Solutionbank C2: Edexcel Modular Mathematics For AS and A-Level

Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 2 C2 Page 1 of 1
Solutionbank C2
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Revision Exercises 2
Exercise A, Question 1
Question:
Expand and simplify ( 1 x ) 5.
Solution:
( 1 x ) 5 = 1 + 5 ( x ) + 10 ( x ) 2 + 10 ( x ) Compare ( 1 + x ) n with
3+5( x)4+ ( x) 5 ( 1 x ) n. Replace n by 5 and x
= 1 5x + 10x2 10x3 + 5x4 x5 by x.
Pearson Education Ltd 2008
file://C:\Users\Buba\kaz\ouba\C2_rev2_A_1.html 3/10/2013
Solutionbank C2
Question:
In the diagram, ABC is an equilateral

triangle with side 8 cm. PQ is an arc of
a circle centre A, radius 6 cm. Find the
perimeter of the shaded region in the
diagram.
Solution:
Remember: The length of an arc of a circle is L = r.

1 2
The area of a sector is A = 2
r .

Draw a diagram. Remember: 60 = 3
radius
Length of arc PQ = r

=6( 3
)
= 2 cm
Perimeter of shaded region
= 2 + 8 + 2 + 2
= 12 + 2
= 18.28 cm
Solutionbank C2
Question:
The sum to infinity of a geometric series is 15. Given that the first term is 5,
(a) find the common ratio,
(b) find the third term.
Solution:
(a)
a a
1r
= 15 , a = 5 Remember: s = 1r
, where | r | < 1 . Here s = 15 and
5 5
= 15 a = 5 so that 15 = 1r
.
1r
1
1r= 3
2
r= 3
(b)
2 2
ar2 = 5 ( 3
) 2 Remember: nth term = arn 1. Here a = 5 , r = 3
and
n = 3, so that
4
=5 2
9 arn 1 = 5 ( ) 31
3
20
= 2
9 =5( 3
) 2
Solutionbank C2
Question:
3
Sketch the graph of y = sin in the interval 2 < .
Solution:
Remember: 180 = radians
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Find the first three terms, in descending powers of b, of the binomial expansion of ( 2a + 3b ) 6, giving each term in its
simplest form.
Solution:
6 6 Compare ( 2a + 3b ) n with
( 2a + 3b ) 6 = ( 2a ) 6 + ( ) ( 2a ) 5 ( 3b ) + ( )
1 2 ( a + b ) n. Replace n by 6,
( 2a ) 4 ( 3b ) 2 + a by 2a and b by 3b.
= 26a6 + 6 25 3 a5b + 15 24 32 a4b2 +

= 64a6 + 576a5b + 2160a4b2 +
Solutionbank C2
Question:
AB is an arc of a circle centre O. Arc AB = 8 cm and OA = OB = 12 cm.
(a) Find, in radians, AOB.
(b) Calculate the length of the chord AB, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
Solution:
Draw a diagram. Let AOB = .
(a)
AOB = Use l = r. Here l = 8 and r = 12.
12 =8
2
so = 3
(b)
= 122 + 122 2 ( 12 ) ( 12 ) Use the cosine formula c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C. Here

AB2 2
c = AB, a = 12, b = 12 and C = =
2
. Remember to
cos ( 3
) 3
= 61.66 change your to radians.

AB = 7.85 cm ( 3 s.f. )
Solutionbank C2
Question:
A geometric series has first term 4 and common ratio r. The sum of the first three terms of the series is 7.
(a) Show that 4r2 + 4r 3 = 0.
(b) Find the two possible values of r.
Given that r is positive,
(c) find the sum to infinity of the series.
Solution:
(a)
4 , 4r , 4r2 , Use arn 1 to write down expressions for the first 3 terms.
4 + 4r + 4r2 = 7 Here a = 4 and n = 1 , 2 , 3.
4r2 + 4r 3 = 0 (as required)
(b)
4r2 + 4r 3 =0 Factorize 4r2 + 4r 3. ac = 12. ( 2 ) + ( + 6 )

( 2r 1 ) ( 2r + 3 ) = 0 = + 4 , so
1 3
4r2 2r + 6r 3 = 2r ( 2r 1 ) + 3 ( 2r 1 )
r= 2
, r= 2 = ( 2r 1 ) ( 2r + 3 ) .
(c)
1
r= 2
4 a 1
a Use S = 1r
. Here a = 4 and r = 2
, so that
1r
= 1
1 =8
2 4
a
1r
= 1
1
2
4
= 1
2
= 8.
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) Write down the number of cycles of the graph y = sin nx in the interval 0 x 360 .
(b) Hence write down the period of the graph y = sin nx.
Solution:
(a)
n Consider the graphs of y = sin x, y = sin 2x, y = sin 3x
y = sin x has 1 cycle in the interval 0 x 360 .
y = sin 2x has 2 cycles in the interval 0 x 360 .
y = sin 3x has 3 cycles in the interval 0 x 360 .
etc.
So y = sin nx has n cycles in the internal 0 x 360 .
(b)
360
( or
2
) Period = length of cycle. If there are n cycles in the interval 0 x 360 ,
n n 360
the length of each cycle will be .
n
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) Find the first four terms, in ascending powers of x, of the binomial expansion of ( 1 + px ) 7, where p is a non-zero
constant.
Given that, in this expansion, the coefficients of x and x2 are equal,
(b) find the value of p,
(c) find the coefficient of x3.
Solution:
(a)
n(n1) Compare ( 1 + x ) n with ( 1 + px ) n.
= 1 + nx + x2 +
( 1 + px ) 2! Replace n by 7 and x by px.
7 n(n1) (n2)
x3 +
3!
7(6)
= 1 + 7 ( px ) + 2!
( px ) 2 +
7(6) (5)
3!
( px ) 3 +
= 1 + 7px + 21p2x2 + 35p3x3 +
(b)
7p = 21p2 The coefficients of x and x2 are equal, so
p 0 , so 7 = 21p 7p = 21p2.
1
p= 3
(c)
35p3 = 35 (
1
) 3=
35 The coefficient of x3 is 35p3. Here p =
3 27 1 1
3
, so that 35p3 = 35 ( 3
) 3.
Solutionbank C2
Question:
A sector of a circle of radius 8 cm contains an angle of radians. Given that the perimeter of the sector is 30 cm, find the
area of the sector.
Solution:
Draw a diagram. Perimeter of sector = 30cm, so arc length

= 14 cm.
8 = 14 Find the value of . Use L = r. Here L = 14 and r = 8 so

14
that 8 = 14.
= 8
1 1 2 14 1
Area of sector = 2
( 8 ) 2 Use A = 2
r . Here r = 8 and = 8
, so that A = 2
(8)
2 14
1 14 ( ) .
= (8) 2( ) 8
2 8
= 56 cm2
Solutionbank C2
Question:
9
A pendulum is set swinging. Its first oscillation is through 30 . Each succeeding oscillation is 10 of the one before it.
What is the total angle described by the pendulum before it stops?
Solution:
30 , 30 (
9
) , 30 (
9
) 2, Write down the first 3 term. Use arn 1. Here a = 30, r =
10 10 9
10
and n = 1 , 2 , 3.
30 a 9
a Use S = 1r
. Here a = 30 and r = 10
so that S =
1r
= 1
9
10 30
1
9 .
30
10
= (
1
)
10
= 300
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Write down the exact value
(a) sin30 , (b) cos330 , (c) tan ( 60 ) .
Solution:
(a)
Draw a diagram for each part. Remember
1
sin 30 = 2
(b)
cos 330 = cos 30 =

\3 330 is in the fourth quadrant.
2
(c)
tan ( 60 ) = tan 60 60 is in the fourth quadrant.

\3
=
1
= \3
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) Find the first three terms, in ascending powers of x, of the binomial expansion of ( 1 ax ) 8, where a is a non-zero
integer.
The first three terms are 1, 24x and bx2, where b is a constant.
(b) Find the value of a and the value of b.
Solution:
(a)
( 1 ax ) n(n1) Compare ( 1 + x ) n with ( 1 ax ) n Replace n
8 = 1 + nx + 2!
x2 + by 8 and x by ax.
8(81)
= 1 + 8 ( ax ) +
2!
( ax ) 2 +
= 1 8ax + 28a2x2 +
(b)
8a = 24 Compare coefficients of x, so that 8a = 24.
a =3
b = 28a2
= 28 ( 3 ) 2
= 252
so a = 3 and b = 252
Solutionbank C2
Question:
In the diagram, A and B are points on

the circumference of a circle centre O
and radius 5 cm.
AOB = radians.
AB = 6 cm.
(a) Find the value of .
(b) Calculate the length of the minor

arc AB.
Solution:
(a)
52 + 52 62 a2 + b2 c2
cos = Use the cosine formula cos C = . Here c = ,
2(5) (5) 2ab
7 a = 5, b = 5 and c = 6.
= 25
= 1.287 radians
(b)
arc AB = 5 Use C = r. Here C = arc AB, r = 5 and = 1.287 radians.
= 5 1.287
= 6.44 cm
Solutionbank C2
Question:
The fifth and sixth terms of a geometric series are 4.5 and 6.75 respectively.
(a) Find the common ratio.
(b) Find the first term.
(c) Find the sum of the first 20 terms, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
Solution:
(a)
ar4 = 4.5, ar5 = 6.75
ar5 6.75 Find r. Divide ar5 by ar4
=
ar4 4.5 ar5 ar5 4
so that =
ar4 a
3 =r
r= 2 6.75
and 4.5
= 1.5.
(b)
a ( 1.5 ) 4 = 4.5
4.5
a =
( 1.5 ) 4
8
= 9
(c)
8 a ( rn 1 ) 8
( ( 1.5 ) 20 1 ) Use Sn = . Here a = 9
, r = 1.5 and n = 20.
S20 = 9 r1
1.5 1
= 5909.790 ( 3 d.p. )
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Given that is an acute angle measured in degrees, express in term of cos2
(a) cos ( 360 + 2 ) , (b) cos ( 2 ) , (c) cos ( 180 2 )
Solution:
(a)
Draw a diagram for each part.
cos ( 360 + 2 ) = cos 2 360 + 2 is in the first quadrant.
(b)
cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 2 is in the fourth quadrant.
(c)
cos ( 180 2 ) = cos 2 180 2 is in the second quadrant.
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) Expand ( 1 2x ) 10 in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.
(b) Use your answer to part (a) to evaluate ( 0.98 ) 10 correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution:
(a)
n(n1) Compare ( 1 + x ) n with
= 1 + nx + x2 +
( 1 2x ) 2! ( 1 2x ) n. Replace n by 10 and
10 n(n1) (n2) x by 2x.
3!
x3 +
10 ( a )
= 1 + 10 ( 2x ) + ( 2x ) 2 +
2
10 ( 9 ) ( 8 )
6
( 2x ) 3 +
= 1 20x + 180x2 960x3 +
(b)
(12 = 1 20 ( 0.01 ) + 180 ( 0.01 ) 2 960 Find the value of x.
( 0.01 ) ) 10 ( 0.01 ) 3 + 0.98 = 1 0.02
= 1 2 ( 0.01 )
0.9810 ~ 0.817 ( 3 d.p. )

Solutionbank C2
Question:
In the diagram,
AB = 10 cm, AC = 13 cm.
CAB = 0.6 radians.
BD is an arc of a circle centre A and radius 10 cm.
(a) Calculate the length of the arc BD.
(b) Calculate the shaded area in the diagram.
Solution:
(a)
arc BD = 10 0.6 Use L = r. Here L = arc BD, r = 10 and = 0.6 radians.
= 6 cm
(b)
Shaded area
1 1
= ( 10 ) ( 13 ) sin ( 0.6 ) Use area of triangle = 2
bc sin A and area of sector =
2
1 1 2
( 10 ) 2 ( 0.6 ) 2
r . Here b = 13, c = 10 and A = ( = ) 0.6 ; r = 10 and
2
= 0.6.
= 6.70 cm2 ( 3 s.f. )
Solutionbank C2
Question:
The value of a gold coin in 2000 was 180. The value of the coin increases by 5% per annum.
(a) Write down an expression for the value of the coin after n years.
(b) Find the year in which the value of the coin exceeds 360.
Solution:
180 , 180 ( 1.05 ) , 180 ( 1.05 ) Write down the first 3 terms. Use arn 1. Here a = 180,
2, r = 1.05 and n = 1 , 2 , 3.
(a)
Value after n years = 180 ( 1.05 ) n
(b)
180 ( 1.05 ) n > 360
180 ( 1.05 ) 14 = 356.39 Substitute values of n. The value of the coin after 14 years is
356.39, and after 15 years is 374.21. So the value of
180 ( 1.05 ) 15 = 374.21 the coin will exceed 360 in the 15th year.
The value of the coin will exceed
360 in 2014.
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Given that x is an acute angle measured in radians, express in terms of sinx
(a) sin ( 2 x ) , (b) sin ( + x ) , (c) cos

x
.
2

Solution:
(a)
Draw a diagram for each part.
Remember: Radians = 180

sin ( 2 x ) = sin x 2 x is in the fourth quadrant.
(b)
sin ( + x ) = sin x + x is in the third quadrant.
(c)

180 = radians, so 90 = 2
radians.
a
cos ( 2
x ) = sin x ( = c
) .
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Expand and simplify

x
1 6
x

Solution:
1
(x
1
) 6 = x6 + ( 6 ) x5 ( 1
) + (
6
) x4 ( Compare ( x ) n with ( a + b )
x x x
1 2
n. Replace n by 6, a with x and b
1 6 1
) 2+ ( ) x3 ( x ) 3 1
x 3 with x
.
6 1 6 1
+ ( ) x2 ( x
) 4+ ( ) x( x
)
4 5
5 1
+ ( ) 6
x
1 1 1
= x6 + 6x5 ( ) + 15x4 ( ) + 20x3 ( ( ) 1 1 1
x x2 x = =
2
x x x2
1
)
x3 1
( x
) 1 1 1 1
= =
3
x x x x3
1 1 1
+ 15x2 ( ) + 6x ( ) + 1 1 1
x4 x5 x6 1 =
( x
) x x x
15 6 1 1 1
4 =
= x6 6x4 + 15x2 20 + + x x4
x2 x4 x6
Solutionbank C2
Question:
A cylindrical log, length 2m, radius 20 cm, floats with its axis horizontal and with its highest point 4 cm above the water
level. Find the volume of the log in the water.
Solution:
Draw a diagram. Let sector angle = 2.
16
cos = 20
( = 0.8 )
1 2 1 2 1 2
Area above water level = 2
r ( 2 ) 2
r sin Use area of segment = 2
r
( 2 ) 1 2
2
r sin . Here r = 20 cm and
1 2 1
= ( 20 ) ( 2 )
2 2 = 2 cos 1 ( 0.8 )
( 20 ) 2sin ( 2 )
= 65.40 cm2
Area below water level = ( 20 ) 2 65.40
= 1191.24 cm2
Volume below water level = 1191.24 200
= 238248 cm3
( = 0.238 cm3 )
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) On the same axes, in the interval 0 x 360 , sketch the graphs of y = tan ( x 90 ) and y = sin x.
(b) Hence write down the number of solutions of the equation tan ( x 90 ) = sin x in the interval 0 x 360 .
Solution:
(a)
y = tan ( x 90 ) is a translation of
y = tan x by + 90 in the x-direction.
(b)
2 solutions in the interval 0 x 360. From the sketch, the graphs of y = tan ( x 90 ) and
y = sin x meet at two points. So there are 2 solutions in
the internal 0 x 360 .
Solutionbank C2
Question:
4
A geometric series has first term 4 and common ratio 3. Find the greatest number of terms the series can have without its
sum exceeding 100.
Solution:
4
a=4 , r= 3
Sn = a ( rn 1 ) 4
Use Sn = . Here a = 4 and r = .
r1 3
4
4( ( ) n1)
3
4
1
3
4
4( ( ) n1)
3
=
1
3
4
= 12 ( ( 3
)
n 1)
4
Now, 12 ( ( 3
) n 1 ) < 100
4 100
( ) n1<
3 12
4 100
( 3
) n< 12
+1
4 1
( 3
) n<9 3
4 Substitute values of n. The largest value of n for which (

( ) 7 = 7.492 4
3
3
) n < 91 / 3 is 7.
4
( 3
) 8 = 9.990
so n=7
Solutionbank C2
Question:
Describe geometrically the transformation which maps the graph of
(a) y = tan x onto the graph of y = tan ( x 45 ) ,
(b) y = sin x onto the graph of y = 3sin x,
x
(c) y = cos x onto the graph of y = cos 2 ,
(d) y = sin x onto the graph of y = sin x 3.
Solution:
(a) A translation of + 45 in the x direction

(b) A stretch of scale factor 3 in the y direction
(c) A stretch of scale factor 2 in the x direction
(d) A translation of 3 in the y direction
Solutionbank C2
Question:
If x is so small that terms of x3 and higher can be ignored, and ( 2 x ) ( 1 + 2x ) 5 a + bx + cx2, find the values of
the constants a, b and c.
Solution:
( 1 + 2x ) 5 = 1 + nx + Compare ( 1 + x ) n with ( 1 + 2x ) n. Replace n by 5

n(n1) and x by 2x.
2!
x2 +
5(4)
= 1 + 5 ( 2x ) + 2
( 2x ) 2 +
= 1 + 10x + 40x2 +
( 2 x ) ( 1 + 10x + 40x2 + )
= 2 + 20x + 80x2 + Expand ( 2 x ) ( 1 + 10x + 40x2 + ) ignoring
x 10x2 + terms in x3, so that
2 ( 1 + 10x + 40x2 + )
2 + 19x + 70x2 +
= 2 + 20x + 80x2 +
and
x ( 1 + 10x + 40x2 + )
= x 10x2 40x3
simplify so that
( 2 x ) ( 1 + 2x ) 5 2 + 19x + 70x2
2 + 20x x + 80x2 10x2 +
= 2 + 19x + 70x2 +
so a = 2 , b = 19 , c = 70 Compare 2 + 19x + 70x2 + with a + bx + cx2 +
so that a = 2 , b = 19 and c = 70.
Solutionbank C2
Question:
A chord of a circle, radius 20 cm, divides the circumference in the ratio 1:3.
Find the ratio of the areas of the segments into which the circle is divided by the chord.
Solution:
Draw a diagram. Let the minor are l1 have angle 1

and the major are l2 have angle 2.
l1 : l2 = 1 : 3 Use l = r so that l1 = 101 and l2 = 102.

101 : 102 = 1 : 3
1 : 2 = 1 : 3
1
so 1 = 2 =
4 2
1 1 1 2 1 2
Shaded area = ( 10 ) 21 ( 10 ) Use area of segment = r r sin . Here
2 2 2 2
2sin 1
r = 10 and = 1 =
2
= 25 50
Area of large segment = ( 10 ) 2
( 25 50 )
= 100 25 + 50
= 75 + 50
Ratio of small segment to large segment is
25 50 : 75 + 50 Divide throughout by 25.
2 : 3 + 2
3 + 2
or 1: 2
Solutionbank C2
Question:
x, 3 and x + 8 are the fourth, fifth and sixth terms of geometric series.
(a) Find the two possible values of x and the corresponding values of the common ratio.
Given that the sum to infinity of the series exists,
(b) find the first term,
(c) the sum to infinity of the series.
Solution:
ar3 = x
ar4 = 3
ar5 = x + 8
ar5 ar4 ar5 ar4 ar5 ar4
= = r and = r so = .
ar4 ar3 ar ar3 ar4 ar3
x+8 3 Clear the fractions. Multiply each side by 3x so that 3x
so 3
= x x+8 3
= x ( x + 8 ) and 3x = 9.
3 x
x(x+8) =9
x2 + 8x 9 = 0
(x+9) (x1) =0
x=1,x= 9
ar4 x
r= =
ar3 3
1 ar4 x
When x = 1 , r = 3 Find r. Substitute x = 1, then x = 9, into = , so that
ar3 3
1 9
When x = 9 , r = 3 r= 3
and r = 3
= 3.
(b)
1 a 1
r= 3
Remember S = 1r
for | r | < 1 , so r = 3
.
ar4 =3
1
a( 3
) 4 =3
a = 243
(c)
243
a 1
1r
= 1
1 = 364 2
3
Solutionbank C2
Question:
(a) Sketch the graph of y = 1.5 cos ( x 60 ) in the interval 0 x < 360
(b) Write down the coordinates of the points where your graph meets the coordinate axes.
Solution:
(a)
(b)
When x = 0 ,
y = 1.5 cos ( 60 ) The graph of y = 1.5 cos ( x 60 ) meets the y axis
= 0.75 when x = 0. Substitute x = 0 into y = 1.5 cos ( x 60 )
so ( 0 , 0.75 ) so that y = 1.5 cos ( 60 ) . cos ( 60 )
1 1
y = 1.5 cos ( x 60 ) = cos 60 = 2
so y = 1.5 2
= 0.75
y = 0, The graph of y = 1.5 cos ( x 60 ) meets the x-axis
when x = 90 + 60 when y = 0. cos ( x 60 ) represents a translation of
= 150 cos x by + 60 in the x-direction cos x meets the x-axis at
90 and 270 , so y = 1.5 ( cos x 60 ) meets the x-
and x = 270 + 60
axis at 90 + 60 = 150 and 270 + 60 = 330 .
= 330
Solutionbank C2
Question:
\3
Without using a calculator, solve sin ( x 20 ) = 2 in the interval 0 x 360 .
Solution:
\3
sin 60 = 2
\3
sin x = 2
. sin x is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
\3
sin ( 240 ) = 2
\3
sin ( 300 ) = 2
so x 20 = 240 sin 240 =

\3
but sin ( x 20 ) =
\3
so
2 2
x = 260 x 20 = 240 , i.e. x = 260 . Similarly

\3 \3
sin 300 = 2
but sin ( x 20 ) = 2
so
and x 20 = 300
x 20 = 300 , i.e. x = 320 .
x = 320

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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 2 C2 Page 1 of 1

Expand and simplify ( 1 x ) 5.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

In the diagram, ABC is an equilateral

Remember: The length of an arc of a circle is L = r.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

(a) find the common ratio,

(b) find the third term.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Remember: 180 = radians

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

= 26a6 + 6 25 3 a5b + 15 24 32 a4b2 +

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AB is an arc of a circle centre O. Arc AB = 8 cm and OA = OB = 12 cm.

(a) Find, in radians, AOB.

Draw a diagram. Let AOB = .

= 122 + 122 2 ( 12 ) ( 12 ) Use the cosine formula c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C. Here

= 61.66 change your to radians.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

(a) Show that 4r2 + 4r 3 = 0.

(b) Find the two possible values of r.

Given that r is positive,

(c) find the sum to infinity of the series.

4r2 + 4r 3 = 0 (as required)

4r2 + 4r 3 =0 Factorize 4r2 + 4r 3. ac = 12. ( 2 ) + ( + 6 )

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Given that, in this expansion, the coefficients of x and x2 are equal,

(b) find the value of p,

(c) find the coefficient of x3.

= 1 + 7px + 21p2x2 + 35p3x3 +

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Draw a diagram. Perimeter of sector = 30cm, so arc length

8 = 14 Find the value of . Use L = r. Here L = 14 and r = 8 so

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Write down the exact value

(a) sin30 , (b) cos330 , (c) tan ( 60 ) .

cos 330 = cos 30 =

tan ( 60 ) = tan 60 60 is in the fourth quadrant.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

(b) Find the value of a and the value of b.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

In the diagram, A and B are points on

(a) Find the value of .

(b) Calculate the length of the minor

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

(a) Find the common ratio.

(b) Find the first term.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

Given that is an acute angle measured in degrees, express in term of cos2

(a) cos ( 360 + 2 ) , (b) cos ( 2 ) , (c) cos ( 180 2 )

cos ( 360 + 2 ) = cos 2 360 + 2 is in the first quadrant.

cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 2 is in the fourth quadrant.

cos ( 180 2 ) = cos 2 180 2 is in the second quadrant.

Pearson Education Ltd 2008

(a) Expand ( 1 2x ) 10 in ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x3.

= 1 20x + 180x2 960x3 +

Pearson Education Ltd 2008