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AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 2016. 38(2): 133-141

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER INPUTS ON BIOMASS

PRODUCTION AND CARBON DYNAMICS IN A MAIZE FARMING ON ULTISOLS
Maswar *) and Yoyo Soelaeman

Indonesian Soil Research Institute

Jl. Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Cimanggu, Bogor 16114, West Java Indonesia
*) Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Received: June 24, 2015/ Accepted: April 22, 2016

ABSTRACT nutrients content, organic matter and cation

exchange capacity as a presence of high in
An effort to increase the yield and reduce carbon aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)
loss from maize farming practices on Ultisols content (Adiningsih and Sudjadi, 1993; Soepardi,
largely depend on fertilizer inputs and in situ crop 2001; Fageria and Baligar, 2008; ISRI, 2012). A
residual management. The experiment aimed to high in Al and/or Fe concentration causes to the
estimate yields, biomass production and carbon high P fixation so that the P nutrient in the soil
dynamics of several management fertilization on was unavailable for crops growth (Widjaja-Adhi,
maize farming practice on Ultisols has been 1985; Singh et al., 2003).
conducted from March to July 2013 in Taman- Kasryno and Haryono (2012) suggest that
bogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung. The the upland farming in Indonesia was dominated
experiment was set up as a randomized complete by food crops with the use of fertilizers that tend
blockdesign, consisted of 6 treatments namely: 5 to be higher. The intensive use of high level of
t ha-1 of cattle manure, 5 t ha-1 of dried sludge inorganic fertilizers has led to soil degradation,
manure, and its combination with 200 kg urea ha-1 environmental pollution and the levelling of crop
+ 125 kg SP36 ha-1 + 50 kg KCl ha-1 (50% of productivity. According to Sharma and Mitra (1991)
recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers RDIF) the use of inorganic fertilizer alone is not helpful
and 75% of RDIF. The experimental results under intensive agriculture because it aggravates
revealed that application of combined organic soil degradation. Therefore, combination of inor-
with inorganic fertilizers increased the biomass ganic fertilizers with lime and organic fertilizer
production, carbon fixation, and grain yield signi- application in Ultisols have been recognized and
ficantly. More than 50% of produced biomass and used as the main practice for ameliorating strong
fixed carbon (grain, maize cob, maize husk, acidity which curtails the availability of nutrients
stems and leaves) were removed from maize required at high amounts in soils for maximum
farming. The use of organic fertilizer combined yields (Fageria and Baligar, 2008; Ayodele and
with NPK fertilizer at 50% of RDIF can be applied Shittu, 2014).
to increase the biomass production, organic Leaving crops residue on the soil surface
carbon fixation and maize grain yield in sustain- after planting gives benefits to prevent the mud
able ways. splash during a rain storm, and to reduce the
water run off. In addition, by returning of crops
Keywords: biomass; carbon; fertilizer; maize residue sand manure into the soil may reduce the
inorganic fertilizer use and to reduce the
INTRODUCTION production cost. Indeed, even when all crop
residues are returned, the biomass input into soil
Ultisols belongs to the largest area of ecosystem can be still insufficiently due to soil
marginal soil in Indonesia and cover about 45.8 erosion and SOM mineralization (Mann et al.,
million hectares or 25% of land area of Indonesia 2002). Whereas, removing crops residue can
(Subagyo et al., 2004), and has a great potential negatively impacts to soil physical, chemical and
for maize intensification or extensification. biological properties. According to Karlen et al.
Unfortunately, the main constraints of Ultisols for (1994), 10 years of crops residue removal under
maize farming was low in soil pH (acidic), no-till continuous corn resulted in deleterious
Cite this as: Maswar and Y. Soelaeman. 2016. Effects of organic and chemical fertilizer inputs on biomass production
and carbon dynamics in a maize farming on ultisols. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 38(2): 133-141. Doi:
10.17503/agrivita.v38i2.594
Accredited : SK No. 81/DIKTI/Kep/2011
Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v38i2.594
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

changes in many biological indicators of soil 5 t ha-1 of CM + 300 kg urea ha-1 + 187.5 kg SP36
quality, including lower soil carbon, microbial ha-1 + 75 kg KCl ha-1 (75% of RDIF), T5 = 5 t ha-1
activity, fungal biomass and earth worm popula- DSM + 50% of RDIF and T6 = 5 t ha-1 DSM + 75%
tions compared to normal or double rates of of RDIF.
residue return. The CM has higher carbon and nutrients
Although the upland Ultisols has several content compared to DSM derived from biogas
problems but the land productivity can be im- processing because the DSM that originally comes
proved if the soil organic matters can be out from the biogas digester outlet has been
maintained and increased through application of decomposed perfectly. It also produced CH4, CO2,
manures and/or by returned back of crops N, CO, O, hydrogensulfide, ammonia and nitrogen
residues into the soil. Soil organic matter, as the oxides, so that the C and nutrient content of the
product of on-site biomass decomposition affects DSM were lower (Table 1).
the chemical, physical and biological properties of
the soil and its overall health. Organic matter affect Table 1. Chemical composition of cattle manure
the soil structure and porosity, the water infiltration and dried sludge manure
rate, and moisture holding capacity of soils, the
Parameter CM DSM
diversity and biological activity of soil organisms,
Water content (%) 18.84 18.10
and plant nutrient availability (Bot and Benites, pH H20 8.34 6.57
2005). Decomposition of organic material can also C (%) 16.00 12.77
supply the macro and micro nutrients and has the N (%) 0.88 0.63
ability to improve the efficiency of fertilizers and P2O5 (%) 0.86 0.71
water used by plant and reducing the dose of K2O (%) 2.42 0.41
inorganic fertilizer. Na (%) 0.19 0.11
The objective of the study was to determine Ca (%) 1.09 0.61
the amount and distribution of produces biomass Mg (%) 0.44 0.24
Fe (mg kg-1) 9,594 13,089
and fixed carbon in maize crops and to calculate Mn (mg kg-1) 1643 1101
the possible returning of carbon to the soil Cu (mg kg-1) 14.36 19.20
ecosystem in managing the soil carbon of Ultisols Zn (mg kg-1) 76.93 71.18
in sustainable ways.
Remarks: Soil Chemical Laboratory of Indonesian Soil
Research Institute, year 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The unit of plot size was 4 m x 5 m and the
A field study was conducted from March to treatments were randomly distributed to the plot.
July 2013 at the Tamanbogo Experimental Farm. Cattle manure (CM) and also DSM were mixed
The site is located at East Lampung District, with soil taken from the plot and it was spread
Lampung Province (N 050 00 16,4 S and E 1050 evenly on the plots and lightly mixed with the soil
29 23,1), at an altitude of about 300 m above using hoe a day before planting. The inorganic
sea levels, it belongs to C2 type climate fertilizer was applied two times, one third dose of
(Oldeman et al., 1979) with 5-6 of wet months and Urea and full dose of SP36 and KCl fertilizers
2-3 of dry months. The main characteristic of soil were drilled into the hole at 5 cm distance from
chemical properties were low in pH, N, K2O, P2O5, the seed at planting time and covered with the soil
soil organic C and cation exchangeable capacity to avoid contact of the seed with the fertilizers.
(CEC). The physical properties criterion of the soil The remaining part of urea fertilizer (2/3 part) was
was high in soil bulk density (BD), low in total pores applied on 30th day after planting.
space, permeability and available water. The plant indicator used in this field
The experiment was set up as randomized experiment was maize hybrid of Pioneer 27
block design, consisted of 6 treatments and variety (P27) produced by PT Dupont Indonesia.
provided with four replications. Those treatment The P27 was very suitable for upland areas. It
were as follows: T1 = 5 t ha-1 of cattle manure has strong stalk and compact roots, resistant to
(CM), T2 = 5 t ha-1 of dried sludge manure (DSM), downy mildew deseases, relatively large cob, the
T3 = 5 t ha-1 of CM + 200 kg urea ha-1 + 125 kg maize husk closes tightly so that the rain will not
SP36 ha-1 + 50 kg KCl ha-1 (50% of RDIF = enter. The P27 was planted with plant spacing of
recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers), T4 =
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

75 cm x 25 cm, 2 seeds hole-1. The plant was To convert the percentage of organic matter (OM)
thined to 1 plant hole-1 at 1 week old so that the into the percentage of carbon in the biomass
total population was 100 plants plot-1 or or 50,000 materials from the LOI method was calculated by
plants ha-1. Weeding, thinning, irrigation and the formula:
pesticide applications were done as and when
necessary. 1
The maize plants were harvested at 110 % C = --------- x % OM ...(Equation 3)
days after planting and the data of biomass and 1.724
carbon weight were collected and calculated
based on the weight of 5 crop samples for each Where:
plots of the treatments. All the samples of fresh %C = carbon contents in the biomass
maize biomass were separated into the roots, % OM = the percentage of biomass lost in the
stalks, grains, leaves, cobs and husks and it was process of LOI
1.724 = conversion factor to convert the
weighed separately. percentage of organic material into
The water content of biomass was the percentage of organic C based
determined by heating the sample in an oven at on the assumption that the organic
a temperature of 70oC for 48 hours. The dry material contain 58% organic C
weight of the biomass was calculated using the (Nelson and Sommers, 1996; Pribyl,
formula: 2010).

DW s The total carbon stored in the biomass was

Total DW = ---------- x Total FW s..(Equation 1) calculated by the formula:
FW s
Total C = % C x total DW of the biomass..
Where: .......(Equation 4)
DW = dry weight
DW s = dry weight of the sample The weight of each part of maize biomass
FW s = fresh weight of the sample and carbon were statistically analyzed using the
SAS System for Linear Models (Littell et al., 1991)
Organic matter content of the biomass was and the weight of biomass and carbon that was
determined by the method of Loss on Ignition returned back into the soil and moved out from
(LOI) (Nelson and Sommer, 1996), i.e. by burning the farm was calculated according to the farmers
off about 2 grams of oven DW sample in the oven habitual in maize farming.
furnace at a temperature of 550oC for 6 hours.
Sample weight lost during the combustion RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
process is the amount of organic matter
contained in the biomass materials, which was Production and Distribution of Biomass
calculated by the formula: The results showed that the weight of
maize biomass produced was significantly low if
W 100oC W 550oC it only fertilized by CM (T1) or DSM (T2). Organic
% OM = ------------------ x 100% (Equation 2) input alone will not meet the nutritional needs of
W 100oC crops due to the less quantity of nutrients
compared to inorganic fertilizers (Table 2). A
Where: similar results has been reported by Ayodele and
OM = organic matter content is assumed
equal to LOI
Shittu (2014), which is the potentials of the Ultisol
W100oC = weight of biomass after heatingat soils for maize production would be realized with
100oC application of manure and complementary manure
W550oC = the remaining weight of biomass after inorganic fertilizer.
ignition at 550oC
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

Table 2. Dry weight of harvested biomass as affected by organic fertilizers at different dose of inorganic
fertilizers
Roots Stalks Leaves Cobs Husks Grains Total biomass
Treatment
(t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1)
T1 0.23 b 0.39 b 0.36 b 0.25 b 0.19 b 1.34 b 2.77 b
T2 0.18 b 0.34 b 0.37 b 0.24 b 0.17 b 1.15 b 2.46 b
T3 0.69 a 1.29 a 1.02 a 0.93 a 0.69 a 3.69 a 8.31 a
T4 0.66 a 1.15 a 1.14 a 0.99 a 0.79 a 3.88 a 8.61 a
T5 0.71 a 1.10 a 1.06 a 0.92 a 0.79 a 4.10 a 8.68 a
T6 0.73 a 1.09 a 0.98 a 0.99 a 0.91 a 3.85 a 8.56 a
Remarks: Mean followed by the same letter at the same columns is not significantly different (P < 0.05)

50
45.87
45
40
35
Biomas Yield (%)

30
25
20
13.60 12.51
15 10.97
8.00 9.05
10
5
0
Roots Stalks Leaves Cobs Husks Grains
Parts of the Maize Plant

Figure 1. Distribution of maize biomass yields of treated plot with CM and DSM at different dosage of
inorganic fertilizers accompanied with 50-75% of RDIF at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East
Lampung (n = 120 plants)

Cattle manure (CM) and DSM application (2010) mentions that the DSM is a high quality
accompanied by NPK fertilizers at dose of 50 and organic fertilizer since the chemical forms of N
75% of RDIF (T3, T4, T5 and T6) could increase and P in residue are easier to be utilized by plants
the weight of each parts of maize plants and the in short time than those in other manure
total biomass significantly (Table 2), so that the management system, such as CM which is
total weight of biomass increased from 2.46-2.77 produced b y dry decomposition process.
t ha-1 to 8.31-8.68 t ha-1. There were no significant Dry weight distribution of P27 biomass
differences weight of each part of maize crop and yields that was treated with 5 t ha-1 of organic
the total biomass between the treatment of 50% fertilizers (CM and DSM) along with inorganic
of RDIF and 75% of RDIF (T3, T4, T5 and T6). fertilizer (NPK) at a dose of 50-75% of RDIF
These results indicated that the optimal biomass showed proportional variation in each part of the
yield with minimum input of inorganic fertilizers plant (Figure 1). Most of the maize biomass was
were gained by the combination of CM or DSM accumulated in the grains (45.87%), while the
with 50% of RDIF (T3 and T5), e.i. 8.31 t ha-1 and rest were spread almost evenly on the roots
8.68 t ha-1. Although between the treatments of (8.00%), stalks (13.60%), leaves (12.51%), cob
T3 and T5 were not significantly different, the (10.97%) and husk (9.05%).
amount of biomass in T5 was higher than T3. Guo
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

Carbon Fixation fertilizers was achieved in the treatment of CM or

The percentage of ash and carbon on each DSM at a dose of 5 t ha-1 along with inorganic
part of P 27 maize biomass (Table 3) was fertilizers at a dose of 50% of RDIF. The amount
calculated by the formula of equation 2 and of carbon fixation was in line with the weight of
equation 3. It showed that the highest concen- maize biomass that has been shown in Table 2.
tration of ash in the maize biomass was in the Figure 2 indicated that the distribution of
roots and leaves (11.04% and 12.72%, respec- carbon fixation in the P27 maize biomass is in line
tively), but only a small proportion are in the with the maize biomass weight distribution as has
maize grains, stalks, cobs and husk. Based on been shown in Figure 1. The majority of carbon in
the data of ash (% ash) and carbon (% C) content the P27 maize biomass accumulated in the grains
can be calculated the amount of carbon fixation (47.07%) while the rests are spread almost
in the crop biomass by multiplying the biomass evenly on the other parts of maize plant such as
dry weight with carbon percentage (% C) as on the maize roots (7.59%), on the stalks
mentioned on equation 4. (13.67%), on the leaves (11.43%), on the cobs
(11.29%) and on the husk (9.10%).
Table 3. The ash and carbon content of harvested
maize part Carbon Balance of Maize Farming
Figure 3 showed that the maize stalk was
Parts of Maize Crop Ash (%) C (%)
the largest biomass returned back to the soil
Roots 11.04 51.60
Stalks 3.87 55.76 while the grain was the largest biomass moved
Grains 1.51 57.13 out from the farm. All of the roots (0.53 t ha-1),
Leaves 12.72 50.63 maize husks (0.59 t ha-1), 90% of the stalks and
Cobs 1.9 56.90 20% of the leaves were returned back into the
Husks 3.49 55.98 soil.
All parts of maize grains and cobs were
The carbon fixation in each part of maize move out from the farm. The grains were sold to
biomass and the total carbon fixed by P27 maize obtain income and the cobs were used as
in each treatment (Table 4) showed that the firewood in cooking or burned at farm yards
combination of CM or DSM with 50% and 75% of garden. As many as 10% of the maize stalks and
RDIF were significantly increased the fixation of 80% maize leaves were cut before harvest and
carbon in the biomass compared to the using CM brought from the land for animal feed (fodder).
or DSM only. The cage of ruminants/cattle shed was generally
There was no significant increase in located beside the farmhouse, while the farmland
carbon fixation between application of CM and was located relatively far from the farmhouse.
DSM with 50% of RDIF and 75% of RDIF. The Therefore, the manure produced was generally
research results indicated that the best carbon used to manage the farm yards garden.
fixation with the use of lower dosage of inorganic

Table 4. The carbon fixation in plant biomass as affected by organic fertilizers at different dosage of
inorganic fertilizers
Roots Stalks Leaves Cobs Husks Grains Total
Treatment
(t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1) (t ha-1)
T1 0.12 b 0.22 b 0.18 b 0.14 b 0.11 b 0.77 b 1.54 b
T2 0.09 b 0.19 b 0.19 b 0.14 b 0.10 b 0.66 b 1.36 b
T3 0.36 a 0.72 a 0.51 a 0.53 a 0.39 a 2.11 a 4.62 a
T4 0.34 a 0.64 a 0.58 a 0.56 a 0.44 a 2.22 a 4.78 a
T5 0.37 a 0.61 a 0.54 a 0.53 a 0.44 a 2.34 a 4.82 a
T6 0.38 a 0.61 a 0.50 a 0.57 a 0.51 a 2.20 a 4.76 a
Remarks: Mean followed by the same letter at the same columns is not significantly different according to Duncans
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P < 0.05
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

50 47.07
45
40
Carbon Fixation (%)

35
30
25
20
13.67
15 11.43 11.29
9.10
10 7.59
5
0
Roots Stalks Leaves Cobs Husks Grains
Parts of the Maize Plant

Figure 2. Average distribution of fixed carbon of treated plot with CM and DSM at different dosage of
inorganic fertilizers accompanied with 50-75% of RDIF at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East
Lampung (n = 120 plants)

5
4.47

4
Biomass Yield ( t ha-1)

3.00
3

2.09
2

1 0.80 0.72
0.53 0.66 0.59
0.16
0.09
0
Roots Stalks Leaves Cobs Husks Grains Total
Parts of the Maize Plant

Returned Into the Soil Move Out from the Farm

Figure 3. Biomass recycling and removal of maize cultivation at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East
Lampung District
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

2.51
Carbon fixation (t ha-1)

2
1.72

1.14
1

0.45 0.41
0.33 0.33
0.28
0.05 0.08
0
Roots Stems Leaves Cobs Husks Grains Total
Parts of the Maize Plant

Returned Into the Soil Move Out from the Soil

Figure 4. The balance between recycled and removed of carbon in maize soil in Tamanbogo Experimental
Farm, East Lampung District

Pioneer 27 produced as much as 6.56 t ha-1 compared to the using of CM or DSM only. The
of biomass, but only 31.9% (2.09 t ha-1) were application of CM or DSM in combination with
returned back to the soil and as much as 68.1% minimum input of inorganic fertilizer (50% of
(4.47 t ha-1) moved out from the farm (Figure 3). RDIF) gave the best total maize biomass (8.31 t
It indicates that the majority of the harvest residue ha-1 and 8.68 t ha-1) and fixed carbon (4.62 t ha-1
were not returned back into the soil to main- and 4.82 t ha-1). Most of the maize biomass
tain/improve soil productivity. Cattle manure (CM) (45.87%) and carbon (47.07%) were accumulated
treatment with a dose of 5 t ha-1 + 50% of RDIF in the grains while the rest were spread almost
(T3) and DSM with a dose of 5 t ha-1 + 50% of evenly on the roots, stalks, leaves, cob and husk.
RDIF (T5) gave the highest grains yield that were The highest concentration of ash in the maize
3.69 t ha-1 and 4.10 t ha-1 respectivelly, but more biomass was in the roots and leaves (11.04% and
than 50% of biomass produced was brough out 12.72%, respectively), but only small proportions
from the farm. were in the maize grains, stalks, cobs and husk.
The research results of carbon fixation by The P27 produced as much as 6.56 t ha-1
P27 in Figure 4 showed that as many as 31.27% of biomass, but only 31.9% (2.09 t ha-1) were
of the carbon produced in P27 maize biomass returned back to the soil and as much as 68.1%
was returned back to the soil, while the remaining (4.47 t ha-1) moved out from the farm.The maize
parts of 68.73% was moved out from the farm. It stalk was the largest biomass returned back to
means that the farm management carried out by the soil while the grain was the largest biomass
the farmers in East Lampung District is not an moved out from the farm. Most of the biomass
efficient carbon farming system. and carbon were removed from maize farming
system and it indicated that carbon balance in
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION maize farming in Lampung was not manage
efficiently. Returning crops residue or manure
The combination of CM or DSM with 50% into the soil may reduce the chemical fertilizer use
and 75% of RDIF were significantly increased the and allow the small farmers minimize their
total maize biomass and carbon fixation production cost.
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Maswar and Yoyo Soelaeman: Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Inputs on Biomass Production...

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Karlen, D.L., N.C. Wollenhaupt, D.C. Erbach, E.C.

Berry, J.B. Swan, N.S. Eash and J.L.
The authors would like to thank God for Jordahl. 1994. Crop residue effects on
making all of this possible, and families for un- soil quality following 10-years of no-till
limited supply of unconditional support. The au- corn. Soil and Tillage Research 31 (2-3):
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Soil Research Institute that has provided research 90077-9
funding through APBN of fiscal year 2013. Many Kasryno, F. and H. Soeparno. 2012. Dryland
thanks were also delivered to Mr. Subandi for agriculture as a solution to achieve future
good cooperation in the procces of data food independence (in Indonesian). In:
collection. Prospects of dryland agriculture to support
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