andtofollowedbyan
infinitive)
[vt...] finitelexicalverb(includingbe,with/withoutparticiple)
[vv...] infinitivallexicalverb(includingbe,with/withoutparticiple)
[vg...] presentparticiple(allverbtypes)
[vn...] pastparticiple(allverbtypes)

Inafiniteclause,oneverbisfinite;theotherverbsinthesequence,ifany,arenonfinite.

([nd+tinre/PODmeder/NND][vtgeheolp/VT][nn+tin/PONhalga/JJN
geleafa/NNN],)(AELIVE,I,212.28)

yourmotherhelpedyourholybelief,

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

72
 (...1[B[csswa/CS][nnDatianus/NMN][ndhim/PED][vngediht/VN]
[ath+afde/HT]B]1...)(AELIVE,I,316.158)

...soasDatianthemarrangedhad...

Nonfiniteverbs(infinitives,presentparticiples,andpastparticiples)maybemarkedfor
case.

([nnL+asse/JJNpleoh/NNN][vtis/BT]1[U[avto/PP][vv
+dicganne/VVD][na+t+at/PDAhusol/NNA]U]1[pp+tonne/CS2[U[av
to/PP][vvhalgienne/VVD]U]2].)(AELET3,180.95)

lessdangeristotakethatEucharistwhentosanctify.

([+&/CC][rl+t+ar/RL][vtwear+d/BT][nn+tara/PDGDenescra/JJG
micle/RRma/PIN][paof_/PA][vnslegenra/VNG].1[B[cs+teah/CS]
[co+de/CO][nnhie/PEN][naw+alstowe/NNGgeweald/NNA][vt
ahtan/VT]B]1.)(CHROA3,132.1001.9)

andtherewasthoseDanishgreatlymorestruckoff.althoughthatthey
battlefieldmightowned.

(1(D[at~Nabbe/HT~][nnge/PEN][rr~na/RR~][nagodne/JJA
timan/NNA][vnaredodne/VNA].D)1)(APOLLO,30.19.13)

nothaveyounotgoodtimemadeready.

Imperativeverbsarecategorizedasfinite.

(V[vtGehrepa/VI][nahire/PObyrigene/NNA],V)(AELIVE,I,210.19)

touchhergrave,

habbanhavecanbeeitheranauxiliaryoralexicalverb,dependinguponuse.

(...1[B[csswa/CS][nnDatianus/NMN][ndhim/PED][vngediht/VN]
[ath+afde/HT]B]1...)(AELIVE,I,316.158)

...soasDatianthemarrangedhad...

(...5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][nahine/PEA][rtsymle/RT][vt
h+abbe/VT][ppon/PPandwerdnysse/NND][ppon/PPecere/JJD
blysse/NND]B]5...V)1)(AELIVE,I,210.14)

...thatshehimeverhaveonpresenceonperpetualbliss.

Allformsofbearecategorizedaslexicalverbs,whetherornottheyareusedwith(pastor
present)participles;theirusecanbedeterminedbytheirPOStag.Notethatthisdiffersfrom
thePPCME1practice.

73
 ([+and/CC][nn+tu/PEN][vtbist/BT][rtsona/RT][jn
hal/JJN].)(AELIVE,I,210.19)

andyouaresoonhale.

([+and/CC][rrefne/RR][nnheo/PEN][vtis/ET][vngeh+aled/VN]
[rrhalwendlice/RR][pp+durh/PPCrist/NMA].)(AELIVE,I,212.28)

andevensheishealedsalutarilythroughChrist.

([rt+ta/RT][vtw+as/ET][rl+t+ar/RL][nnan/JJNm+aden/NNN][vg
licgende/VG][ppon/PPparalisyn/NND]1[R[rtlange/RT][vn
gebrocod/VNN]R]1;)(AELIVE,III,138.213)

thenwasthereonemaidenlyingonparalysislongcrushed;

towhenfollowedbyaninflectedinfinitiveisPOStaggedas/PPbutsyntacticallybracketed
asav:

([+and/CC]%ne1%[ndme/PED][rmbet/RM][vtlica+d/VT]1[U1[av
to/PP][vvforl+atenne/VVD][rtnu/RT][na+tisne/PDA
hwilwendlican/JJAwur+dmynt/NNA]U]1...)(AELIVE,I,308.28)

andmebetterpleasestorelinquishnowthistransitoryhonor...

Verbalandadjectivalpastandpresentparticiplesarenotdistinguishedbecauseofthe
difficultyinmakingthisjudgementconsistently.

Verbprojections[vx...]
SeeSection10onconjunction.

Negation
[~ne/NE]isusedforthenegativeparticlene.

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

~isgenerallyappendedtoothersyntacticlabelsforNPs,Vs,adverbs,conjunctions,etc.
whentheyareorcontainnegativeelements.

(...2[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+tu/PEN][na~nanne/JJA~brydguman/NNA]
[rr~n+afre/RR~][ndme/PED][~ne/NE][vtnamige/VT]T]2,3[T[+~
ne/CC~]%co%%nn%[ppof/PPminum/PODlichaman/NND][nadeadlicne/JJA
w+astm/NNA][~ne/NE][vtsece/VT]T]3;)(AELIVE,I,212.36)

...thatyounobridegroomnevermenotname,neitherofmybodymortal
growthnotseek;

74
 (...2[B[csgif/CS][nnheo/PEN][vvsuwian/VV][at~nolde/MT~]
B]2....)(AELIVE,I,214.68)

...ifshebesilentnotwould.

([+ac/CC][nnheo/PEN][vt~n+as/ET~][vnastyrod/VN],)
(AELIVE,I,216.100)

butshenotwasexcited,

([+~ne/CC~][pp~on/PPna+tre/JJD~healfe/NND][nnhe/PEN][~ne/NE
][vtahylde/VT][nahis/PO+teawas/NNA],)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

neitheronneitherhalfhenotbenthisusages,

([+and/CC]%nn%[nahine/PEA][vtl+adde/VT][rlham/RL][pp
mid/PPhim/PED],1[B[cs~na/RR~swilce/CS][nnhe/PEN][nncuma/NNN
][vtw+are/BT]B]12[B[+ac/CC][csswilce/CS][nnhe/PEN][nn
his/POa+dum/NNN][vtw+are/BT]B]2.)(APOLLO,34.22.1)

andhimledhomewithhim,notjustashestrangerwerebutjustashe
hissoninlawwere.

However,ifthenegationdoesnothavesententialscope,itisnotindicatedonthesyntactic
labeloftheconstituentcontainingthenegativeelement:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnmon/PMN][nafolcleasunge/NNA][vtgewyrce/VT]
B]1,2[B[+&/CC]%cs%[nnhio/PEN][ppon/PPhine/PEA][jn
geresp/JJN][vtweor+de/BT]B]2,%np%[ppmid/PPnanum/JJD~
leohtran/JJD+dinge/NND][vtgebete/VT]3[M[cs+tonne/CS][nd
him/PED][nnmon/PMN][vtaceorfe/VT][na+ta/PDAtungon/NNA][pa
of/PA]M]3,4[B[co+t+at/CO][nahie/PEA][nnmon/PMN][rr~na/RR~
][gdundeorran/JJDweor+de/NND][atmoste/MT][vvlesan/VV],5[M
[cs+donne/CS][nahie/PEA][nnmon/PMN][ppbe/PP+tam/PDD
were/NND][vtgeeahtige/VT]M]5B]4.)(LAW2,66.32)

ifoneslanderprepare,andsheonhimconvictedofbe,withnolighter
thingrepairwhenhimonecutoffthattongueoff,thatheronenot
cheapervaluemightloosen,whenheronebythatmanestimate.

Verbparticles[pa...]
Adverbialparticlesassociatedwithverbsarelabelledpa.Diagnosticsfordistinguishing
particlesfromotheradverbsarenoteasytomakeprecise.Onecriterionthatwehaveusedis
thattheitemsonthislistappearasverbalprefixesinOldEnglishdictionaries,andyetmay
appearseparatedfromtheirverbsinOldEnglishtexts.ThefollowingarealloftheOld
Englishlexicalitemswehaveidentifiedasparticles,andwhicharetaggedasparticles
regardlessoftheverbwithwhichtheyareassociated:adun(e),+after,aweg,(of)dune,fore,
for+t,fram,geond,in,mid,ni+ter,of,ofer,ongean,on,onweg,to,+turh,under,up,ut,
wi+t,wi+ter,ymb(e).

75
 (...2[B[csfor/PP+tan/PDI][co+te/CO][nn+tu/PEN][nahit/PEA]
[~ne/NE][atmiht/MT][ppmid/PP+te/PED][paaweg/PA][vv
l+adan/VV]B]2.)(AELIVE,I,212.46)

...beforethatthatyouitnotcanwithyouawaylead.

(...[rt+ta/RT][vthet/VT][nnhe/PEN]2[U[vvspannan/VV][na
oxan/NNA][pato/PA]U]2,)(AELIVE,I,216.106)

...thencommandedhejoinoxenthereto,

([+and/CC][rtsona/RT][rt+ta/RT][painn/PA][vteode/VT][nn
an/PIN+t+as/PDGcyninges/NNG+tegna/NNG...],)(AELIVE,III,130.87)

andsoontheninwentonethatkingservantsthathisalmskept,

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtgelogodon/VT][nahi/PEA][paupp/PA];)
(AELIVE,III,136.190)

andlodgedthemup;

WhentheparticleappearsimmediatelybeforeaPP,itisinterpretedaspartofthePPand
bracketedwithit,ratherthanseparately:

([pp+after/PP+disum/PDDgebede/NND][vtb+arst/VT][pput/PAof/PP
heofonum/NND][nnswy+de/RRf+arlic/JJNfyr/NNN],)
(AELIVE,I,316.141)

afterthisprayerbrokeoutofskiesverymuchsuddenfire,

Becauseparticlesplayanimportantroleindeterminingsyntacticstructure,wehave
bracketedparticlesasseparateconstituentsevenwhentheyappearjoinedtotheverbinthe
text.Inthesecases,wehaveaddedanunderline(_)totheparticletoindicatethatitis
joinedtothenextword.Notethatintheglossandthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken,the
particle+verbappearsasoneword,nottwo.

(...2[B[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][na+t+at/PDAGodes/NMGm+aden/NNA
][ppmid/PPheora/POgaldrum/NND][paofer_/PA][vtswy+ddon/VT]B]2
.)(AELIVE,I,216.103)

...thattheythatGodmaidenwiththeirsoundsoverpowered.

oferswy+ddon_l(oferswi+tan)_m(m:in_n:pl_t:pa_w:vb)_c(2)_p(ofer)

TodistinguishparticlesfromPPswherethepronominalorrelativizedobjectdoesnotappear
immediatelyafterthepreposition:ifthereexistsaconstituentthatcanbeinterpretedasan
objectofapreposition,theparticleisbracketedasaPPcontaininganemptycategory:

([nnOswold/NMN][nd1him/PED][vtcom/VT][ppto/PP%nd1%],)
(AELIVE,III,126.14)

76
 O.himcameto,

If,however,theparticlewasseparatedfromtheverbasdescribedabove,itiscategorizedas
aparticleregardlessofwhetherapotentialobjectofaprepositionoccursintheclause.Inthe
examplebelow,notetheunderline_indicatingthattheparticlewi+dwasattachedtothe
verbfeahtinthetext.

([+and/CC]%nn%[ndhim/PED][rmcenlice/RM][pawi+d_/PA][vt
feaht/VT][ppmid/PPlytlum/JJDwerode/NND],)(AELIVE,III,126.14)

andhimboldlyfoughtagainstwithlittlethrong,

PrepositionswithoutcomplementsarePOStaggedasparticles,eveniftheparticleisnot
listedasaprefixontheverbinOldEnglishdictionaries.

([+&/CC][rt+ta/RT][vtfeng/VT][nnCenwalh/NMN][pato/PA],)
(CHROA2,2.14)

andthentookC.to,

PredicateAdjectives[jc...]
Predicateadjectivesarebracketedassuchandmarkedforcasewhentheyarecomplements
ofverbs,headsofsmallclausepredicates(seeSection8.3.9),andheadsofadjunctadjectival
clauses(seeSection8.3.10).

([nnSeo/PDNwydewe/NNN][vtw+as/BT][jnunhal/JJN]...)
(AELIVE,I,210.8)

thatwidowwassick...

(...3[L[whse/PDN][co+te/CO]%nn%[vthylt/VT]4[S[d
Eadmunde/NMD][jahalne/JJA][nahis/POlichaman/NNA]S]4...L]3...
)(AELIVE,IV,332.250)

...thatthatholdsEdmundhalehisbody...

([nnHeo/PEN][vtstod/VT][rt+ta/RT]1[R[jnunforht/JJN]R]1[pp
on/PP+tam/PDDfyre/NND])(AELIVE,I,216.119)

shestoodthenfearlessonthatfire

Thecomplementsandadjunctsofadjectives,likethoseofverbs,arebracketedseparately
whethertheyoccurbeforeoraftertheadjective,andnoemptycategoriesareusedifthe
complements/adjunctsarenotadjacenttotheadjective.

([nnoxan/NNGt+agl/NNN][vtbi+d/BT][ngscillinges/NNG][jn
weor+d/JJN],)(LAW2,116.59)

oxtailisshillingworthy,

77
 ([nnHe/PEN][vtw+as/BT][jncystig/JJN][ndw+adlum/NNDand/CC
wydewum/NND][ppswa/RRswa/CSf+ader/NNN],)(AELIVE,IV,314.22)

hewascharitablebeggarsandwidowssosoasfather,

Adverbs
Todeterminethecategoryoftheadverbsinthecorpus,wehavesimplyusedtheadverbword
classusedinthemorphologicalsectionofthetoken:
[rl...] locativeadverbs
[rm...] manneradverbs
[rt...] temporaladverbs
[rr...] allotheradverbs

Unlesstheadverbisclearlypartofthenextorpreviousconstituent,itisbracketedseparately.

([+and/CC][rr~na/RR~][rtleng/RT][nnheo/PEN][~ne/NE][vt
gebad/VT]1[B[cs+donne/CS][nnhit/PEN][nnd+ag/NNN][vt
w+as/BT]B]1,)(APOLLO,28.18.1)

andnotlongershenotstayedwhenitdaywas,

([rrEac/RR][rrswylce/RR][nn+ta/PDNsacerdas/NNN][vt
suncon/VT][pafor+d/PA][rrmid/RR],[oand/CCsume/JJN+da/PDN
h+a+denan/JJN1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[rl+t+ar/RL][rlgehende/RL]
[vtstodon/VT]L]1];)(AELIVE,I,316.145)

alsoinlikemannerthosepriestssankforthwith,andsomethose
heathenthattherenearstood;

([rtEft/RT][rt+ta/RT][nnPascasius/NMN][rmorgellice/RM][vt
befran/VT],{Q1})(AELIVE,I,214.76)

againthenPaschasiusproudlyquestioned,

([rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/ET][nnse/PDNw+alhreowa/JJN][rm
wodlice/RM][vngeancsumod/VN]...)(AELIVE,I,216.124)

thenbecamethatcruelmadlyvexed...

PostpositionalPPswith+t+ar/herobjectsjoinedtotheprepositionarelabelledasadverbs:

([+and/CC][nnhe/PEN][rl+t+arbinnan/RL][vtwunode/VT]...;)
(AELIVE,III,134.134)

andhethereininhabited...

Complementizers,whconstituents,conjunctions,etc.
[co...] complementizers
[wh...] whconstituents

78
 [cs...] subordinatingconjunctions
[+...] coordinatingconjunctions

Complementizers[co...]
Complementizersincludeinvariant+t+at,+t+atte,and+teusedtointroducethatclauses,
relativeclauses,adverbialclauses,anddegreecomplements:

(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtsynd/BT][nnge/PEN2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%
[rl+t+ar/RL][vtspreca+d/VT]L]2],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

notareyouthattherespeak,

(V...[fa+ta/PDA1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%na%[nnman/PMN][vt
l+at/VT][ppto/PPdea+de/NND]L]1][vtalys/VI][nahi/PEA][pa
ut/PA][rtsymble/RT].V)(AELIVE,IV,330.214)

...thatthatoneleadstodeathloosenthemoutever.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

(1(D[nnIc/PEN][vthate/VT]2[U[na+te/PEA][rrardlice/RR][vv
l+adan/VV][ppto/PP+t+ara/PDGmyltestrena/NNGhuse/NND]U]2,3[B
[co+t+at/CO][nn+du/PEN][na+tinne/POAm+ag+dhad/NNA][vt
forleose/VT]B]3...D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.81)

Icommandyouquicklyleadtothoseprostituteshouse,thatyouyour
virginitylose...

([+and/CC]%nn%1[R[rrswa/RR][jnanr+ade/JJN]R]1[pa
+turh_/PA][vtwunode/VT]2[G[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][at~
nolde/MT~][vvabugan/VV][ppto/PPbysmorfullum/JJDleahtrum/NND]
G]2,)(AELIVE,IV,314.16)

andsounanimousremainedthathenotwouldbowtoinfamousvices,

Inswahw...swaheadedrelativeclauses,thesecondswaisacomplementizer.

([+and/CC][rlswa/CShwider/RL1[L%wh1%[coswa/CO]%rl1%[nn
he/PEN][vtcom/VT]L]1][nnhe/PEN][vtcydde/VT][na+tas/PDA
wundra/NNA].)(AELIVE,III,142.262)

andsoaswhithersoashecameheproclaimedthesewonders.

79
Subordinatingconjunctionsarefrequentlyusedtogetherwithcomplementizersinadverbial
clauses:

(...1[B[cso+d/CS][co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][ndhire/PED][na
swingele/NNA][vtbehet/VT]...B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.68)

...untilthatheherwhippromised...

Bothawhconstituentandacomplementizer,eitherovertorempty,areobligatoryfor
relativeclauses:

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[wh1seo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1,]...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia...

(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtsynd/BT][nnge/PEN2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%
[rl+t+ar/RL][vtspreca+d/VT]L]2],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

notareyouthattherespeak,

Whencomplementizersarerepeated,thesecondoccurrenceislabelledas[x:

([vtH+afde/VT][nnhe/PEN][vx[+&/CC][vtw+ag/VT]][ppmid/PP
hine/PEA][natwiecge/JJAhandseax/NNAge+attred/VNA],1[B[co
+t+at/CO]2[B[csgif/CS][nnseo/PDNwund/NNN][rrto/RR][rr
lyt/RR][vtgenihtsumode/VT][ppto/PP+t+as/PDGcyninges/NNG
dea+de/NND]B]2,[x+t+at/CO][nn+t+at/PDNattor/NNN][vt
gefultmade/VT]B]1.)(BEDE,8.122.11)

hadheandcarriedwithhimtwoedgeddaggerpoisoned,thatifthat
woundalsolittlesufficedtothatkingdeath,thatthatpoisonhelped.

whconstituents[wh...]
Alldirectandindirectwhquestionsandheadedandheadlessrelativeclausesobligatorily
containawhconstituent,whichiscoindexedwiththegapintheclause(butseethenoteon
coindexinginSection11).Thereisnointernalbracketingwithinthewhconstituent.Words
withinthewhconstituentarePOStaggedasintheirnormal,nonwhuseifsuchauseexists
(seebelow).

80
 ([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[wh1seo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia...

([+and/CC][nnse/PDNhalga/JJNGeorius/NMN][vtsi+dode/VT][pp
to/PPCriste/NMD,1[L[wh1mid/PP+dam/PDD]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN]
[rta/RT][vtwuna+d/VT][ppon/PPwuldre/NND]L]1];[oAmen/UH].
)(AELIVE,I,318.179)

andthatholyGeorgewenttoChrist,withthathealwaysinhabitson
glory;amen.

(%nn%[vtsende/VT][rt+da/RT][ppto/PPScotlande/NMD,1[L[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnse/PDNgeleafa/NNN][vtw+as/BT][rt+da/RT
]L]1],)(AELIVE,III,128.48)

sentthentoScotland,wherethatbeliefwasthen,

([f11[H[wh2swa/CShw+at/PIA][coswa/CO]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN]
[ndminum/PODlichaman/NND][vtdest/VT]H]1],[~ne/NE][at
m+ag/MT][nn1+t+at/PDN][vvbelimpan/VV][ppto/PPme/PED].)
(AELIVE,I,214.92)

soasanyonesoasyoumybodydo,notcanthatconcerntome.

(...1[B[csfor+dan/CS][nnic/PEN][rtleng/RT][vt~n+abbe/VT~]
2[H[wh1hw+at/PIA]%co%%na1%[nnic/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
lacum/NND][vtaspende/VT]H]2B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

...becauseIlongernothaveanyoneIonhisplaysspend.

Incasesofstructuralambiguity,piedpipingisassumed:

([+And/CC][nnApollonius/NMN][rtsona/RT][vtgemette/VT][na
o+derne/JJAcu+dne/JJAman/NNA%L1%]1[U[ppongean/PPhine/PEA][vv
gan/VV]U]12[L1[wh2+t+as/PDGnama/NNN]%co%[vtw+as/ET]3[S
%nn2%[nnStranguilio/NMN]S]3[vngehaten/VN]L]2.)
(APOLLO,12.9.1)

andApolloniussoonmeasuredotherknownpersontowardshimgothatname
wasStranguiliocommanded.

ThreePOStagsareusedonlyforwhconstituents:WJ,WR,andWP.

(1(Q[wh1On/PPhwilcum/WJDgodum/NND][vttihst/VT][nn+tu/PEN]
[naus/PEA]2[U%pp1%[avto/PP][vvgelyfenne/VVD]U]2?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,316.145)

onwhichgodsinviteyouustoallow?

81
 (Q[wh1Hu/WR]%rr1%[atmagon/MT][nnhi/PEN][vvahreddan/VV]
[na+de/PEA][ppfram/PPfrecednyssum/NND],1[B[cs+tonne/CS][nn
hi/PEN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nahi/PEAsylfe/PFA][vv
ahreddan/VV]B]1?Q)(AELIVE,I,316.149)

howcantheysaveyoufromharms,whentheynotcouldthemselvessave?

(1(Q[wh1Hw+ar/WR]%rl1%[vteart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT][o
gefera/NNN]?Q)1)(AELIVE,IV,324.148)

whereareyounowassociate?

(1(Q[wh1hw+at/WPN]%nn1%[vtis/BT][nnse/PDNintinga/NNN]
2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnan/JJN+tusend/NNNmanna/NNG][na+te/PEA][~
ne/NE][atmagon/MT][vvastyrian/VV]3[R[rrswa/RR][jn
unstrang/JJN]4[M[csswa/CS][nn+du/PEN][vteart/BT]M]4R]3
T]2?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,216.108)

whoisthatmatterthatonethousandpersonsyounotcanexcitesoweak
soasyouare?

Subordinatingconjunctions[cs...]
Thelabelcsisacatchallcategorywhichisusedforallnoncomplementizermaterial
introducingadverbialandcomparativeclauses.Thereisnointernalbracketingwithinthecs
constituent.

([+and/CC]1[M[csswa/RRswa/CS][nn+teos/PDNburh/NNN][vtis/ET
][vngem+arsod/VN][pp+turh/PPme/PEA][ppfram/PPCriste/NMD]
M]1,[rrswa/RR][vtbi+d/ET][nnSiracusa/NMNburh/NNN][pp
+turh/PP+te/PEA][vngewlitegod/VN]...)(AELIVE,I,212.30)

andsosoasthisfortisproclaimedthroughmefromChrist,sois
Syracusefortthroughyoubeautified...

([nnSeo/PDNwydewe/NNN][vtw+as/BT][jnunhal/JJN],1[B[cs
swa/RR][co+t+at/CO][dhire/PED][vtarn/VT][nnblod/NNN][pp
geond/PPfeower/JJDgeare/NNDf+ac/NNA]B]1,)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

thatwidowwassick,sothatherranbloodthroughoutfouryear
interval,

(1(V2[B[csGif/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtgelyfst/VT],[omodor/NNN],
[nd+tysum/PDDm+aran/JJDgodspelle/NND]B]2,[vtgelyf/VI]3[T[co
+t+at/CO][nnAgathes/NMN][vtgeearnode/VT][pp+at/PP
Criste/NMD],4[B[cs+ta_/RT+da/CS][nnheo/PEN][ppfor/PPhis/PO
naman/NND][vt+drowode/VT]5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnheo/PEN][na
hine/PEA][rtsymle/RT][vth+abbe/VT][ppon/PPandwerdnysse/NND]
[ppon/PPecere/JJDblysse/NND]B]5B]4T]3.V)1)(AELIVE,I,210.14)

ifyouallow,mother,thisfamousgospel,allowthatAgathaearnedat
Christ,thenwhensheforhisnameenduredthatshehimeverhaveon
presenceonperpetualbliss.

82
 (1[B[csMid/PP+tam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vtlagon/VT]B]1
2[B[+and/CC]%cs%%co%%nn%[vtgelencgdon/VT][na+da/PDA
gebedu/NNA]B]2,[rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][pp
on/PPsl+ape/NND],)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

withthatthattheylayandlengthenedthoseprayers,thenbecameLucy
onsleep,

([rr+tus/RR][vttihte/VT][nnLucia/NMN][rtgelome/RT][na
+ta/PDAmodor/NNA],1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnheo/PEN][vt
beceapode/VT][na+ta/PDAscinendan/JJAgymmas/NNA,and/CCeac/RR
hire/POlandare/NNA][ppwi+d/PPlicgendum/VGDfeo/NND,]B]1)
(AELIVE,I,212.52)

thusinvitedLucyoftenthatmother,untilshesoldthoseshininggems,
andalsoherlandedpropertywithlyingcattle,

([~Ne/NE][vtdreah/VT][nnic/PEN][rtnu/RT][gd+trym/JJD
gearum/NND][na~nane/JJA~o+tre/JJAd+ada/NNA],1[B[csbutan/CS]
%nn%[nd+tam/PDDlyfigendan/JJDdrihtne/NMD][na+tas/PDAlac/NNA]
[vtgeoffrode/VT]B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.64)

notdidInowthreeyearsnootherdeeds,exceptthatlivingLordthese
playsoffered.

([rrfor+ti/RR][nnic/PEN][vtcw+a+d/VT][naGodes/NMG
word/NNA],1[B[csfor+tan/CS][co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP
his/POgodspelle/NND][vtcw+a+d/VT],{D1}B]1,)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

thereforeIsaidGodwords,becausethatheonhisgospelsaid,

Coordinatingconjunctions[+...]
Coordinatingconjunctionsmayjoinwords,phrases,mainclauses,orsubordinateclauses.
ForacompletedescriptionofconjunctionintheBrooklynCorpus,seeSection10.

Floatedquantifiers[ec...]
QuantifiersarebracketedandlabelledonlyiftheyareseparatedfromtherestoftheNP.No
emptycategoryisleftwithintheassociatedNP,andthereisnocoindexing.

(1(D2[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtclypige/VT][natyn/JJA
+tusend/NNAmanna/NNG]B]2,[nnhi/PEN][atsceolan/MT][en
ealle/JJN][vvgehyran/VV][na+tone/PDAhalgan/JJAgast/NNA]3[U[rr
+tus/RR][vgcwe+dende/VG],{D2}U]3D)1)(AELIVE,I,216.111)

althoughyouspeaktenthousandpersons,theymustallhearthatholy
breaththussaying,

([+ac/CC][nnhi/PENealle/JJN][~ne/NE][atmihton/MT][nd
hyre/PEDanre/JJD][vvgehelpan/VV].)(AELIVE,I,210.8)

buttheyallnotcouldheronehelp.

83
 ([ath+afde/HT][nnse/PDNcyning/NNN][nahis/POfierd/NNA][pp
on/PPtu/NNA][pato_/PA][vnnumen/VN],1[B[csswa/RR][co
+t+at/CO][nnhie/PEN][vtw+aron/BT][rtsimle/RT][enhealfe/JJN]
[pp+at/PPham/NND],[ohealfe/JJNute/RR],[ppbutan/PP+t+am/PDD
monnum/NND2[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[na+ta/PDAburga/NNA][vv
healdan/VV][atscolden/MT]L]2]B]1.)(CHROA2,84.894.15)

hadthatkinghisnationallevyontwoseparated,sothattheywereever
halfatvillage,halfout,outofthosepersonsthatthosefortshold
must.

FloatedquantifiersusuallyfollowtheirNP,buttheymayprecedeit:

(1[B[csgif/CS][nnhe/PEN][nghorses/NNG][paon_/PA][vt
l+ane/VT]B]1,[eaealne/JJA][nnhe/PEN][nahine/PEA][vt
gylde/VT].)(LAW2,102.29)

ifhehorselend,allhehimyield.

FloatedquantifiersmayappearinclauseswheretheydonotmodifyanovertNP,asinwuton
clauses.

([atUton/AT][rreac/RR][enealle/JJN][ppymbe/PPfri+des/NNG
bote/NNA&/CCfeos/NNGbote/NNA][vvsmeagan/VV][rrswy+de/RR][rm
georne/RM]:[oswa/RRembe/PPfri+des/NNGbote/NNA,1[M[csswa/CS]
%ne%[nd+dam/PDDbondan/NND][vtsi/BT][jnselost/JJN]M]12[M[+
&/CC]%cs%%ne%[nd+tam/PDD+teofan/NND][vtsi/BT][jn
la+tast/JJN]M]2;and/CCswa/RRembe/PPfeos/NNGbote/NNA,3[G[co
+t+at/CO][nnan/JJNmynet/NNN][vtgange/VT][ppofer/PPealle/JJA
+tas/PDA+teode/NNA][ppbutan/PP+alcan/JJDfalse/NND]G]3;4[G[+
&/CC]%co%[na+t+at/PDA][nn~nan/JJN~man/NNN][~ne/NE][vt
forsace/VT]G]4].)(LAW3,314.7.8)

letusalsoallaroundpeacehelpandcattlehelpthinkverymuch
eagerly:soaroundpeacehelp,soasthosehouseholdersbebestand
thosecriminalsbemosthated;andsoaroundcattlehelp,thatonecoin
gooverallthisnationoutofeachfalsehood;andthatnopersonnot
objectto.

Leftdislocatedphrases[f...]
IftheseareNPs,theyarecasemarked(seeSection9.1.5above).Iftheleftdislocatedphrase
isnotanNP,itislabelledf.Leftdislocatedphrasesaregiveninternalstructurewhenthey
containaclause.

([f11[H[wh2swa/CShw+at/PIA][coswa/CO]%na2%[nn+tu/PEN]
[ndminum/PODlichaman/NND][vtdest/VT]H]1],[~ne/NE][at
m+ag/MT][nn1+t+at/PDN][vvbelimpan/VV][ppto/PPme/PED].)
(AELIVE,I,214.92)

soasanyonesoasyoumybodydo,notcanthatconcerntome.

84
 ([f1[H[wh1Swa/CShwilc/JJNman/NNN][coswa/CO][na+de/PEA]2[R
[vglifigende/VGA]R]2[ppto/PPhim/PED][vtbring+d/VT]H]1],[pa
on_/PA][vtfo/VT][nnse/PDN][nafiftig/JJApunda/NNA
goldes/NNG].)(APOLLO,12.8.17)

soaswhichpersonsoasyoulivingtohimbrings,takethatfifty
poundsgold.

Other[o...]
Wordsandphrasesthatdonotdirectlyparticipateinthestructureoftheclausearebracketed
o.Thereisnointernalstructureinside[o...],unlessitcontainsaclause,andnocoindexing.
Someofthetypesofoconstructionsarelistedbelow.

1)vocatives:

(1(V2[B[csGif/CS][nn+tu/PEN][vtgelyfst/VT],[omodor/NNN],
[nd+tysum/PDDm+aran/JJDgodspelle/NND]B]2...V)1)
(AELIVE,I,210.14)

ifyouallow,mother,thisfamousgospel...

2)exclamations:

(1(Q[vtEart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][ola/UH][nnGod/NMN]?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,214.72)

areyouloGod?

3)afterthoughts:

(1(D[nnHluttor/JJNoffrung/NNN][nn1+t+at/PDN][vtis/BT],[o
and/CClicwur+de/JJNGode/NMD],2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnmann/PMN]
[nawydewan/NNA][vtgeneosige/VT]T]23[T1[+and/CC]%co%%nn%[na
wreccan/NNA][vtgefrefrige/VT]T]3,4[T1[+and/CC]%co%%nn%[nd
steopbearnum/NND][vtgehelpe/VT][ppon/PPheora/PO
gedrefednyssum/NND]T]4.D)1)(AELIVE,I,212.60)

puresacrificethatis,andpleasingGod,thatonewidowsvisitand
fugitivescheer,andorphanshelpontheirtribulations.

([oHw+at/UH][rt+da/RT][nnDatianus/NMN][vtwear+d/ET][rr
f+arlice/RR][paof_/PA][vnslagen/VN][ppmid/PPheofonlicum/JJD
fyre/NND],[oand/CChis/POgeferan/NNNsamod/RR]...)
(AELIVE,I,318.179)

whatthenDatianbecamesuddenlystruckoffwithheavenlyfire,andhis
associatessimultaneously...

([rrEac/RR][rrswylce/RR][nn+ta/PDNsacerdas/NNN][vt
suncon/VT][pafor+d/PA][rrmid/RR],[oand/CCsume/JJN+da/PDN

85
 h+a+denan/JJN1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[rl+t+ar/RL][rlgehende/RL]
[vtstodon/VT]L]1];)(AELIVE,I,316.145)

alsoinlikemannerthosepriestssankforthwith,andsomethose
heathenthattherenearstood;

4)appositivesseparatedfromtheircoreferentialNP:

([nn1Hit/PEN][vtgelamp/VT][ppon/PPsumne/JJAs+al/NNA]1[T1
[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][vts+aton/VT][rr+atg+adere/RR],[o
Oswold/NMNand/CCAidan/NMN][ppon/PP+tam/PDDhalgan/JJD
easterd+age/NND]T]1;)(AELIVE,III,130.87)

ithappenedonsometimethattheysattogether,O.andAidanonthat
holyEasterday;

5)clausesusedasappositivesonNPs,whetherornottheyareseparatedfromtheNP.Note
thatitisnotuncommonfordemonstrativepronounstohaveclausalappositives.

([rt+ta/RT][vtgeascade/VT][nnse/PDNcyng/NNN][na+t+at/PDA]
[o1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhie/PEN][paut/PA][ppon/PPherga+d/NNA]
[vtforon/VT]T]1],)(CHROA2,96.911.8)

thendiscoveredthatkingthatthattheyoutonharryingwent,

([nnHe/PEN][vt+tancode/VT][rt+da/RT][ndGode/NMD][ng
eallra/JJGhis/POgodnyssa/NNG],[o1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN]
[nahine/PEA][vtgescylde/VT][ppwi+d/PP+tone/PDAswicolan/JJA
deofol/NNA]T]1...)(AELIVE,I,318.163)

hethankedthenGodallhisgoodnesses,thathehimaccusedwiththat
guilefuldevil...

6)glossesorexpansionsonwordsorphrases,oftenintroducedbythatis...:

([+&/CC][nn+t+as/PDGwealles/NNGmicelness/NNN&/CCf+astness/NNN]
[vtis/BT][jnungeliefedlic/JJN]1[U[avto/PP][vvsecgenne/VV]
U]1:[o+t+at/PDNis/BT,2[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][vtis/BT]
[gaL/NNAelna/NNG][jnbrad/JJN],[o&/CCII/JJAhund/NNAelna/NNG
heah/JJN]T]2,3[T[+&/CC]%co%[nnhis/POymbgong/NNN][vtis/BT]
[nnhundseofontig/NNNmila/NNG&/CCseofe+da/JJNd+al/NNNanre/JJG
mile/NNG]T]3,4[T[+&/CC]%co%[nnhe/PEN][vtis/ET][vn
geworht/VN][ppof/PPtigelan/NND&/CCof/PPeor+dtyrewan/NND]T]4],
)(OROSIU,74.11)

andthatwallgreatnessandfirmnessisincredibletosay:thatis,that
heis50forearmsbroad,and2hundredforearmshigh,andhiscircuit
isseventymilesandseventhportiononemile,andheispreparedof
crockandofearthtar,

86
 (<latin>Scelerevereor,maternacarnevescor</latin>;[o+t+at/PDN
is/BTon/PPenglisc/JJA:][naScylde/NNA][nnic/PEN][vt+tolige/VT
],)(APOLLO,6.4.13)

,;thatisonEnglish:offenseIsuffer,

7)miscellaneous:

(V[+and/CC][vtdraga+d/VI][nahine/PEA]1[R[janiwelne/JJA]R]1
[ohis/POneb/NNAto/PPeor+dan/NND][ppgeond/PPealle/JJA+das/PDA
str+at/NNAand/CCst+anene/JJAwegas/NNA],V)(AELIVE,I,316.151)

anddraghimprecipitoushisbilltogroundthroughoutallthesestreets
andmadeofstoneways,

([nnHe/PEN][vtgeb+ad/VT][rreac/RR][rrswylce/RR][ppfor/PP
eall/JJACristen/JJAfolc/NNA],[o[+and/CC]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn
God/NMN][vtforgeafe/VT][nd+t+are/PDDeor+dan/NND][narenas/NNA]
...T]1].)(AELIVE,I,318.166)

heaskedalsoinlikemannerbeforeallChristianpeople,andthatGod
gavethatgroundrains...

([+ac/CC][nn+du/PEN][vt~n+afst/VT~][rrswa/RR][rr+teah/RR]
[namine/POAsawle/NNA],[oac/CCGod/NMN].)(AELIVE,I,314.99)

butyounothavesohowevermysoul,butGod.

Twoadjacentophrasesthathaveclearlydifferentfunctionsarebracketedseparately.Inthe
examplebelow,thefirstisavocative,thesecondanappositivethatclause.

(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtgewur+de/VT][nn+t+at/PDN],[ohlaford/NNN],
[o2[T[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][namede/NNA][vtnime/VT][pp
+at/PP+de/PED][ppfor/PP+tisum/PDD+tingum/NND]T]2],3[B[cs
for+don/CS][co+te/CO][ppmid/PPgodum/JJDmannum/NND][vt~nis/ET~
][nn~na+der/CC~ne/CC~gold/NNNne/CC~seolfor/NNN][ppwi+d/PP
godes/JJGmannes/NNGfreondscipe/NND][pawi+d_/PA][vnmeten/VN]B]3
.D)1)(APOLLO,12.8.27)

notbecomethat,lord,thatIrewardtakeatyoubeforethesethings,
becausethatwithgoodpersonsnotisneitherneithergoldneither
silverwithgoodpersonfriendshipcomparedwith.

Exclamationsandvocatives,however,aregenerallybracketedtogether:

(1(D[oEala/UH+tu/PENs+a/NNGNeptune/NMN,manna/NNGbereafigend/NNN
and/CCunsc+a+d+digra/JJGbeswicend/NNN],[nn+tu/PEN][vteart/BT]
[jnw+alreowra/JJN][pp+tonne/CSAntiochus/NMNse/PDNcyngc/NNN].
D)1)(APOLLO,16.12.4)

alasyouseaNeptune,personsdispoilerandinnocentdeceiver,youare
cruelerwhenAntiochusthatking.

87
 Unknown[x...]
Thislabelisusedwhenthecategoryorstructureoftheconstituentcannotbedetermined.

([+and/CC][nnhe/PEN][vtgecwemde/VT][ndme/PED][xmanna/NNG]
[rmbetst/RM][ppon/PP+dam/PDDplegan/NND],
<BC:_manna_bracketed_with_he_or_betst?>)(APOLLO,24.15.7)

andhegratifiedmepersonsbestonthatmotion,

Whencomplementizersarerepeated,thesecondoccurrenceislabelledas[x:

([vtH+afde/VT][nnhe/PEN][vx[+&/CC][vtw+ag/VT]][ppmid/PP
hine/PEA][natwiecge/JJAhandseax/NNAge+attred/VNA],1[B[co
+t+at/CO]2[B[csgif/CS][nnseo/PDNwund/NNN][rrto/RR][rr
lyt/RR][vtgenihtsumode/VT][ppto/PP+t+as/PDGcyninges/NNG
dea+de/NND]B]2,[x+t+at/CO][nn+t+at/PDNattor/NNN][vt
gefultmade/VT]B]1.)(BEDE,8.122.11)

hadheandcarriedwithhimtwoedgeddaggerpoisoned,thatifthat
woundalsolittlesufficedtothatkingdeath,thatthatpoisonhelped.

Conjunction

Wordandphrasalconjunction
Conjoinedwordsandphrasesthatarecontiguousarewherepossibletreatedasasingle
constituent,andthereisnointernalbracketing.Theconjoinedwordsandphrasesareusually
ofthesamecategory.

(...[rt+DA/RT][vtASPRANG/VT][nnAGATHEN/NMGHLISA/NNN][pp
OFER/PPLAND/NNAAND/CCS+A/NNA]...)(AELIVE,I,210.1)

...thensprangupAgathasoundoverearthandsea...

([rt+ta/RT][pp+after/PP+t+are/PDDm+assan/NND][nnseo/PDN
modor/NNNand/CCseo/PDNdohtor/NNN][vtastrehton/VT][nahi/PFA]
[ppon/PPgebedum/NND][pp+at/PP+t+are/PDDbyrgene/NND].)
(AELIVE,I,210.20)

thenafterthatmassthatmotherandthatdaughterextendedthem(selves)
onprayersatthatgrave.

Butthisisnotalwaysthecase.Whenthetwoconjunctsareofdifferentcategories,thelabel
isthatofthefirstconjunct.

([+&/CC][nn+ta/PDN][vts+aton/VT][rl+tara/RL&/CCinnan/PP
Ionan/NMA][gatu/JJAwinter/NNA][ppon/PP+tam/PDDtwam/JJD
stedum/NND];)(CHROA2,80.887.1)

andthosesatthereandfromwithinI.twowintersonthosetwoplaces;

88
 Clausalconjunction
Conjoinedmainclauseswithnoemptyelementsaresimplytreatedastwoseparatetokens.

([nnHe/PEN][vtwear+d/ET][rt+ta/RT][vngebroht/VN][ppon/PP
bendum/NND][ppto/PPRome/NMD],)(AELIVE,I,218.143)

hebecamethenbroughtonbondstoRome,

([+and/CC][nn+ta/PDNwitan/NNN][vtheton/VT]1[U[nahine/PEA]
[vvbeheafdian/VV]U]1...)(AELIVE,I,218.143)

andthosesagescommandedhimbehead...

BecauseofthelackofaVPconstituent,VPconjunctioniswherepossibletreatedasifit
wereclausal,i.e.,asifaconjunctionreductiontransformationhadappliedtothesecond
conjunct,leavingbehindsomeemptycategories.Theconjunctionisincludedwithinthe
bracketsofthesecondconjunct,andemptysubjectsandverbs(usuallyauxiliaries,but
sometimesmainverbsandparticiples)areinsertedtofilloutthestructure.Inthefollowing
examples,sequencesofmainclausesthatareseparatedinthecorpusbyblanklinesare
printedinthedocumentationwithnospaceandwiththecombinedglossafterbothclausesin
ordertoindicatethattheycompriseasingleexample.

(...[rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][ppon/PP
sl+ape/NND],)(AELIVE,I,210.22)
([+and/CC]%nn%[vtgeseah/VT][naAgathen/NMA][ppbetwux/PP
engla/NNGwerodum/NND],1[R[rr+anlice/RR][vngefretewode/VNA]R]1
,)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

...thenbecameLucyonsleep,andsawAgathabetweenangelsthrongs,
singularlyadorned,

(1(D[nn+t+as/PDGlifigendan/JJGGodes/NMGword/NNN][~ne/NE][at
magon/MT][vvgeswican/VV],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.70)
([+~ne/CC~]%nn%%at%[vnforsuwode/VN][vvbeon/EV])
(AELIVE,I,214.70)

thatlivingGodwordsnotcanwander,neithersuppressedbe.

(...[vtwear+t/ET][nnse/PDNmanfulla/JJNPascasius/NMN][ppmid/PP
racenteagum/NND][vngebunden/VN],)(AELIVE,I,218.139)
([+and/CC]%nn%%vt%[ppbeforan/PP+dam/PDDm+adene/NND][vn
gel+ad/VN].)(AELIVE,I,218.139)

...becamethatwickedPaschasiuswithchainstied,andbeforethat
maidenled.

Notethatthefirstpartofcorrelativeconjunction(e.g.ofthetypeeither...or)canoccur
clauseinternally,ratherthanclauseinitially:

([+&/CC]%nn%[na+ta/PDAscipu/NNAeall/JJA][+o+d+te/CC][pa
to_/PA][vtbr+acon/VT],)(CHROA2,86.894.48)

89
 ([+o+t+te/CC]%nn%%na%[vtforb+arndon/VT],)(CHROA2,86.894.48)

andthoseshipsallorbrokeinpieces,orcausedtoburn,

Conjoinedsubordinateclausesmayhaveemptywh,cs,and/orcocategories,depending
ontheclausetypeandtheconstituentsofthefirstconjunct;theemptycategoriesofthe
secondconjunctreflecttheovertcategoriesofthefirstconjunct.

(1[B[csMid/PP+tam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vtlagon/VT]B]1
2[B[+and/CC]%cs%%co%%nn%[vtgelencgdon/VT][na+da/PDA
gebedu/NNA]B]2,[rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][pp
on/PPsl+ape/NND],)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

withthatthattheylayandlengthenedthoseprayers,thenbecameLucy
onsleep,

(1[B[cs+teah/CS][nn+tu/PEN][namine/POAhand/NNA][vtahebbe/VT
][ppto/PP+dinum/PODh+a+tengilde/NND]B]1,2[B[+and/CC]%cs%%nn
%[rrswa/RR][pp+turh/PPme/PEA][vtgeoffrige/VT][ggmines/POG
unwilles/NNG]B]2,[nnic/PEN][vtbeo/BT][rr+teah/RR][jn
unscyldig/JJN][pp+atforan/PP+dam/PDDso+dan/JJDGode/NMD...].)
(AELIVE,I,214.86)

althoughyoumyhandraisetoyouridolatry,andsothroughmeoffermy
repugnance,IamhoweverguiltlessbeforethattrueGod...

Sincebothwhandcoareobligatoryinrelativeclauses,aconjoinedrelativeclausemust
havebothconstituents,eitherovertorempty.

(...1[B[csfor+dam/CS][nn+alc/PIN+t+ara/PDG%L1%][vtbi+d/BT]
[nnGodes/NMGfeond/NNN]2[L1%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[vtbi+d/BT][nn
Godes/NMGcyrcena/NNGfeond/NNN]L]2,3[L1[+&/CC]%wh%[co
+de/CO]%nn%[naGodes/NMGcyrcena/NNGriht/NNA][vtwana+d/VT
o+d+de/CCwyrde+d/VT]L]3B]1.)(WULF3,202.43)

...becauseeachthoseisGodfoethatisGodchurchesfoe,andthatGod
churchesrightdiminishesorspoils.

(...[nnmuneca/NNGgehwylc/PIN,2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[rr
ute/RR][vtsy/BT][ppof/PPmynstre/NND]L]23[L[+&/CC]%wh2%
%co%%nn2%[ngregoles/NNG][~ne/NE][vtgyme/VT]L]3...)
(LAW3,238.5)

...monkseach,thatoutbeofmonasteryandrulenotcarefor...

Sincecoisobligatoryinthatclauses,aconjoinedthatclausemusthaveaco,eitherovert
orempty.

([oEala/UH],%ne1%[rtgefyrn/RT][vtis/BT]1[T1[co+t+at/CO]
[pp+durh/PPdeofol/NNA][nnfela/PIN+tinga/NNG][vtmisfor/VT]
T]1,2[T1[+&/CC][co+t+at/CO][nnmancynn/NNN][rrto/RR][rr

90
 swy+de/RR][ndGode/NMD][vtmishyrde/VT]T]2,3[T1[+&/CC][co
+t+at/CO][nnh+a+denscype/NNN][rrealles/RR][rrto/RR][rr
wide/RR][rrswy+de/RR][vtgederede/VT]T]34[T1[+&/CC]%co%%nn
%[rrgyt/RR][vtdere+d/VT][rrwide/RR]T]4.)(WULF4,221.2)

alas,formerlyisthatthroughdevilmanythingswentwrong,andthat
mankindalsoverymuchGodheardamiss,andthatpaganismentirelyalso
widelyverymuchdamagedandyetdamageswidely.

Forconjoinedsubordinateclauses,theconjunctionisincludedinsidetheclauseboundaryof
theconjoinedclause,asshownintheexamplesabove,exceptwhenthesentencebeginswith
aconjunctionandasubordinateclause.

([+Ac/CC]1[B[cs+da_/RT+ta/CS][ndhim/PED][nn~naht/NNN~][~
ne/NE][vtspeow/VT]B]1,[rt+ta/RT][vthet/VT][nnhe/PEN]2[U
[vvspannan/VV][naoxan/NNA][pato/PA]U]2,)(AELIVE,I,216.106)

butthenwhenthemnothingnotsucceeded,thencommandedhejoinoxen
thereto,

Verbalconjunctionandclausalconjunction
Notallverbalconjunctioncanbetreatedasclausalconjunction:theverbsmaysharesomeor
alloftheconjunctsandadjuncts,andtheconstituentorderoftheclausemaybesuchthatthe
bracketinganduseofemptycategoriesobscuresthestructure.Inthesecases,therefore,we
haveusedavxphrasalcategory,whichisVPlikeandcontainsacoordinatingconjunction
andaverbandmaycontainoneormorecomplementsandadjuncts.Thesevxsdontfit
neatlyintothesyntaxoftheclause.Theyarebracketedseparatelytoprovideinformation
aboutverbcomplement/adjunctwordorder,andforthatreasonthenonclausalconstituents
withinthemarebracketedandlabelled.

Thefollowingguidelinesexplaintheuseofverb,verbprojection,andclausalconjunctionin
theBrooklynCorpus:

1)Whenfiniteverbsareadjacentandconjoined,sharethesubjectandallcomplementsand
adjuncts(orhavenocomplementsandadjuncts),theyaresimplybracketedwithinasingle
[vt...]:

([+&/CC]%nn%[vtwicode/VT][rl+t+ar/RL]1[B[cs+ta/PDA
hwile/NNA][co+te/CO][nnman/PMN][na+ta/PDAburg/NNA][vt
worhte/VT&/CCgetimbrede/VT][pp+at/PPWitham/NMD]B]1;)
(CHROA2,96.913.3)

anddwelledtherethatwhilethatonethatfortpreparedandconstructed
atW.;

Noticethatintheexamplebelow,thereisnoovertconjunction:

(1(V[vtBlissa/VI,blissa/VI],[oApolloni/NMN],2[B[csfor/PP
+dam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnmin/PONdohtor/NNN][vtgewilna+d/VT][ng

91
 +t+as/PDG3[L%wh1%[co+de/CO]%nn1%[nnmin/PONwilla/NNN][vt
is/BT]L]3]B]2.V)1)(APOLLO,34.21.16)

rejoice,rejoice,Apollonius,beforethatthatmydaughterwishesthat
thatmymindis.

2)Whenfiniteverbsareconjoinedandshareasubjectbutnotcomplementsandadjuncts,the
secondconjunctisifpossibletreatedasaconjoinedclausewithanemptysubject:

([rt+ta/RT][vtgeaxode/VT][na+t+at/PDA][nnAthanasius/NMN
se/PDNdry/NNN],)(AELIVE,I,310.50)

thendiscoveredthatAthanasiusthatmagician,

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtcom/VT][ppto/PP+dam/PDDcasere/NND],)
(AELIVE,I,310.50)

andcametothatemperor,

(...3[T1[+&/CC][co+t+at/CO][nnh+a+denscype/NNN][rr
ealles/RR][rrto/RR][rrwide/RR][rrswy+de/RR][vtgederede/VT]
T]34[T1[+&/CC]%co%%nn%[rrgyt/RR][vtdere+d/VT][rrwide/RR]
T]4.)(WULF4,221.2)

...andthatpaganismentirelyalsowidelyverymuchdamagedandyet
damageswidely.

Inthecaseofparticleverbs,theverbsmustbeseparated,sincetheverbsdonotsharethe
particle.

3)Whenfiniteverbsareconjoinedbutnotadjacentandshareasubjectandsomebutnotall
complementsandadjuncts,avxconstituentisusedtoisolatethesecondverbandits
associatedcomplementsandadjuncts.Sharedcomplementsandadjunctsarebracketedwith
thefirstverb.

([+And/CC][nnse/PDNCeadwalla/NMN][vtsloh/VT][vx[+and/CC]
[ppto/PPsceame/NND][vttucode/VT]][na+ta/PDANor+dhymbran/JJA
leode/NNA][pp+after/PPheora/POhlafordes/NNGfylle/NND],1[B[cs
o+t_+t+at/CS][nnOswold/NMNse/PDNeadiga/JJN][nahis/PO
yfelnysse/NNA][vtadw+ascte/VT]B]1.)(AELIVE,III,126.11)

andthatCadwallastruckandtoshamedisturbedthoseNorthumbrianmen
aftertheirlordfall,untilO.thatwealthyhiswickednessquenched.

([vtH+afde/VT][nnhe/PEN][vx[+&/CC][vtw+ag/VT]][ppmid/PP
hine/PEA][natwiecge/JJAhandseax/NNAge+attred/VNA],1[B[co
+t+at/CO]2[B[csgif/CS][nnseo/PDNwund/NNN][rrto/RR][rr
lyt/RR][vtgenihtsumode/VT][ppto/PP+t+as/PDGcyninges/NNG
dea+de/NND]B]2,[x+t+at/CO][nn+t+at/PDNattor/NNN][vt
gefultmade/VT]B]1.)(BEDE,8.122.11)

92
 hadheandcarriedwithhimtwoedgeddaggerpoisoned,thatifthat
woundalsolittlesufficedtothatkingdeath,thatthatpoisonhelped.

Notethatthisprocedureisusedinthecaseofverbsandtheirparticles,sincetheverbsdonot
sharetheparticle:

([+and/CC][fnse/PDNrica/JJN,1[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nn%[vt
beryp+d/VT][vx[+and/CC][ppmyd/PPre+dnysse/NND][paof_/PA][vt
sitt/VT]][na+ta/PDAunscildigan/JJAmenn/NNA]L]1],...)
(AELET3,200.137)

andthatstrong,thatdespoilsofandwithcrueltypressesdownthose
guiltlesspersons,...

([+o+d+de/CC][ga+tridde/JJAwend/NNA],%nn%[paon_/PA][vt
gite/VT][vx[+&/CC][vtgelefe/VT]]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnwit/PEN
][ppon/PPriht/NNA][vtspyrigen/VT]T]1.)(BOETH,118.12)

orthirdevent,graspandallowthatwetwoonrightgo.

4)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandadjacent,occurbeforethefiniteverb,andshare
allcomplementsandadjuncts,theyarebracketedasaconjoinedV:

(...1[G[co+t+at/CO][nna+dor/PIN+d+ara/PDG][na+tenunga/NNA]
[vvgegodian/VVo+d+don/CCgemycclian/VV][atm+age/MT]G]1.)
(WULF3,177.40)

notagainnotisanysofamousneithersoholylifethatsomeonethose
servicesimproveorincreasecan.

5)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandoccurbeforethefiniteverbbuthavedifferent
complementsandadjuncts,thesecondverbwithitscomplementsandadjunctsisbracketed
asvx.Sharedcomplementsandadjunctsarebracketedwiththefirstverb.

(...3[L%wh%[co+te/CO]%nx%[nnman/PMN][rrwide/RR][rtnu/RT]
[vvgeseon/VV][vx[+&/CC][pp+durh/PPheora/POyfel/NNA][vv
gecnawan/VV]][atm+ag/MT]...L]3].)(WULF4,116.10)

...thatonewidelynowseeandthroughtheirevilknowcan...

6)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandadjacent,occurafterthefiniteverb,andshareall
complementsandadjuncts,theyarebracketedasaconjoinedV:

(...1[B[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][rl+d+ar/RL][atmeahte/MT][rm
freolslice/RM][ppin/PPsingalum/JJDgebedum/NND][ndhis/PO
sceppende/NMD][vvheran/VV&/CC+deowigan/VV]B]1.)
(BEDE,13.434.27)

thathetherecouldfestivelyinperpetualprayershisCreatorhearand
serve.

93
7)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandbothoccurafterthefiniteverbandhavedifferent
complementsandadjuncts,thesecondconjunctistreatedasaconjoinedclausewithempty
constituents:

(1(D[nn+t+as/PDGlifigendan/JJGGodes/NMGword/NNN][~ne/NE][at
magon/MT][vvgeswican/VV],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.70)

thatlivingGodwordsnotcanwander,

([+~ne/CC~]%nn%%at%[vnforsuwode/VN][vvbeon/EV])
(AELIVE,I,214.70)

neithersuppressedbe.

8)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandbothoccurafterthefiniteverbandsharesome
butnotallcomplementsandadjuncts,thesecondconjunctisbracketedasvx.Shared
complementsandadjunctsarebracketedwiththefirstverb.

([nnGe/PEN][atsceolan/MT][vvcunnan/VV][rmgemindelice/RM][vx
[+and/CC][ndmannum/NND][rreac/RR][vvsecgan/VV]][na+ta/PDA
tyn/JJA+anlican/JJAword/NNA...)(AELET3,188.120)

youmustknowmemorablyandpersonsalsosaythosetenonlywords...

Thisprocedureisusedforparticleverbs,sincetheverbsdonotsharetheparticle:

(...5[B[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][atwolde/MT][ppmid/PPhis/PO
l+afnesse/NND&/CCmid/PPhis/PObl+atsunge/NND][na+t+at/PDA
willsume/JJAweorc/NNA][paon_/PA][vvginnan/VV][vx[+&/CC][vv
gefyllan/VV]]...B]5.)(BEDE,12.418.22)

...thathewouldwithhispermissionandwithhisconsecrationthat
desirableworkbeginandfill...

9)Whennonfiniteverbsareconjoinedandsharesomeorallcomplementsandadjuncts,and
oneverboccursbeforethefiniteverbandtheotherafterthefiniteverb,thesecondverbis
bracketedasvx.Sharedcomplementsandadjunctsarebracketedwiththefirstverb.

(...2[B[cs+ar/CS][nnhio/PEN][nghiere/POanwaldes/NNG][vn
benumen/VN][vtwurde/ET][vx[+&/CC][vnbeswicen/VN]][pp
from/PPArbate/NMDhiere/POagnum/JJDealdormenn/NND&/CCMe+ta/NMG
cyninge/NND]B]2...)(OROSIU,62.15)

...beforesheherauthoritytakenbecameanddeceivedfromArbatusher
ownrulerandMedesking...

Emptycategories
Emptycategoriesareindicatedby%z%or%Z%,wherezandZaretheappropriate
syntacticlabels.IncontrasttothePPCME1practice,emptycategoriescontainnothingbut

94
thelabeland,dependingonuse,anindex.Iftheemptycategorycontainsanindex,theformat
is%zi%or%Zi%,whereiisaninteger.

Anoteoncoindexing:wehadintendedtocoindexempty(andsomeovert)categoriesbased
onthedescriptionsinthissectionandinotherpartsofthismanual.However,wesimplyran
outoftime,andsonotallcategoriesthatshouldbecoindexedareinfactcoindexed.Wehave
coindexedthecasesthataredifficulttounderstand,andinmanycaseswehavenot
coindexedthecasesthatareobvious.Wecouldhaveremovedtheexistingindicesandnot
doneanycoindexingatall,butwedecidedthatitwouldbebettertosupplysomevalid
informationthannone.Usersshouldthereforebeawarethattheywillnotfindindicesinall
placeswheretheymightexpectthem.

Emptynonclausalcategories
%nc% emptycasemarkedNP
%np% emptyNPwithnoexplicitantecedent
%nx% emptyNPwithunknowncase
%ne% emptyexpletive
%rl%,%rt%,%rr% adverbialgapinwhclause
%cs% emptycomplementizer/subordinatingconjunction
%wh% emptywhconstituentinwhclause
%co% emptycomplementizerinsubordinateclause
%at% emptyfiniteauxiliaryverb
%vt% emptyfinitelexicalverb

Subjects
Finiteclausesnormallycontainasubject.Infinitivalclauses(includingECMclauses)donot
containsubjectswithintheclause;anaccusativeNPthatactsasthesubjectofaninfinitiveis
bracketedasanaccusativeobjectofthematrixclauseverb.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vthet/VT][nahine/PEA]1[U[vvsecgan/VV]2[H
[wh1of/PPhwilcere/WJDbyrig/NND]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN][vt
w+are/BT]H]2...U]1.)(AELIVE,I,308.23)

andcommandedhimsayofwhichforthewere...

Imperativeclausesandclauseswiththeverbwutondonotnecessarilycontainsubjects.

(V[vtGemyne/VI]1[T[co+t+at/CO][nn+du/PEN][vtgehalgige/VT]
[na+tone/PDAr+asted+ag/NNA]T]1;V)(LAW2,26.1.3)

rememberthatyouhallowthatdayofrest;

([+ac/CC][atutan/AT][vvdon/VV]1[B[csswa/CS][ndus/PED]
[nn+tearf/NNN][vtis/BT]B]1,)(WULF3,181.123)

butletusdosoasusneedis,

95
Noemptyexpletivesareinsertedinexistentialswhichmayrequireanovertexpletivesin
ModernEnglish,aslongasthereisanominativeNPintheclause:

(...3[B[csswa/RRswa/CS][ndus/PED][nn+tearf/NNN][vtis/BT]
B]3...)(WULF3,201.32)

sosoasusneedis,

Inallfiniteclausesexceptthosediscussedabove,ifthereisnonominativeNPsubject,an
emptycategoryisinsertedaccordingtotheconditionslistedbelow.

Emptysubjectswithovertantecedents:%nn%
Iftheclausehasthesamesubjectasthepreviousclause,%nn%isinserted,withno
coindexing.Thisisparticularlyfrequentforconjoinedclauses.

([rt+ta/RT][vtgeaxode/VT][na+t+at/PDA][nnAthanasius/NMN
se/PDNdry/NNN],)(AELIVE,I,310.50)

thendiscoveredthatAthanasiusthatmagician,

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtcom/VT][ppto/PP+dam/PDDcasere/NND],)
(AELIVE,I,310.50)

andcametothatemperor,

However,aconjoinedclausewithamissingwutondoesnotgetanemptysubject.

(1(D[atUton/AT][vvfeallan/VV][ppto/PP+d+are/PDDrode/NND],
D)1)(AELIVE,III,126.17)

letusfalltothatrood

([+and/CC]%at%[na+tone/PDA+almihtigan/JJA][vvbiddan/VV][T
[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][naus/PEA][vtahredde/VT][ppwi+d/PP
+tone/PDAmodigan/JJAfeond/NNA...T].)(AELIVE,III,126.17)

andthatalmightyaskthatheussavewiththatspiritedfoe...

Inconjoinedclauseswithemptyexpletives,bothclausescontain%ne%.

Emptysubjectswithoutovertantecedents:%np%
Emptysubjectswhichdontcorrespond(usuallyinnumber,sometimesinreference)tothe
subjectoftheprevioussentenceareindicatedby%np%.

([rtHer/RT][ppon/PP+tysum/PDDgeare/NND][vtw+as/BT][nn
micel/JJNunfri+d/NNN][ppon/PPAngelcynnes/NMGlonde/NND][pp
+turh/PPsciphere/NNA],)(CHROA3,132.1001.1)

96
 hereonthisyearwasgreatbreachofpeaceonEnglishpeopleearth
throughnavalforce,

([+&/CC]%np%[rlwelgehw+ar/RL][vthergedon/VT])
(CHROA3,132.1001.1)

andeverywhereravaged

([+&/CC][rl+t+ar/RL][vtwear+d/BT][nn+tara/PDGDenescra/JJG
micle/RRma/PIN][paof_/PA][vnslegenra/VNG].1[B[cs+teah/CS]
[co+de/CO][nnhie/PEN][naw+alstowe/NNGgeweald/NNA][vt
ahtan/VT]B]1.)(CHROA3,132.1001.9)

andtherewasthoseDanishgreatlymorestruckoff.althoughthatthey
battlefieldmightowned.

([+&/CC]%np%[vtforan/VT][rt+da/RT][rr+tanon/RR][rlwest/RL
]1[B[cso+t_+t+at/CS][nnhy/PEN][vtcoman/VT][ppto/PP
Defenan/NMD]B]1,)(CHROA3,132.1001.11)

andwentthenthencewestwardsuntiltheycametoD.s,

([rlinne/RL][ppon/PP+t+am/PDDf+astenne/NND][vts+aton/VT][nn
feawa/JJNcirlisce/JJNmen/NNN][paon/PA],)(CHROA2,84.893.9)

inonthatfastnesssatfewcommonpersonson,

([+&/CC]%np%[vtw+as/BT][jnsam_worht/JJN].)(CHROA2,84.893.9)

andwasunfinished.

([rtHer/RT][vtb+ad/VT][nnBurgred/NMNMiercna/NMGcyning/NNN&/CC
his/POwiotan/NNN][na+a+telwulf/NMAcyning/NNA]1[T[co+t+at/CO]
[nnhe/PEN][ndhim/PED][vtgefultumade/VT]2[B[co+t+at/CO]%np%
[ndhim/PED][naNor+t_Walas/NMA][vtgehiersumade/VT]B]2T]1;)
(CHROA2,64.853.1)

hereaskedB.MercianskingandhissagesA.kingthathethemhelped
thatthemNorthWelshobeyed;

Insmallclausecomplementsofhatanwithonlyoneargumentwherenomovementis
involved,thenonovertNPisindicatedby%np%:

([+&/CC][nnhe/PEN][nd+d+are/PDDcirican/NND][ppfor/PP
hine/PFA][nao+derne/JJAbiscop/NNA][vtgehalgode/VT],1[P2[S%np
%[nnRomanus/NMN]S]2[vtw+as/ET][vnhaten/VN]P]1,3[B[cs
for+don/CS][nnhe/PEN][naaldorlicnisse/NNA%T1%][paon_/PA][vt
feng/VT][ppfrom/PPBonefatio/NMD+tam/PDDpapan/NND],4[T1[co
+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][nabiscopas/NNA][vvhadian/VV][at
moste/MT]T]4B]3.)(BEDE,7.118.26)

andhethatchurchbeforehim(self)otherbishophallowed,R.was
commanded,becauseheauthoritytookfromB.thatpope,thathebishops
ordainmight.

97
 Subjectgapsinwhclauses:%nni%
Inwhclauseswithsubjectgaps,%nn%isinsertedandcoindexedwiththewhconstituent.

([nn+tis/PDN][vtcom/VT][rt+ta/RT][ppto/PPearan/NND][d
+tam/PDD+a+delborenan/JJDcnihte/NND1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[vt
awogode/VT][naLucian/NMA]L]1...].)(AELIVE,I,212.57)

thiscamethentoearthatdistinguishedboythatwooedLucy...

Extraposedclausalsubjects:%nei%
Ifthesubjectisitselfa(finiteornonfinite)clauseandextraposed,theclauseiscoindexed
withanemptyexpletive%ne%.

(%ne1%[vt~N+as/BT~][ndme/PED][rr~n+afre/RR~][jn
gewunelic/JJN]1[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnic/PEN][vtworhte/VT][ng
fleames/NNG]T]1,)(AELIVE,IV,320.78)

notwasmeneverusualthatIpreparedflight,

(...2[T[co+t+at/CO]%ne1%[ndmen/NND][vtsie/ET][vnalefed/VN
]3[U1[nayfel/NNA][avto/PP][vvdonne/VVD]U]3T]2...)
(BOETH,121.17)

thatpersonbeallowedeviltodo...

Emptysubjectsinclauseswithimpersonalverbs:%ne%
Iftheverbisusedasanimpersonalverbandhasnonominativeargument,%ne%isinserted.

(%ne%[nd+te/PED][vtmis+ting+d/VT].)(APOLLO,22.14.29)

youismistaken.

Notethataclause,finiteornonfinite,mayactasthesubjectofanimpersonalverb,andthus
becoindexedwith%ne%ifitisextraposed.

(...3[B[rrswa/RR][co+t+at/CO]%ne3%[ndeow/PEDsylfum/PFD]
[vt+ting+d/VT],4[T3[co+t+at/CO][ndeow/PED][nn~nan/JJN~
syn/NNN][~ne/NE][vtsy/BT]...T]4B]3....)(AELET3,102.83)

sothatyouselvesappears,thatyounoinjurynotbe...

(1(D%ne1%[ndUs/PED][vtgedafena+d/VT]2[U1[avto/PP][vv
offrigenne/VVD][nd+tam/PDDundeadlicum/JJDGode/NMD].U]2D)1)
(AELIVE,I,314.125)

usbeseemstoofferthatimmortalGod.

(1(Q[csHwe+ter/CS]%ne1%[nd+te/PED][rt+tonne/RT][vt
+tince/VT]2[S1[jnunweor+d/JJN&/CCunm+arlic/JJN][nnsio/PDN
gegaderunc/NNN+tara/PDG+driora/JJG+tinga/NNG]S]23[B[cs

98
 +tonne/CS][nn+ta/PDN+trio/NNN][vtbio+d/ET][ppto/PPanum/PID]
[vngedon/VN]B]3,Q)1)(BOETH,75.18)

whetheryouthenappearunworthyandingloriousthatgatheringthose
threethingswhenthosethreearetoonedone,

Emptysubjectsincomparativeclauses:%nni%
Incomparativeclauses,gapsarenotnormallyindicated.However,inordertoensurethatall
comparativeclausescontainanominativeNP,clearsubjectgapsareindicatedbycoindexed
%wh%and%nn%:

(1[B[csGif/CS][nnhwa/PIN][vtadelfe/VT][naw+aterpyt/NNA]B]1
...3[B[+&/CC]%cs%%nn%[nahine/PEA][rteft/RT][~ne/NE][vt
betyne/VT]B]3,%np%[vtgelde/VT][naswelc/JJAneat/NNA4[M%wh1%
[csswelc/CS]%nn1%[pp+d+ar/RLon/PP][vtbefealle/VT]M]4],)
(LAW2,34.1.22)

ifanyonedigwell...andhimagainnotenclose,yieldsuchanimalas
thereonfall,

NonsubjectNPs:%nc%or%nx%
Inconjoinedclauses,NPsinthesecondorlaterconjunctmaybedeletedunderidentitywith
anNPinthepreviousclause.Inclauseswherethisisclear,%nc%isinsertedintheconjunct,
wherethecaseoftheemptyNPmatchesthecaseoftheNPinthepreviousclause.Notethat
theverbinthesecondconjunctmaytakeanobjectwithdifferentcasemarking:whatis
indicatedhereisthat,forexample,therewasanaccusativeobjectinthepreviousclausethat
servesastheobjectfortheconjoinedclause,regardlessofthecasemarkingthatwouldoccur
iftheobjectwereactuallypresentintheconjunct.

([oHw+at/UH][nn+ta/PDNarleasan/JJN][rt+ta/RT][na
Eadmund/NMA][vtgebundon/VT],)(AELIVE,IV,322.106)

whatthosedishonorablethenEdmundtied,

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtgebysmrodon/VT][rmhuxlice/RM],)
(AELIVE,IV,322.106)

andmockedshamefully,

Ifanobjectisclearlymissingbutthereisnoovertevidenceforwhatcaseitshouldbe,%nx
%isinsertedintheclause.Thishappensmostfrequentlyinwhclauseswithoutwh
constituentswherethegapisanobjectofaverborofapreposition:

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtcw+a+t/VT]1[T[co+t+at/CO]%ne1%[ndhim/PED
][nnr+ad/NNN][vt+tuhte/VT]2[T1[co+t+at/CO][nnhe/PEN][pp
to/PP+tam/PDD%L%][vtgebuge/VT]3[L%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nd
him/PED][vtbead/VT][nnHinguar/NMN]L]3T]2T]1.)
(AELIVE,IV,318.59)

99
 andsaidthathimadviceappearedthathetothatbowthathimcommanded
Hingwar.

(V[+Ac/CC][vtsyle/VI][rtnu/RT][ppon/PPgesundfulnysse/NND]
[nd+tam/PDDso+dan/JJDH+alende/NMD][naswa/CShw+at/PIA1[L%wh1%
[coswa/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgemyntest/VT]2[U%nx1%[ppon/PP
for+dsi+te/NND][avto/PP][vvdonne/VVD]U]2L]1].V)
(AELIVE,I,212.50)

butgivenowonhealththattrueSaviorsoasanythingsoasyouintend
ongoingforthtodo.

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtl+addan/VT][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDbyrig/NND
1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP%nx1%][vt
+drowode/VT]L]1],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

andledtothatfortthatheonendured,

whconstituents,complementizersinwhclauses:%whi%,%co%
Allwhclauses(whetherornotconjoined)havebothawhconstituentanda
complementizer,exceptfordirectwhquestions,whichhaveonlyawhconstituent.Ifthese
constituentsarenotpresent,emptycategories%wh%and%co%areinserted.

(1(D[~Ne/NE][vtsynd/BT][nnge/PEN2[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%
[rl+t+ar/RL][vtspreca+d/VT]L]2],D)1)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

notareyouthattherespeak,

([rt+ta/RT][vtcom/VT][nnsum/JJNwydewe/NNN,1[L[wh1seo/PDN]
%co%[vtw+as/ET][vngeciged/VN]2[S%nn1%[nnEuthicia/NMN]S]2
L]1...)(AELIVE,I,210.5)

thencamesomewidow,thatwascalledEutychia...

([rtNu/RT][atwille/MT][nnwe/PEN][ndeow/PED][vvsecgan/VV]
[na+t+at/PDA1[L%wh%%co%%nn%[jnso+d/JJN][vtis/BT][ppbe/PP
+dam/PDD]L]1]...)(AELIVE,I,306.3)

nowwillweyousaythattrueisbythat...

Subordinatingconjunctions,complementizersinnonwhclauses:%cs%,%co%
Subordinateclausesotherthanwhclausesmaycontainbothacs(subordinating
conjunction)andaco(complementizer).Ifneitherispresent,emptycategories%cs%and
%co%areinsertedasfollows:

1)AllnonconjoinedthatclausecomplementsofnounsoradjectivesintheBrooklynCorpus
haveovertcomplementizers,sonoemptycategoriesareneeded.Incontrast,theredoexist
(nonconjoined)thatclausecomplementsofverbswhichhaveemptycomplementizers,but
thesearetreatedasembeddedmainclauses(seeSection8.2.7).

100
2)Forconjoinedclauses,thepatternofthefirstconjunctisfollowed:ifthefirstconjunct
containsbothacsandaco,itisassumedthatsecondandlaterconjunctsarethesame;if
thefirstcontainsonlyacsoraco,itisassumedthatsecondandlaterconjunctsarethe
same.

([+ac/CC][nnGodes/NMGmiht/NNN][vtwear+d/ET][vn
geswutelod/VN][rtsona/RT][ppon/PP+tam/PDDm+adene/NND],1[B[cs
swa/RR][co+t+at/CO][nnse/PDNhalga/JJNgast/NNN][nahi/PEA][vt
heold/VT]B]12[B[+and/CC]%cs%%co%%nn%%na%[ppmid/PPhefe/NND]
[vtgef+astnode/VT],3[B[co+t+at/CO][nn+ta/PDNmanfullan/JJN][~
ne/NE][atmihton/MT][na+t+at/PDAm+aden/NNA][vvastyrian/VV]B]3
B]2.)(AELIVE,I,216.95)

butGodmightbecameshownsoononthatmaiden,sothatthatholybreath
herheldandwithweightfastened,thatthosewickednotcouldthat
maidenexcite.

([nnSeo/PDNeadiga/JJNLucia/NMN][ppon/PP+t+are/PDDylcan/JJD
stowe/NND%L%][vtwunode/VT]1[L%wh%[co+te/PO]%rl%[nnheo/PEN]
[paof_/PA][vnslagen/VN][vtw+as/ET]L]1,2[B[cso+d+t+at/CS]
[nnsacerdas/NNN][vtcoman/VT]B]23[B[+and/CC]%cs%%nn%[na
hi/PEA][vtgehusloden/VT][ppmid/PPhaligre/JJDgerynu/NNA]B]3.)
(AELIVE,I,218.146)

thatwealthyLucyonthatsamespotinhabitedthatshestruckoffwas,
untilpriestscameandheradministeredthesacramentwithholy
mysteries.

(V[+and/CC][na+tas/PDAearman/JJAanlicnyssa/NNA][ppmid/PP
ealle/JJI][vtfordo/VI],1[B[csswa/RRswa/CS][nnwex/NNN][vt
formylt/VT][ppfor/PPhatan/JJDfyre/NND]B]1,2[B[co+t+at/CO]
[nnmenn/NNN][na+de/PEA][paon_/PA][vtcnawan/VT]B]23[B[+
and/CC]%co%%nn%[ppon/PP+de/PED][vtgelyfan/VT]4[T[co+t+at/CO
][nn+tu/PEN][vteart/BT][nnana/JJNGod/NMN,+almihtig/JJN
scyppend/NMN]T]4B]3.V)(AELIVE,I,316.134)

andthesepoorresemblanceswithallundo,sosoaswaxdissolvesbefore
hotfire,thatpersonsyouunderstandandonyouallowthatyouareone
God,almightyCreator.

Gappedconstituentsinwhclauses
Thegappedconstituentinawhclauseisindicatedbyanemptycategorycoindexedtothe
(possiblyempty)whconstituent.

1) Ifthegappedconstituentisthesubject,theemptyconstituentis%nn%.

([+and/CC][nnge/PEN][ndhim/PED][naweardas/NNA%L%][vt
setta+d/VT]1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO]%nn1%[nahi/PEA][vt
bewacia+d/VT][ppwi+d/PP+teofas/NNA]L]1.)(AELIVE,I,308.20)

andyouthemwatchingssetthatthemwatchwithcriminals.

101
2) IfthegappedconstituentisanonsubjectNPandthewhconstituentisovertand
casemarked,theemptyconstituentis%nc%.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vtb+adon/VT][rr+t+as/RR][ppon/PPmergen/NNA]
1[T[co+t+at/CO][nnhi/PEN][atmoston/MT][na+tone/PDAsanct/NNA
%L1%][ppmid/PParwur+dnysse/NND][paunder_/PA][vvfon/VV],
2[L1[wh2+tone/PDA][co+te/CO]%na2%[nnhi/PEN][rt+ar/RT]
[vtforsocon/VT]L]2T]1.)(AELIVE,III,136.187)

andaskedafterwardsonmornthattheymightthatsaintwithreverence
receive,thatthattheybeforeobjectedto.

3) IfthegappedconstituentisanonsubjectNPandthewhconstituentisnotovert,the
emptyconstituentis%nx%.

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtl+addan/VT][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDbyrig/NND
1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP%nx1%][vt
+drowode/VT]L]1],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

andledtothatfortthatheonendured,

4) InwhclauseswherethegapisnotanNP,theemptycategorymaybe%pp%(ifthewh
constituentisaPP),or%rl%or%rt%forclearlocativesortemporals;otherwise,%rr%
isusedtoindicateanadjunctgap.

([+and/CC]%nn%[vthet/VT][nahine/PEA]1[U[vvsecgan/VV]2[H
[wh1of/PPhwilcere/WJDbyrig/NND]%co%%pp1%[nnhe/PEN][vt
w+are/BT]H]2...U]1.)(AELIVE,I,308.23)

andcommandedhimsayofwhichforthewere...

(%nn%[vtsende/VT][rt+da/RT][ppto/PPScotlande/NMD,1[L[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnse/PDNgeleafa/NNN][vtw+as/BT][rt+da/RT
]L]1],)(AELIVE,III,128.48)

sentthentoScotland,wherethatbeliefwasthen,

([+and/CC]%nn%[ppon/PPeallum/JJDd+adum/NND][nahis/PO
Drihten/NMA][vtarwur+dode/VT],1[B[cso+d_+t+at/CS][nnhe/PEN]
[paof_/PA][vnslagen/VN][vtwear+d/ET][ppfor/PPhis/PO
folces/NNGware/NND],[ppon/PP+tam/PDDnigo+dan/JJDgeare/NND2[L
%wh1%[co+te/CO]%rt1%[nnhe/PEN][ngrices/NNG][vtgeweold/VT]
L]2],3[B[cs+ta/RT+ta/CS][nnhe/PENsylf/PFN][vtw+as/BT][pp
on/PPylde/NND][nneahta/NRand/CC+trittig/NNNgeara/NNG]B]3
B]1.)(AELIVE,III,134.143)

andonalldeedshisLordhonored,untilhestruckoffbecamebeforehis
peoplesea,onthatninthyearthatheruleruled,thenwhenheselfwas
onageeightandthirtyyears.

102
 (1(Q[oMin/PONswustor/NNNLucia/NMN,so+d/JJNgodes/NMGm+aden/NNN,
][wh1hwi/WR]%rr1%[vtbitst/VT][nn+tu/PEN][pp+at/PPme/PED]
[ng+t+as/PDG2[L%wh2%[co+te/CO]%nx2%[nn+du/PEN][atmiht/MT]
[lnsylf/PFN][vvgeti+dian/VV]L]2]?Q)1)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

mysisterLucy,trueGodmaiden,whyaskyouatmethatthatyoucan
selfgive?

Thepositionofemptynonclausalcategories
Sinceemptycategoriesarenotvisibleinthesurfacestring,theirpositioncannotbe
determined,especiallygiventheextensivewordordervariationinOldEnglish.For
consistency,theruleslistedbelowhavebeenfollowed.Itshouldbeemphasized,however,
thatnosignificanceshouldbeplacedonthepositionofemptycategories.

Withinmatrixwhclauses
Withinmatrixwhclauses(directquestionsandexclamations),thewhconstituentappears
clauseinitially,andtheemptycoindexedcategoryispositionedimmediatelyfollowingit.

(1(Q[wh1Hw+ar/WR]%rl1%[vteart/BT][nn+tu/PEN][rtnu/RT][o
gefera/NNN]?Q)1)(AELIVE,IV,324.148)

whereareyounowassociate?

Theonlyexceptioniswhenthewhconstituenthasclearlyoriginatedwithinanother
constituent,inwhichcasetheemptycategoryispositionedwithintheconstituentinwhichit
hasoriginated.

(1(Q[wh1On/PPhwilcum/WJDgodum/NND][vttihst/VT][nn+tu/PEN]
[naus/PEA]2[U%pp1%[avto/PP][vvgelyfenne/VVD]U]2?Q)1)
(AELIVE,I,316.145)

onwhichgodsinviteyouustoallow?

Withinembeddedwhclauses
Withinembeddedwhclauses,thewhelementandthecomplementizerfollowtheorderwh
>co.Theemptycategorycoindexedwiththewhconstituentimmediatelyfollowsthe
complementizer,exceptwhereithasclearlyoriginatedwithinanotherconstituent,inwhich
casetheemptycategoryispositionedwithintheconstituentinwhichithasoriginated.

(%nn%[vtsende/VT][rt+da/RT][ppto/PPScotlande/NMD,1[L[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnse/PDNgeleafa/NNN][vtw+as/BT][rt+da/RT
]L]1],)(AELIVE,III,128.48)

sentthentoScotland,wherethatbeliefwasthen,

(V[+Ac/CC][vtsyle/VI][rtnu/RT][ppon/PPgesundfulnysse/NND]
[nd+tam/PDDso+dan/JJDH+alende/NMD][naswa/CShw+at/PIA1[L%wh1%
[coswa/CO][nn+tu/PEN][vtgemyntest/VT]2[U%nx1%[ppon/PP

103
 for+dsi+te/NND][avto/PP][vvdonne/VVD]U]2L]1].V)
(AELIVE,I,212.50)

butgivenowonhealththattrueSaviorsoasanythingsoasyouintend
ongoingforthtodo.

([+and/CC]%nn%%na%[vtl+addan/VT][ppto/PP+t+are/PDDbyrig/NND
1[L%wh1%[co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PP%nx1%][vt
+drowode/VT]L]1],)(AELIVE,I,318.171)

andledtothatfortthatheonendured,

Withindirectyes/noquestions
Withindirectyes/noquestions,emptyelementsappearclauseinitially,i.e.beforethefinite
verb.

(Q%ne1%[vtlica+d/VT][nd+te/PED],1[T1[co+t+at/CO][nn
we/PEN][vtsynt/ET][rr+tus/RR][vnatogene/VN]T]1,2[T1[+
&/CC]%co%[nn+tu/PEN][naus/PEA][at~nylt/MT~][rr~no/RR~][vv
scyldan/VV]T]2?Q)(GREGD4,43.2)

pleasesyou,thatwearethusdrawnup,andyouusnotwillnotprotect?

Withinnonwhsubordinateclauses
Withinnonwhsubordinateclauses,cs>co,whetherthecategoriesareovertorempty.

(...1[B[csfor+tan/CS][co+te/CO][nnhe/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
godspelle/NND][vtcw+a+d/VT],{D1}B]1,)(AELIVE,I,214.73)

...becausethatheonhisgospelsaid,

(1[B[csMid/PP+tam/PDD][co+te/CO][nnhi/PEN][vtlagon/VT]B]1
2[B[+and/CC]%cs%%co%%nn%[vtgelencgdon/VT][na+da/PDA
gebedu/NNA]B]2,[rt+ta/RT][vtwear+d/VT][nnLucia/NMN][pp
on/PPsl+ape/NND],)(AELIVE,I,210.22)

withthatthattheylayandlengthenedthoseprayers,thenbecameLucy
onsleep,

Emptyverbalcategories
Emptyfiniteverbsappearafterthesubject,emptynonfiniteverbsafterthefiniteverb.

([+and/CC][nnleohtfatu/NNN]%vt%[vgbyrnende/VG][ppon/PP
eowrum/PODhandum/NND].)(AELET3,82.26)

andlanternsburningonyourhands.

([+and/CC]%nn%%vt%[ppbeforan/PP+dam/PDDm+adene/NND][vn
gel+ad/VN].)(AELIVE,I,218.139)

104
 andbeforethatmaidenled.

([+~ne/CC~]%nn%%at%[vnforsuwode/VN][vvbeon/EV])
(AELIVE,I,214.70)

neithersuppressedbe.

Emptysubjects
Emptysubjectsaregenerallythefirstconstituentoftheclause,withtheexceptionof
conjunctions,complementizers,andwhconstituents.

(%nn%[vtsende/VT][rt+da/RT][ppto/PPScotlande/NMD,1[L[wh1
+t+ar/RL]%co%%rl1%[nnse/PDNgeleafa/NNN][vtw+as/BT][rt+da/RT
]L]1],)(AELIVE,III,128.48)

sentthentoScotland,wherethatbeliefwasthen,

([+and/CC]%nn%[ppon/PPeallum/JJDd+adum/NND][nahis/PO
Drihten/NMA][vtarwur+dode/VT]...)(AELIVE,III,134.143)

andonalldeedshisLordhonored...

(...1[B[csbutan/CS]%nn%[nd+tam/PDDlyfigendan/JJDdrihtne/NMD]
[na+tas/PDAlac/NNA][vtgeoffrode/VT]B]1.)(AELIVE,I,214.64)

...exceptthatlivingLordtheseplaysoffered.

(...1[L1[wh2se_/PDN][co+de/CO]%nn2%[rt+afre/RT][vt
rixa+d/VT][ppon/PPecnysse/NND][gngod/NMN]L]1]...)
(AELIVE,I,218.150)

...thatthateverreignsoneternityGod...

Emptysubjectsaregenerallyprecededbyconjunctions,vocatives,exclamations,
leftdislocatedphrases,andotherconstituentsthatdonotdirectlyparticipateinthestructure
oftheclause.

Emptyobjects
Emptyobjectsappearinthepositionofemptysubjects,i.e.afterconjunctions,
complementizers,andwhconstituentsbutbeforetheremainderoftheclause.Ifthesubject
isalsoempty,theemptyobjectappearsaftertheemptysubjectratherthanbeforeit.

(...2[H[wh1hw+at/PIA]%co%%na1%[nnic/PEN][ppon/PPhis/PO
lacum/NND][vtaspende/VT]H]2...)(AELIVE,I,214.66)

...anyoneIonhisplaysspend.

(...7[T[+&/CC]%nn%%na%[ppin/PPymbhwyrfte/NND][paymb_/PA]
[vtsealde/VT]T]7.)(BEDE,3.264.21)

105
 ...andinrotationsurrounded.

Emptyclausalcategories
Onlytwoclausalcategoriesarenormallycoindexedtoemptycategories:relativeclauses
extraposedfromNPs(%L%)andthatclausesextraposedfromNPs(%T%).Notethatfor
thatclausecomplementsofverbsandadjectives,movementisneverindicatedbyanempty
category.

([~Ne/NE][atsceal/MT][nn~nan/JJN~preost/NNN][nahis/PO
cyricean/NNA%L1%][vvforl+atan/VV],1[L1%wh2%[co+te/CO][nn
he/PEN][ppto/PP%nx2%][vngehadod/VN][vtbi+d/ET]L]1)
(AELET3,142.207)

notmustnopriesthischurchrelinquish,thathetoordainedis

([+and/CC][nn+t+at/PDNword/NNN%T1%][vtsprang/VT][pp
geond/PPeal/JJA+t+at/PDAland/NNA]1[T1[co+t+at/CO][nn
Apollonius/NMN,se/PDNm+ara/JJNcyngc/NNN],[ath+afde/HT][vn
funden/VN][nahis/POwif/NNA]T]1,)(APOLLO,38.49.9)

andthatwordjumpedthroughoutallthatearththatApollonius,that
famousking,hadfoundhiswoman,

106
SectionIV:MorphologicalAnnotationoftheBrooklynCorpus

Morphologicalannotation
Thissectionbrieflydescribesthemorphologicalannotationofpart3ofthetokensinFormat
1filesoftheBrooklynCorpus.Formorecompletedocumentation,andforaversionofthe
OldEnglishSectionoftheHelsinkiCorpusthatisannotatedonlywithmorphological
information,contactAnsvanKemenade([email protected]).

Aswasstatedabove,part3containstheOldEnglishdatawithmorphologicalannotation.
ThedataarewrittenoneOldEnglishwordperline,withthefollowingfields:
Field1:theOldEnglishwordasitappearsinthetext
Field2(beginningwith_l):theOldEnglishlemmacorrespondingtotheword
Field3(beginningwith_m):themorphologicalannotation
Field4(beginningwith_p):forverbswith(separable)particlesonly,theparticle.
Field5(beginningwith_c):forlexicalverbsonly,thecomplementationcode

Anexampleisgivenbelow:

+ta_l(+ta)_m(w:avti)
com_l(cuman)_m(m:in_n:sg_p:3_t:pa_w:vb)_c(1)
sum_l(sum)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:ajat)
wydewe_l(wuduwe)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nono)
seo_l(se)_m(c:nm_g:fm_n:sg_w:prrl)
w+as_l(beon)_m(m:in_n:sg_p:3_t:pa_w:vbax)
geciged_l(geciegan)_m(m:pt_t:pa_w:vb)_c(8)
Euthicia_l(euthicia)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nona)
betwux_l(betwux)_m(w:pp)
o+drum_l(o+ter)_m(c:dt_n:pl_w:ajat)
mannum_l(mann)_m(c:dt_n:pl_w:nono)
to_l(to)_m(w:pp)
+t+are_l(se)_m(c:dt_g:fm_n:sg_w:prde)
m+aran_l(m+are)_m(c:dt_n:sg_w:ajat)
byrigene_l(byrgen)_m(c:dt_n:sg_w:nono)
and_l(and)_m(w:coco)
hire_l(hire)_m(w:prpo)
dohtor_l(dohtor)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nono)
samod_l(samod)_m(w:av)
seo_l(se)_m(c:nm_g:fm_n:sg_w:prde)
ges+alige_l(ges+alig)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:ajat)
Lucia_l(lucia)_m(c:nm_n:sg_w:nona)

Thetablebelowliststhemorphologicaltagsandtheirmeanings,alongwiththe
correspondingPOStagusedinpart1ofthetokeninFormat1(andthereforeinFormats24
aswell).

MorphologicalTag CorrespondingPOSTag

_w: wordclass

107
_w:aj adjective JJc
_w:ajat(ng) attributiveadjective JJc(~)
_w:ajpr predicativeadjective JJc
_w:ajai interrogativeadjective WJc
_w:av adverb RR
_w:avma manneradverb RM
_w:avti adverboftime RT
_w:avpl adverbofplace RL
_w:avng negativeadverb RR~orNE
_w:avit interrogativeadverb WR
_w:no noun
_w:nona name NMc
_w:nono commonnoun NNc
_w:nr number NR
_w:nr firstpartofacomplexnumeral NR
_w:nrcd cardinalnumber JJc
_w:nrno nominalnumber NNc
_w:nrod ordinalnumber JJc
_w:pr pronoun
_w:prde demonstrative PDc
_w:prpo possessive PO(c)
_w:prpe personal PEc
_w:prid(ng) indefinite PIc(~)orPMc(man)
_w:prrl relative PR
_w:prrf reflexive PFc
_w:prit interrogative WPc
_w:vb verb
_w:vb(ng) mainverb Vx(~),wherex= V/T/I/G/N
_w:vbax(ng) auxiliaryverb Hx(~),Ex(~),orAx
_w:vbmo(ng) modal Mx(~)
_w:vbcp(ng) copula Bx(~)
_w:co conjunction
_w:coco coordinatingconjunction CC(~)
_w:cosu subordinatingconjunction CS
_w:cogr partofaconjunctiongroup CO

_w:ij interjection/exclamation UH
_w:pp preposition PP
_w:pa (verb)particle PA

_c: case
_c:nm nominative
_c:ac accusative
_c:gn genitive

108
_c:dt dative
_c:is instrumental

_g: gender
_g:ma masculine
_g:fm feminine
_g:nt neuter

_p: person
_p:1 first
_p:2 second
_p:3 third

_n: number
_n:sg singular
_n:dl dual
_n:pl plural

_m: mood
_m:in indicative
_m:su subjunctive
_m:pt participle
_m:im imperative
_m:ib bareinfinitive
_m:ii inflectedinfinitive

_t: tense
_t:pr present
_t:pa past

Thetablebelowliststhecomplementationcodesforlexicalverbsandtheirmeanings:

Complementationcodes:
_c(1) intransitive
_c(2) monotransitive
_c(3) ditransitive
_c(4) NP+finiteclause
_c(5) NP+nonfiniteclause
_c(6) finiteclause
_c(7) nonfiniteclause
_c(8) complextransitive(smallclauseobject)
_c(9) impersonal

109
SectionV:UsingandSearchingtheBrooklynCorpus

SearchingtheBrooklynCorpus
TheBrooklynCorpusissearchableinthreedifferentways,eachofwhichissuitablefor
differentformatsofthecorpusfiles(seeSection3.1):
20 Method1:usingsearchfunctionswithinwordprocessingprogramsandeditorssuch
asWord,WordPerfect,oremacs.Forthismethod,allcorpusfiles(extensions
.o2/.o23/.o24/.o3/.o34,.oe,.unpacked,and.psd)aresuitableasinputtothesearches
(Formats14).
21 Method2:usingthePERLscriptssuppliedwiththeBrooklynCorpus.Forthis
method,corpusfileswithextensions.oeand.unpackedaresuitableasinputtothe
searches(Formats23).
22 Method3:usingCorpusSearch,apowerfulsearchenginedevelopedspecificallyfor
searchingsyntacticallyannotatedcorpora.Forthismethod,corpusfileswithextension
.psdaresuitableasinputtothesearches(Format4).

Methods2and3arethebestwaysofsearchingthecorpus,sincetheyproduceoutputfiles
thatcontainthetokensmatchingthesearchcriteria.Method1isusefulforthosewhoare
familiarwithparticularwordprocessingsoftwareandwhofeelcomfortableusingthat
softwaretodosimpleorcomplexsearches.Method1willnotbediscussedfurtherhere;
usersshouldconsultthemanualsofthesoftwarethattheyuseforadditionalhelpandadvice.

Searchmethod2:PERLscripts
TwoPERLscriptsaresuppliedwiththeBrooklynCorpusforsearchingfileswith.oeand
.unpackedextensions:oe_print_ifandoe_print_unless.Theoriginalscriptswerewrittenby
AnnTaylorforthePPCME1,andthenmodifiedfortheBrooklynCorpus.Thescriptscanbe
usedonUNIXsystems,PCs,orMacintoshesthathavePERLinterpretersorcompilers.The
descriptionsbelowareforUNIXsystems.

Forbothscripts,wildcardscanbeusedinsteadoftextfileinthecommandline,i.e.*.oecan
beusedtosearchallfileswiththeextension.oe.Theoutputofthescriptscanbeusedas
inputforanewsearch.

oe_print_if
Usage:oe_print_ifpatterntextfile>outputfile
Thisscriptprintsallthetokensthatmatchthepattern.Thepatternmustbeenclosedin
doublequotationmarks(...)andmustbeaPERLregularexpression(seeSection13.2.3).
Textinside<BC:...>,<HC:...>,<Latin>...</Latin>,and<heading>...</heading>(i.e.
comments,Latintext,headings)isnotsearched.

Examples:

1.oe_print_if\[L*.unpacked>rclauses.out

110
willwritetofilerclauses.outallrelativeclausesinallfileswithextension.unpacked

2.oe_print_if\[nn[azAZ]+\/PE*.oe>pronom.out
willwritetofilepronom.outalltokensinallfileswithextension.oethatcontainapersonal
pronounwithinanoncoindexednominativenounphrase.

oe_print_unless
Usage:oe_print_unlesspatterntextfile>outputfile
Thisscriptprintsallthetokensthatdonotmatchthepattern.Aswithoe_print_if,thepattern
mustbeenclosedindoublequotationmarks(...)andmustbeaPERLregularexpression
(seeSection13.2.3).Textinside<BC:...>,<HC:...>,<Latin>...</Latin>,and<heading>...
</heading>(i.e.comments,Latintext,headings)isnotsearched.

Example:
oe_print_unless%whrclauses.out>rclauses.wh
willwritetofilerclauses.whallrelativeclausesfromfilerclauses.outthatdonotcontainan
emptywhconstituent.

PERLregularexpressions
Foracompletelist,consultanyPERLmanual.

Characterswhichhaveaspecialmeaninginregularexpressionsarematchedbypreceding
themwiththebackslashcharacter\.Formatchinginthecorpus,themostimportantspecial
charactersare[]()+..

. matchesanycharacterexceptnewline
[xyz] matchesanycharacterintheset.Forexample,[ab]matchesaorb;[cdef]matches
anyofc,d,e,orf;[az]matchesanylowercaseletter;[09]matchesanydigit;
[az09]matchesanylowercasecharacterordigit;[AZ]matchesanyuppercase
letter.
[^xyz] matchesanycharacternotintheset.E.g.,[^ab]matchesanythingexceptaorb.
\d matchesadigit
\D matchesanondigit
\w matchesanalphanumericcharacter(AZ,az,09,and_)
\W matchesanonalphanumericcharacter
\s matchesawhitespacecharacter(space,table,newline,formfeed)
\S matchesanonwhitespacecharacter
\b matchesawordboundary
\B matchesexceptatawordboundary
\n matchesanewline
\r matchesacarriagereturn
(xyz) anythinginparenthesesisrememberedforbackreference(seenextitem).

111
\1 matchescontentsoffirstsetofparentheses,\2matchescontentsofsecondsetof
parentheses,etc.Forexample,theexpression(abc)x\1willmatchthestring
abcxabc;theexpression(ab(c))x\1\2willmatchthestringabcxabcc.
x? matches0or1xs
x* matches0ormorexs
x+ matches1ormorexs
x{m,n} matchesatleastmxsbutnomorethannxs
ab|cde|x matchesaborcdeorx

Searchmethod3:CorpusSearch
CorpusSearchisapowerfulsearchengine,developedbyBethRandallforsearching
syntacticallyannotatedcorpora.CorpusSearchcanbeusedtosearchBrooklynCorpusfiles
withtheextension.psd.CorpusSearchpermitscomplexsearchesonstructureaswellason
strings,andusesasearchlanguagethatismuchmoretransparentthantheregular
expressionsofthePERLscriptsofsearchmethod2.CorpusSearchiswithoutdoubtthebest,
easiest,mostflexible,andmostefficientwayofsearchingtheBrooklynCorpus.Itcanbe
orderedfromthewebsiteofthesecondeditionofthePennHelsinkiParsedCorpusofMiddle
English(PPCME2):http://www.ling.upenn.edu/mideng.

ItshouldbenotedthatwhenCorpusSearchisusedonBrooklynCorpus.psdfiles,theresults
ofsearcheswillbeoutputinthe'vertical'formatofthePPCME2.

112
AppendixA:CorpusTexts

ThetextfilesoftheBrooklynCorpusarelabelledwiththeirHelsinkiCorpusname.Eachtext
isrepresentedbyfourdifferentfiles,allwiththesamenamebutwithadifferentextension,
onefileforeachFormat(seeSection3.1).Allfilesbeginwiththeprefixco.Format1files
haveanextensionbeginningwithofollowedbytheHelsinkiCorpustimeperiodthatthe
textbelongsto.Ifoisfollowedbyonenumber,thedateofcompositionandthedateofthe
manuscriptfallwithinthesameperiod;whenoisfollowedbytwonumbers,thefirstisthe
periodofthedateofcomposition,thesecondofthemanuscript.Thefourtimeperiodsofthe
OldEnglishSectionoftheHelsinkiCorpusare1=before850,2=850950,3=9501050,and
4=10501150.

Format2fileshavetheextension.oe.Format3fileshavetheextension.unpacked.
Format4fileshavetheextension.psd(forparsed).

Thetextsinalphabeticorderarethefollowing.Alloftheinformationgivenbelowexceptfor
thewordcountandthetokenreferenceformatiscontainedintheheaderblockofeach
Format1file.

coaelet3.o3
AELFRICSFIRSTANDSECONDLETTERSTOWULSTAN.DIEHIRTENBRIEFE
AELFRICSINALTENGLISCHERUNDLATEINISCHERFASSUNG.BIBLIOTHEK
DERANGELSAECHSISCHENPROSA,IX.ED.B.FEHR.HAMBURG:VERLAG
VONHENRIGRAND,1914.PP.68.12144.2(IV;LWSTAN1);PP.146.1220.7(V;
LWSTAN2)(SAMPLE1)
wordcount:7960
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithintext

coaelet4.o34
AELFRICSLETTERTOWULFSIGE.DIEHIRTENBRIEFEAELFRICSIN
ALTENGLISCHERUNDLATEINISCHERFASSUNG.BIBLIOTHEKDER
ANGELSAECHSISCHENPROSA,IX.ED.B.FEHR.HAMBURG:VERLAGVON
HENRIGRAND,1914.PP.1.1534.9(I)(SAMPLE2)
wordcount:3230
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithintext

coaelive.o3
AELFRICSLIVESOFSAINTS,BEINGASETOFSERMONSONSAINTSDAYS
FORMERLYOBSERVEDBYTHEENGLISHCHURCH,VOLS.III.EARLY
ENGLISHTEXTSOCIETY,O.S.76,82,94,114.ED.W.W.SKEAT.LONDON,1966
(18811900).PP.210.1218.152(IX)(SAMPLE1);PP.306.1318.184(XIV)
(SAMPLE2);PP.124.1142.288(XXVI)(SAMPLE3);PP.314.1334.276(XXXII)
(SAMPLE4)
wordcount:6980
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinlife

113
coapollo.o3
THEOLDENGLISHAPOLLONIUSOFTYRE.ED.P.GOOLDEN.LONDON:
OXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,1958.PP.2.142.31
wordcount:6530
tokenreferenceformat:page.section.line,whereline=linewithinsection

cobede.o2
BEDESECCLESIASTICALHISTORY.THEOLDENGLISHVERSIONOF
BEDESECCLESIASTICALHISTORYOFTHEENGLISHPEOPLE,PARTSI,1;
I,2.EARLYENGLISHTEXTSOCIETY,O.S.95,96.ED.T.MILLER.LONDON,
1959(1890;1891).PP.104.12124.24(SAMPLE1);PP.252.4272.18(SAMPLE2);
PP.418.22436.19(SAMPLE3)
wordcount:10170
tokenreferenceformat:section.page.line,whereline=linewithinpage

coboeth.o2
ALFREDSBOETHIUS.KINGALFREDSOLDENGLISHVERSIONOF
BOETHIUSDECONSOLATIONEPHILOSOPHIAE.ED.W.J.SEDGEFIELD.
OXFORD:THECLARENDONPRESS,1899.PP.74.1579.7(XXXIII)(SAMPLE1);
PP.82.1889.3(XXXIV)(SAMPLE2);PP.89.2494.13(SAMPLE3);PP.117.1
124.1(XXXVIII)(SAMPLE4);PP.126.28135.21(XXXIX)(SAMPLE5)
wordcount:10920
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinpage

cochroa2.o2
CHRONICLEMSAEARLY(O2).TWOOFTHESAXONCHRONICLES
PARALLEL,VOL.I.ED.C.PLUMMER.OXFORD:THECLARENDONPRESS,
1965(1892).PP.2.1112.5
wordcount:13460
tokenreferenceformat:page.(year).line,whereline=linewithinyear

cochroa3.o3
CHRONICLEMSALATE(O3).TWOOFTHESAXONCHRONICLESPARALLEL,
VOL.I.ED.C.PLUMMER.OXFORD:THECLARENDONPRESS,1965(1892).PP.
112.6132.29
wordcount:670
tokenreferenceformat:page.(year).line,whereline=linewithinyear

cogregd3.o23
GREGORYTHEGREAT,DIALOGUES(MSH).BISCHOFSWAERFERTHVON
WORCESTERUEBERSETZUNGDERDIALOGEGREGORSDESGROSSEN.
BIBLIOTHEKDERENGELSAECHSISCHENPROSA,V.ED.H.HECHT.LEIPZIG:
GEORGH.WIGANDSVERLAG,1900.PP.16.625.28(SAMPLE1);PP.51.32
61.19(SAMPLE2);PP.134.22143.23(SAMPLE3)

114
wordcount:5170
tokenreferenceformat:section.page.line,whereline=linewithinpage

cogregd4.o24
GREGORYTHEGREAT,DIALOGUES(MSC).BISCHOFSWAERFERTHVON
WORCESTERUEBERSETZUNGDERDIALOGEGREGORSDESGROSSEN.
BIBLIOTHEKDERNGELSAECHSISCHENPROSA,V.ED.H.HECHT.LEIPZIG:
GEORGH.WIGANDSVERLAG,900.PP.34.2343.17(SAMPLE1);PP.70.34
79.7(SAMPLE2);PP.123.17133.12(SAMPLE3)
wordcount:5100
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinpage

colaw2.o2
ALFREDSINTRODUCTIONTOLAWS,LAWS(ALFRED),ANDLAWS(INE).DIE
GESETZEDERANGELSACHSEN,VOL.I.ED.F.LIEBERMANN.HALLE:MAX
NIEMEYER,1903.PP.26.1746.23(ALFREDSINTRODUCTIONTOLAWS)AND
PP.46.1788.7(LAWS(ALFRED))(SAMPLE1);PP.88.25122.32(LAWS(INE))
(SAMPLE2)
wordcount:1950+3300+2670=7920
tokenreferenceformat:page.section.subsection,wheresubsectioneitherfollows
Liebermannsnumberingorelseisthesentencenumberwithinthesection.

colaw3.o3
LAWS(ELEVENTHCENTURY).DIEGESETZEDERANGELSACHSEN,VOL.I.
ED.F.LIEBERMANN.HALLE:MAXNIEMEYER,1903.PP.236.23246.4(V
AETHELRED)PP.246.9256.27(VIAETHELRED)PP.278.10296.5(ICNUT)PP.
308.1326.12(IICNUT)PP.380.1385.5(NORTHYMBRAPREOSTALAGU)
wordcount:6900
tokenreferenceformat:page.section.subsection,wheresubsectioneitherfollows
Liebermannsnumberingorelseisthesentencenumberwithinthesection.

colaw4.o34
LAWS(LATE).DIEGESETZEDERANGELSACHSEN,VOL.I.ED.F.
LIEBERMANN.HALLE:MAXNIEMEYER,1903.PP.444.10453.6
(RECTITUDINES)ANDPP.453.10455.48(GEREFA)(SAMPLE1);PP.483.1
484.24(WILLIAMI)(SAMPLE2)
wordcount:2100+220=2320
tokenreferenceformat:page.section.subsection,wheresubsectioneitherfollows
Liebermannsnumberingorelseisthesentencenumberwithinthesection.

coorosiu.o2
ALFREDSOROSIUS.KINGALFREDSOROSIUS,PARTI.EARLYENGLISH
TEXTSOCIETY,O.S.79.ED.H.SWEET.LONDON,1959(1883).PP.58.1378.30
(SAMPLE1);PP.102.1120.18(SAMPLE2);PP.228.1238.14(SAMPLE3)
wordcount:8640

115
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinpage

cowulf3.o3
WULFSTANSHOMILIES(O3).THEHOMILIESOFWULFSTAN.ED.D.
BETHURUM.OXFORD:THECLARENDONPRESS,1957.PP.175.3184.180
(VIIIc)PP.200.3210.203(Xc)PP.225.3232.106(XIII)PP.267.7275.202(XX)
wordcount:6950
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinhomily

cowulf4.o34
WULFSTANSHOMILIES(O3/4).THEHOMILIESOFWULFSTAN.ED.D.
BETHURUM.OXFORD:THECLARENDONPRESS,1957.PP.116.3118.40(Ib)
PP.119.28122.73(II)PP.123.4127.80(III)PP.221.3224.95(XII)PP.242.8
245.79(XVII)
wordcount:3290
tokenreferenceformat:page.line,whereline=linewithinhomily

Totalwordcount:106,210

116
AppendixB:CopyrightMattersandConditionsofUse

TheBrooklynCorpusisavailablewithoutfeeforeducationalandresearchpurposes,butitis
notinthepublicdomain.CopyrighttotheHelsinkitextsintheircomputerizedformis
retainedbytheHelsinkiCorpus(1991);copyrighttothesyntacticannotationisretainedby
SusanPintzukandEricHaeberli(2000);andcopyrighttotheBrooklynCorpusmanualis
retainedbySusanPintzuk(2000).Someoftheoriginaltextsarealsoundercopyrightand
aredistributedunderpermissiongrantedtotheHelsinkiCorpus.

PotentialusersoftheBrooklynCorpusmaynotdownloadorusethecorpusunlesstheyagree
tothefollowingconditions:

1. TheuseracknowledgesthattheBrooklynCorpusandtheHelsinkiCorpusofEnglish
Textsaresubjecttocopyrightrestrictionsandagreestoabidebythem.Theuser
acknowledgesthatviolationsofcopyrightrestrictionsmayresultinlegalliability.
2. Theuseragreestonotifyallassociateswhoaccessthedownloadedcopyofthe
BrooklynCorpusofthecopyrightrestrictionsandoftheirobligationtorespectthe
provisionsofthisagreementasadditionalusers.
3. TheuserwillmakenocommercialuseoftheBrooklynCorpuswithoutprior
permission.
4. TheuserwillnotredistributethedownloadedBrooklynCorpustoothersexceptin
limitedpassagesunderthenormalstandardsofscholarlycitation.
5. Theuserwillnotdisclosethepasswordneededfordownloadingthecorpusfilesto
others.
6. TheuserwillacknowledgetheBrooklynCorpusandtheHelsinkiCorpusinany
writtenworkororalpresentationbasedonresearchusingthesematerials.
7. TheuseracknowledgesthatthecreatorsanddistributorsoftheBrooklynCorpus
makenowarranties,expressorimplied,concerningtheBrooklynCorpus,includingbut
notlimitedtotheirownership,merchantability,orfitnessforaparticularpurpose.The
creatorsanddistributorsshallnotbeliableforanydirect,consequential,punitiveorother
damagessufferedbytheuseroranyotherpersonresultingfromtheuseofthedistributed
materials.

117
AppendixC:Bibliography

Allen,CynthiaL.1980.TopicsinDiachronicEnglishSyntax.NewYork:GarlandPress.
ClarkHall,J.R.1960.AConciseAnglo SaxonDictionary.Fourthedition.Toronto,Buffalo,
London:UniversityofTorontoPress.
Kroch,AnthonyandAnnTaylor.1994.Penn HelsinkiParsedCorpusofMiddleEnglish.
Firstedition.Philadelphia:DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofPennsylvania.
Kyt,Merja.1993.ManualtotheDiachronicPartoftheHelsinkiCorpusofEnglishTexts:
CodingConventionsandListsofSourceTexts.SecondEdition.Helsinki:Departmentof
English,UniversityofHelsinki.

118