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This chapter introduces data and computer communications. It presents a basic communications model including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination. It then discusses simplified models and diagrams. Key communication tasks are also outlined such as addressing, routing, signal generation, and error detection. Common network types are introduced like local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wireless networks. Protocols, protocol architectures, and standards organizations are also summarized at a high level.

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24 views35 pages

Chapter 1 PDF

This chapter introduces data and computer communications. It presents a basic communications model including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination. It then discusses simplified models and diagrams. Key communication tasks are also outlined such as addressing, routing, signal generation, and error detection. Common network types are introduced like local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wireless networks. Protocols, protocol architectures, and standards organizations are also summarized at a high level.

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fadhlan hawali
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© © All Rights Reserved
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William Stallings

Data and Computer


Communications

Chapter 1
Introduction
A Communications Model
Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications
Model - Diagram
Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control
Simplified Data
Communications Model
Networking
Point to point communication not usually
practical
Devices are too far apart
Large set of devices would need impractical number
of connections
Solution is a communications network
Simplified Network Model
Wide Area Networks
Large geographical area
Crossing public rights of way
Rely in part on common carrier circuits
Alternative technologies
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Circuit Switching
Dedicated communications path established for
the duration of the conversation
e.g. telephone network
Packet Switching
Data sent out of sequence
Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
Packets passed from node to node between
source and destination
Used for terminal to computer and computer to
computer communications
Frame Relay
Packet switching systems have large overheads
to compensate for errors
Modern systems are more reliable
Errors can be caught in end system
Most overhead for error control is stripped out
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATM
Evolution of frame relay
Little overhead for error control
Fixed packet (called cell) length
Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
Constant data rate using packet switching
technique
Integrated Services Digital
Network
ISDN
Designed to replace public telecom system
Wide variety of services
Entirely digital domain
Local Area Networks
Smaller scope
Building or small campus
Usually owned by same organization as
attached devices
Data rates much higher
Usually broadcast systems
Now some switched systems and ATM are being
introduced
LAN Configurations
Switched
Switched Ethernet
May be single or multiple switches
ATM LAN
Fibre Channel
Wireless
Mobility
Ease of installation
Metropolitan Area Networks
MAN
Middle ground between LAN and WAN
Private or public network
High speed
Large area
Networking
Configuration
Protocols

Used for communications between entities in a


system
Must speak the same language
Entities
User applications
e-mail facilities
terminals
Systems
Computer
Terminal
Remote sensor
Key Elements of a Protocol
Syntax
Data formats
Signal levels
Semantics
Control information
Error handling
Timing
Speed matching
Sequencing
Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into modules
For example file transfer could use three
modules
File transfer application
Communication service module
Network access module
Simplified File Transfer
Architecture
A Three Layer Model
Network Access Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Network Access Layer
Exchange of data between the computer and
the network
Sending computer provides address of
destination
May invoke levels of service
Dependent on type of network used (LAN,
packet switched etc.)
Transport Layer
Reliable data exchange
Independent of network being used
Independent of application
Application Layer
Support for different user applications
e.g. e-mail, file transfer
Addressing Requirements
Two levels of addressing required
Each computer needs unique network address
Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer
needs a unique address within the computer
The service access point or SAP
Protocol Architectures and
Networks
Protocols in Simplified
Architecture
Protocol Data Units (PDU)
At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate
Control information is added to user data at
each layer
Transport layer may fragment user data
Each fragment has a transport header added
Destination SAP
Sequence number
Error detection code
This gives a transport protocol data unit
Network PDU
Adds network header
network address for destination computer
Facilities requests
Operation of a Protocol
Architecture
Standards
Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment
Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and software
Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
Disadvantages
Freeze technology
May be multiple standards for the same thing
Standards Organizations
Internet Society
ISO
ITU-T (formally CCITT)
ATM forum
Further Reading
Stallings, W. Data and Computer Communications (6th
edition), Prentice Hall 1999 chapter 1
Web site for Stallings book
www.shore.net/~ws/DCC6e.html
Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO
Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
Usenet News groups
comp.dcom.*
comp.protocols.tcp-ip

W. Stallings, Data and Computer
Communications, 6th ed., Prentice-Hall, 2000.
D. E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets,
with Internet Applications (3rd Edition), Prentice
Hall, 2001.
D. E. Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP
Principles, Protocols and Architectures, 4th ed.,
vol. 1, Prentice Hall, 2000.
W. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The
Protocols, Addison-Wesley, 1994.

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