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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 1

Question:

x2 2x 3
Simplify x2 7x + 12
.

Solution:

x2 2x 3
x2 7x + 12

=
(x3) (x+1) Factorise x2 2x 3:
(x3) (x4)
( 3) ( +1) = 3
( 3) + ( +1) = 2
so x2 2x 3 = ( x 3 ) ( x + 1 )
Factorise x2 7x + 12:
( 3 ) ( 4 ) = + 12
( 3) + ( 4) = 7
so x2 7x + 12 = ( x 3 ) ( x 4 )
x+1 Divide top and bottom by ( x 3 )
= x4

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 2

Question:

In ABC, AB = \ 5cm, ABC = 45 , BCA = 30 . Find the length of BC.

Solution:

Draw a diagram to show the given information

x \5 a c
=
Use the sine rule sinA
= sinC
, where a = x , c = \ 5 and
sinA sin30
C = 30
A + 30 + 45 = 180 Find angle A. The angles in a triangle add to 180 .
A = 105
x \5
so =
sin105 sin30

\ 5sin105 Multiply throughout by sin105

x=
sin30
= 4.32 Give answer to 3 significant figures

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 3

Question:

(a) Write down the value of log 381

(b) Express 2 log a4 + log a5 as a single logarithm to base a.

Solution:

(a)
log381 = log3 ( 3 4 ) Write 81 as a power of 3, 81 = 3 3 3 3 = 34.
= 4log33 Use the power law: loga ( xk ) = klogax , so that log3 ( 3
4 ) = 4log 3
3
=41 Use logaa = 1, so that log33 = 1.
=4

(b)
2loga4 + loga5
= loga42 + loga5 Use the power law: loga ( xk ) = klogax , so that
2loga4 = loga42
= loga ( 42 5 ) Use the, multiplication law: logaxy = logax + logay so
that loga42 + loga5 = loga ( 4 2 5 )
= loga80

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 4

Question:

P is the centre of the circle ( x 1 ) 2 + (y+4) 2 = 81.

Q is the centre of the circle ( x + 3 ) 2 + y2 = 36.

Find the exact distance between the points P and Q.

Solution:

( x 1 ) 2 + ( y + 4 ) 2 = 81
The Coordinates of P are ( 1 , 4 ) . Compare ( x 1 ) 2 + ( y + 4 ) 2 = 8 to ( x a )
2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2, where ( a , b ) is the centre.

( x + 3 ) 2 + y2 = 36
The Coordinates of Q are ( 3 , 0 ) . Compare ( x + 3 ) 2 + y2 = 36 to ( x a ) 2 +
( y b ) 2 = r2 where ( a , b ) is the centre.
PQ = \ ( 3 1 ) 2 + ( 0 use d = \ [ ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 , where
( 4) 2 ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 1 , 4 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 3 , 0 )
=\ ( 4) 2+ (4) 2
= \ 16 + 16
= \ 32

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 5

Question:

Divide 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x 15 by ( x + 3 ) .

Solution:

2x2 Start by dividing the first term of the polynomial by x, so

that 2x3 x = 2x2. Next multiply ( x + 3 ) by 2x2, so
x+3 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x 15
that 2x2 ( x + 3 ) = 2x3 + 6x2 . Now subtract, so that
2x3 + 6x2 ( 2x3 + 9x2 ) ( 2x3 + 6x2 ) = 3x2 . Copy + 4x.
3x2 + 4x

2x2 + 3x Repeat the method. Divide 3x2 by x, so that 3x2 x = 3x.

Multiply ( x + 3 ) by 3x, so that 3x ( x + 3 )
x+3 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x 15
= 3x2 + 9x . Subtract, so that ( 3x2 + 4x )
2x3 + 6x2 ( 3x2 + 9x ) = 5x . Copy 15
3x2 + 4x
3x2 + 9x
5x 15

2x2 + 3x 5 Repeat the method. Divide 5x by x, so that

5x x = 5. Multiply ( x + 3 ) by 5, so that
x+3 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x 15 5 ( x + 3 ) = 5x 15 . Subtract, so that
2x3 + 6x2 ( 5x 15 ) ( 5x 15 ) = 0 .
3x2 + 4x
3x2 + 9x
5x 15
5x 15
0
So 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x 15 ( x + 3 ) = 2x2 + 3x 5 .

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 6

Question:

1
In ABC, AB = 5cm, BC = 9cm and CA = 6cm. Show that cos TRS = 3 .

Solution:

Draw a diagram using the given data.

52 + 62 92 b2 + c 2 a2
cos BAC = Use the Cosine rule cosA = , where
256 2bc

25 + 36 81 A = BAC, a = 9 ( cm ) , b = 6 ( cm ) , c = 5
= 60 ( cm )
20
= 60
1
= 3

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 7

Question:

(a) Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of x for which 5x = 0.75

(b) Solve the equation 2 log 5x log 53x = 1

Solution:

(a)

5x = 0.75
log10 ( 5 x ) = log10 0.75 Take logs to base 10 of each side.

x log105 = log10 0.75 Use the Power law: loga ( xk ) = klogax so that log10 ( 5
x) = xlog105
log10 0.75 Divide both sides by log105
x = log105

= 0.179 Give answer to 3 significant figures

(b)
2log5x log53x =1 Use the Power law: loga ( xk ) = klogax so that
log5 ( x2 ) log53x = 1 2 log5x = log5 ( x2 )
x2 x
log5 ( ) =1 Use the division law: loga ( y
) = logax logby so
3x
x2
that log5 ( x2 ) log5 ( 3x ) = log5 ( ) .
3x
x x2 x
log5 ( 3
) =1 Simplify. Divide top and bottom by x, so that = .
3x 3

x Use logaa = 1, so that 1 = log55

log5 ( 3
) = log55

x Compare the logarithms, they each have the same base,

so 3
=5 x
so 3
= 5.
x = 15.

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 8

Question:

The circle C has equation ( x + 4 ) 2 + (y1) 2 = 25.

The point P has coordinates ( 1 , 5 ) .

(a) Show that the point P lies on the circumference of C.

(b) Show that the centre of C lies on the line x 2y + 6 = 0.

Solution:

(a)
Substitute ( 1 , 5 ) into ( x + 4 )
2 + ( y 1 ) 2 = 25.

( 1 + 4 ) 2 + ( 5 1 ) 2 = 32 + 42
= 9 + 16
= 25 as required Any point ( x , y ) on the circumference of a circle
so P lies on the circumference of the satisfies the equation of the circle.
circle.

(b)
The Centre of C is ( 4 , 1 ) Compare ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y 1 ) 2 = 25 to ( x a )
2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2 where ( a , b ) is the centre.

Substitute ( 4 , 1 ) into
x 2y + 6 = 0
( 4) 2(1) Any point ( x , y ) on a line satisfies the equation of the
+ 6 = 4 2 + 6 = 0 As required line.
so the centre of C lies on the line
x 2y + 6 = 0.

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
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Exercise A, Question 9

Question:

(a) Show that ( 2x 1 ) is a factor of 2x3 7x2 17x + 10.

(b) Factorise 2x3 7x2 17x + 10 completely.

Solution:

(a)
f ( x ) = 2x3 7x2 17x + 10
1 1 1 1 Use the remainder theorem: if f ( x ) is divided
f ( 2
) =2( 2
) 37( 2
) 2 17 ( 2
) b
by ( ax b ) , then the remainder is g ( a
) .
+ 10
Compare ( 2x 1 ) to ( ax b ) , so a = 2,
1 1 1
=2 7 17 + 10 1
8 4 2 b = 1 and the remainder is f ( ) .
2
1 7 17
= 4
4
2
+ 10

=0 The remainder = 0, so ( 2x 1 ) is a factor of

2x3 7x2 17x + 10.
so, ( 2x 1 ) is a factor of 2x3 7x2 17x + 10.

(b)

x2 3x 10 First divide 2x3 7x2 17x + 10 by

( 2x 1 ) .
2x 1 2x3 7x2 17x + 10
2x2 x2
6x2 17x
6x2 + 3x
20x + 10
20x 10
0
so 2x3 7x2 17x + 10 = ( 2x 1 ) Now factorise x2 3x 10:
( x2 3x 10 ) ( 5 ) ( + 2 ) = 10
= ( 2x 1 ) ( 5) + ( +2) = 3
.
(x5) (x+2) so x2 3x 10 = ( x 5 ) ( x + 2 ) .

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 10

Question:

In PQR, QR = 8 cm, PR = 6 cm and PQR = 40 .

Calculate the two possible values of QPR.

Solution:

Draw a diagram using the given data.

Let QPR =

sin sin 40 sin P sin Q

= Use p
= q
, where P = , p = 8 ( cm ) ,
8 6
Q = 40 , q = 6 ( cm ) .
= 59.0 and 121.0 As sin ( 180 ) = sin ,
= 180 59.0 = 121.0 is the other possible
answer.

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 11

Question:

(a) Express log 2

4a in terms of log 2a and log 2b.
b2

1
(b) Find the value of log 27 9
.

Solution:

(a) log
4a
2
b2
= log 24a log 2 ( b2 ) Use the division law: log a (
x
) = log ax log ay, so
y
4a
that log 2 ( ) = log 24a log 2b2.
b2

= log 24 + log 2a log 2 ( b2 ) Use the multiplication law: log a ( xy )

= log ax + log by , so that log 24a = log 24 + log 2a
= 2 + log 2a 2 log 2b Simplify log 24
log 24 = log 2 ( 22 )
= 2 log 22
=21
=2
Use the power law: log a ( xK ) = K log ax , so that log 2
( b2 ) = 2 log 2b .

(b)
1 log bx
1 log 10 ( ) Change the base of the logarithm. Use log ax = log ba
, so
log 27 ( ) = 9
9
log 10 ( 27 ) 1
1 log 10 ( )
2 that log 27 ( ) = 9 .
= 9
3 log 10 ( 27 )

Alternative method:

1 1 1
log 27 ( 9
) = log 27 ( 9 1 ) Use index rules: x 1 = x
, so that 9
=91
= log 27 ( 9 ) Use the power law log a ( xK ) = K log ax .

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= log 27 ( 3 2 )
= 2 log 27 ( 3 ) Use the power law log a ( xK ) = K log ax .
1 1
= 2 log 27 ( 27 3 ) 27 = 3 3 3, so 3 = 3\ 27 = 27 3

=
2
log 2727 Use the power law log a ( xK ) = K log ax .
3
2 Use log aa = 1, so that log 2727 = 1
= 3
1
2
= 3

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 12

Question:

The points L ( 3 , 1 ) and M ( 5 , 3 ) are the end points of a diameter of a circle, centre N.

(a) Find the exact length of LM.

(b) Find the coordinates of the point N.

(c) Find an equation for the circle.

Solution:

Draw a diagram using the given information

(a)
LM = \ ( 5 3 ) 2 + 3 ( 1 ) 2 Use d = \ [ ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 ] with
=\ (2) 2+ (4) 2 ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 3 , 1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 5 , 3 )
= \ 4 + 16
= \ 20

(b)
3+5 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
The Coordinates of N are ( 2
, Use ( , ) with ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 3 , 1 )
2 2
1+3 and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 5 , 3 ) .
2
) = (4,1) .

(c)
The equation of the Circle is Use ( x a ) 2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2 where ( a , b ) is the
\ 20
(x4) 2+ (y1) 2= ( 2
) centre and r is the radius. Here ( a , b ) = ( 4 , 1 ) and
\ 20
2 r= 2 .
\ 20 \ 20 \ 20 20
(x4) 2+ (y1) 2=5 ( 2
) 2= 2
2
= 4
=5

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 13

Question:

f ( x ) = 3x3 + x2 38x + c

Given that f ( 3 ) = 0 ,

(a) find the value of c,

(b) factorise f ( x ) completely,

(c) find the remainder when f ( x ) is divided by ( 2x 1 ) .

Solution:

f ( x ) = 3x3 + x2 38x + c

(a)
3 ( 3 ) 3 + ( 3 ) 2 38 ( 3 ) + c = 0 Substitute x = 3 into the polynomial.
3 27 + 9 114 + c = 0
c = 24
so f ( x ) = 3x3 + x2 38x + 24 .

(b)
f ( 3 ) = 0 , so ( x 3 ) is a factor of Use the factor theorem: If f ( p ) = 0 , then
3x3 + x2 38x + 24 ( x p ) is a factor of f ( x ) . Here p = 3

3x2 10x 8 First divide 3x3 + x2 38x + 24 by

(x3) .
x3 3x3 + x2 38x + 24
3x3 9x2
10x2 38x
10x2 30x
8x 24
8x + 24
0
= (x3) Now factorise 3x2 + 10x 8. ac = 24 and
so 3x3 + x2 38x + 24
( 3x2 + 10x 8 ) ( 2 ) + ( + 12 ) = + 10 ( = b ) so
= ( x 3 ) ( 3x 2 ) 3x2 + 10x 8 = 3x2 2x + 12x 8.
(x+4) . = x ( 3x 2 ) + 4 ( 3x 2 )
= ( 3x 2 ) ( x + 4 )

(c)
The remainder when f ( x ) is divided by ( 2x 1 ) Use the rule that if f ( x ) is divided by
is f ( ) a
( ax b ) then the remainder is f ( b ) .

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f ( ) = 3 ( ) 3 + ( ) 2 38 ( )
+ 24
3 1
= + 19 + 24
8 4
5
=5
8

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 14

Question:

In ABC, AB = 5cm, BC = ( 2x 3 ) cm , CA = ( x + 1 ) cm and ABC = 60 .

(a) Show that x satisfies the equation x2 8x + 16 = 0.

(b) Find the value of x.

(c) Calculate the area of the triangle, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

Solution:

(a)
Draw a diagram using the given data.

( x + 1 ) 2 = ( 2x 3 ) 2 + 52 2 ( 2x 3 ) Use the cosine rule:

5 cos 60 b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B, where a =
( 2x 3 ) cm , b = ( x + 1 ) cm ,
c = 5cm, B = 60 .
( x + 1 ) 2 = ( 2x 3 ) 2 + 52 5 ( 2x 3 ) cos 60 =
1
, so 2 ( 2x 3 )
2
5 cos 60
1
= 2 ( 2x 3 ) 5 2
= 5 ( 2x 3 )
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4x2 12x + 9 + 52 10x + 15
3x2 24x + 48 = 0
x2 8x + 16 = 0

(b)

x2 8x + 16 =0 Factorize x2 8x + 16 = 0
(x4) (x4) =0 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) = + 16
( 4) + ( 4) = 8
x=4 so x2 8x + 16 = ( x 4 ) ( x 4 )

(c)

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Draw the diagram using x = 4

1 1
Area = 2
5 5 sin 60 Use Area = 2
ac sin B, where

= 10.8cm2 a = 5cm, c = 5cm, B = 60

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 15

Question:

(a) Solve 0.62x = 0.8, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(b) Find the value of x in log x243 = 2.5

Solution:

(a) 0.62x = 0.8

log 100.62x
= log 100.8 Take logs to base 10 of each side.
2x log 100.6 = log 100.8 Use the power law: log a ( xK ) = K log ax , so that
log 100.62x = 2x log 100.6.
log 100.8 Divide throughout by log 100.6
2x = log 100.6

1 log 100.8
x = 2
( log 100.6
)

= 0.218

(b)
log x243 = 2.5
log 10243 log bx
log 10x
= 2.5 Change the base of the logarithm. Use log ax = log ba
, so
log 10243
that log x243 = log 10x
.

log 10243 Rearrange the equation for x.

log 10x =
2.5
log 10243
log an = x means that ax = n, so log 10x = C means
so x = 10 ( 2.5
)
log 10243
x = 10c, where c = .
=9 2.5

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Exercise A, Question 16

Question:

Show that part of the line 3x + y = 14 forms a chord to the circle ( x 2 ) 2 + (y3) 2 = 5 and find the length of this
chord.

Solution:

(x2) 2+ (y3) 2 =5 Solve the equations simultaneously.

3x + y = 14
y = 14 3x
( x 2 ) 2 + ( 14 3x 3 ) 2 = 5 Rearrange 3x + y = 14 for y and substitute into ( x 2 ) 2 +
( y 3 ) 2 = 5.
( x 2 ) 2 + ( 11 3x ) 2 = 5 Expand and simplify.
(x2) 2 = x2 4x + 4
( 11 3x ) 2 = 121 66x + 9x2
x2 4x + 4 + 121 66x + 9x2 = 5
10x2 70x + 120 = 0 Divide throughout by 10
x2 7x + 12 = 0
Factorize x2 7x + 12 = 0
( 4 ) ( 3 ) = + 12
(x3) (x4)
=0 ( 4) + ( 3) = 7
so x2 7x + 12 = ( x 3 ) ( x 4 )
so x = 3 , x = 4 Two values of x, so two points of intersection.
So part of the line forms a chord to the
Circle .
When x = 3 , y = 14 3 ( 3 ) Find the coordinates of the points where the line meets the
circle. Substitute x = 3 into y = 14 3x. Substitute x = 4 into
= 14 9 y = 14 3x
=5
When x = 4 , y = 14 3 ( 4 )
= 14 12
=2
So the line meets the chord at the points
(3,5) and (4,2).
The distance between these points is
\ (43) 2+ = \ 12 + Find the distance between the points (3,5) and (4,2) use
(25) 2 ( 3) 2 \ ( ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 ) with ( x1 , y1 ) =
= \1+9 ( 3 , 5 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4 , 2 ) .
= \ 10

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Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 17

Question:

g ( x ) = x3 13x + 12

(a) Find the remainder when g ( x ) is divided by ( x 2 ) .

(b) Use the factor theorem to show that ( x 3 ) is a factor of g ( x ) .

(c) Factorise g ( x ) completely.

Solution:

(a) g ( x ) = x3 13x + 12
g ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) 3 13 ( 2 ) + 12 Use the remainder theorem: If g(x) is divided by ( ax b ) ,
b
= 8 26 + 12 then the remainder is g ( ) . Compare ( x 2 ) to
a
= 6. 2
( ax b ) , so a = 1, b = 2 and the remainder is g ( 1
) , ie g
(2).

(b)
g ( 3 ) = ( 3 ) 3 13 ( 3 ) + 12 Use the factor theorem: If g ( p ) = 0 , then ( x p ) is a factor
of g(x). Here p = 3
= 27 29 + 12
=0
so ( x 3 ) is a factor of
x3 13x + 12.

(c)

x2 + 3x 4 First divide x3 13x + 12 by ( x 3 ) . Use 0x2 so that the

sum is laid out correctly
x 3 ) x3 + 0x2 13x + 12
x3 3x2
3x2 13x
3x2 9x
4x + 12
4x + 12
0
so x3 13x + 12 = ( x 3 ) Factorize x2 + 3x 4:
( x2 + 3x 4 ) ( +4) ( 1) = 4
( +4) + ( 1) = +3
= ( x 3 ) ( x + 4 ) ( x 1 ). so x2 + 3x 4 = ( x + 4 ) ( x 1 ) .

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Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 18

Question:

The diagram shows ABC, with

BC = x m, CA = ( 2x 1 ) m and
BCA = 30 .

Given that the area of the triangle is

2.5 m2,

(a) find the value of x,

(b) calculate the length of the line AB,

giving your answer to 3 significant
figures.

Solution:

(a)
1 Here a = x ( m ) , b = ( 2x 1 ) ( m ) and angle
x ( 2x 1 ) sin 30 = 2.5 1
2
C = 30 , so use area = 2
ab sin C.
1 1 1
2
x ( 2x 1 ) 2
= 2.5 sin 30 = 2
x ( 2x 1 ) = 10 Multiply both side by 4
2x2 x 10 = 0 Expand the brackets and rearrange into the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
( x + 2 ) ( 2x 5 ) = 0 Factorize 2x2 x 10 = 0 : ac = 20 and ( + 4 ) +
( 5 ) = 1 so
5
x = 2 and x = 2x2 x 10 = 2x2 + 4x 5x 10
2
= 2x ( x + 2 ) 5 ( x + 2 )
= ( x + 2 ) ( 2x 5 )
so x = 2.5 m x = 2 is not feasible for this problem as BC would
have a negative length.

(b)
Draw the diagram using x = 2.5 m

x2 = 2.52 + 42 2 2.5 4 cos 30 Use the cosine rule c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C, where

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x = 2.22 m c = x ( m ) , a = 2.5 ( m ) , b = 4 ( m ) , C = 30

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 19

Question:

(a) Solve 32x 1 = 10, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(b) Solve log 2x + log 2 ( 9 2x ) = 2

Solution:

(a)
32x 1 = 10
log 10 ( 3 2x 1 ) = log 1010 Take logs to base 10 of each side.
( 2x 1 ) log 103 = 1 Use the power law: log a ( xK ) = K log ax , so that log 10 ( 3
2x 1 ) = ( 2x 1 ) log 3 . Use log a = 1 so that
10 a
log 1010 = 1
1 Rearrange the expression, divide both sides by log 103.
2x 1 = log 103

1 Add 1 to both sides.

2x = log 103 +1

1 Divide both sides by 2

+1
x= log 103

2
x = 1.55

(b)
log 2x + log 2 ( 9 2x ) = 2
log 2x ( 9 2x ) = 2 Use the multiplication law: log a ( xy ) = log ax + log ay so
that log 2x + log 2 ( 9 2x ) = log 2x ( 9 2x ) .
so x ( 9 2x ) = 2 2 log an = x means ax = n so log 2x ( 9 2x ) = 2 means
x ( 9 2x ) = 4 22 = x ( 9 2x )
9x 2x2 = 4
2x2 9x + 4 = 0
( x 4 ) ( 2x 1 ) = 0 Factorise 2x2 9x + 4 = 0 ac = 8, and ( 8 ) + ( 1 ) =
9 so
1 2x2 9x + 4
x = 4, x = 2 = 2x2 8x x + 4
= 2x ( x 4 ) 1 ( x 4 )
= ( x 4 ) ( 2x 1 )

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 20

Question:

Prove that the circle ( x + 4 ) 2 + (y5) 2 = 82 lies completely inside the circle x2 + y2 + 8x 10y = 59.

Solution:

(a)
x2 + y2 + 8x 10y = 59 Write this circle in the form ( x a ) 2 + ( y b )
2 = r2

x2 + 8x + y2 10y = 59 Rearrange the equation to bring the x terms together and

the y terms together.
( x + 4 ) 2 16 + ( y 5 ) 2 25 = 59 Complete the square, use x2 + 2ax = ( x + a ) 2 a2
(x+4) 2+ (y5) where a = 4, so that x2 + 8x = ( x + 4 ) 2 42 , and
2 = 100 where a = 5, so that x2 10x = ( x 5 ) 2 52 .
(x+4) 2+ (y5)
2 = 102
The centre and radius of x2 + y2 + 8x Compare ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = 100 to ( x a )
10y = 59 are ( 4 , 5 ) and 10. 2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2, where (a,b) is the centre and r is
the radius. Here ( a , b ) = ( 4 , 5 ) and r = 10.
The centre and radius of ( x + 4 ) 2 + Compare ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = 82 to ( x a )
( y 5 ) 2 = 82 are ( 4 , 5 ) and 8. 2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2, where (a,b) is the centre and r is
the radius. Here ( a , b ) = ( 4 , 5 ) and r = 8.
Both circles have the same centre, but
each has a different radius. So, ( x + 4 )
2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = 82 lies completely

inside x2 + y2 + 8x 10y = 59.

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 21

Question:

f ( x ) = x3 + ax + b , where a and b are constants.

When f ( x ) is divided by ( x 4 ) the remainder is 32.

When f ( x ) is divided by ( x + 2 ) the remainder is 10.

(a) Find the value of a and the value of b.

(b) Show that ( x 2 ) is a factor of f ( x ) .

Solution:

(a)
f ( 4 ) = 32 Use the remainder theorem: If f ( x ) is divided by ( ax
b
so, ( 4 ) 3 + 4a + b = 32 b ) , then the remainder is f ( a
) . Compare ( x 4 ) to
4a + b = 32 ( ax b ) , so a = 1 , b = 4 and the remainder is f ( 4 ) .
f ( 2 ) = 10 , Use the remainder theorem: Compare ( x + 2 ) to ( ax
so ( 2 ) 3 + a ( 2 ) + b = 32 b ) , so a = 1 , b = 2 and the remainder is f ( 2 ) .
8 2a + b = 32
2a + b = 40
Solve simultaneously
4a + b = 32 Eliminate b: Subtract the equations, so ( 4a + b ) (
2a + b = 40 2a + b ) = 6a and ( 32 ) ( 40 ) = 72
6a = 72
so a = 12
Substitute a = 12 into 4a + b =
32
4 ( 12 ) + b = 32 Substitute a = 12 into one of the equations. Here we use
48 + b = 32 4a + b = 32
b = 16
Substitute the values of a and b into the other equation to
check the answer. Here we use 2a + b = 40
Check 2a + b = 40
2 ( 12 ) + 16 = 24 + 16 = 40
( correct )
so a = 12 , b = 16.
so f ( x ) = x3 12x + 16

(b)
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) 3 12 ( 2 ) + 16 Use the factor theorem : If f ( p ) = 0 , then ( x p ) is a
factor of f ( x ) . Here p = 2.

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= 8 24 + 16
=0
so ( x 2 ) is a factor of x3 12x + 16

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 22

Question:

Ship B is 8km, on a bearing of 30 , from ship A.

Ship C is 12 km, on a bearing of 140 , from ship B.

(a) Calculate the distance of ship C from ship A.

(b) Calculate the bearing of ship C from ship A.

Solution:

(a)
Draw a diagram using the given data.

Find the angle ABC: Angles on a straight line add to

180 , so 140 + 40 = 180 . Alternate angles are
equal ( = 30 ) so ABC = 30 + 40 = 70

x2 = 82 + 122 2 8 12 cos 70 You have a = 12 ( km ) , c = 8 ( km ) , b = x

( km ) , B = 70 . Use the cosine rule b2 = a2 + c2
2ac cos B
x = 11.93 km
The distance of ship C from ship A is
11.93 km.

(b)
sin 70 sin A Find the bearing of C from A. First calculate the angle
= sin B sin A
11.93 12
BAC ( = A ) . Use = , where B = 70 ,
b 12
A = 70.9 b = x = 11.93 ( km ) , a = 12 ( km )
The Bearing of ship C from Ship A is 30 + 70.9 = 100.9
100.9

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 23

Question:

(a) Express log p12

1
log p9 +
1
log p8
as a single logarithm to base p.
2 3

(b) Find the value of x in log 4x = 1.5

Solution:

(a) log p12

1 log p9 +
2
log p8

2
3

1 K
= log p12 2
( log p9 + log p ( 8 Use the power low: log a ( x ) = K log ax , so that
2
2/3 ) ) 3
log p8 = log p ( 8 2 / 3 ) .
1
= log p12 2
( log p9 + log p4 ) 82 / 3 = ( 8 1 / 3 ) 2 = 22 = 4
1 Use the multiplication law: log a ( xy ) = log ax + log ay , so
= log p12 2
log p36
that log p9 + log p4 = log p ( 9 4 ) = log p36
= log p12 log p ( 36 1 / 2 ) Use the power law: log a ( xk ) = k log ax , so that
1
2
log p36 = log p ( 36 1 / 2 ) = log p6
= log p12 log p6 x
Use the division law: log a ( y
) = log ax log by, so that
12
= log p ( ) 12
6 log p12 log p6 = log p ( 6
) = log p2
= log p2

(b) log 4x = 1.5

log 10x log 10x
= 1.5 Change the base of the logarithm. Use log ax = , so that
log 104 log 10a
log 10x
log 4x = log 104
.

log 10x = 1.5 log 104 Multiply throughout by log 104

x = 10 1.5 log 104 log an = x means ax = n, so log 10x = c means x = 10c, where
= 0.125 c = 1.5 log 104.

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 24

Question:

The point P ( 4 , 2 ) lies on a circle, centre C ( 1 , 5 ) .

(a) Find an equation for the circle.

(b) Find an equation for the tangent to the circle at P.

Solution:

Draw a diagram using the given information

Let CP = r

(a)
( x 1 ) 2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = r2 Use ( x a ) 2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2 where ( a , b ) is the
centre of the circle. Here ( a , b ) = ( 1 , 5 ) .
r=\ (41) 2+ ( 25) 2
= \ 32 + ( 7 ) 2 Use d = \ ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 where ( x1 , y1 )
= \ 9 + 49 = ( 1 , 5 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4 , 2 ) .
= \ 58
The equation of the circle is
( x 1 ) 2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = ( \ 58 ) 2
( x 1 ) 2 + ( y 5 ) 2 = 58

(b)
25 7 y2 y1
The gradient of CP is 41
= 3 Use , where ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 1 , 5 ) and ( x2 , y2 )
x2 x1
= (4, 2) .
3 The tangent at P is perpendicular to the gradient at P. Use
So the gradient of the tangent is 7 1
1 7 3
m
. Here m = 3
so (
7
)
= 7
3

The equation of the tangent at P is Use y y1 = m ( x x1 ) , where ( x1 , y , ) = ( 4 ,

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3 3
y+2= (x4) 2 ) and m = .
7 7

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 25

Question:

The remainder when x3 2x + a is divided by ( x 1 ) is equal to the remainder when 2x3 + x a is divided by
( 2x + 1 ) . Find the value of a.

Solution:

f ( x ) = x3 2x + a Use the remainder theorem: If f ( x ) is divided by ax b,

b
then the remainder is f ( ) . Compare ( x 1 ) to
g ( x ) = 2x3 + x a a
ax b, so a = 1, b = 1 and the remainder is f ( 1 ) .
1 Use the remainder theorem: If g ( x ) is divided by ax b,
f (1) =g( 2
) b
then the remainder is g ( a
) . Compare ( 2x + 1 ) to
1
ax b, so a = 2, b = 1 and the remainder is g ( 2
)
The remainders are equal so f ( 1 ) = g ( 1 / 2 ) .
1
(1) 32(1) +a=2( )
2
3 1
+ ( 2
) a
1 1 1 1
12+a= 4
2
a ( 2
) 3 = 8
1 1 1
2a = 4 2 =
8 4
1
so a = 8
.

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 26

Question:

The diagram shows ABC.

Calculate the area of ABC.

Solution:

sin BDA sin 40 sin D sin A

= In ABD, use d
= a
, where
4.3 3.5

4.3 sin 40
D = BDA, d = 4.3, A = 40 , a = 3.5.
sin BDA =
3.5

BDA = 52.16
ABD = 180 ( 52.16 + 40 ) Angles in a triangle sum to 180 .

= 87.84
AD 3.5 b a
= In ABD, use sin B
= sin A
, where
sin 87.84 sin 40

3.5 sin 87.84 b = AD, B = 87.84 , a = 3.5, A = 40 .

AD = sin 40

= 5.44 cm
AC = AD + DC = 5.44 + 8.6
= 14.04
1 1
Area of ABC = 4.3 14.04 sin 40 In ABC, use Area =
2
bc sin A where
2
b = 14.04, c = 4.3, A = 40 .
= 19.4 cm2

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 27

Question:

Solve 32x + 1 + 5 = 16 ( 3x ) .

Solution:

32x + 1 + 5 = 16 ( 3 x ) Use the rules for indices: am an = am + n, so that

3 ( 3 2x ) + 5 = 16 ( 3 x ) 32x + 1 = 32x 31
3 ( 3 x ) 2 + 5 = 16 ( 3 x ) = 3 ( 3 2x ) .

let y = 3x Also, ( am ) n = amn, so that 32x = ( 3 x ) 2.

so 3y2 + 5 = 16y
3y2 16y + 5 =0 Factorise 3y2 16y + 5 = 0. ac = 15 and ( 15 ) +
( 3y 1 ) ( y 5 ) = 0 ( 1 ) = 16 , so that
1
3y2 16y + 5 = 3y2 15y y + 5
y= 3
, y=5 = 3y ( y 5 ) 1 ( y 5 )
1 = ( y 5 ) ( 3y 1 )
Now 3x = 3
, so x = 1.

and 3x = 5,
log 10 ( 3 x ) = log 105 Take logarithm to base 10 of each side.
x log 103 = log 105 Use the power law: log a ( xK ) = K log ax , so that
log 10 ( 3 x ) = x log 103
log 105 Divide throughout by log 103
x =
log 103

= 1.46
so x = 1 and x = 1.46

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Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 28

Question:

The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A ( 2 , 5 ) , B ( 0 , 2 ) and C ( 4 , 0 ) .

Find the value of cos ABC.

Solution:

Draw a diagram using the given information.

AB2 = ( 2 0 ) 2 + ( 5 2 ) 2 Use d2 = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 , with

= 22 + 32 ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 0 , 2 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 , 5 ) .
=4+9
= 13
BC2 = ( 0 4 ) 2 + ( 2 0 ) 2 Use d2 = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 with
= ( 4) 2+ (2) 2 ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 4 , 0 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 0 , 2 ) .
= 16 + 4
= 20
CA2 = ( 4 2 ) 2 + ( 0 5 ) 2 Use d2 = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 with
= 22 + ( 5 ) 2 ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2 , 5 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 4 , 0 ) .
= 4 + 25
= 29
AB2 + BC2 AC2 a2 + c2 b2
cos ABC = Use cos B = , where B = ABC,
2 AB BC 2ac
13 + 20 29 a = BC , c = AB , b = AC
= 2\ 13\ 20

ABC = 82.9

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 29

Question:

Solve the simultaneous equations

4 log 9x + 4 log 3y = 9

6 log 3x + 6 log 27y =7

Solution:

4 log 9x + 4 log 3y = 9 log bx

Change the base of the logarithm, use log ax = log ba
, so
log 3x
4 log 39
+ 4 log 3y = 9 log 3x
that log 9x = log 39
.

2 log 3x + 4 log 3y = 9 log 39 = log 3 ( 3 2 )

= 2 log 33 = 2 1 = 2
4 log 3x 4 log 3x
= = 2 log 3x
log 39 2

6 log 3x + 6 log 27y = 7 log bx

Change the base of the logarithm, use log ax = log ba
, so
6 log 3y
6 log 3x + log 327
=7 log 3y
that log 27y = log 327

6 log 3x + 2 log 3y = 7 log 327 = log 3 ( 3 3 )

= 3 log 33
=31=3
6 log 3y 6 log 3y
so log 327
=
3

= 2 log 3y
Solve & simultaneously.
Let log 3x = X and log 3y = Y
so 2X + 4Y = 9
6X + 2Y = 7
6X + 12Y = 27 Multiply throughout by 3
6X + 2Y = 7
10Y = 20
Y=2
Sub Y = 2 into 2X + 4Y = 9

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2X + 4 ( 2 ) = 9
2X + 8 =9
2X =1
1
X =
2

Check sub X =
1
2
and Y = 2 into 6x + 2y = 7
1
6( ) +2(2)
2
= 3 + 4 = 7 ( correct )
1
so ( X = ) log 3x =
2

i.e. x = 31 / 2 log an = x means ax = n, so log 3x =

1
means x = 31 / 2.
2
and ( Y = ) log 3y = 2
i.e. y = 32 = 9 log an = x means ax = n, so log 3y = 2 means y = 32
so (x,y) = (31/2,9)

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 30

Question:

The line y = 5x 13 meets the circle ( x 2 ) 2 + (y+3) 2 = 26 at the points A and B.

(a) Find the coordinates of the points A and B.

M is the midpoint of the line AB.

(b) Find the equation of the line which passes through M and is perpendicular to the line AB. Write your answer in the
form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.

Solution:

(a)
y = 5x 13
(x2) 2+
( y + 3 ) 2 = 26
(x2) 2+ Solve the equations simultaneously. Substitute y = 5x 13
( 5x 13 + 3 ) 2 = 26 into ( x 2 ) 2 + ( y + 3 ) 2 = 26.
(x2) 2+ Expand and Simplify
( 5x 10 ) 2 = 26
x2 4x + 4 + 25x2 100x + 100 = 26
26x2 104x + 78 = 0 Divide throughout by 26
2
x2 4x + 3 = 0 Factorise x 4x + 3.
(x3) ( 3) ( 1) = +3
(x1) =0 ( 3) + ( 1) = 4
x=3,x=1 so x2 4x + 3 = ( x 3 ) ( x 1 )
When x = 1 , y = 5 ( 1 ) 13 Find the Corresponding y coordinates. Substitute x = 1 into
= 5 13 y = 5x 13.
= 8
When x = 3 , y = 5 ( 3 ) 13 Substitute x = 3 into y = 5x 13
= 15 13
=2
So the coordinates of the points of
intersection are ( 1 , 8 ) and
(3,2) .

(b)
1+3 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
The Midpoint of AB is ( 2
, Use ( , ) with ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 1 , 8 )
2 2
8+2 and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 3 , 2 )
2
) = ( 2 , 3 ).

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The gradient of the line perpendicular The gradient of the line perpendicular to y = mx + c is
1 1
to y = 5x 13 is 5 m
. Here m = 5.
1 1
so, y + 3 = 5
(x2) Use y y1 = m ( x x1 ) with m = 5 and ( x1 , y1 ) =
(2, 3)
5y + 15 = 1 ( x 2 ) Clear the fraction. Multiply each side by 5.
5y + 15 = x + 2
x + 5y + 13 = 0

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Solutionbank C1
Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-Level
Algebra and functions
Exercise A, Question 31

Question:

The circle C has equation x2 + y2 10x + 4y + 20 = 0.

Find the length of the tangent to C from the point ( 4 , 4 ) .

Solution:

The angle between a tangent and a radius is a right-angle, so form a right-angled triangle with the tangent, the radius and
the distance between the centre of the circle and the point ( 4 , 4 ) .

x2 + y2 10x + 4y + 20 = 0
( x 5 ) 2 25 + ( y + 2 ) 2 4 = 20 Find the equation of the tangent in the
(x5) 2+ (y+2) 2=9 form ( x a ) 2 + ( y b ) 2 = r2
So circle has centre ( 5 , 2 ) and radius 3
\ (5 4) 2+ ( 24) 2 Calculate the distance between the centre
of
= \ 81 + 36 = \ 117 the circle and ( 4 , 4 )
Therefore 117 = 32 + x2 Using Pythagoras
x2 = 108
x = \ 108

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