Hempcrete as a Sustainable Building Material

Joseph Updike

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

ASCE Student Member 7296671

501 E. Saint Joseph St.

Rapid City, SD 57701

605-890-3981

[email protected]
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Hempcrete as a Sustainable Building Material

Joseph Updike (1) and Timothy Felker (2)

(1) Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota

School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

(2) Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota

School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

Abstract

This paper examines the research behind the use of hempcrete, which is a bio-aggregate concrete made

from lime and hemp shiv. Hempcrete is a sustainable building material that is made with a low

environmental impact that removes waste production, decreases both energy use and the consumption of

natural resources. Hempcrete locks CO2 within its fibers, has low thermal conductivity, and exceptional

acoustic performance and vapor permeability, which regulates the temperature inside structures. Some

drawbacks to the use of hempcrete include its capacity to retain water, which can cause swelling and bio-

decay of the material, as well as poor mechanical performance which currently prevents it from use as a

load bearing material. However, some research asserts that the mechanical performance can be increased,

depending on what binder is used.

Keywords hempcrete, bio-aggregate, eco-efficiency, sustainability, bio-concrete

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Table of Contents

Introduction...4

1.0 Eco-Efficiency & Hempcrete........5

2.0 Use and Benefits of Hempcrete6

3.0 Drawbacks of Hempcrete.............7

4.0 Conclusion ...11

5.0 Acknowledgements...12

6.0 References.12

List of Figures

Figure 1: Hempcrete Block...6

Figure 2: Noise Reduction Coefficients of Common Building Materials................................................8

Figure 3: Flexural Stress of hemp/rHDPE composite at various fiber fraction along with pure rHDPE...10
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Introduction

The construction industry must currently deal with a number of issues affecting the environment.

Among these are climate change, the consumption of natural resources, non-biodegradable waste

production, and the overall quality of living. In addition, the inefficient use of energy in the construction

sector add significantly to these factors. As of 2008, residential and commercial structures were

responsible for nearly 40% of US energy consumption, in addition to contributing up to 38% of all CO2

emissions (Tatari and Kucukvar, 2012). Though these statistics seem daunting, the past several decades

have produced a shift in both policy and methods to devise a more sustainable approach to construction.

Some examples of this include the recycling initiative, which helps decrease the industrial impact on the

environment. In addition, alternative materials, such as bio-aggregates, are being researched for the same

purpose. Thus far, one of the most promising materials has been hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.). Hemp is both

an agricultural and industrial commodity, highlighted by its usefulness as a sustainable resource for an

estimated twenty-five thousand different products (Johnson, 2015), in addition to its ability to absorb

carbon dioxide while it is being grown. However, as it more specifically relates to the field of civil

engineering, hemp can be mixed with lime to form a bio-aggregate concrete, known as hempcrete.

Hempcrete is a lightweight concrete, made from hemp pulp (or shiv), and hydraulic or aerated

lime. It is typically used for timber frame infill, roofing tiles, insulation, renders, and floor slabs.

Although hempcrete cannot provide enough structural integrity to be used as a load-bearing material, it

can, however, make up for its mechanical drawbacks through functionality and environmental benefits.

For instance, hempcrete exhibits a low thermal conductivity (= 0.10.2 W/mK) that regulates the

temperature and humidity levels within a dwelling, a high acoustic performance when compared to

traditional concretes, and an exceptional resistance to fire without the need for fire-preventative measures

(Arizzi et al, 2015).

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As this paper will show, hempcrete is characterized as a sustainable and practical building

material. While hempcrete does have drawbacks in mechanical performance, it remains an underused,

untapped resource that can be used to lower the impact the construction sector has on the environment.

1.0 Eco-Efficiency and Hempcrete

Since the bulk of sustainable infrastructure will be implemented by civil engineers, there needs to

be a defined context for eco-efficiency. This can be accomplished on an ethical basis. According to the

ASCE Code of Ethics (1.f), Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by adherence

to the principles of sustainable development so as to enhance the quality of life of the general public.

While this seems to be an invariably broad definition, it is useful as a conceptualization of what needs to

be accomplished. In addition, it effectively relays the innovative role that civil engineers will play in

regard to eco-efficiency.

A more specific criteria for eco-efficiency entails the following characteristics (Omer and

Kucukvar, 2012):

Sustainability of the material: This entails the use of Life Cycle Analysis to determine the

durability of the material. In addition, we include how it affects the decrease in

consumption of natural resources.

Reduction of Pollutants: Non-biodegradable and toxic waste production, emission of

greenhouse gases, and water contamination is to be objectively avoided.

Retention of economic value: Regarding the use of sustainable building materials, the

goal of engineering remains the same in regard to the efficient and practical

implementation of services.
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2.0 Hempcrete as an Eco-Material

In light of this, eco-efficiency can have a more hands-on application in the form of an eco-

material, or rather, a material that exhibits the qualities of eco-efficiency. This definition sets the context

for the use of hempcrete, which is to be defined as an eco-material. A picture of a hempcrete block is

shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Hempcrete Block (Geiger, 2011).

2.1 An Agricultural Commodity

First off, it is worth noting hemps sustainability as an agricultural commodity, which aids in

decreasing the consumption of natural resources. For instance, the seeding/harvesting time gap of hemp

ranges from 70-140 days (Johnson, 2015), and has a maximum yield of 170 bushels per acre (Williams

and Mundell, 2015), characterizing hemp as a quickly renewable substance. In addition, while hemp is

being grown, it absorbs large amounts of CO2, which reduces the greenhouse gas emissions associated

with the manufacturing process of tradition concrete.

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2.2 Application of Hempcrete

In the construction phase, hempcrete is most commonly used for a timber frame infill, which is

built using a removable formwork mold, such as a plastic casing. The hempcrete is poured between the

two formwork plates into a dismountable mold. Each layer is carefully leveled when placed in the mold,

around 20 cm in thickness for each addition. This infill consists of a density at 400 kg/m3, and a thermal

conductivity () of 0.1 W/m.K, at 0% RH. Alternatively, hemp can be applied as roofing insulation with a

density of 200-250 kg/m3 (=.06 W/(m.K), at 0% RH), as well as a floor application, where the density

becomes 500 kg/m3 (=0.12 W/(m.K) at 0% RH). The walling and roofing applications must meet a

minimum compressive strength greater than .2 MPa, and .05 MPa, respectively, with an elastic modulus

greater than 15 MPa for walls, 3 MPa for the roofing application, and 20 MPa for flooring (Lanos, et al,

2013).

The most complicated process of the mix design is getting the correct ratio between the fluid

phases, air and water, and the solid phases, hemp shiv and the binder. For instance, an example of a

walling application would include 100 liters of hemp shiv, 22 kg of Tradical PF70 lime, and 30-35 kg

of water (Lanos et al, 2013). However, this is an area for future research, as the type of binder that is used

can have different effects on the overall performance of the material.

2.3 Vapor Permeability

Hempcrete is a highly breathable material, which allows for the regulation of indoor temperature

and humidity. This is mainly caused by the porosity of hempcrete, which allows the transfer of water

vapor with the surrounding air. This phenomenon occurs at times of high humidity, allowing the vapor to

condense back into the liquid state and coming to rest on the surface of the pores. This process can be

reversed in times of low humidity, essentially acting as a natural humidifier. Consequently, this has an

interesting effect on the thermal conductivity of hempcrete. As the physical states of water (which has a
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heat conductivity of =0.6 W/m.K) alternate from liquid to vapor, it will actually modify the specific heat

and thermal conductivity of hempcrete (normally = 0.1 W/m.K). This works to regulate the indoor

temperature, reducing the need for heating and cooling systems, in addition to lending the material greater

insulation capacity, while maintaining the quality of the air. (Arnaud, et al, 2013).

2.4 Acoustic Absorption

Acoustic absorption contributes to the economic value of the material. Having a high noise

reduction coefficient (NRC) signifies the reduction of general dwelling noises, allowing for greater

comfort. According to the current standards, perfect absorption is given a coefficient of 1 NRC, while

perfect reflection is signified by 0 NRC. Having a mean NRC of .69 (Abbott, 2014), acoustic absorption

is something that hempcrete is well suited for. Figure 2 compares the NRC of hempcrete to several

common materials used in houses.

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
NRC

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Hempcrete Foam: Sonex Carpet on Glass Wood on Concrete or
2" Concrete Joists Tile
Materials

Figure 2: Noise Reduction Coefficients of Common Building Materials (BEMBook, 2013).

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3.0 Drawbacks to the Use of Hempcrete

Despite its many benefits, hempcrete does have several key drawbacks that make it less than ideal as

a building material. For instance, the porous structure of the hempcrete decreases its mechanical

performance, and increases its ability to retain water (Arizzi et al, 2015). Though these issues are not so

befouling as to prevent the use of hempcrete within the construction sector altogether, they do, however,

provide strong limitations regarding what it can be used for.

3.1 Mechanical Drawbacks

The most significant setback of hempcrete is its poor mechanical performance, which prevents

hemp from being used as a load-bearing material. This is due primarily to the fact that hempcrete is

highly porous, causing a poor adhesion to the lime binder that results in an elastic-like behavior (Arnaud

et al, 2013). Theoretically, this can be a useful trait in some situations, such as earthquakes, in which the

material can bend without compromising its structure or cracking. On the other hand, it does cause

hempcrete to deform a significant amount under stress. However, recent experimentation has indicated

that this can be avoided.

A recent study utilized a recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) in order to increase the

mechanical strength of hempcrete. Following an alkali treatment, which consisted in dousing the hemp

fiber in a 5% NaOH solution, the material was then coated with the polyethylene composite, resulting in

increased surface coarseness and surface area. This allowed for greater adhesion to the binder. The result

of the study indicated that a composite of 40% hemp fiber and 60% rHDPE volume yielded an ultimate

tensile strength of 60.2 MPa (Lu and Korman, 2013). Figure 3 shows the flexural stress of this composite.
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Figure 3: Felxural stress of hemp/rHDPE composite at various fiber fraction along with pure

rHDPE (Lu and Korman, 2013).

3.2 Water Retention

In addition to poor mechanical performance, hempcrete also has a high capacity to absorb and

retain water. Although this can be of benefit to the agricultural process, in that it decreases the irrigation

requirements of the hemp crop, it can be a significant detriment to its use as a construction material. For

instance, the hemp shiv is able to absorb up to 300-400 times its weight in water (Arizzi et al, 2015).

While the study did indicate that this characteristic can be of some benefit in regard to the vapor

permeability of the material, the problem comes when hempcrete undergoes water absorption for an

elongated amount of time without proper ventilation. When this occurs, the possibility of bio-decay

arises, in addition to freezing and thawing issues, and the formation of salt crystals, which all decrease

durability.
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This study asserts that the type of lime binder used can affect the drying rate and transpirability of

hempcrete. Using a natural hydraulic lime (NHL 3.5) as a binder allowed for better vapor exchange with

the surrounding air, and decreased the amount of water it absorbed by immersion. This binder also

decreases the tendency for bio-decay in comparison to aerated limes. (Arizzi et al, 2015)

4.0 Conclusion

This paper aims to set the context for the application of hempcrete as an eco-material. Hempcrete

is a useful material for reducing the impact the construction sector has on the environment, while

retaining good economic value. Although, with the current methods of application, hempcrete is not an

ideal material for construction, it does present many characteristics that set it apart from traditional

concrete in terms of economic and environmental benefits. Looking ahead, further research on increasing

the mechanical capabilities and decreasing the water absorption will go a long way toward unlocking the

potential of hemp as a sustainable building material.

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Acknowledgements

A special thanks to Dr. Christopher Shearer, the concrete design professor for the Civil and

Environmental Engineering Department at the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, for his help

in the editing process of this paper.

References

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<http://limecrete.co.uk/hempcrete-factsheet/> (Feb. 13th, 2016)

Arnaud, L., Amziane, S., Nozahic, V., and Gourlay, E. (2013). Bio-Aggregate-Based Building Materials:

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(Feb. 22nd, 2016).

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Geiger, O., (2011) Hempcrete Blocks. Geopolymer House Blog,

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