1.BM & SF PDF
1.BM & SF PDF
1.BM & SF PDF
Positive internal
bending moment
Where distributed load acts downward on the beam; internal shear force causes a clockwise
rotation of the beam segment on which it acts; and the internal moment causes compression
in the top fibers of the segment, or to bend the segment so that it holds water.
F1 F2 F.B.D. of element dx
w(x) w(x)
M(x) dM(x)
M(x)+ dx
dx
M1 M2 dV(x)
V(x) V(x)+ dx
dx dx
x dx
Fig. 5.2 Transversely loaded beam and free body diagram of element dx
It is now necessary to equate the equilibrium of the element. Starting with vertical equilibrium
dV (x )
+ F y = 0 = V ( x ) w(x )dx V (x ) +
dx
dx = 0
(5.1)
Step A: Cut beam just before the force P (i.e. Section I-I), and draw a free body diagram
including the unknown shear force and bending moment as in Fig. 5.3.
Step B: Cut beam just before the right hand end (RHE)
F.B.D. (Section II-II)
P
a
II M(x)
A o
II
V(x)
x
RAY=( 1-a/L)P
Fig. 5.4 FBD of beam cut before the right hand end
Loading Diagram
(1-a/L)P L Pa/L
V(x)
(1-a/L)P
M(x) (1-a/L)Pa
+ve
Bending Moment Diagram
x
Fig. 5.5 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for simply supported beam
when differentiating:
n x a n 1
for n 1
xa
n
0
= xa for n = 1 (5.12)
x
0 for n = 0
Remarks
To derive the bending moment equation by using Macauley's notation, you may need to do
the following:
1) Determine the ground reactions from global equilibrium;
2) Cut the beam just before the right hand end;
Example 5.0: As in the introductory example, determine the shear force and bending moment
equations and plot them for a simply-supported beam as in the introductory example.
L
RAY=(1-a/L)P RBY=Pa/L
We have
RAY = (1-a/L)P and RBY = a/LP
Step 2: Draw FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
F.B.D. (Section I-I)
P
a
I M(x)
A o
I
V(x)
x
RAY=( 1-a/L)P
Step 3: Equilibrium for FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
Take moments about RHS:
a 1
+ M O = 0 = P1 x + P x a + M ( x ) = 0
1
L
a 1
M ( x ) = P 1 x P x a
1
and differentiating w.r.t. 'x', as Eq. (5.4), gives the shear force equation as:
dM ( x ) a 0
V (x ) =
0
= P 1 x P x a
dx L
When 0 x a
a 1 a a 0 a
M ( x ) = P1 ( x ) P 0 = P1 x and V ( x ) = P1 ( x ) P 0 = P1
L L L L
To plot this segment in the diagram, firstly look at the boundary points as x = 0, M ( x) = 0
and x = a , M ( x) = Pa(1 a / L ) . Draw two points and then connect them because the equation
gives a line. Likewise, one can plot Shear Force Diagram in this region.
When a x L
a 1 a a
M ( x ) = P1 ( x ) P ( x a ) = P1 x Px + Pa = Pa P x
1
L L L
a 0 a a
and V ( x ) = P1 ( x ) P ( x a ) = P1 P = P
0
L L L
Remarks: Please draw global FBD of the beam firstly and follow by its Sear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams. The reason for doing this is that when you get sufficient experience, you may
be able to directly plot the Shear Force Diagram by observing the external forces as well as plot
Bending Moment Diagrams by observing the Shear Force Diagram. Nevertheless you MUST still
work out and indicate the locations and values (including +ve or ve) at all turning points in the
diagrams in detail.
It is also interesting to note that concentrated forces (e.g. reaction forces and external forces)
correspond to inclined line in BMD and horizontal line in SFD.
P
a
Loading Diagram
(1-a/L)P L Pa/L
V(x)
(1-a/L)P
M(x) (1-a/L)Pa
+ve
Bending Moment Diagram
x
Example 5.1: Determine the shear force and bending moment equations and plot them for a
simply-supported beam loaded with a UDL.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 5 6
Step 1: Determine the ground reactions;
From global equilibrium the ground reaction forces can be found to be both equal to wL/2 as,
A B
I
L
wL/2 wL/2
L
+ M = 0 = R L + (wL ) 2 = 0 R = wL / 2 (+ upwards)
B AY AY
+ F = 0 = R + R wL = 0 R = wL / 2 (+ upwards)
y AY BY BY
Step 2: Draw FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
V(x)
x
RAY=wL/2
Step 3: Equilibrium for FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
As far as V(x) and M(x) are concerned the UDL can be temporarily replaced by its resultant Rw
(=wx) applied at the centroid of the UDL distribution in the moment equilibrium equation. So if
we take moments about the RHS of the beam we get:
( )
1 1
x x
M O = 0 = R AY x + Rw 2 + M (x ) = (wL / 2) x + w x 2 + M (x ) = 0
1 1 1
+
wL 1 w 2
M (x ) = x x
2 2
and differentiating w.r.t. 'x', as Eq. (5.4), gives :
dM ( x ) wL
V (x ) =
0 1
= x w x
dx 2
A B
Loading Diagram
wL/2 L wL/2
V(x)
wL/2
M(x) wL2/8
Parabola
+ve
Bending Moment Diagram
x
It is worth pointing out that one should not completely replace such a UDL by its
corresponding resultant concentrated force Rw (=wx) in the beginning of the solution. There is
a significant difference of the Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams between a
concentrated force (Example 5.0) and a UDL (Example 5.1). It is also interesting to note that
the UDL corresponds to an inclined line in the Shear Force Diagram and a quadratic curve
(parabola) in the Bending Moment Diagrams.
Step 2: Draw FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
Note: The only problem with Macauley's Notation is that it does not work when a UDL stops.
It however does work for a UDL which starts anywhere along a beam and continues to the
end. The problem can be corrected by applying a UDL of equal magnitude but opposite sense
where the first UDL ends.
w=1kN/m 20kN
M(x)
A o
32.5kN V(x)
7.5kN
x
Step 3: Equilibrium for FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
and differentiating w.r.t. 'x', as Eq. (5.4), gives the shear force equation as:
dM ( x )
V (x ) =
0 1 1 0 0
= 7.5 x x + x 10 20 x 15 + 32.5 x 20
dx
V(x) kN
10
Shear 7.5
+ve +ve
Force x
Diagram
-2.5 -ve
-22.5
M(x) kNm
quadratic 28.125
25
+ve 12.5
x
Bending
Moment
Diagram -ve
-100
Again, the UDL segment corresponds to an inclined line in SFD and a quadratic curve in
BMD.
Example 5.3: Determine the shear force and bending moment equations and plot them for a
cantilever beam loaded with a moment MB = 40kNm and a force F= 10kN.
Global F.B.D.
MB=40kNm 10kN
A B I
MA + C
I
RAY
4m 1.5m
95kNm MB=40kNm
O M(x)
B
A +
4m V(x)
10kN
x
Step 3: Equilibrium for FBD of beam cut just before the RHS (Section I-I).
Take moments about RHS:
+ M O = 0 = 10 x 95 x + 40 x 4 + M ( x )
1 0 0
M ( x ) = 10 x
1 0 0
+ 95 x 40 x 4
and differentiating w.r.t. 'x', as Eq. (5.4), gives the shear force equation as:
dM ( x )
V (x ) =
0 0
= 10 x + 0 0 = 10 x
dx
10kN
V(x) kN
Shear
Force +ve
x
Diagram -ve
-10
M(x) kNm
95
Bending 55
Moment
Diagram
15
x