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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 1

Question:

A student makes the mistake of thinking that sin ( A + B ) ≡ sin A + sin B .

Choose non-zero values of A and B to show that this statement is not true for all
values of A and B.
Solution:

Example: Take A = 30 ° , B = 60 °
1
sin A = 2
√3
sin B = 2
sin A + sin B ≠ 1
but sin ( A + B ) = sin 90 ° = 1 .
This proves that sin ( A + B ) = sin A + sin B is not true for all values. There
will be many values of A and B for which it is true, e.g. A = − 30 ° and
B = + 30 ° , and that is the danger of trying to prove a statement by taking
particular examples. To prove a statement requires a sound argument; to
disprove only requires one example.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 2

Question:

Using the expansion of cos ( A − B ) with A = B = θ, show that

sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1.
Solution:

cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Set A = θ, B = θ
⇒ cos ( θ − θ ) ≡ cos θ cos θ + sin θ sin θ
⇒ cos 0 ≡ cos2 θ + sin2 θ
So cos2 θ + sin2 θ ≡ 1 (since cos 0 = 1)
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 3

Question:

 π 
(a) Use the expansion of sin ( A − B ) to show that sin − θ = cos θ .
 2 

 π 
(b) Use the expansion of cos ( A − B ) to show that cos − θ = sin θ .
 2 

Solution:

(a) sin ( A − B ) ≡ sin A cos B − cos A sin B

π
Set A = 2 ,B=θ
 π  π π
⇒ sin − θ ≡ sin cos θ − cos 2 sin θ
 2  2

 π  π π
⇒ sin −θ ≡ cos θ (since sin = 1 , cos = 0)
 2  2 2

(b) cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B + sin A sin B

π
Set A = 2 ,B=θ
 π  π π
⇒ cos − θ ≡ cos cos θ + sin 2 sin θ
 2  2

 π  π π
⇒ cos −θ ≡ sin θ (since cos = 0 , sin = 1)
 2  2 2

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 4

Question:

Express the following as a single sine, cosine or tangent:

(a) sin 15 ° cos 20 ° + cos 15 ° sin 20 °

(b) sin 58 ° cos 23 ° − cos 58 ° sin 23 °

(c) cos 130 ° cos 80 ° − sin 130 ° sin 80 °

tan 76 ° − tan 45 °
(d)
1 + tan 76 ° tan 45 °

(e) cos 2θ cos θ + sin 2θ sin θ

(f) cos 4θ cos 3θ − sin 4θ sin 3θ

1 1 1 1
(g) sin
2
θ cos 2 2
θ + cos 2
θ sin 2 2
θ

tan 2θ + tan 3θ
(h)
1 − tan 2θ tan 3θ

(i) sin ( A + B ) cos B − cos ( A + B ) sin B

 3x + 2y   3x − 2y   3x + 2y   3x − 2y 
(j) cos cos − sin sin
 2   2   2   2 

Solution:

(a)Using sin ( A + B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B

sin 15 ° cos 20 ° + cos 15 ° sin 20 ° ≡ sin ( 15 ° + 20 ° ) ≡ sin 35 °

(b)Using sin ( A − B ) ≡ sin A cos B − cos A sin B

sin 58 ° cos 23 ° − cos 58 ° sin 23 ° ≡ sin ( 58 ° − 23 ° ) ≡ sin 35 °

Using cos ( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B

(c)
cos 130 ° cos 80 ° − sin 130 ° sin 80 ° ≡ cos ( 130 ° + 80 ° ) ≡ cos 210 °
tan A − tan B
(d) Using tan ( A − B ) ≡ 1 + tan A tan B

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 2 of 2

tan 76 ° − tan 45 °
1 + tan 76 ° tan 45 ° ≡ tan ( 76 ° − 45 ° ) ≡ tan 31 °

Using cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B + sin A sin B

(e)
cos 2θ cos θ + sin 2θ sin θ ≡ cos ( 2θ − θ ) ≡ cos θ

Using cos ( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B

(f)
cos 4θ cos 3θ − sin 4θ sin 3θ ≡ cos ( 4θ + 3θ ) ≡ cos 7θ

(g) Using sin ( A + B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B

1 1 1 1  1 1 
sin θ cos 2 2θ + cos θ sin 2 2θ ≡ sin θ + 2 θ ≡ sin 3θ
2 2  2 2 

tan A + tan B
(h) Using tan ( A + B ) ≡ 1 − tan A tan B
tan 2θ + tan 3θ
1 − tan 2θ tan 3θ ≡ tan ( 2θ + 3θ ) ≡ tan 5θ

(i)Using sin ( P − Q ) ≡ sin P cos Q − cos P sin Q

sin ( A + B ) cos B − cos ( A + B ) sin B ≡ sin [ ( A + B ) − B ] ≡ sin A

(j) Using cos ( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B

 3x + 2y   3x − 2y   3x + 2y   3x − 2y 
cos cos − sin sin
 2   2   2   2 
  3x + 2y   3x − 2y    6x 
≡ cos + ≡ cos ≡ cos 3x
  2   2    2 

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 5

Question:

Calculate, without using your calculator, the exact value of:

(a) sin 30 ° cos 60 ° + cos 30 ° sin 60 °

(b) cos 110 ° cos 20 ° + sin 110 ° sin 20 °

(c) sin 33 ° cos 27 ° + cos 33 ° sin 27 °

π π π π
(d) cos cos − sin sin
8 8 8 8

(e) sin 60 ° cos 15 ° − cos 60 ° sin 15 °

(f) cos 70 ° ( cos 50 ° − tan 70 ° sin 50 ° )

tan 45 ° + tan 15 °
(g)
1 − tan 45 ° tan 15 °

1 − tan 15 °
(h)
1 + tan 15 °

7π π
tan ( ) − tan ( )
12 3
(i)
7π π
1 + tan ( ) tan ( )
12 3

(j) √ 3 cos 15 ° − sin 15 °

Solution:

(a)Using sin ( A + B ) expansion

sin 30 ° cos 60 ° + cos 30 ° sin 60 ° = sin ( 30 + 60 ) ° = sin 90 ° = 1

(b) cos 110 ° cos 20 ° + sin 110 ° sin 20 ° = cos ( 110 − 20 ) ° = cos 90 ° = 0
√3
(c) sin 33 ° cos 27 ° + cos 33 ° sin 27 ° = sin ( 33 + 27 ) ° = sin 60 ° = 2

π π π π  π π  π √2
(d) cos 8 cos − sin sin = cos + 8 = cos 4 =
8 8 8  8  2

√2
(e) sin 60 ° cos 15 ° − cos 60 ° sin 15 ° = sin ( 60 − 15 ) ° = sin 45 ° = 2

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(f) cos 70 ° cos 50 ° − cos 70 ° tan 70 ° sin 50 °

= cos 70 ° cos 50 ° − sin 70 ° sin 50 °

= cos ( 70 + 50 ) °
= cos 120 °
1
= − cos 60 ° = − 2

tan 45 ° + tan 15 °
(g) 1 − tan 45 ° tan 15 ° = tan ( 45 + 15 ) ° = tan 60 ° = √ 3

1 − tan 15 ° tan 45 ° − tan 15 °

(h) 1 + tan 15 ° = 1 + tan 45 ° tan 15 ° (using tan 45 ° = 1)
√3
= tan ( 45 − 15 ) ° = tan 30 ° = 3

7π 1
tan ( ) − tan ( π )
12 3
 7π π  3π π
(i) = tan − = tan = tan 4 =1
1 + tan (
7π 1
) tan ( π )
 12 3  12
12 3

 √3
(j) This is very similar to part (e) but you need to rewrite it as 2  2 cos 15 ° −

1 
2 sin 15 °  to appreciate it!

 √3 1 
√ 3 cos 15 ° − sin 15 ° ≡ 2 cos 15 ° − 2 sin 15 °
 2 
≡ 2 ( sin 60 ° cos 15 ° − cos 60 ° sin 15 ° )
≡ 2 sin ( 60 − 15 ) °
≡ 2 sin 45 °
= √2
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 6

Question:

Triangle ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, ∠ ABC = 120 ° and

∠ BAC = θ ° .

(a) Write down, in terms of θ, an expression for ∠ACB.

2√3
(b) Using the sine rule, or otherwise, show that tan θ ° = 5
.

Solution:

(a) ∠ ACB = 180 ° − 120 ° − θ ° = ( 60 − θ ) °

sin C sin A
(b) Using sine rule: c = a

sin ( 60 − θ ) ° sin θ °
⇒ 3 = 4

⇒ 4 sin ( 60 − θ ) ° = 3 sin θ °
⇒ 4 sin 60 ° cos θ ° − 4 cos 60 ° sin θ ° = 3 sin θ °
 √3 
⇒ 2 √ 3 cos θ ° − 2 sin θ ° = 3 sin θ ° sin 60 ° =
 2 
⇒ 5 sin θ ° = 2 √ 3 cos θ °

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sin θ ° 2√3
⇒ cos θ ° = 5
2√3
⇒ tan θ ° = 5

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 7

Question:

Prove the identities

(a) sin ( A + 60 ° ) + sin ( A − 60 ° ) ≡ sin A

cos A sin A cos ( A + B )
(b)
sin B
− cos B
≡ sin B cos B

sin ( x + y )
(c)
cos x cos y
≡ tan x + tan y

cos ( x + y )
(d)
sin x sin y
+ 1 ≡ cot x cot y

 π   π 
(e) cos θ+ 3 + √ 3 sin θ ≡ sin θ + 6
   

cot A cot B − 1
(f) cot (A+B) ≡ cot A + cot B

(g) sin
2 ( 45 + θ ) ° + sin2 ( 45 − θ ) ° ≡ 1

(h) cos (A+B) cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos2 A − sin2 B

Solution:

(a) L.H.S. ≡ sin ( A + 60 ° ) + sin ( A − 60 ° )

≡ sin A cos 60 ° + cos A sin 60 ° + sin A cos 60 ° − cos A sin 60 °
≡ 2 sin A cos 60 °
1
≡ sin A (since cos 60 ° = 2)
≡ R.H.S.
cos A sin A
(b) L.H.S. ≡ sin B − cos B
cos A cos B − sin A sin B
≡ sin B cos B
cos ( A + B )
≡ sin B cos B
≡ R.H.S.
sin ( x + y )
(c) L.H.S. ≡ cos x cos y

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sin x cos y + cos x sin y

≡ cos x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
≡ cos x cos y + cos x cos y
sin x sin y
≡ cos x + cos y
≡ tan x + tan y
≡ R.H.S.
cos ( x + y )
(d) L.H.S. ≡ sin x sin y +1
cos ( x + y ) + sin x sin y
≡ sin x sin y
cos x cos y − sin x sin y + sin x sin y
≡ sin x sin y
cos x cos y
≡ sin x sin y
≡ cot x cot y
≡ R.H.S.

 π 
(e) L.H.S. ≡ cos θ+ 3 + √ 3 sin θ
 
π π
≡ cos θ cos 3 − sin θ sin 3 + √ 3 sin θ
1 √3
≡ 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ + √ 3 sin θ
√3 1
≡ 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ
π π  π √3 π 1 
≡ sin θ cos + cos θ sin cos 6 = , sin =
6 6  2 6 2 
 π 
≡ sin θ+ 6 [ sin ( A + B ) ]
 
≡ R.H.S.
(f)

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(g)L.H.S. ≡ sin2 ( 45 + θ ) ° + sin2 ( 45 − θ ) °

≡ ( sin 45 ° cos θ ° + cos 45 ° sin θ ° ) 2 + ( sin 45 ° cos θ ° − cos 45 °
sin θ ° ) 2
As sin 45 ° = cos 45 ° it is easier to take out as a common factor.
≡ ( sin 45 ° ) 2 [ ( cos θ ° + sin θ ° ) 2 + ( cos θ ° − sin θ ° ) 2 ]
1 
≡ 2  cos2 θ ° + 2 sin θ ° cos θ ° + sin2 θ ° + cos2 θ ° − 2 sin θ °


cos θ ° + sin2 θ° 

1    
≡ 2 sin2 θ ° + cos2 θ °
2    
1
≡ 2 ×2 ( sin2 θ ° + cos2 θ ° ≡ 1 )
≡1
≡ R.H.S.
Alternatively:
as sin ( 90 ° − x ° ) ≡ cos x ° ,
if x = 45 ° + θ ° then sin ( 45 ° − θ ° ) ≡ cos ( 45 ° + θ ° )
and original L.H.S. becomes sin2 ( 45 + θ ) ° + cos2 ( 45 + θ ) °
which is identically = 1

(h) L.H.S. ≡ cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )

≡ ( cos A cos B − sin A sin B ) ( cos A cos B + sin A sin B )
≡ cos2 A cos2 B − sin2 A sin2 B

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≡ cos2 A ( 1 − sin2 B ) − ( 1 − cos2 A ) sin2 B

≡ cos2 A − cos2 A sin2 B − sin2 B + cos2 A sin2 B
≡ cos2 A − sin2 B
≡ R.H.S.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 8

Question:
4 1
Given that sin A = 5
and sin B = 2
, where A and B are both acute angles, calculate the
exact values of

(a) sin (A+B)

(b) cos (A−B)

(c) sec (A−B)

Solution:

Using Pythagoras' theorem x = 3 and y = √ 3

4 √3 3 1 4√3+3
(a) sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B = 5 × 2 + 5 × 2 = 10

3 √3 4 1 3√3+4
(b) cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 5 × 2 + 5 × 2 = 10

1 10
(c) sec (A−B) = cos ( A − B ) = 3√3+4
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= (3√3+4) (3√3−4)
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= 27 − 16
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= 11

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 9

Question:
4
Given that cos A = − 5
, and A is an obtuse angle measured in radians, find the
exact value of

(a) sin A

(b) cos (π+A)

 π 
(c) sin + A
 3 

 π 
(d) tan + A
 4 

Solution:
4
Draw a right-angled triangle where cos A′ = 5

Using Pythagoras' theorem x = 3

3 3
So sin A′ = 5, tan A′ = 4

(a) As A is in the 2nd quadrant, sin A = sin A′

3
sin A = 5

(b) cos( π + A ) = cos π cos A − sin π sin A = − cos A ( cos π = − 1 ,

sin π = 0 )

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4
cos ( π + A ) = + 5

 π  π π
(c) sin + A = sin cos A + cos 3 sin A
 3  3

 √3   4   1   3 
= − 5  +
 2    2   5 
3−4√3
= 10

3
(d) As A is in 2nd quadrant, tan A = − tan A′ = − 4
π 1
tan + tan A
4 4
 π  1 + tan A 1
tan + A = = = =
 4  1 − tan
π
tan A
1 − tan A 7 7
4 4

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 10

Question:
8 4
Given that sin A = 17
, where A is acute, and cos B = − 5
, where B is obtuse,
calculate the exact value of

(a) sin (A−B)

(b) cos (A−B)

(c) cot (A−B)

Solution:

sin B = sin B′, tan B = − tan B′

By Pythagoras' theorem, the remaining sides are 15 and 3.
8 15 8
So sin A = 17 , cos A = 17 , tan A = 15
3 4 3
and sin B = 5, cos B = − 5, tan B = − 4

(a) sin ( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B

 8   4   15   3 
= − 5  −
 17    17   5 
− 32 − 45 77
= 85 = − 85

(b) cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

 15   4   8   3 
= − 5  +
 17    17   5 

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− 60 + 24 36
= 85 = − 85

8 3 77
+
tan A − tan B 15 4 60 77
(c) tan (A−B) = 1 + tan A tan B = = = 36
24 36
1−
60 60

1 36
So cot ( A − B ) = tan ( A − B ) = 77

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 11

Question:
7 5
Given that tan A = 24
, where A is reflex, and sin B = 13
, where B is obtuse,
calculate the exact value of

(a) sin (A+B)

(b) tan (A−B)

(c) cosec (A+B)

Solution:

Using Pythagoras' theorem, the remaining sides are 25 and 12.

As A is in the 3rd quadrant (tan A is +ve, and A is reflex),
sin A = − sin A′, cos A = − cos A′
7 24 7
So sin A = − 25 , cos A = − 25 , tan A = 24
As B is in the 2nd quadrant,
cos B = − cos B′, tan B = − tan B′
5 12 5
So sin B = 13 , cos B = − 13 , tan B = − 12

(a)
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
7 12 24 5
= ( − 25
) ( − 13
) + ( − 25
) ( 13
)
84 − 120 36
= 325
= − 325

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7 5 17
+
tan A − tan B 24 12 24 204
(b) tan (A−B) = 1 + tan A tan B = = = 253
7 5 253
1− ( ) ( )
24 12 288

1 325
(c) cosec (A+B) = sin ( A + B ) = − 36

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 12

Question:

Write the following as a single trigonometric function, assuming that θ is

measured in radians:

(a) cos
2 θ − sin2 θ

(b) 2 sin 4θ cos 4θ

1 + tan θ
(c)
1 − tan θ

1
(d)
√2
( sin θ + cos θ )

Solution:

(a) cos
2 θ − sin2 θ = cos θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ = cos ( θ + θ ) = cos 2θ

(b) 2 sin 4θ cos 4θ = sin 4θ cos 4θ + sin 4θ cos 4θ

= sin 4θ cos 4θ + cos 4θ sin 4θ
= sin ( 4θ + 4θ )
= sin 8θ

π
tan + tan θ
1 + tan θ 4 π
(c) 1 − tan θ = π
(as tan 4 = 1)
1 − tan tan θ
4

 π 
= tan + θ
 4 

1 1 π π 1 π
(d) √ 2 sin θ + √2 cos θ = sin θ cos 4 + cos θ sin 4 (as √2 = cos 4 = sin
π
4 )
 π 
= sin θ+ 4
 

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 π  
[ Note: (d) could be cos θ− 4
  

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 13

Question:

Solve, in the interval 0 ° ≤ θ < 360 ° , the following equations. Give

answers to the nearest 0.1°.

(a) 3 cos θ = 2 sin ( θ + 60 ° )

(b) sin ( θ + 30 ° ) + 2 sin θ = 0

(c) cos ( θ + 25 ° ) + sin ( θ + 65 ° ) = 1

(d) cos θ = cos ( θ + 60 ° )

(e) tan ( θ − 45 ° ) = 6 tan θ

(f) sin θ + cos θ = 1

Solution:

(a) 3 cos θ = 2 sin ( θ + 60 ° )

⇒ 3 cos θ = 2 ( sin θ cos 60 ° + cos θ sin 60 ° )
 1 √3 
⇒ 3 cos θ = 2 sin θ + cos θ = sin θ + √ 3 cos θ
 2 2 
⇒ ( 3 − √ 3 ) cos θ = sin θ
 sin θ 
⇒ tan θ = 3 − √ 3 tan θ = cos θ
 
As tan θ is +ve, θ is in 1st and 3rd quadrants.
θ = tan − 1 ( 3 − √ 3 ) , 180 ° + tan − 1 ( 3 − √ 3 ) = 51.7°, 231.7°

( θ + 30 ° ) + 2 sin θ = 0
(b) sin
⇒ sin θ cos 30 ° + cos θ sin 30 ° + 2 sin θ = 0
√3 1
⇒ 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ + 2 sin θ = 0
⇒ ( 4 + √ 3 ) sin θ = − cos θ
1
⇒ tan θ = − 4+ √3
As tan θ is −ve, θ is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

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 1   1 
θ = tan − 1 − 4+ √3 + 180 ° , tan − 1 − 4+ √3 + 360 °
   
= 170.1 ° , 350.1°.

( θ + 25 ° ) + sin ( θ + 65 ° ) = 1
(c) cos
⇒ cos θ cos 25 ° − sin θ sin 25 ° + sin θ cos 65 ° + cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
As sin ( 90 − x ) ° = cos x ° and cos ( 90 − x ) ° = sin x °
cos 25 ° = sin 65 ° and sin 25 ° = cos 65 °
So cos θ sin 65 ° − sin θ cos 65 ° + sin θ cos 65 ° + cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
⇒ 2 cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
1
⇒ cos θ = 2 sin 65 ° = 0.55169

θ = cos − 1 ( 0.55169 ) , 360 ° − cos − 1 ( 0.55169 ) = 56.5°, 303.5°

(d) cos θ = cos ( θ + 60 ° )

1 √3
⇒ cos θ = cos θ cos 60 ° − sin θ sin 60 ° = 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ
⇒ cos θ = − √ 3 sin θ
1  sin θ 
⇒ tan θ = − √3 tan θ = cos θ
 
θ is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

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 1 
tan − 1 − √3 is not in given interval.
 
 1   1 
θ = tan − 1 − √3 + 180 ° , tan − 1 − √3 + 360 ° = 150 ° ,
   
330°

(e) tan ( θ − 45 ° ) = 6 tan θ

tan θ − tan 45 °
⇒ 1 + tan θ tan 45 ° = 6 tan θ
tan θ − 1
⇒ 1 + tan θ = 6 tan θ

⇒ tan θ − 1 = 6 tan θ + 6 tan2 θ

⇒ 6 tan2 θ + 5 tan θ + 1 = 0
⇒ ( 3 tan θ + 1 ) ( 2 tan θ + 1 ) = 0
1 1
⇒ tan θ = − 3 or tan θ = − 2

 1 
tan θ = −
1
⇒ θ = tan −1  −
1 
+ 180 ° , tan − 1  − 3 
3  3 
 
+ 360 ° = 161.6 ° , 341.6°
 1 
tan θ = −
1
⇒ θ = tan −1  −
1 
+ 180 ° , tan − 1  − 2 
2  2 
 
+ 360 ° = 153.4 ° , 333.4°
Set of solutions: 153.4°, 161.6°, 333.4°, 341.6°

(f) sin θ + cos θ = 1

1 1 1
⇒ √2 sin θ + √2 cos θ = √2

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 4 of 4

1
⇒ cos 45 ° sin θ + sin 45 ° cos θ = √2
1
⇒ sin ( θ + 45 ° ) = √2

⇒ θ + 45 ° = 45 ° , 135°
⇒ θ = 0 ° , 90°
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 14

Question:

Solve the equation cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° = 0.5, for

(a)
0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° .

(b) Hence write down, in the same interval, the solutions of √ 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1.
Solution:

(a) cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° = 0.5

⇒ cos ( θ + 30 ° ) = 0.5
⇒ θ + 30 ° = 60 ° , 300°
⇒ θ = 30 ° , 270°

√3 1
(b) cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° ≡ cos θ × 2 − sin θ × 2
1
So cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° = 2
is identical to √ 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1
Solutions are same as (a), i.e. 30°, 270°
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 15

Question:

(a) Express tan ( 45 + 30 ) ° in terms of tan 45° and tan 30°.

(b) Hence show that tan 75 ° = 2 + √ 3.

Solution:
tan 45 ° + tan 30 °
(a) tan ( 45 + 30 ) ° = 1 − tan 45 ° tan 30 °

(b)

√3+1
= √3−1
( √3+1) ( √3+1)
= ( √3−1) ( √3+1)
4+2√3
= 2
=2+ √3
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 16

Question:

Show that sec 105 ° = − √ 2 ( 1 + √ 3 )

Solution:

cos ( 60 + 45 ) ° = cos 60 ° cos 45 ° − sin 60 ° sin 45 °

1 1 √3 1
= 2
× √2
− 2
× √2
1− √3
= 2√2
1 2√2
So sec 105 ° = =
cos 105 ° 1− √3
2√2(1+ √3)
= (1− √3) (1+ √3)
2√2(1+ √3)
= −2
= − √2(1+ √3)

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 17

Question:

Calculate the exact values of

(a) cos 15°

(b) sin 75°

(c) sin ( 120 + 45 ) °

(d) tan 165°

Solution:

(a) cos 15 ° = cos ( 45 − 30 ) °

= cos 45 ° cos 30 ° + sin 45 ° sin 30 °
√2 √3 √2 1
= 2 × 2 + 2 × 2
√2
= 4 ( √3+1)

(b) sin 75 ° = sin ( 45 + 30 ) °

= sin 45 ° cos 30 ° + cos 45 ° sin 30 °
√2 √3 √2 1
= 2 × 2 + 2 × 2
√2
= 4 ( √3+1)
[ sin 75 ° = cos ( 90 − 75 ° ) = cos 15 ° ]

(c) sin ( 120 + 45 ) ° = sin 120 ° cos 45 ° + cos 120 ° sin 45 °

√3 √2  1  √2
= × + − 2
2 2   2
√2
= 4 ( √3−1)

tan 120 ° + tan 45 °

(d) tan 165 ° = tan ( 120 + 45 ) ° = 1 − tan 120 ° tan 45 ° ( tan 120 °
= − √3)

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 2 of 2

− √3+1
=
1+ √3
( − √3+1) ( √3−1)
= ( √3+1) ( √3−1)
−4+2√3
= 2
= −2+ √3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 18

Question:

(a) Given that 3 sin ( x − y ) − sin ( x + y ) = 0 , show that tan x = 2 tan y.

(b) Solve 3 sin ( x − 45 ° ) − sin ( x + 45 ° ) = 0 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 ° .

Solution:

(a) 3 sin
( x − y ) − sin ( x + y ) = 0
⇒ 3 sin x cos y − 3 cos x sin y − sin x cos y − cos x sin y = 0
⇒ 2 sin x cos y = 4 cos x sin y
2 sin x cos y 4 cos x sin y
⇒ cos x cos y = cos x cos y
2 sin x 4 sin y
⇒ cos x = cos y

⇒ 2 tan x = 4 tan y
So tan x = 2 tan y

(b) Put y = 45 ° ⇒ tan x = 2

So x = tan − 1 2, 180 ° + tan − 1 2 = 63.4 ° , 243.4°
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 19

Question:

Given that sin x ( cos y + 2 sin y ) = cos x ( 2 cos y − sin y ) , find the value of
tan ( x + y ) .
Solution:

sin x ( cos y + 2 sin y ) = cos x ( 2 cos y − sin y )

⇒ sin x cos y + 2 sin x sin y = 2 cos x cos y − cos x sin y
⇒ sin x cos y + cos x sin y = 2 ( cos x cos y − sin x sin y )
⇒ sin ( x + y ) = 2 cos ( x + y )
sin ( x + y )
⇒ cos ( x + y ) =2
⇒ tan ( x + y ) = 2
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 20

Question:

Given that tan ( x − y ) = 3 , express tan y in terms of tan x.

Solution:

As tan ( x − y ) = 3
tan x − tan y
so 1 + tan x tan y =3
⇒ tan x − tan y = 3 + 3 tan x tan y
⇒ 3 tan x tan y + tan y = tan x − 3
⇒ tan y ( 3 tan x + 1 ) = tan x − 3
tan x − 3
⇒ tan y = 3 tan x + 1

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 21

Question:

In each of the following, calculate the exact value of tan x°.

1
(a) tan ( x − 45 ) ° = 4

(b) sin ( x − 60 ) ° = 3 cos ( x + 30 ) °

(c) tan ( x − 60 ) ° = 2
Solution:
1
(a) tan ( x − 45 ) ° = 4
tan x ° − tan 45 ° 1
⇒ 1 + tan x ° tan 45 ° = 4

⇒ 4 tan x ° − 4 = 1 + tan x ° ( tan 45 ° = 1 )

⇒ 3 tan x ° = 5
5
⇒ tan x ° = 3

( x − 60 ) ° = 3 cos ( x + 30 ) °
(b) sin
⇒ sin x ° cos 60 ° − cos x ° sin 60 ° = 3 cos x ° cos 30 ° − 3 sin x °
sin 30 °
1 √3 √3 1
⇒ sin x ° × 2 − cos x ° × 2 = 3 cos x ° × 2 − 3 sin x ° × 2

⇒ 4 sin x ° = 4 √ 3 cos x °
sin x ° 4√3
⇒ cos x ° = 4

⇒ tan x ° = √ 3

(c) tan ( x − 60 ) ° = 2
tan x ° − tan 60 °
⇒ 1 + tan x ° tan 60 ° =2

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tan x ° − √ 3
⇒ 1 + √ 3 tan x ° =2
⇒ tan x ° − √ 3 = 2 + 2 √ 3 tan x °
⇒ ( 2 √ 3 − 1 ) tan x ° = − ( 2 + √ 3 )
(2+ √3) (2+ √3) (2√3+1) 8+5√3
⇒ tan x ° = − 2√3−1 = − (2√3−1) (2√3+1) = − 11

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 22

Question:
1 2
Given that tan A ° = 5
and tan B ° = 3
, calculate, without using your calculator, the
value of A + B,

(a) where A and B are both acute,

(b) where A is reflex and B is acute.

Solution:
tan A ° + tan B °
(a) tan (A° +B° ) = 1 − tan A ° tan B °

As tan ( A + B ) ° is +ve, A + B is in the 1st or 3rd quadrants, but as they are both
acute A + B cannot be in the 3rd quadrant.
So ( A + B ) ° = tan − 1 1 = 45 °
i.e. A + B = 45

(b)A is reflex but tan A ° is +ve, so A is in 3rd quadrant,

i.e. 180 ° < A ° < 270 °
and 0 ° < B ° < 90 °
( A + B ) ° must be in the 3rd quadrant as tan ( A + B ) ° is +ve.
So A + B = 225
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 23

Question:

Given that cos y = sin ( x + y ) , show that tan y = sec x − tan x.

Solution:

cos y = sin ( x + y )
⇒ cos y = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Divide throughout by cos x cos y

⇒ sec x = tan x + tan y

⇒ tan y = sec x − tan x
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 24

Question:
1
Given that cot A = 4
and cot ( A + B ) = 2 , find the value of cot B.

Solution:

cot ( A + B ) = 2
1
⇒ tan ( A + B ) = 2
tan A + tan B 1
⇒ 1 − tan A tan B = 2
1
But as cot A = 4, then tan A = 4.
4 + tan B 1
So 1 − 4 tan B = 2

⇒ 8 + 2 tan B = 1 − 4 tan B
⇒ 6 tan B = − 7
7
⇒ tan B = − 6
1 6
So cot B = tan B = − 7

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 25

Question:

 π  1
Given that tan x+ 3 = 2 , show that tan x = 8 − 5 √ 3.
 

Solution:

 π  1
tan x+ 3 = 2
 
π
tan x + tan
3 1
⇒ π
= 2
1 − tan x tan
3

tan x + √ 3 1  π 
⇒ 1 − √ 3 tan x = tan 3 = √ 3
2  
⇒ 2 tan x + 2 √ 3 = 1 − √ 3 tan x
⇒ ( 2 + √ 3 ) tan x = 1 − 2 √ 3
1−2√3 (1−2√3) (2− √3) 2−4√3− √3+6
⇒ tan x = 2+ √3 = (2+ √3) (2− √3) = 1 =8−5√3

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 1

Question:

Write the following expressions as a single trigonometric ratio:

(a) 2 sin 10 ° cos 10 °

(b) 1 − 2 sin2 25 °

(c) cos
2 40 ° − sin2 40 °

2 tan 5 °
(d)
1 − tan2 5 °

1
(e)
1 1
2 sin ( 24 ) ° cos ( 24 ) °
2 2

(f) 6 cos
2 30 ° − 3
sin 8 °
(g)
sec 8 °

2 π π
(h) cos
16
− sin2 16

Solution:

(a) 2 sin 10 ° cos 10 ° = sin 20 ° (using 2 sin A cos A ≡ sin 2A)

(b) 1 − 2 sin2 25 ° = cos 50 ° (using cos 2A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A)

(c) cos
2 40 ° − sin2 40 ° = cos 80 ° (using cos 2A ≡ cos2 A − sin2 A)

2 tan 5 ° 2 tan A
(d) = tan 10 ° (using tan 2A ≡ )
1 − tan2 5 ° 1 − tan2 A

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1 1
(e) = sin 49 ° = cosec 49 °
1 1
2 sin ( 24 ) ° cos ( 24 ) °
2 2

(f) 6 cos
2 30 ° − 3 = 3 ( 2 cos2 30 ° − 1 ) = 3 cos 60 °
sin 8 ° 1 1
(g) sec 8 ° = sin 8 ° cos 8 ° = 2 ( 2 sin 8 ° cos 8 ° ) = 2 sin 16 °

2 π π 2π π
(h) cos 16 − sin2 16 = cos 16 = cos 8

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 2

Question:

Without using your calculator find the exact values of:

 1  °  1  °
(a) 2 sin 22 2 cos 22 2
   

(b) 2 cos
2 15 ° − 1

(c) ( sin 75 ° − cos 75 ° ) 2

π
2 tan
8
(d)
π
1 − tan2
8

Solution:

 1  °  1  ° 1 √2
(a) 2 sin 22 2 cos 22 2 = sin 2 × 22 2 ° = sin 45 ° =
    2

2 √3
(b) 2 cos 15 ° − 1 = cos ( 2 × 15 ° ) = cos 30 ° = 2

(c) ( sin 75 ° − cos 75 ° ) 2 = sin2 75 ° + cos2 75 ° − 2 sin 75 ° cos 75 °

= 1 − sin ( 2 × 75 ° ) ( sin2 75 ° + cos2 75 ° = 1 )
= 1 − sin 150 °
1
=1− 2
1
= 2

π
2 tan
8
 π  π
(d) = tan 2× 8 = tan 4 = 1
1 − tan2
π  
8

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 3

Question:

Write the following in their simplest form, involving only one trigonometric
function:

(a) cos
2 3θ − sin2 3θ

(b) 6 sin 2θ cos 2θ

θ
2 tan
2
(c)
θ
1 − tan2
2

θ
(d) 2 − 4 sin2 2

(e) \ 1 + cos 2θ

(f) sin
2 θ cos2 θ

(g) 4 sin θ cos θ cos 2θ

tan θ
(h)
sec2 θ − 2

(i) sin
4 θ − 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ + cos 4 θ
Solution:

(a) cos
2 3θ − sin2 3θ = cos ( 2 × 3θ ) = cos 6θ

(b) 6 sin 2θ cos 2θ = 3 ( 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ ) = 3 sin ( 2 × 2θ ) = 3 sin 4θ

θ
2 tan
2
 θ 
(c) = tan 2× 2 = tan θ
1 − tan2
θ  
2

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 1   2  1 θ   = 2 cos  2 × 1 θ 
(d) 2 − 4 sin2 θ = 2 1 − 2 sin
 2    2    2 
= 2 cos θ

(e) \ 1 + cos 2θ = \ 1 + ( 2 cos2 θ − 1 ) = \ 2 cos2 θ = √ 2 cos θ

2 1 1 1
(f) sin θ cos2 θ = 4 ( 4 sin2 θ cos2 θ ) = 4 ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) 2 = 4 sin2 2θ

(g) 4 sin θ cos θ cos 2θ

= 2 ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) cos 2θ
= 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ
= sin 4θ ( sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A with A = 2θ )

tan θ tan θ
(h) =
sec2 θ − 2 ( 1 + tan2 θ ) − 2
tan θ
=
tan2 θ − 1
tan θ
= −
1 − tan2 θ
1  2 tan θ 
= − 2  1 − tan θ 
2

1
= − 2 tan 2θ

(i) cos
4 θ − 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ + sin 4 θ = ( cos2 θ − sin2 θ ) 2 = cos2 2θ
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 4

Question:
1
Given that cos x = 4
, find the exact value of cos 2x.

Solution:

 1  2 1 7
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 2 − 1 = − 1 = −
 4  8 8

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 5

Question:
23
Find the possible values of sin θ when cos 2θ = 25
.

Solution:

cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
23
So 25 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
23 2
⇒ 2 sin2 θ = 1 − 25 = 25
1
⇒ sin2 θ = 25
1
⇒ sin θ = ± 5

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 6

Question:

Given that cos x + sin x = m and cos x − sin x = n, where m and n are constants,
write down, in terms of m and n, the value of cos 2x.
Solution:

cos x + sin x = m
cos x − sin x = n
Multiply the equations:
( cos x + sin x ) ( cos x − sin x ) = mn
⇒ cos2 x − sin2 x = mn
⇒ cos 2x = mn
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 7

Question:
3
Given that tan θ = 4
, and that θ is acute:

(a) Find the exact value of

(i) tan 2θ
(ii) sin 2θ
(iii) cos 2θ

(b) Deduce the value of sin 4θ.

Solution:

The hypotenuse is 5,
3 4 3
so sin θ = 5, cos θ = 5, tan θ = 4

3 3
2 tan θ 2 2 3 16 24
(a) (i) tan 2θ = = 9
= 7
= 2 × 7 = 7
1 − tan2 θ 1−
16 16

3 4 24
(ii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × 5 × 5 = 25
16 9 7
(iii) cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 25 − 25 = 25

24 7 336
(b) sin 4θ = 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ = 2 × 25 × 25 = 625

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 8

Question:
1
Given that cos A = − 3
, and that A is obtuse:

(a) Find the exact value of

(i) cos 2A
(ii) sin A
(iii) cosec 2A
4√2
(b) Show that tan 2A = 7
.

Solution:

 1  2 7
(a) (i) cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1 = 2 − 3 2−1= 9 −1= − 9
 
(ii) cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A
7
⇒ − 9 = 1 − 2 sin2 A
7 16
⇒ 2 sin2 A = 1 + 9 = 9
8
⇒ sin2 A = 9
2√2
⇒ sin A = ± 3 ( √8=2√2)
but A is in 2nd quadrant ⇒ sin A is +ve.
2√2
So sin A = 3

1 1 1 9 9√2
(iii) cosec 2A = sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = = − 4√2 = − 8
2√2 1
2× × ( − )
3 3

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4√2
−
sin 2A 9 −4√2 −9 4√2
(b) tan 2A = cos 2A = = 9 × 7 = 7
7
−
9

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 9

Question:
3π θ 3
Given that π < θ < 2
, find the value of tan 2
when tan θ = 4
.

Solution:

θ
2 tan
2
Using tan θ = θ
1 − tan2
2

θ
2 tan
3 2
⇒ 4 = θ
1 − tan2
2

θ θ
⇒ 3 − 3 tan2 2 = 8 tan 2
θ θ
⇒ 3 tan2 2 + 8 tan 2 −3=0
 θ   θ 
⇒ 3 tan 2 − 1 tan 2 + 3 =0
   
θ 1 θ
so tan 2 = 3 or tan 2 = −3
3π
but π < θ < 2
π θ 3π
so 2 < 2 < 4
θ
i.e. 2 is in the 2nd quadrant
θ
So tan 2 is −ve.
θ
⇒ tan 2 = −3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 10

Question:

In △ABC, AB = 4 cm, AC = 5 cm, ∠ ABC = 2θ and ∠ ACB = θ. Find the

value of θ, giving your answer, in degrees, to 1 decimal place.
Solution:

sin B sin C
Using sine rule with b = c
sin 2θ sin θ
⇒ 5 = 4
2 sin θ cos θ sin θ
⇒ 5 = 4
Cancel sin θ as θ ≠ 0 ° or 180°
5
So 2 cos θ = 4
5
⇒ cos θ = 8
5
So θ = cos − 1 8 = 51.3 °

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 11

Question:

In △PQR, PQ = 3 cm, PR = 6 cm, QR = 5 cm and ∠ QPR = 2θ.

5
(a) Use the cosine rule to show that cos 2θ = 9
.

(b) Hence find the exact value of sin θ.

Solution:

q2 + r2 − p2
(a) Using cosine rule with cos P = 2qr

36 + 9 − 25 20 5
cos 2θ = 2×6×3 = 36 = 9

(b) Using cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ

5
9 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
5 4
⇒ 2 sin2 θ = 1 − 9 = 9
2
⇒ sin2 θ = 9
√2
⇒ sin θ = ± 3
but sin θ cannot be negative for θ in a triangle
√2
so sin θ = 3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 12

Question:
3
The line l, with equation y = 4
x, bisects the angle between the x-axis and the
line y = mx, m > 0. Given that the scales on each axis are the same, and that l
makes an angle θ with the x-axis,

(a) write down the value of tan θ.

24
(b) Show that m = 7
.

Solution:

3
(a) The gradient of line l is 4 , which is tan θ.
3
So tan θ = 4

3
(b) The gradient of y = mx is m, and as y = 4x bisects the angle between y = mx
and x-axis

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3 3
2×
2 tan θ 4 2 3 16 24
m = tan 2θ = = 3 2
= 7
= 2 × 7 = 7
1 − tan2 θ 1− ( )
4 16

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 1

Question:

Prove the following identities:

cos 2A
(a)
cos A + sin A
≡ cos A − sin A

sin B cos B
(b)
sin A
− cos A
≡ 2 cosec 2A sin ( B − A )

1 − cos 2θ
(c)
sin 2θ
≡ tan θ

sec2 θ
(d) ≡ sec 2θ
1 − tan2 θ

(e) 2 ( sin3 θ cos θ + cos3 θ sin θ ) ≡ sin 2θ

sin 3θ cos 3θ
(f)
sin θ
− cos θ
≡2

(g) cosec θ − 2 cot 2θ cos θ ≡ 2 sin θ

sec θ − 1 θ
(h)
sec θ + 1
≡ tan2 2

 π  1 − sin 2x
(i) tan − x ≡
 4  cos 2x

Solution:
cos 2A
(a) L.H.S. ≡ cos A + sin A

cos2 A − sin2 A
≡ cos A + sin A

( cos A + sin A ) ( cos A − sin A )

≡ cos A + sin A
≡ cos A − sin A ≡ R.H.S.
sin B cos B
(b) L.H.S. ≡ sin A − cos A
sin B cos A − cos B sin A
≡ sin A cos A

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sin ( B − A )
≡
1
( 2 sin A cos A )
2
2 sin ( B − A )
≡ sin 2A
≡ 2 cosec 2A sin ( B − A ) ≡ R.H.S.
1 − cos 2θ
(c) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ

1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 θ )
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ

2 sin2 θ
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ

sin θ
≡ cos θ
≡ tan θ ≡ R.H.S.

sec2 θ
(d) L.H.S. ≡
1 − tan2 θ

1
≡
cos2 θ ( 1 − tan2 θ )
1 sin2 θ
≡ (as tan2 θ= )
cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos2 θ
1
≡ cos 2θ
≡ sec 2θ ≡ R.H.S.

(e) L.H.S. ≡ 2 ( sin3 θ cos θ + cos3 θ sin θ )

≡ 2 sin θ cos θ ( sin2 θ + cos2 θ )
≡ sin 2θ (since sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 )
≡ R.H.S.
sin 3θ cos 3θ
(f) L.H.S. ≡ sin θ − cos θ
sin 3θ cos θ − cos 3θ sin θ
≡ sin θ cos θ

sin ( 3θ − θ )
≡
1
sin 2θ
2

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sin 2θ
≡
1
sin 2θ
2
≡ 2 ≡ R.H.S.

(g) L.H.S. ≡ cosec θ − 2 cot 2θ cos θ

cos 2θ
≡ cosec θ − 2 sin 2θ cos θ
2 cos 2θ cos θ
≡ cosec θ − 2 sin θ cos θ
1 cos 2θ
≡ sin θ − sin θ
1 − cos 2θ
≡ sin θ

1 − ( 1 − 2sin2 θ )
≡ sin θ

2 sin2 θ
≡ sin θ

≡ 2 sin θ ≡ R.H.S.
(h)

(i)

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 2

Question:

(a) Show that tan θ + cot θ ≡ 2 cosec 2θ.

(b) Hence find the value of tan 75 ° + cot 75 ° .

Solution:

(a) L.H.S. ≡ tan θ + cot θ

sin θ cos θ
≡ cos θ + sin θ

sin2 θ + cos2 θ
≡ sin θ cos θ

2
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ ( sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 )
2
≡ sin 2θ
≡ 2 cosec 2θ ≡ R.H.S.

(b) Use θ = 75 °

1 1
⇒ tan 75 ° + cot 75 ° = 2 cosec 150 ° = 2 × sin 150 ° =2× =4
1
2

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 3

Question:

Solve the following equations, in the interval shown in brackets. Give answers to
1 decimal place where appropriate.

(a) sin 2θ = sin θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π {

(b) cos 2θ = 1 − cos θ { − 180 ° < θ ≤ 180 ° {

(c) 3 cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ {0 ≤ θ < 360 ° {

(d) sin 4θ = cos 2θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ π{

(e) 2 tan 2y tan y =3 {0 ≤ y < 360 ° {

θ
 
(f) 3 cos θ − sin 2
−1=0  0 ≤ θ < 720 ° 
 

(g) cos
2 θ − sin 2θ = sin2 θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ π{

(h) 2 sin θ = sec θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π {

(i) 2 sin 2θ = 3 tan θ {0 ≤ θ < 360 ° {

(j) 2 tan θ = √ 3 ( 1 − tan θ ) ( 1 + tan θ ) {0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π {

(k) 5 sin 2θ + 4 sin θ = 0 { − 180 ° < θ ≤ 180 ° {

2
(l) sin θ = 2 sin 2θ { − 180 ° < θ ≤ 180 ° {

(m) 4 tan θ = tan 2θ {0 ≤ θ < 360 ° {

Solution:

(a) sin 2θ = sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

⇒ 2 sin θ cos θ = sin θ
⇒ 2 sin θ cos θ − sin θ = 0
⇒ sin θ ( 2 cos θ − 1 ) = 0

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1
⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 2
π 5π
Solution set: 0 , 3 , π, 3 , 2π

(b) cos 2θ = 1 − cos θ, − 180 ° < θ ≤ 180 °

⇒ 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − cos θ
⇒ 2 cos2 θ + cos θ − 2 = 0
− 1 ± \ 17
⇒ cos θ = 4
− 1 − \ 17 − 1 + \ 17
As 4 < − 1, cos θ = 4
As cos θ is +ve, θ is in 1st and 4th quadrants.
 − 1 + \ 17 
Calculator solution is cos − 1 = 38.7 ° .
 4 
Solutions are ± 38.7 °

(c) 3 cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ, 0 ≤ θ < 360 °

⇒ 3 ( 2 cos2 θ − 1 ) = 2 cos2 θ
⇒ 6 cos2 θ − 3 = 2 cos2 θ
⇒ 4 cos2 θ = 3
3
⇒ cos2 θ = 4
√3
⇒ cos θ = ± 2
θ will be in all four quadrants.
Solution set: 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°

(d) sin 4θ = cos 2θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

⇒ 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ = cos 2θ
⇒ cos 2θ ( 2 sin 2θ − 1 ) = 0
1
⇒ cos 2θ = 0 or sin 2θ = 2
cos 2θ = 0 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π
π 3π π 3π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 ⇒ θ= 4 , 4
1
sin 2θ = 2 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π

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π 5π π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 6 , 6 ⇒ θ= 12 , 12
π π 5π 3π
Solution set: 12 , 4 , 12 , 4

(e) 2 tan 2y tan y = 3, 0 ≤ y < 360 °

4 tan y
⇒ tan y = 3
1 − tan2 y
⇒ 4 tan2 y = 3 − 3 tan2 y
⇒ 7 tan2 y = 3
3
⇒ tan2 y = 7
3
⇒ tan y = ± \ 7

y is in all four quadrants.

3  3  3
y = tan − 1 \ 7, 180 ° + tan − 1 − \ 7 , 180 ° + tan − 1\ 7 , 360 °
 
 3 
+ tan − 1 −\ 7
 
y = 33.2°, 146.8°, 213.2°, 326.8°
θ
(f) 3 cos θ − sin 2 − 1 = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 720 °
 θ  θ
⇒ 3 1 − 2 sin2 − sin 2 − 1 = 0
 2 
θ θ
⇒ 6 sin2 2 + sin 2 −2=0
 θ   θ 
⇒ 3 sin 2 + 2 2 sin 2 − 1 =0
   

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θ 2 θ 1
⇒ sin 2 = − 3 or sin 2 = 2
θ 1 θ
sin 2 = 2 in 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 360 °
θ
⇒ 2 = 30 ° , 150 ° ⇒ θ = 60 ° , 300 °
θ 2 θ
sin 2 = − 3 in 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 360 °

θ  2   2 
⇒ = 180 ° − sin − 1 − 3 , 360 ° + sin − 1 − 3 = 221.8°,
2    
318.2°
⇒ θ = 443.6°, 636.4°
Solution set: 60°, 300°, 443.6°, 636.4°

(g) cos
2 θ − sin 2θ = sin2 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
⇒ cos2 θ − sin2 θ = sin 2θ
⇒ cos 2θ = sin 2θ
⇒ tan 2θ = 1 (divide both sides by cos 2θ)
tan 2θ = 1 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 4 , 4
π 5π
⇒ θ= 8 , 8

(h) 2 sin θ = sec θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

1
⇒ 2 sin θ = cos θ

⇒ 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
⇒ sin 2θ = 1

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sin 2θ = 1 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 4π
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 (see graph)
π 5π
⇒ θ= 4 , 4

(i) 2 sin 2θ = 3 tan θ, 0 ≤ θ < 360 °

3 sin θ
⇒ 4 sin θ cos θ = cos θ

⇒ 4 sin θ cos2 θ = 3 sin θ

⇒ sin θ ( 4 cos2 θ − 3 ) = 0
3
⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos2 θ = 4

sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 ° , 180 °
3 √3
cos2 θ = 4 ⇒ cos θ = ± 2 ⇒ θ = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°
Solution set: 0°, 30°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 330°

(j) 2 tan θ= √ 3 ( 1 − tan θ ) ( 1 + tan θ ) , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

⇒ 2 tan θ = √ 3 ( 1 − tan2 θ )
⇒ √ 3 tan2 θ + 2 tan θ − √ 3 = 0
⇒ ( √ 3 tan θ − 1 ) ( tan θ + √ 3 ) = 0
1
⇒ tan θ = √ 3 or tan θ = − √ 3
1
tan θ = √ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

1 1 π 7π
⇒ θ = tan − 1 √ 3, π + tan − 1 √3 = 6 , 6
tan θ = − √ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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2π 5π
⇒ θ = π + tan − 1 ( − √ 3 ) , 2π + tan − 1 ( − √ 3 ) = 3 , 3
π 2π 7π 5π
Solution set: 6 , 3 , 6 , 3

(k) 5 sin 2θ+ 4 sin θ = 0, − 180 ° < θ ≤ 180 °

⇒ 10 sin θ cos θ + 4 sin θ = 0
⇒ 2 sin θ ( 5 cos θ + 2 ) = 0
2
⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = − 5

sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 ° , 180 ° (from graph)

 2 
Calculator value for cos − 1 − 5 is 113.6°
 
⇒ θ = ± 113.6 °
Solution set: −113.6°, 0°, 113.6°, 180°
2
θ = 2 sin 2θ, − 180 ° < θ
(l) sin ≤ 180 °
⇒ sin2 θ = 4 sin θ cos θ
⇒ sin θ ( sin θ − 4 cos θ ) = 0

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⇒ sin θ = 0 or sin θ = 4 cos θ

⇒ sin θ = 0 or tan θ = 4
sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0°, 180°
tan θ = 4 ⇒ θ = tan − 1 4, − 180 ° + tan − 1 4 = 76.0°, −104.0°

Solution set: −104.0°, 0°, 76.0°, 180°

(m) 4 tan θ = tan 2θ, 0 ≤ θ < 360 °

2 tan θ
⇒ 4 tan θ =
1 − tan2 θ
⇒ 2 tan θ ( 1 − tan2 θ ) = tan θ
⇒ tan θ ( 2 − 2 tan2 θ − 1 ) = 0
⇒ tan θ ( 1 − 2 tan2 θ ) = 0
1
⇒ tan θ = 0 or tan θ = ± \ 2

tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0°, 180°

1
tan θ = ± \ 2 ⇒ θ = 35.3°, 144.7°, 215.3°, 324.7°
Solution set: 0°, 35.3°, 144.7°, 180°, 215.3°, 324.7°
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 4

Question:

Given that p = 2 cos θ and q = cos 2θ, express q in terms of p.

Solution:
p
p = 2 cos θ ⇒ cos θ = 2
cos 2θ = q
Using cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
 p  2
q=2 −1
 2 
p2
⇒ q= 2 −1

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 5

Question:

Eliminate θ from the following pairs of equations:

(a) x = cos2 θ, y = 1 − cos 2θ

(b) x = tan θ, y = cot 2θ

(c) x = sin θ, y = sin 2θ

(d) x = 3 cos 2θ + 1, y = 2 sin θ

Solution:

(a) cos
2
θ = x, cos 2θ = 1 − y
Using cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
⇒ 1 − y = 2x − 1
⇒ y = 2 − 2x = 2 ( 1 − x ) (any form)

1
(b) y = cot 2θ ⇒ tan 2θ = y
x = tan θ
2 tan θ
Using tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
1 2x
⇒ y =
1 − x2
⇒ 2xy = 1 − x2 (any form)

= sin θ, y = 2 sin θ cos θ

(c) x
⇒ y = 2x cos θ
y
⇒ cos θ = 2x

Using sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1

y2
⇒ x2 + =1
4x2

⇒ 4x4 + y2 = 4x2 or y2 = 4x2 ( 1 − x2 ) (any form)

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x−1
(d) x = 3 cos 2θ + 1 ⇒ cos 2θ = 3
y
y = 2 sin θ ⇒ sin θ = 2

Using cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ

x−1 2y2 y2
⇒ 3 =1− 4 =1− 2

⇒ 2 ( x − 1 ) = 6 − 3y2 ( ×6)
⇒ 3y2 = 6 − 2 ( x − 1 ) = 8 − 2x
2(4−x)
⇒ y2 = 3 (any form)

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 6

Question:

(a) Prove that ( cos 2θ − sin 2θ ) 2 ≡ 1 − sin 4θ.

1
(b) Use the result to solve, for 0 ≤ θ < π, the equation cos 2θ − sin 2θ = √2
.
Give your answers in terms of π.
Solution:

(a) L.H.S. ≡ ( cos 2θ − sin 2θ ) 2

≡ cos2 2θ − 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ + sin2 2θ
≡ ( cos2 2θ + sin2 2θ ) − ( 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ )
≡ 1 − sin 4θ ( sin2 A + cos2 A ≡ 1 , sin 2A ≡ 2 sin A cos A )
≡ R.H.S.
1
(b) You can use ( cos 2θ − sin 2θ ) 2 = 2
1
but this also solves cos 2θ − sin 2θ = − √2
so you need to check your final answers.
As ( cos 2θ − sin 2θ ) 2 ≡ 1 − sin 4θ
1
⇒ 2 = 1 − sin 4θ
1
⇒ sin 4θ = 2
0 ≤ θ < π, so 0 ≤ 4θ < 4π
π 5π 13π 17π
⇒ 4θ = 6 , 6 , 6 , 6
π 5π 13π 17π
⇒ θ= 24 , 24 , 24 , 24
1
Checking these values in cos 2θ − sin 2θ = √2
5π 13π 1
eliminates 24 , 24 which apply to cos 2θ − sin 2θ = − √2
π 17π
Solutions are 24 , 24

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 7

Question:

(a) Show that:

θ
2 tan
2
(i) sin θ ≡
θ
1 + tan2
2
θ
1 − tan2
2
(ii) cos θ ≡
θ
1 + tan2
2

θ
(b) By writing the following equations as quadratics in tan 2
, solve, in the
interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° :
(i) sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1 (ii) 3 cos θ − 4 sin θ = 2
Give answers to 1 decimal place.
Solution:

θ
2 tan
2
(a) (i) R.H.S. ≡ θ
1 + tan2
2

θ
2 tan
2
≡ θ
sec2
2

θ
2 sin
2 θ
≡ θ
× cos2 2
cos
2

θ θ
≡ 2 sin 2 cos 2
≡ sin θ ( sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A )
≡ L.H.S.

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θ
1 − tan2
2
(ii) R.H.S. ≡ θ
1 + tan2
2

θ
1 − tan2
2
≡ θ
sec2
2

θ  θ 
≡ cos2 1 − tan2 2
2  
θ
sin2
θ θ  θ 2 
≡ cos2 2 − sin2 2  tan2 2 = θ

 cos2 
2

≡ cos θ ( cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A )

≡ L.H.S.
θ
(b) Let tan 2 =t
(i) sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1
2t 2 ( 1 − t2 )
⇒ + =1
1 + t2 1 + t2

⇒ 2t + 2 − 2t2 = 1 + t2
⇒ 3t2 − 2t − 1 = 0
⇒ ( 3t + 1 ) ( t − 1 ) = 0
θ 1 θ θ
⇒ tan 2 = − 3 or tan 2 =1 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ θ
tan 2 =1 ⇒ 2 = 45 ° ⇒ θ = 90 °
θ 1 θ
tan 2 = − 3 ⇒ 2 = 161.56 ° ⇒ θ = 323.1 °
Solution set: 90°, 323.1°
(ii) 3 cos θ − 4 sin θ = 2
3 ( 1 − t2 ) 4 × 2t
⇒ − =2
1 + t2 1 + t2

⇒ 3 ( 1 − t2 ) − 8t = 2 ( 1 + t2 )
⇒ 5t2 + 8t − 1 = 0

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− 8 ± \ 84
⇒ t= 10
θ − 8 + \ 84 θ
For tan 2 = 10 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ
2 = 6.65 ° ⇒ θ = 13.3 °
θ − 8 − \ 84 θ
For tan 2 = 10 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ
2 = 120.2 ° ⇒ θ = 240.4 °
Solution set: 13.3°, 240.4°
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 8

Question:

(a) Using cos 2A ≡ 2 cos2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A, show that:

x 1 + cos x
(i) cos2 2
≡ 2
x 1 − cos x
(ii) sin2 2
≡ 2

(b) Given that cos θ = 0.6, and that θ is acute, write down the values of:
θ
(i) cos 2
θ
(ii) sin 2
θ
(iii) tan 2

A 1
(c) Show that cos 4 2
≡ 8
( 3 + 4 cos A + cos 2A )

Solution:
x
(a) (i) Using cos 2A ≡ 2 cos2 A − 1 with A = 2
x
⇒ cos x ≡ 2 cos2 2 −1
x
⇒ 2 cos2 2 ≡ 1 + cos x
x 1 + cos x
⇒ cos2 2 ≡ 2

(ii) Using cos 2A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A

x
⇒ cos x ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2
x
⇒ 2 sin2 2 ≡ 1 − cos x
x 1 − cos x
⇒ sin2 2 ≡ 2

(b) Given that cos θ = 0.6 and θ acute

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θ 1.6 4
(i) using (a) (i) cos2 2 = 2 = 0.8 = 5
θ 2 2√5 θ
⇒ cos 2 = √5 = 5 (as 2 acute)
θ 0.4 1
(ii) using (a) (ii) sin2 2 = 2 = 0.2 = 5
θ 1 √5
⇒ sin 2 =\ 5 = 5
θ
sin
θ 2 √5 5 1
(iii) tan 2 = θ
= 5 × 2√5 = 2
cos
2

(c) Using (a) (i) and squaring

A  1 + cos A  2 1 + 2 cos A + cos2 A
cos 4 = =
2  2  4

but using (a) (i) again

1
cos2 A = 2 ( 1 + cos 2A )
1
1 + 2 cos A + ( 1 + cos 2A )
A 2 2 + 4 cos A + 1 + cos 2A
So cos 4 2 = 4 = 8 =

3 + 4 cos A + cos 2A
8

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 9

Question:

(a) Show that 3 cos2 x − sin2 x ≡ 1 + 2 cos 2x.

Hence sketch, for − π ≤ x ≤ π, the graph of y = 3 cos2 x − sin2 x,

(b)
showing the coordinates of points where the curve meets the axes.
Solution:

(a)R.H.S. ≡ 1 + 2 cos 2x
≡ 1 + 2 ( cos2 x − sin2 x )
≡ 1 + 2 cos2 x − 2 sin2 x
≡ cos2 x + sin2 x + 2 cos2 x − 2 sin2 x (using
sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1)
≡ 3 cos2 x − sin2 x
≡ L.H.S.

(b) y= 3 cos2 x − sin2 x

is the same as y = 1 + 2 cos 2x
Using your work on transformations this curve is the result of
1
(i) stretching y = cos x by scale factor 2 in the x direction, then
(ii) stretching the result by scale factor 2 in the y direction, then
(iii) translating by 1 in the +ve y direction.

The curve crosses y-axis at (0, 3).

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It crosses x-axis where y = 0

i.e. where 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0 −π ≤ x ≤ π
1
⇒ cos 2x = − 2 − 2π ≤ 2x ≤ 2π

4π − 2π 2π 4π
So 2x = − 3 , 3 , 3 , 3
− 2π π π 2π
⇒ x= 3 , − 3 , 3 , 3

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 10

Question:
θ θ
(a) Express 2 cos2 2
− 4 sin2 2
in the form a cos θ + b, where a and b are
constants.
θ θ
(b) Hence solve 2 cos2 2
− 4 sin2 2
= − 3, in the interval 0 ≤ θ < 360 ° ,
giving answers to 1 decimal place.
Solution:

2 θ 1 + cos θ θ 1 − cos θ
(a) cos 2 = 2 , sin2 2 = 2
θ θ
So 2 cos2 2 − 4 sin2 2 = ( 1 + cos θ ) − 2 ( 1 − cos θ ) = 3 cos θ − 1

(b) Hence solve 3 cos θ − 1 = − 3, 0 ≤ θ < 360 °

⇒ 3 cos θ = − 2
2
⇒ cos θ = − 3
As cos θ is − ve, θ is in 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
 2 
Calculator value is cos − 1 − 3 = 131.8 °
 

Solutions are 131.8°, 360 ° − 131.8 ° = 131.8 ° , 228.2°

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 11

Question:
1
(a) Use the identity sin2 A + cos2 A ≡ 1 to show that sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 2

( 2 − sin2 2A ) .
1
(b) Deduce that sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 4
( 3 + cos 4A ) .

(c) Hence solve 8 sin 4 θ + 8 cos 4 θ = 7, for 0 < θ < π.

Solution:

As sin2 A + cos2 A ≡ 1
(a)
so ( sin2 A + cos2 A ) 2 ≡ 1
⇒ sin 4 A + cos 4 A + 2 sin2 A cos2 A ≡ 1
⇒ sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A cos2 A
1
≡1− 2 ( 4 sin2 A cos2 A )
1  
≡1− ( 2 sin A cos A ) 2
2  
1
≡1− 2 sin2 2A
1
≡ 2 ( 2 − sin2 2A )

(b)As cos 2A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A

so cos 4A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2A
1 − cos 4A
so sin2 2A ≡ 2

1  1 − cos 4A  1  4 − 1 + cos 4A
⇒ from (a) sin 4 A+ cos 4 A≡ 2  2− 2  ≡ 2  2
  
 1  
 ≡ 4  3 + cos 4A 
  

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(c)Using part (b)

8 sin 4 θ + 8 cos 4 θ = 7
1
⇒ 8× 4 ( 3 + cos 4θ ) = 7
7
⇒ 3 + cos 4θ = 2
1
⇒ cos 4θ = 2
1
Solve cos 4θ = 2 in 0 < 4θ < 4π
π 5π 7π 11π
⇒ 4θ = 3 , 3 , 3 , 3
π 5π 7π 11π
⇒ θ= 12 , 12 , 12 , 12

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 12

Question:

(a) By expanding cos ( 2A + A ) show that cos 3A ≡ 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A.

(b) Hence solve 8 cos3 θ − 6 cos θ − 1 = 0, for { 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° { .

Solution:

(a) cos ( 2A + A ) ≡ cos 2A cos A − sin 2A sin A

≡ ( 2 cos2 A − 1 ) cos A − ( 2 sin A cos A ) sin A
≡ 2 cos3 A − cos A − 2 sin2 A cos A
≡ 2 cos3 A − cos A − 2 ( 1 − cos2 A ) cos A
≡ 2 cos3 A − cos A − 2 cos A + 2 cos3 A
≡ 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A

(b) 8 cos
3 θ − 6 cos θ − 1 = 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2 ( 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ ) − 1 = 0
⇒ 2 cos 3θ − 1 = 0 [using part (a)]
1
⇒ cos 3θ = 2
1
Solve cos 3θ = 2 in 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 1080 °
⇒ 3θ = 60 ° , 300°, 420°, 660°, 780°, 1020°
⇒ θ = 20 ° , 100°, 140°, 220°, 260°, 340°
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 13

Question:

3 tan θ − tan3 θ
(a) Show that tan 3θ ≡ .
1 − 3tan2 θ

1 10 √ 2
(b) Given that θ is acute such that cos θ = 3
, show that tan 3θ = 23
.

Solution:

  tan 2θ + tan θ
(a) tan 3θ ≡ tan 2θ + θ ≡ 1 − tan 2θ tan θ
 
2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan3 θ 3 tan θ − tan3 θ
Numerator = + tan θ ≡ ≡
1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ

2 tan θ 1 − tan2 θ − 2 tan2 θ 1 − 3 tan2 θ

Denominator = 1 − tan θ ≡ ≡
1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ

3 tan θ − tan3 θ 1 − tan2 θ 3 tan θ − tan3 θ

So tan 3θ ≡ × ≡
1 − tan2 θ 1 − 3 tan2 θ 1 − 3 tan2 θ

(b) Draw a right-angled triangle.

Using Pythagoras' theorem

x2 = 9 − 1 = 8
So x = 2 √ 2
So tan θ = 2 √ 2
Using part (a)

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3(2√2) − (2√2) 3 6 √ 2 − 16 √ 2 − 10 √ 2 10 √ 2
tan 3θ = 2 = = =
1−3(2√2) 1 − 24 − 23 23

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 1

Question:

Given that 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ + α ) , find the value of R, R > 0, and
the value of tan α.
Solution:

5 sin θ + 12 cos θ ≡ R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α

Comparing sin θ : R cos α = 5
Comparing cos θ R sin α = 12
Divide the equations:
sin α 12 2
cos α = 5 ⇒ tan α = 2 5
Square and add the equations:
R2 cos2 α + R2 sin2 α = 52 + 122
R2 ( cos2 α + sin2 α ) = 132
R = 13
since cos2 α + sin2 α ≡ 1
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 2

Question:

Given that √ 3 sin θ + √ 6 cos θ ≡ 3 cos ( θ − α ) , where 0 < α < 90 ° , find the
value of α to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:

√ 3 sin θ + √ 6 cos θ ≡ 3 cos θ cos α + 3 sin θ sin α

Comparing sin θ : √ 3 = 3 sin α
Comparing cos θ : √ 6 = 3 cos α
Divide by :
√3 1
tan α = √6 = √2
So α = 35.3 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 3

Question:

Given that 2 sin θ − √ 5 cos θ ≡ − 3 cos ( θ + α ) , where 0 < α < 90 ° , find the
value of α to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:

2 sin θ − √ 5 cos θ ≡ − 3 cos θ cos α + 3 sin θ sin α

Comparing sin θ : 2 = 3 sin α
Comparing cos θ : + √ 5 = + 3 cos α
Divide by :
2
tan α = √5
So α = 41.8 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 4

Question:

Show that:

 π 
(a) cos θ + sin θ ≡ √ 2 sin θ+ 4
 

 π 
(b) √ 3 sin 2θ − cos 2θ ≡ 2 sin 2θ − 6
 

Solution:

 π 
(a) R.H.S. ≡ √ 2 sin θ+ 4
 
 π π 
≡ √2 sin θ cos 4 + cos θ sin 4
 
 1 1 
≡ √2 sin θ × √2 + cos θ × √2
 
≡ sin θ + cos θ
≡ L.H.S.

 π 
(b) R.H.S. ≡ 2 sin 2θ − 6
 
 π π 
≡2 sin 2θ cos 6 − cos 2θ sin 6
 
 √3 1 
≡2 sin 2θ × − cos 2θ ×
 2 2 
≡ √ 3 sin 2θ − cos 2θ
≡ L.H.S.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 5

Question:

 π   π 
Prove that cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ − 2 sin 2θ − 6 .
   

Solution:

Let cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ R cos ( 2θ + α ) ≡ R cos 2θ cos α − R sin 2θ sin α

Compare cos 2θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin 2θ : R sin α = √ 3
Divide by :
π
tan α = √ 3 ⇒ α= 3
Square and add equations:
R2 = 1 + 3 = 4
⇒ R=2
 π 
So cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 3
 
π π π
cos ( 2θ + 3
) ≡ cos 2θ cos 3
− sin 2θ sin 3
1 √3
≡ cos 2θ × 2
− sin 2θ × 2
π π
≡ cos 2θ sin 6
− sin 2θ cos 6
π π
≡ − ( sin 2θ cos − cos 2θ sin )
6 6
π
≡ − sin ( 2θ − 6
)

 π   π 
So cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ − 2 sin 2θ − 6
   

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 6

Question:

Give all angles to the nearest 0.1° and non-exact values of R in surd form.
Find the value of R, where R > 0, and the value of α, where 0 < α < 90 ° , in
each of the following cases:

(a) sin θ + 3 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ + α )

(b) 3 sin θ − 4 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ − α )

(c) 2 cos θ + 7 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α )

(d) cos 2θ − 2 sin 2θ ≡ R cos ( 2θ + α )

Solution:

+ 3 cos θ ≡ R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α

(a) sin θ
Compare sin θ : R cos α = 1
Compare cos θ : R sin α = 3
Dividing by :
tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 71.6 °
Square and add equations:
R2 = 32 + 12 ⇒ R = \ 10

− 4 cos θ ≡ R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α

(b) 3 sin θ
Compare sin θ : R cos α = 3
Compare cos θ : R sin α = 4
Divide by :
4
tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 53.1 °
Square and add equations:
R2 = 32 + 42 ⇒ R = 5

+ 7 sin θ ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α

(c) 2 cos θ
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 2
Compare sin θ : R sin α = 7
Divide by :
7
tan α = 2 ⇒ α = 74.1 °

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Square and add equations:

R2 = 22 + 72 = 53 ⇒ R = \ 53

− 2 sin 2θ ≡ R cos 2θ cos α − R sin 2θ sin α

(d) cos 2θ
Compare cos 2θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin 2θ : R sin α = 2
Divide by :
tan α = 2 ⇒ α = 63.4 °
Square and add equations:
R2 = 12 + 22 = 5 ⇒ R = √ 5
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 7

Question:

(a) Show that cos θ − √ 3 sin θ can be written in the form R cos ( θ + α ) , with
π
R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
.

Hence sketch the graph of y = cos θ − √ 3 sin θ, 0 < α < 2π, giving the
(b)
coordinates of points of intersection with the axes.
Solution:

Let cos θ − √ 3 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ + α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α

(a)
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin θ : R sin α = √ 3
π
Divide by : tan α = √ 3 ⇒ α= 3

Square and add: R2 = 1 + 3 = 4 ⇒ R=2

 π 
So cos θ − √ 3 sin θ ≡ 2 cos θ+ 3
 

π
(b) This is the graph of y = cos θ, translated by 3 to the left and then stretched in
the y direction by scale factor 2.

Meets y-axis at (0, 1)

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 π   7π 
Meets x-axis at , 0 , ,0
 6   6 

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 8

Question:

Show that 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ can be written in the form R sin ( 3θ − α ) , with
(a)
R > 0 and 0 < α < 90 ° .

Deduce the minimum value of 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ and work out the smallest
(b)
positive value of θ (to the nearest 0.1°) at which it occurs.
Solution:

Let 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ ≡ R sin ( 3θ − α ) ≡ R sin 3θ cos α − R cos 3θ sin α

(a)
Compare sin 3θ : R cos α = 3
Compare cos 3θ : R sin α = 4
4
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 53.1 °

Square and add: R2 = 32 + 42 ⇒ R = 5

So 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ ≡ 5 sin ( 3θ − 53.1 ° )

Minimum value occurs when sin ( 3θ − 53.1 ° ) = − 1

(b)
So minimum value is − 5
To find smallest +ve value of θ solve sin ( 3θ − 53.1 ° ) = − 1
So 3θ − 53.1 ° = 270 °
⇒ 3θ = 323.1 °
⇒ θ = 107.7 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 9

Question:

(a) Show that cos 2θ + sin 2θ can be written in the form R sin ( 2θ + α ) , with
π
R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
.

(b)Hence solve, in the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the equation cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1,
giving your answers as rational multiples of π.
Solution:

Let cos 2θ + sin 2θ ≡ R sin ( 2θ + α ) ≡ R sin 2θ cos α + R cos 2θ sin α

(a)
Compare cos 2θ : R sin α = 1
Compare sin 2θ : R cos α = 1
π
Divide by : tan α = 1 ⇒ α= 4

Square and add: R2 = 12 + 12 = 2 ⇒ R= √2

 π 
So cos 2θ + sin 2θ ≡ √ 2 sin 2θ + 4
 

 π 
(b) Solve √ 2 sin 2θ + 4 =1,0 ≤ θ < 2π
 
 π  1 π π 17π
so sin 2θ + 4 = ,
√2 4 ≤ 2θ + <
  4 4

 π   π 
As sin 2θ + 4 is +ve, 2θ + 4 is in 1st and 2nd quadrants.
   
1 π
Calculator value is sin − 1 √2 = 4

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π π 3π 9π 11π
So 2θ + 4 = 4 , 4 , 4 , 4
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 0, 2 , 2π, 2
π 5π
⇒ θ = 0, 4 , π, 4

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 10

Question:

Express 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ in the form R cos ( θ + α ) , with R > 0 and

(a)
0 < α < 90 ° . Give α to the nearest 0.1°.

(b) The graph of y = 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ meets the y-axis at P. State the coordinates of
P.

(c) Write down the maximum and minimum values of 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ.

(d) Deduce the number of solutions, in the interval 0 < θ < 360 ° , of the following
equations:
(i) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = 15
(ii) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = 26
(iii) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = − 25
Solution:

Let 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ + α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α

(a)
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 7
Compare sin θ : R sin α = 24
24
Divide by : tan α = 7 ⇒ α = 73.7 °

Square and add: R2 = 242 + 72 ⇒ R = 25

So 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ ≡ 25 cos ( θ + 73.7 ° )

(b) Graph meets y-axis where θ = 0,

i.e. y = 7 cos 0 ° − 24 sin 0 ° = 7
so coordinates are (0, 7)

(c) Maximum value of 25 cos ( θ + 73.7 ° ) is when cos ( θ + 73.7 ° ) = 1

So maximum is 25
Minimum value is 25 ( − 1 ) = − 25

(d) (i) The line y = 15 will meet the graph twice in 0 < θ < 360 ° , so there are 2
solutions.
(ii) As the maximum value is 25 it can never be 26, so there are 0 solutions.
(iii) As − 25 is a minimum, line y = − 25 only meets curve once, so only 1
solution.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 11

Question:

Express 5 sin2 θ − 3 cos2 θ + 6 sin θ cos θ in the form a sin 2θ + b cos 2θ + c,

(a)
where a, b and c are constants.

(b)Hence find the maximum and minimum values of

5 sin2 θ − 3 cos2 θ + 6 sin θ cos θ.
Solution:
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
(a) As sin2 θ = 2 and cos2 θ = 2

so 5 sin2 θ − 3 cos2 θ + 6 sin θ cos θ

1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
≡5 2 −3 2 + 3 ( 2 sin θ cos θ )
5 5 3 3
≡ 2 − 2 cos 2θ − 2 − 2 cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ
≡ 1 − 4 cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ

Write 3 sin 2θ − 4 cos 2θ in the form R sin ( 2θ − α )

(b)
The maximum value of R sin ( 2θ − α ) is R
The minimum value of R sin ( 2θ − α ) is − R
You know that R2 = 32 + 42 so R = 5
So maximum value of 1 − 4 cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ is 1 + 5 = 6
and minimum value of 1 − 4 cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ is 1 − 5 = − 4
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Exercise D, Question 12

Question:

Solve the following equations, in the interval given in brackets. Give all angles
to the nearest 0.1°.

(a) 6 sin x + 8 cos x = 5 √ 3 [0, 360°]

(b) 2 cos 3θ − 3 sin 3θ = − 1 [0, 90°]

(c) 8 cos θ + 15 sin θ = 10 [0, 360°]

x x
(d) 5 sin − 12 cos = − 6.5 [ − 360 ° , 360°]
2 2

Solution:

(a)Write 6 sin x + 8 cos x in the form R sin ( x + α ) , where R > 0, 0 < α < 90 °
so 6 sin x + 8 cos x ≡ R sin x cos α + R cos x sin α
Compare sin x : R cos α = 6
Compare cos x : R sin α = 8
4
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 53.13 °

R2 = 62 + 82 ⇒ R = 10
So 6 sin x + 8 cos x ≡ 10 sin ( x + 53.13 ° )
Solve 10 sin ( x + 53.13 ° ) = 5 √ 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
√3
so sin ( x + 53.13 ° ) = 2

⇒ x + 53.13 ° = 60 ° , 120°
⇒ x = 6.9 ° , 66.9°

Let 2 cos 3θ − 3 sin 3θ ≡ R cos ( 3θ + α ) ≡ R cos 3θ cos α − R sin 3θ sin α

(b)
Compare cos 3θ : R cos α = 2
Compare sin 3θ : R sin α = 3
3
Divide by : tan α = 2 ⇒ α = 56.31 °

R2 = 22 + 32 ⇒ R = \ 13
Solve \ 13 cos ( 3θ + 56.31 ° ) = − 1 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90 °

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1
so cos ( 3θ + 56.31 ° ) = − \ 13 for
56.31 ° ≤ 3θ + 56.31 ° ≤ 326.31 °

⇒ 3θ + 56.31 ° = 106.1 ° , 253.9°

⇒ 3θ = 49.8 ° , 197.6°
⇒ θ = 16.6 ° , 65.9°

Let 8 cos θ + 15 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α

(c)
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 8
Compare sin θ : R sin α = 15
15
Divide by : tan α = 8 ⇒ α = 61.93 °

R2 = 82 + 152 ⇒ R = 17
Solve 17 cos ( θ − 61.93 ° ) = 10 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
  10
so cos θ − 61.93 ° = 17 , − 61.93 ° ≤ θ − 61.93 ° ≤ 298.1 °
 
 10 
cos − 1 = 53.97 °
 17 

So θ − 61.93 ° = − 53.97 ° , + 53.97 °

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⇒ θ = 8.0 ° , 115.9°

x x  x  x x
(d) Let 5 sin − 12 cos ≡ R sin − α ≡ R sin cos α − R cos 2 sin α
2 2  2  2
x
Compare sin 2 : R cos α = 5
x
Compare cos 2 : R sin α = 12
12
Divide by : tan α = 5 ⇒ α = 67.38 °
R = 13
 x 
Solve 13 sin − 67.38 ° = − 6.5 , − 360 ° ≤ x ≤ 360 °
 2 
 x  1
so sin − 67.38 ° = − 2, − 247.4 ° ≤
 2 
x
2 − 67.4 ° ≤ 112.6 °

From quadrant diagram:

x
2 − 67.4 ° = − 150 ° , − 30 °
x
⇒ 2 = − 82.6 ° , 37.4°
⇒ x = − 165.2 ° , 74.8°
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 13

Question:

Solve the following equations, in the interval given in brackets. Give all angles
to the nearest 0.1°.

(a) sin x cos x = 1 − 2.5 cos 2x [ 0 , 360 ° ]

(b) cot θ + 2 = cosec θ [ 0 < θ < 360,θ ≠ 180 ]

(c) sin θ = 2 cos θ − sec θ [ 0 , 180 ° ]

 π   
(d) √ 2 cos θ− 4 + √3−1 sin θ = 2 [ 0 , 2π ]
   

Solution:

(a) sin x cos x = 1 − 2.5 cos 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °

1
⇒ 2 sin 2x = 1 − 2.5 cos 2x

⇒ sin 2x + 5 cos 2x = 2
Let sin 2x + 5 cos 2x ≡ R sin ( 2x + α ) ≡ R sin 2x cos α + R cos 2x sin α
Compare sin 2x : R cos α = 1
Compare cos 2x : R sin α = 5
Divide by : tan α = 5 ⇒ α = tan − 1 5 = 78.7 °
R2 = 52 + 12 ⇒ R = \ 26
Solve \ 26 sin ( 2x + 78.7 ° ) = 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
  2
⇒ sin 2x + 78.7 ° = \ 26 , 78.7 ° ≤ 2x + 78.7 ° ≤ 798.7 °
 

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⇒ 2x + 78.7 ° = 156.9 ° , 383.1°, 516.9°, 743.1°

⇒ 2x = 78.2 ° , 304.4°, 438.2°, 664.4°
⇒ x = 39.1 ° , 152.2°, 219.1°, 332.2°

(b) cot θ + 2 = cosec θ, 0 < θ < 360 ° , θ ≠ 180 °

cos θ 1
⇒ sin θ +2= sin θ (as sin θ ≠ 0)
⇒ cos θ + 2 sin θ = 1
Let cos θ + 2 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin θ : R sin α = 2
Divide by : tan α = 2 ⇒ α = 63.43 °
R2 = 22 + 12 ⇒ R = √ 5
Solve √ 5 cos ( θ − 63.43 ° ) = 1 , 0 < θ < 360 °
1
⇒ cos ( θ − 63.43 ° ) = √ 5, − 63.43 ° < θ − 63.43 ° < 296.6 °
⇒ θ − 63.43 ° = 63.43 °
⇒ θ = 126.9 °

= 2 cos θ − sec θ, 0 ≤ θ
(c) sin θ ≤ 180 °
⇒ sin θ cos θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 ( × cos θ )
1
⇒ 2 sin 2θ = cos 2θ
⇒ tan 2θ = 2, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2θ = tan − 12, 180 ° + tan − 12 = 63.43 ° , 243.43°
⇒ θ = 31.7 ° , 121.7°

 π 
(d) √ 2 cos θ− 4 + ( √ 3 − 1 ) sin θ
 
 π π 
≡ √2 cos θ cos 4 + sin θ sin 4 + ( √ 3 − 1 ) sin θ
 
≡ cos θ + sin θ + √ 3 sin θ − sin θ
≡ cos θ + √ 3 sin θ
Let cos θ + √ 3 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin θ : R sin α = √ 3
π
Divide by : tan α = √ 3 ⇒ α= 3

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R2 = ( √ 3 ) 2 + 12 ⇒ R=2
 π 
Solve 2 cos θ− 3 =2,0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
 
 π  π π 5π
⇒ cos θ− 3 =1, − 3 ≤ θ− ≤
  3 3
π
⇒ θ− 3 =0
π
⇒ θ= 3

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 14

Question:

Solve, if possible, in the interval 0 < θ < 360 ° , θ ≠ 180 ° , the equation
4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ
1 + cos θ
= k in the case when k is equal to:

(a) 4

(b) 2

(c) 1

(d) 0

−1
(e)
Give all angles to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:

(a) When k = 4 , 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 4 + 4 cos θ

⇒ − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 4 cos θ
4
⇒ tan θ = − 2√2 = − √2

θ = 180 ° + tan − 1 ( − √ 2 ) , 360 ° + tan − 1 ( − √ 2 ) = 125.3 ° , 305.3°

(b) When k = 2, 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 2 + 2 cos θ

⇒ 2 cos θ + 2 √ 2 sin θ = 2
⇒ cos θ + √ 2 sin θ = 1
Using the ‘R formula’ L.H.S. ≡ √ 3 cos ( θ − 54.74 ° )

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Solve √ 3 cos ( θ − 54.74 ° ) = 1

  1
⇒ cos θ − 54.74 ° = √3
 
⇒ θ − 54.74 ° = 54.74 °
⇒ θ = 109.5 °

When k = 1, 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 1 + cos θ

(c)
⇒ cos θ + 2 √ 2 sin θ = 3
Using the R formula, cos θ + 2 √ 2 sin θ ≡ 3 cos ( θ − 70.53 ° )
Solve 3 cos ( θ − 70.53 ° ) = 3
⇒ cos ( θ − 70.53 ° ) = 1
⇒ θ − 70.53 ° = 0 °
⇒ θ = 70.5 °

When k = 0, 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 0
(d)
⇒ sin θ = √ 2
No solutions as − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1

When k = − 1, 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = − 1 − cos θ

(e)
⇒ cos θ − 2 √ 2 sin θ = − 5
Using the R formula, cos θ − 2 √ 2 sin θ ≡ 3 cos ( θ + 70.53 ° )
This lies between −3 and +3, so there can be no solutions.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 15

Question:

Give all angles to the nearest 0.1° and non-exact values of R in surd form.
A class were asked to solve 3 cos θ = 2 − sin θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° . One
student expressed the equation in the form R cos ( θ − α ) = 2 , with R > 0 and
0 < α < 90 ° , and correctly solved the equation.

Find the values of R and α and hence find her solutions.

(a)
Another student decided to square both sides of the equation and then form a
quadratic equation in sin θ.

(b) Show that the correct quadratic equation is 10 sin2 θ − 4 sin θ − 5 = 0.

(c) Solve this equation, for 0 ≤ θ < 360 ° .

(d) Explain why not all of the answers satisfy 3 cos θ = 2 − sin θ.
Solution:

Let 3 cos θ + sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α

(a)
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 3
Compare sin θ : R sin α = 1
1
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 18.43 °

R2 = 32 + 12 = 10 ⇒ R = \ 10 = 3.16
Solve \ 10 cos ( θ − 18.43 ° ) = 2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
2
⇒ cos ( θ − 18.43 ° ) = \ 10

⇒ θ − 18.43 ° = 50.77 ° , 309.23°

⇒ θ = 69.2 ° , 327.7°

(b)Squaring 3 cos θ = 2 − sin θ

gives 9 cos2 θ = 4 + sin2 θ − 4 sin θ
⇒ 9 ( 1 − sin2 θ ) = 4 + sin2 θ − 4 sin θ
⇒ 10 sin2 θ − 4 sin θ − 5 = 0

(c) 10 sin
2 θ − 4 sin θ − 5 = 0

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4 ± \ 216
⇒ sin θ = 20
4 + \ 216
For sin θ = 20 , sin θ is +ve, so θ is in 1st and 2nd quadrants.
⇒ θ = 69.2 ° , 180 ° − 69.2 ° = 69.2 ° , 110.8°
4 − \ 216
For sin θ = 20 , sin θ is −ve, so θ is in 3rd and 4th quadrants.
⇒ θ = 180 ° − ( − 32.3 ° ) , 360 ° + ( − 32.3 ° ) = 212.3 ° , 327.7°
So solutions of quadratic in (b) are 69.2°, 110.8°, 212.3°, 327.7°

In squaring the equation, you are also including the solutions to 3 cos θ = −
(d)
( 2 − sin θ ) , which when squared produces the same quadratic.
The extra two solutions satisfying this equation.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 1

Question:

(a) Show that sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) ≡ 2 sin A cos B .

 P+Q   P−Q 
(b) Deduce that sin P + sin Q ≡ 2 sin cos .
 2   2 

(c) Use part (a) to express the following as the sum of two sines:
(i) 2 sin 7θ cos 2θ
(ii) 2 sin 12θ cos 5θ

(d) Use the result in (b) to solve, in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 ° , sin 3θ + sin θ = 0.
sin 7θ + sin θ cos 3θ
(e) Prove that sin 5θ + sin 3θ
≡ cos θ
.

Solution:

(a) sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B − cos A sin B
≡ 2 sin A cos B
P+Q P−Q
(b) Let P = A + B and Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2

 P+Q   P−Q 
Substitute in (a): sin P + sin Q ≡ 2 sin cos
 2   2 

(c) (i) 2 sin 7θ cos 2θ ≡ sin ( 7θ + 2θ ) + sin ( 7θ − 2θ ) [from (a)]

≡ sin 9θ + sin 5θ
(ii) 2 sin 12θ sin 5θ ≡ sin ( 12θ + 5θ ) + sin ( 12θ − 5θ ) ≡ sin 17θ + sin 7θ

 3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
(d) sin 3θ + sin θ = 0 ⇒ 2 sin cos =0
 2   2 
so 2 sin 2θ cos θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ = 0 or cos θ = 0
sin 2θ = 0 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2θ = 0 ° , 180°, 360°
⇒ θ = 0 ° , 90°, 180°
cos θ = 0 in 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 ° ⇒ θ = 90 °
Solution set: 0°, 90°, 180°
(e)

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 2

Question:

(a) Show that sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B ) ≡ 2 cos A sin B .

(b) Express the following as the difference of two sines:

(i) 2 cos 5x sin 3x
(ii) cos 2x sin x
3 1
(iii) 6 cos 2
x sin 2
x

 P+Q   P−Q 
(c) Using the result in (a) show that sin P − sin Q ≡ 2 cos sin .
 2   2 

(d) Deduce that sin 56 ° − sin 34 ° = √ 2 sin 11 ° .

Solution:

(a) sin( A + B ) − sin ( A − B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B −

( sin A cos B − cos A sin B )
≡ 2 cos A sin B

(b) (i) 2 cos 5x sin 3x ≡ sin ( 5x + 3x ) − sin ( 5x − 3x ) ≡ sin 8x − sin 2x

1 1
(ii) cos 2x sin x ≡ 2 [ sin ( 2x + x ) − sin ( 2x − x ) ] ≡ 2 ( sin 3x − sin x )
3 1   3 1   3 1  
(iii) 6 cos x sin 2x ≡3 sin x + x − sin x − x ≡3
2   2 2   2 2  
( sin 2x − sin x )
P+Q P−Q
(c) In (a) let P = A + B and Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2

 P+Q   P−Q 
So sin P − sin Q ≡ 2 cos sin
 2   2 

 56 ° + 34 °   56 ° − 34 ° 
(d) sin 56 ° − sin 34 ° = 2 cos sin
 2   2 
1
= 2 cos 45 ° sin 11 ° = 2 × √2 sin 11 ° = √ 2 sin 11 °

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 3

Question:

(a) Show that cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) ≡ 2 cos A cos B .

5θ θ
(b) Express as a sum of cosines (i) 2 cos 2
cos 2
(ii) 5 cos 2x cos 3x

 P+Q   P−Q 
(c) Show that cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos .
 2   2 

sin 3θ − sin θ
(d) Prove that cos 3θ + cos θ
≡ tan θ.

Solution:

(a) cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B
≡ 2 cos A cos B

(b) Hence, using (a),

5θ θ  5θ θ   5θ θ 
(i) 2 cos cos ≡ cos + + cos − 2  ≡ cos 3θ + cos 2θ
2 2  2 2   2
5
(ii) 5 cos 2x cos 3x ≡ 2 ( 2 cos 3x cos 2x )
5 5
≡ 2 [ cos ( 3x + 2x ) + cos ( 3x − 2x ) ] ≡ 2
( cos 5x + cos x )
P+Q P−Q
(c) In (a) let P = A + B, Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2

 P+Q   P−Q 
So cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos
 2   2 

(d)

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 4

Question:

(a) Show that cos ( A + B ) − cos ( A − B ) ≡ − 2 sin A sin B .

 P+Q   P−Q 
(b) Hence show that cos P − cos Q ≡ − 2 sin sin .
 2   2 

(c) Deduce that cos 2θ − 1 ≡ − 2 sin2 θ.

(d) Solve, in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 ° , cos 3θ + sin 2θ − cos θ = 0.

Solution:

(a) cos ( A + B ) − cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B − ( cos A cos B + sin A sin B )
≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B − cos A cos B − sin A sin B ≡ − 2 sin A sin B
P+Q P−Q
(b) Let P = A + B, Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2

 P+Q   P−Q 
then cos P − cos Q ≡ − 2 sin sin
 2   2 

(c)Let P = 2θ, Q = 0
then cos 2θ − cos 0 ≡ − 2 sin θ sin θ
⇒ cos 2θ − 1 ≡ − 2 sin2 θ

 3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
(d) As cos 3θ − cos θ ≡ − 2 sin sin
 2   2 
cos 3θ − cos θ ≡ − 2 sin 2θ sin θ
So cos 3θ + sin 2θ − cos θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ − 2 sin 2θ sin θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ ( 1 − 2 sin θ ) = 0
1
⇒ sin 2θ = 0 or sin θ = 2
1
For sin θ = 2, θ = 30 ° , 150°
For sin 2θ = 0, 2θ = 0 ° , 180°, 360°
So θ = 0 ° , 90°, 180°
Solution set: 0°, 30°, 90°, 150°, 180°
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 5

Question:

Express the following as a sum or difference of sines or cosines:

(a) 2 sin 8x cos 2x

(b) cos 5x cos x

(c) 3 sin x sin 7x

(d) cos 100 ° cos 40 °

3x x
(e) 10 cos sin
2 2

(f) 2 sin 30 ° cos 10 °

Solution:

(a) 2 sin 8x cos 2x ≡ sin ( 8x + 2x ) + sin ( 8x − 2x )

≡ sin 10x + sin 6x [question 1(a)]
1
(b) cos 5x cos x ≡ 2 ( 2 cos 5x cos x ) [question 3(a)]
1 1
≡ 2 [ cos ( 5x + x ) + cos ( 5x − x ) ] ≡ 2
( cos 6x + cos 4x )
3
(c) 3 sin x sin 7x ≡ − 2 ( − 2 sin 7x sin x ) [question 4(a)]
3 3
≡ − 2 [ cos ( 7x + x ) − cos ( 7x − x ) ] ≡ − 2
( cos 8x − cos 6x )
1
(d) cos 100 ° cos 40 ° ≡ 2 ( 2 cos 100 ° cos 40 ° )
1
≡ 2 [ cos ( 100 + 40 ) ° + cos ( 100 − 40 ) ° ] ≡
1
2 ( cos 140 ° + cos 60 ° )

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3x x  3x x 
(e) 10 cos sin ≡5 2 cos 2 sin 2 [question 2(a)]
2 2  
  3x x   3x x   
≡ 5  sin  2 + 2  − sin  2 − 2   ≡ 5

     

sin 2x − sin x


(f) 2 sin 30 ° cos 10 ° ≡ sin ( 30 ° + 10 ° ) + sin ( 30 ° − 10 ° )

≡ sin 40 ° + sin 20 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 6

Question:

1 1 1 
Show, without using a calculator, that 2 sin 82 ° cos 37 ° =
2 2 2 

√3+ √2 .


Solution:
1 1  1 1   1
2 sin 82 ° cos 37 ° = sin 82 2 ° + 37 2 ° + sin 82 2 ° − 37
2 2   
1 
°
2 
= sin 120 ° + sin 45 °
= sin 60 ° + sin 45 °
√3 √2
= 2 + 2
1  
= √3+ √2
2  

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 7

Question:

Express, in their simplest form, as a product of sines and/or cosines:

(a) sin 12x + sin 8x

(b) cos ( x + 2y ) − cos ( 2y − x )

(c) ( cos 4x + cos 2x ) sin x

(d) sin 95 ° − sin 5 °

π π
(e) cos + cos
15 12

(f) sin 150 ° + sin 20 °

Solution:

 12x + 8x   12x − 8x 
(a) sin 12x + sin 8x ≡ 2 sin cos
 2   2 
≡ 2 sin 10x cos 2x

 ( x + 2y ) + ( 2y − x )  
(b) cos ( x + 2y ) − cos ( 2y − x ) ≡ − 2 sin  2  sin 
  
( x + 2y ) − ( 2y − x ) 
2 

≡ − 2 sin 2y sin x

 4x + 2x   4x − 2x 
(c) cos 4x + cos 2x ≡ 2 cos cos
 2   2 
≡ 2 cos 3x cos x
So ( cos 4x + cos 2x ) sin x ≡ 2 cos 3x cos x sin x
≡ cos 3x ( 2 sin x cos x ) ≡ sin 2x cos 3x

 95 ° + 5 °   95 ° − 5 ° 
(d) sin 95 ° − sin 5 ° ≡ 2 cos sin
 2   2 
≡ 2 cos 50 ° sin 45 ° ≡ √ 2 cos 50 °

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π π π π
π π  15 + 12   15 − 12 
(e) cos 15 + cos 12 ≡ 2 cos  2  cos  2 
   

9π  π  9π π
≡ 2 cos cos − 120 ≡ 2 cos 120 cos 120
120  

 150 ° + 20 °   150 ° − 20 ° 
(f) sin 150 ° + sin 20 ° ≡ 2 sin cos
 2   2 
≡ 2 sin 85 ° cos 65 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 8

Question:

 P+Q   P−Q 
Using the identity cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos , show that
 2   2 
 2π   4π 
cos θ + cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3 =0.
   

Solution:

 2π   4π 
cos θ + cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3
   
  4π    2π 
≡ cos θ + 3 + cos θ + cos θ + 3
     
4π 4π
(θ+ ) +θ (θ+ ) −θ
 3   3   2π 
≡ 2 cos  2  cos  2  + cos  θ + 3 
     

 2π  2π  2π 
≡ 2 cos θ+ 3 cos 3 + cos θ + 3
   
 2π   1   2π 
≡ 2 cos θ+ 3 − 2 + cos θ + 3
     
 2π   2π 
≡ − cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3
   
≡0
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 9

Question:
sin 75 ° + sin 15 °
Prove that cos 15 ° − cos 75 °
= √ 3.

Solution:

 75 + 15  °  75 − 15  °
sin 75 ° + sin 15 ° = 2 sin cos = 2 sin 45 °
 2   2 
cos 30 °
cos 15 ° − cos 75 ° = − ( cos 75 ° − cos 15 ° )
 
 75 + 15  °  75 − 15  °
= −  − 2 sin sin 
 2   2 
 
= 2 sin 45 ° sin 30 °
sin 75 ° + sin 15 ° 2 sin 45 ° cos 30 ° 1
So cos 15 ° − cos 75 ° = 2 sin 45 ° sin 30 ° = cot 30 ° = tan 30 ° = √3

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 10

Question:

Solve the following equations:

(a) cos 4x = cos 2x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 180 °

(b) sin 3θ − sin θ = 0, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

(c) sin ( x + 20 ° ) + sin ( x − 10 ° ) = cos 15 ° , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °

(d) sin 3θ − sin θ = cos 2θ, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Solution:

(a) cos 4x − cos 2x = 0

 4x + 2x   4x − 2x 
⇒ − 2 sin sin =0
 2   2 
⇒ sin 3x sin x = 0
⇒ sin 3x = 0 or sin x = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 180 °
sin x = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 180 °
⇒ x = 0 ° , 180°
sin 3x = 0, 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 540 °
⇒ 3x = 0 ° , 180°, 360°, 540°
⇒ x = 0 ° , 60°, 120°, 180°
Solution set: 0°, 60°, 120°, 180°

(b) sin 3θ − sin θ = 0

 3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
⇒ 2 cos sin =0
 2   2 
⇒ 2 cos 2θ sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ⇒ θ = 0, π, 2π
cos 2θ = 0, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 4π
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ θ= 4 , 4 , 4 , 4

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π 3π 5π 7π
Solution set: 0, 4 , 4 , π, 4 , 4 , 2π

     x + 20 ° + x − 10 ° 
(c) sin  x + 20 °  + sin  x − 10 °  ≡ 2 sin  2  cos
     
 x + 20 ° − ( x − 10 ° ) 
 2 
 
≡ 2 sin ( x + 5 ° ) cos 15 °
So sin ( x + 20 ° ) + sin ( x − 10 ° ) = cos 15 ° , 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2 sin ( x + 5 ° ) = 1
  1
So sin x+5° = 2, 5 ° ≤ (x+5° ) ≤ 365 °
 
⇒ x + 5 ° = 30 ° , 150°
⇒ x = 25 ° , 145°

 3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
(d) sin 3θ − sin θ ≡ 2 cos sin
 2   2 
≡ 2 cos 2θ sin θ
So sin 3θ − sin θ = cos 2θ
⇒ 2 cos 2θ sin θ = cos 2θ
⇒ cos 2θ ( 2 sin θ − 1 ) = 0
1
⇒ cos 2θ = 0 or sin θ = 2
1
sin θ = 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
π 5π
⇒ θ= 6 , 6
cos 2θ = 0, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 4π
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ θ= 4 , 4 , 4 , 4
π π 3π 5π 5π 7π
Solution set: 6 , 4 , 4 , 6 , 4 , 4

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 11

Question:

Prove the identities

sin 7θ − sin 3θ
(a)
sin θ cos θ
≡ 4 cos 5θ

cos 2θ + cos 4θ
(b)
sin 2θ − sin 4θ
≡ − cot θ

(c) sin
2 ( x + y ) − sin2 ( x − y ) ≡ sin 2x sin 2y

(d) cos x + 2 cos 3x + cos 5x ≡ 4 cos2 x cos 3x

Solution:
sin 7θ − sin 3θ
(a) L.H.S. ≡ sin θ cos θ
1 1
2 cos ( 7θ + 3θ ) sin ( 7θ − 3θ )
2 2
≡ 1
( 2 sin θ cos θ )
2

2 cos 5θ sin 2θ
≡
1
sin 2θ
2
≡ 4 cos 5θ
≡ R.H.S.
cos 2θ + cos 4θ
(b) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ − sin 4θ
1 1
2 cos ( 4θ + 2θ ) cos ( 4θ − 2θ )
2 2
≡ 1 1
2 cos ( 2θ + 4θ ) sin ( 2θ − 4θ )
2 2

2 cos 3θ cos θ
≡ 2 cos 3θ sin ( − θ )

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cos θ
≡ − sin θ [as sin ( − θ ) ≡ − sin θ ]
≡ − cot θ
≡ R.H.S.

(c) L.H.S. ≡ sin2 ( x + y ) − sin2 ( x − y )

≡ [ sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x − y ) ] [ sin ( x + y ) − sin ( x − y ) ]

  x+y+x−y   x+y−x+y    
≡  2 sin  2  cos  2    2 cos 
       
x+y+x−y   x+y−x+y  
2  sin  2  
   
≡ ( 2 sin x cos y ) ( 2 cos x sin y )
≡ ( 2 sin x cos x ) ( 2 sin y cos y )
≡ sin 2x sin 2y
≡ R.H.S.

(d) L.H.S. ≡ cos x + 2 cos 3x + cos 5x

≡ cos 5x + cos x + 2 cos 3x
 5x + x   5x − x 
≡ 2 cos cos + 2 cos 3x
 2   2 
≡ 2 cos 3x cos 2x + 2 cos 3x
≡ 2 cos 3x ( cos 2x + 1 )
≡ 2 cos 3x ( 2 cos2 x − 1 + 1 ) ( cos 2x ≡ 2 cos2 x − 1 )
≡ 2 cos 3x × 2 cos2 x
≡ 4 cos2 x cos 3x
≡ R.H.S.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise E, Question 12

Question:

(a) Prove that cos θ + sin 2θ − cos 3θ ≡ sin 2θ ( 1 + 2 sin θ ) .

(b) Hence solve, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, cos θ + sin 2θ = cos 3θ.

Solution:

(a) L.H.S. ≡ cos θ + sin 2θ − cos 3θ

≡ − ( cos 3θ − cos θ ) + sin 2θ
  3θ + θ   3θ − θ  
≡ − − 2 sin sin + sin 2θ
  2   2  
≡ 2 sin 2θ sin θ + sin 2θ
≡ sin 2θ ( 2 sin θ + 1 )
≡ R.H.S.

(b)So to solve cos θ + sin 2θ = cos 3θ

or cos θ + sin 2θ − cos 3θ = 0
solve sin 2θ ( 1 + 2 sin θ ) = 0 [using (a)]
Either sin 2θ = 0
⇒ 2θ = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
π 3π
⇒ θ = 0, 2 , π, 2 , 2π
1
or sin θ = − 2

 1   1  π
⇒ θ = π − sin − 1 − 2 , 2π + sin − 1 − 2 = π + 6 , 2π −
   

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π 7π 11π
6 = 6 , 6
π 7π 3π 11π
Solution set: 0, 2 , π, 6 , 2 , 6 , 2π

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 1

Question:

The lines l1 and l2, with equations y = 2x and 3y = x − 1 respectively, are drawn
on the same set of axes. Given that the scales are the same on both axes and that
the angles that l1 and l2 make with the positive x-axis are A and B respectively,

(a) write down the value of tan A and the value of tan B;

(b) without using your calculator, work out the acute angle between l1 and l2.

Solution:
1 1 1
(a) tan A = 2, tan B = 3 since y = 3x − 3

(b) The angle required is (A − B).

1 5
2−
tan A − tan B 3 3
Using tan ( A − B ) = 1 + tan A tan B = 1
= 5
=1
1+2×
3 3

⇒ A − B = 45 °
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 2

Question:
1
Given that sin x = √5
where x is acute, and that cos ( x − y ) = sin y , show that tan y =
√5+1
2
.

Solution:

As cos ( x − y ) = sin y
cos x cos y + sin x sin y = sin y
1
Draw a right-angled triangle where sin x = √5

Using Pythagoras' theorem,

a2 = ( √ 5 ) 2 − 1 = 4 ⇒ a=2
2
So cos x = √5
Substitute into :
2 1
√5 cos y + √5 sin y = sin y
⇒ 2 cos y + sin y = √ 5 sin y
⇒ 2 cos y = sin y ( √ 5 − 1 )
2  sin y 
⇒ √5−1 = tan y tan y = cos y
 
2( √5+1) 2( √5+1) √5+1
⇒ tan y = ( √5−1) ( √5+1) = 4 = 2

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 3

Question:

2 tan θ
Using tan 2θ = with an appropriate value of θ,
1 − tan2 θ

π
(a) show that tan 8
= √ 2 − 1.

3π
(b) Use the result in (a) to find the exact value of tan 8
.

Solution:

2 tan θ π
(a) Using tan 2θ = with θ = 8
1 − tan2 θ
π
2 tan
π 8
⇒ tan 4 = π
1 − tan2
8

π
Let t = tan 8

2t
So 1 =
1 − t2
⇒ 1 − t2 = 2t
⇒ t2 + 2t − 1 = 0
−2± √8 −2±2√2
⇒ t= 2 = 2 = −1± √2
π π π
As 8 is acute, tan 8 is +ve, so tan 8 = √2−1

π π
tan + tan
4 8
3π  π π 
(b) tan = tan + 8  =
8  4 1 − tan
π
tan
π
4 8

1+ ( √2−1) √2 √2(2+ √2) √2

= 1− ( √2−1) = 2− √2 = (2− √2) (2+ √2) = 2

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(2+ √2) = √2+1

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 4

Question:

In △ABC, AB = 5 cm and AC = 4 cm, ∠ ABC = ( θ − 30 ) ° and

 
∠ ACB = θ + 30 ° . Using the sine rule, show that tan θ = 3 √ 3.
 

Solution:

sin B sin C
Using b = c
sin ( θ − 30 ) ° sin ( θ + 30 ) °
⇒ 4 = 5

⇒ 5 sin ( θ − 30 ) ° = 4 sin ( θ + 30 ) °
⇒ 5 ( sin θ cos 30 ° − cos θ sin 30 ° ) = 4 ( sin θ cos 30 °
+ cos θ sin 30 ° )
⇒ sin θ cos 30 ° = 9 cos θ sin 30 °
sin θ sin 30 °
⇒ cos θ =9 cos 30 ° = 9 tan 30 °
√3
⇒ tan θ = 9 × 3 =3√3

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 5

Question:
3 5
Two of the angles, A and B, in △ABC are such that tan A = 4
, tan B = 12
.

(a)Find the exact value of

(i) sin ( A + B )

(ii) tan 2B

33
(b) By writing C as 180 ° − ( A + B ) , show that cos C = − 65
.

Solution:

(a) Draw right-angled triangles.

3 4 5 12
sin A = 5, cos A = 5 sin B = 13 , cos B = 13

(i) sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

3 12 4 5 56
= 5 × 13 + 5 × 13 = 65

5 5
2×
2 tan B 12 6 5 144 120
(ii) tan 2B = = = = 6 × 119 = 119
1 − tan2 B 5 119
1− ( ) 2
12 144

(b) cos C = cos [ 180 ° − ( A + B ) ] = − cos ( A + B )

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 4 12 3 5 
= − ( cos A cos B − sin A sin B ) = − × − ×
 5 13 5 13 
= −
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 6

Question:

Show that

(a) sec θ cosec θ ≡ 2 cosec 2θ

1 − cos 2x
(b)
1 + cos 2x
≡ sec2 x − 1

(c) cot θ − 2 cot 2θ ≡ tan θ

(d) cos
4 2θ − sin 4 2θ ≡ cos 4θ

 π   π 
(e) tan + x − tan − x ≡ 2 tan 2x
 4   4 

(f) sin (x+y) sin ( x − y ) ≡ cos2 y − cos2 x

(g) 1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos 4θ ≡ 4 cos2 θ cos 2θ

Solution:

(a) L.H.S. ≡ sec θ cosec θ

1 1
≡ cos θ × sin θ
2
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ
2
≡ sin 2θ
≡ 2 cosec 2θ
≡ R.H.S.
1 − cos 2x
(b) L.H.S. ≡ 1 + cos 2x

1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 x )
≡
1 + ( 2 cos2 x − 1 )

2 sin2 x
≡
2 cos2 x

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≡ tan2 x
≡ sec2 x − 1 ( 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x )
≡ R.H.S.

(c) L.H.S. ≡ cot θ − 2 cot 2θ

1 2
≡ tan θ − tan 2θ

1 2 ( 1 − tan2 θ )
≡ tan θ − 2 tan θ

1 − 1 + tan2 θ
≡ tan θ

tan2 θ
≡ tan θ

≡ tan θ
≡ R.H.S.

L.H.S. ≡ cos 4 2θ − sin 4 2θ

(d)
≡ ( cos2 2θ + sin2 2θ ) ( cos2 2θ − sin2 2θ )
≡ ( 1 ) ( cos 4θ ) ( cos2 A + sin2 A ≡ 1 ,
cos2 A − sin2 A ≡ cos 2A )
≡ cos 4θ
≡ R.H.S.

 π   π 
(e) L.H.S. ≡ tan + x − tan −x
 4   4 
1 + tan x 1 − tan x
≡ 1 − tan x − 1 + tan x

( 1 + tan x ) 2 − ( 1 − tan x ) 2
≡ ( 1 − tan x ) ( 1 + tan x )

1 + 2 tan x + tan2 x − ( 1 − 2 tan x + tan2 x )

≡
1 − tan2 x

4 tan x
≡
1 − tan2 x
 2 tan x 
≡2
 1 − tan x 
2

≡ 2 tan 2x
≡ R.H.S.

(f) R.H.S. ≡ cos2 y − cos2 x

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≡ ( cos y + cos x ) ( cos y − cos x )

  x+y   x−y     x+y 
≡ 2 cos cos − 2 sin
  2   2     2 
 y−x  
sin
 2  
  x+y   x−y     x+y  
≡ 2 cos cos 2 sin sin
  2   2     2  
x−y  
[as sin ( − θ ) = sin θ ]
2  
  x+y   x+y     x−y  
≡ 2 sin cos 2 sin cos
  2   2     2  
x−y  
2  
 x+y   x−y 
≡ sin 2 sin 2
 2   2 
≡ sin ( x + y ) sin ( x − y )
≡ L.H.S.

(g) L.H.S. ≡ 1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos 4θ

≡ 1 + 2 cos 2θ + ( 2 cos2 2θ − 1 )
≡ 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos2 2θ
≡ 2 cos 2θ ( 1 + cos 2θ )
≡ 2 cos 2θ [ 1 + ( 2 cos2 θ − 1 ) ]
≡ 4 cos2 θ cos 2θ
≡ R.H.S.
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 7

Question:
2 3
The angles x and y are acute angles such that sin x = √5
and cos y = \ 10

3
(a) Show that cos 2x = − 5
.

(b) Find the value of cos 2y.

(c)Show without using your calculator, that

(i) tan ( x + y ) = 7
π
(ii) x − y = 4

Solution:

 2  2 8 3
(a) cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 x = 1 − 2 = 1 − = −
 √5  5 5

 3  2  9  4
(b) cos 2y ≡ 2 cos2 y − 1 = 2 − 1 = 2 − 1 =
 \ 10   10  5

(c)

1 7
2
tan x + tan y 3 3
(i) tan (x+y) = 1 − tan x tan y = = =7
2 1
1−
3 3

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5
tan x − tan y 3
(ii) tan ( x − y ) = 1 + tan x tan y = 5
=1
3

π 5π
As x and y are acute, x − y = 4 (it cannot be 4 )

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 8

Question:
1 1
Given that sin x cos y = 2
and cos x sin y = 3
,

show that sin ( x + y ) = 5 sin ( x − y ) .

(a)
Given also that tan y = k, express in terms of k:

(b) tan x

(c) tan 2x
Solution:
1 1 5
(a) sin ( x + y ) ≡ sin x cos y + cos x sin y = 2 + 3 = 6

 1 1  1 5
5 sin ( x − y ) ≡ 5 ( sin x cos y − cos x sin y ) = 5 − = 5 × =
 2 3  6 6

1
sin x cos y 2 3
(b) cos x sin y = 1
= 2
3

tan x 3
⇒ tan y = 2
3 3
so tan x = 2 tan y = 2k

2 tan x 3k  12k 
(c) tan 2x = = =
1− tan2 x 9 2  4 − 9k 
2
1− k
4

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 9

Question:

Solve the following equations in the interval given in brackets:

(a) √ 3 sin 2θ + 2 sin2 θ = 1 {0 ≤ θ ≤ π{

(b) sin 3 θ cos 2θ = sin 2θ cos 3θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π {

(c) sin ( θ + 40 ° ) + sin ( θ + 50 ° ) = 0 {0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° {

2 θ
(d) sin
2
= 2 sin θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° {

(e) 2 sin θ = 1 + 3 cos θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° {

(f) cos 5θ = cos 3θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ π{

(g) cos 2θ = 5 sin θ { −π ≤ θ ≤ π{ .

Solution:

(a) √ 3 sin 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

⇒ √ 3 sin 2θ = cos 2θ
1
⇒ tan 2θ = √ 3, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π
π π π 7π
⇒ 2θ = 6 ,π+ 6 = 6 , 6
π 7π
⇒ θ= 12 , 12

(b) sin 3θ cos 2θ − cos 3θ sin 2θ = 0

⇒ sin ( 3θ − 2θ ) = 0
⇒ sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
⇒ θ = 0, π, 2π

(c) sin ( θ + 40 ° ) + sin ( θ + 50 ° ) = 0 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °

 ( θ + 40 ° ) + ( θ + 50 ° )   ( θ + 40 ° ) − ( θ + 50 ° ) 
⇒ 2 sin cos
 2   2 

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=0
⇒ 2 sin ( θ + 45 ° ) cos ( − 5 ° ) = 0
⇒ sin ( θ + 45 ° ) = 0 , 45 ° ≤ θ + 45 ° ≤ 405 °
⇒ θ + 45 ° = 180 ° , 360°
⇒ θ = 135 ° , 315°

2 θ  θ θ   θ θ 
(d) sin =2 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin θ = 2 sin 2 cos 2
2    
θ  θ θ 
⇒ sin sin 2 − 4 cos 2 =0
2  
θ θ θ θ
⇒ sin 2 = 0 or sin 2 = 4 cos 2 , i.e. tan 2 =4
θ θ
For sin 2 =0 ⇒ 2 = 0 ° , 180 ° ⇒ θ = 0 ° , 360°
θ θ
For tan 2 =4 ⇒ 2 = tan − 1 4 = 75.96 ° ⇒ θ = 151.9 °
Solution set: 0°, 151.9°, 360°

(e) 2 sin θ
− 3 cos θ = 1
Let 2 sin θ − 3 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ − α ) ≡ R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α
⇒ R cos α = 2 and R sin α = 3
3
⇒ tan α = 2 ( ⇒ α = 56.3 ° ) , R = \ 13
⇒ \ 13 sin ( θ − 56.3 ° ) = 1
1
⇒ sin ( θ − 56.3 ° ) = \ 13
1 1
⇒ θ − 56.3 ° = sin − 1 \ 13 , 180 ° − sin − 1 \ 13 = 16.1 ° , 163.9°
⇒ θ = 72.4 ° , 220.2°

(f) cos 5θ − cos 3θ = 0

 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ 
⇒ − 2 sin sin =0
 2   2 
⇒ sin 4θ sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0, π
or sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ 4θ = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
π π 3π
⇒ θ = 0, 4 , 2 , 4 ,π

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π π 3π
Solution set: 0, 4 , 2 , 4 ,π

(g) cos 2θ = 5 sin θ

⇒ 1 − 2 sin2 θ = 5 sin θ
⇒ 2 sin2 θ + 5 sin θ − 1 = 0
− 5 ± \ 33
⇒ sin θ = 4
− 5 + \ 33
As − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1, sin θ = 4
In radian mode: θ = 0.187, π − 0.187 = 0.187, 2.95
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 10

Question:

The first three terms of an arithmetic series are √ 3 cos θ, sin ( θ − 30 ° ) and
sin θ, where θ is acute. Find the value of θ.
Solution:

As the three values are consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression,

sin ( θ − 30 ° ) − √ 3 cos θ = sin θ − sin ( θ − 30 ° )
⇒ 2 sin ( θ − 30 ° ) = sin θ + √ 3 cos θ
⇒ 2 ( sin θ cos 30 ° − cos θ sin 30 ° ) = sin θ + √ 3 cos θ
⇒ √ 3 sin θ − cos θ = sin θ + √ 3 cos θ
⇒ sin θ ( √ 3 − 1 ) = cos θ ( √ 3 + 1 )
√3+1
⇒ tan θ = √3−1
√3+1
Calculator value is θ = tan − 1 √3−1 = 75 °
No other values as θ is acute.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 11

Question:

Solve, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° , cos ( θ + 40 ° ) cos ( θ − 10 ° ) = 0.5 .

Solution:

2 cos ( θ + 40 ° ) cos ( θ − 10 ° ) = 1
        
⇒ cos θ + 40 ° + θ − 10 ° + cos θ + 40 °
        
  
− θ − 10 ° =1
  
⇒ cos ( 2θ + 30 ° ) + cos 50 ° = 1
⇒ cos ( 2θ + 30 ° ) = 1 − cos 50 ° = 0.3572
⇒ 2θ + 30 ° = 69.07 ° , 290.9°, 429.07°, 650.9°
⇒ 2θ = 39.07 ° , 260.9°, 399.07°, 620.9°
⇒ θ = 19.5 ° , 130.5°, 199.5°, 310.5°
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 12

Question:

Without using calculus, find the maximum and minimum value of the following
expressions. In each case give the smallest positive value of θ at which each
occurs.

(a) sin θ cos 10 ° − cos θ sin 10 °

(b) cos 30 ° cos θ − sin 30 ° sin θ

(c) sin θ + cos θ

Solution:

(a) sin θ cos 10

° − cos θ sin 10 ° = sin ( θ − 10 ° ) [ sin ( A − B ) ]
Maximum value = + 1 when θ − 10 ° = 90 ° ⇒ θ = 100 °
Minimum value = − 1 when θ − 10 ° = 270 ° ⇒ θ = 280 °

° cos θ − sin 30 ° sin θ = cos ( θ + 30 ° )

(b) cos 30
Maximum value = + 1 when θ + 30 ° = 360 ° ⇒ θ = 330 °
Minimum value = − 1 when θ + 30 ° = 180 ° ⇒ θ = 150 °

(c) sin θ + cos θ

 1 1 
= √2 sin θ + cos θ
 √2 √2 
= √ 2 ( sin θ cos 45 ° + cos θ sin 45 ° )
= √ 2 sin ( θ + 45 ° )
Maximum value = √ 2 when θ + 45 ° = 90 ° ⇒ θ = 45 °
Minimum value = − √ 2 when θ + 45 ° = 270 ° ⇒ θ = 225 °
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 13

Question:

(a) Express sin x − √ 3 cos x in the form R sin ( x − α ) , with R > 0 and 0 < α < 90 ° .

(b)Hence sketch the graph of y = sin x − √ 3 cos x { − 360 ° ≤ x ≤ 360 ° { ,

giving the coordinates of all points of intersection with the axes.
Solution:

Let sin x − √ 3 cos x ≡ R sin ( x − α ) ≡ R sin x cos α − R cos x sin α

(a)
R > 0, 0 < α < 90 °
Compare sin x : R cos α = 1
Compare cos x : R sin α = √ 3
Divide by : tan α = √ 3 ⇒ α = 60 °
R2 = ( √ 3 ) 2 + 12 = 4 ⇒ R = 2
So sin x − √ 3 cos x ≡ 2 sin ( x − 60 ° )

(b) Sketch y = 2 sin ( x − 60 ° ) by first translating y = sin x by 60° to the right and then
stretching the result in the y direction by scale factor 2.

Graph meets y-axis when x = 0, i.e. y = 2 sin ( − 60 ° ) = − √ 3

Graph meets x-axis when y = 0, i.e. ( − 300 ° , 0), ( − 120 ° , 0), (60°, 0), 240°, 0)
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 14

Question:
π
Given that 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ ≡ R cos ( 2θ − α ) , where R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
,
find:

(a) the value of R and the value of α, to 2 decimal places

(b) the maximum value of 14 cos2 θ + 48 sin θ cos θ

Solution:

(a) Let 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ ≡ R cos ( 2θ − α ) ≡ R cos 2θ cos α + R sin 2θ sin α

π
R > 0, 0 < α < 2
Compare cos 2θ : R cos α = 7
Compare sin 2θ : R sin α = 24
24
Divide by : tan α = 7 ⇒ α = 1.29 (1.287)

R2 = 242 + 72 ⇒ R = 25
So 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ ≡ 25 cos ( 2θ − 1.29 )

(b) 14 cos
2 θ + 48 sin θ cos θ
 1 + cos 2θ 
≡ 14 + 24 ( 2 sin θ cos θ )
 2 
≡ 7 ( 1 + cos 2θ ) + 24 sin 2θ
≡ 7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ
The maximum value of 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ is 25 [using (a) with cos
( 2θ − 1.29 ) = 1 ].
So maximum value of 7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ = 7 + 25 = 32.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 15

Question:
3
(a) Given that α is acute and tan α = 4
, prove that
3 sin ( θ + α ) + 4 cos ( θ + α ) ≡ 5 cos θ

(b)Given that sin x = 0.6 and cos x = − 0.8, evaluate cos ( x + 270 ) ° and cos
( x + 540 ) ° .

Solution:

(a) Draw a right-angled triangle and find sin α and cos α.

3 4
⇒ sin α = 5, cos α = 5
So 3 sin ( θ + α ) + 4 cos ( θ + α )
≡ 3 ( sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α ) + 4 ( cos θ cos α − sin θ sin α )
 4 3   4 3 
≡3 sin θ + 5 cos θ +4 cos θ − 5 sin θ
 5   5 
12 9 16 12
≡ 5 sin θ + 5 cos θ + 5 cos θ − 5 sin θ
25
≡ 5 cos θ
≡ 5 cos θ

(b) cos( x + 270 ) ° ≡ cos x ° cos 270 ° − sin x ° sin 270 °

= ( − 0.8 ) ( 0 ) − ( 0.6 ) ( − 1 ) = 0 + 0.6 = 0.6
cos ( x + 540 ) ° ≡ cos x ° cos 540 ° − sin x ° sin 540 °
= ( − 0.8 ) ( − 1 ) − ( 0.6 ) ( 0 ) = 0.8 − 0 = 0.8
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 16

Question:

(a)Without using a calculator, find the values of:

(i) sin 40 ° cos 10 ° − cos 40 ° sin 10 °
1 1
(ii) √2
cos 15 ° − √2
sin 15 °
1 − tan 15 °
(iii) 1 + tan 15 °

(b)Find, to 1 decimal place, the values of x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 ° , which

satisfy the equation 2 sin x = cos ( x − 60 )

Solution:

(a) (i) sin 40 ° cos 10 ° − cos 40 ° sin 10 ° = sin ( 40 ° − 10 ° ) = sin 30 ° =

1
2
1 1
(ii) √2 cos 15 ° − √2 sin 15 °
= cos 45 ° cos 15 ° − sin 45 ° sin 15 ° = cos ( 45 ° + 15 ° ) = cos 60 °
1
= 2
1 − tan 15 ° tan 45 ° − tan 15 °
(iii) 1 + tan 15 ° = 1 + tan 45 ° tan 15 °
√3
= tan ( 45 ° − 15 ° ) = tan 30 ° = 3

(b) 2 sin x = cos ( x − 60 ° )

⇒ 2 sin x = cos x cos 60 ° + sin x sin 60 °
1 √3
⇒ 2 sin x = 2 cos x + 2 sin x
⇒ ( 4 − √ 3 ) sin x = cos x
sin x 1
⇒ cos x = 4− √3
1
⇒ tan x = 4− √3

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 1  −1  1 
So x = tan − 1 √ , 180 ° + tan √
 4 − 3   4 − 3 
⇒ x = 23.8 ° , 203.8 °
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 17

Question:

(a)Prove, by counter example, that the statement

‘sec ( A + B ) ≡ sec A + sec B , for all A and B’
is false.
nπ
(b) Prove that tan θ + cot θ ≡ 2 cosec 2θ, θ ≠ 2
, n ∈ ℤ.

Solution:

One example is sufficient to disprove a statement.

(a)
E.g. A = 60 ° , B = 0 °
1
sec ( A + B ) = sec ( 60 ° + 0 ° ) = sec 60 ° = cos 60 ° =2
1
sec A = sec 60 ° = cos 60 ° =2
1
sec B = sec 0 ° = cos 0 ° =1
So sec ( 60 ° + 0 ° ) ≠ sec 60 ° + sec 0 °
⇒ sin ( A + B ) ≡ sec A + sec B not true for all values of A, B.

(b) L.H.S. ≡ tan θ + cot θ

sin θ cos θ
≡ cos θ + sin θ

sin2 θ + cos2 θ
≡ sin θ cos θ

1
≡ ( sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 , sin 2θ ≡ 2 sin θ cos θ )
1
sin 2θ
2
2
≡ sin 2θ
≡ 2 cosec 2θ
≡ R.H.S.
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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 18

Question:

Using the formula cos ( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B :

(a) Show that cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) ≡ 2 sin A sin B .

(b) Hence show that cos 2x − cos 4x ≡ 2 sin 3x sin x.

(c)Find all solutions in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ π of the equation

cos 2x − cos 4x = sin x
giving all your solutions in multiples of π radians.

Solution:

(a) cos ( A + B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B

     
⇒ cos A−B ≡ cos A cos −B − sin A sin −B
     
≡ cos A cos B + sin A sin B
so cos ( A + B ) − cos ( A − B ) ≡ ( cos A cos B − sin A sin B ) −
( cos A cos B + sin A sin B )
≡ − 2 sin A sin B

Let A + B = 2x, A − B = 4x
(b)
Add: 2A = 6x ⇒ A = 3x
Subtract: 2B = − 2x ⇒ B = − x
Using (a) cos 2x − cos 4x ≡ − 2 sin 3x sin ( − x ) ≡ 2 sin 3x sin x
as sin ( − x ) = − sin x

(c) Solve 2 sin 3x sin x = sin x

⇒ sin x ( 2 sin 3x − 1 ) = 0
1
⇒ sin x = 0 or sin 3x = 2

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π
1 π 5π 13π 17π
sin 3x = 2, 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π ⇒ 3x = 6 , 6 , 6 , 6
π 5π 13π 17π
⇒ x= 18 , 18 , 18 , 18

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π 5π 13π 17π
Solution set: 0, 18 , 18 , 18 , 18 ,π

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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 19

Question:
√3
(a) Given that cos ( x + 30 ° ) = 3 cos ( x − 30 ° ) , prove that tan x = − 2
.

1 − cos 2θ
(b) (i) Prove that sin 2θ
= tan θ.
(ii) Verify that θ = 180 ° is a solution of the equation sin 2θ = 2 − 2 cos 2θ.
(iii) Using the result in part (i), or otherwise, find the two other solutions,
0 < θ < 360 ° , of the equation sin 2θ = 2 − 2 cos 2θ.

Solution:

(a) cos( x + 30 ° ) = 3 cos ( x − 30 ° )

⇒ cos x cos 30 ° − sin x sin 30 ° = 3 ( cos x cos 30 ° + sin x sin 30 ° )
⇒ − 2 cos x cos 30 ° = 4 sin x sin 30 °
√3 1
⇒ − 2 cos x × 2 = 4 sin x × 2
√3 sin x
⇒ − 2 = cos x
√3
⇒ tan x = − 2

1 − cos 2θ
(b) (i) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ

1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 θ )
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ

2 sin2 θ
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ

sin θ
≡ cos θ
≡ tan θ
(ii) L.H.S. = sin 360 ° = 0
R.H.S. = 2 − 2 cos 360 ° = 2 − 2 ( 1 ) = 0
1
(iii) Using (i) this is equivalent to solving tan θ = 2.

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From (i) 1 − cos 2θ = sin 2θ tan θ

So sin 2θ = 2 − 2 cos 2θ ⇒ sin 2θ = 2 sin 2θ tan θ
1
sin 2θ = 0 gives θ = 180 ° , so tan θ = 2 ⇒ θ = 26.6°, 206.6°

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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise F, Question 20

Question:

(a) Express 1.5 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x in the form R sin ( 2x + α ) , where R > 0 and 0 < α <
π
2
, giving your values of R and α to 3 decimal places where appropriate.

Express 3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x in the form a sin 2x + b cos 2x + c, where a, b and c are
(b)
constants to be found.

(c)Hence, using your answer to part (a), deduce the maximum value of
3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x.

Solution:

(a) Let 1.5 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ≡ R sin ( 2x + α ) ≡ R sin 2x cos α + R cos 2x sin α
π
R > 0, 0 < α < 2
Compare sin 2x : R cos α = 1.5
Compare cos 2x : R sin α = 2
4
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 0.927

R2 = 22 + 1.52 ⇒ R = 2.5

3  1 + cos 2x 
(b) 3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x ≡ ( 2 sin x cos x ) + 4
2  2 
3 3
≡ 2 sin 2x + 2 + 2 cos 2x ≡ 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x + 2

3
(c) From part (a) 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ≡ 2.5 sin ( 2x + 0.927 )
3
So maximum value of 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x = 2.5 × 1 = 2.5

So maximum value of 3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x = 2.5 + 2 = 4.5

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