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    Wheel Steering System PDF

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    Wheel Steering System PDF

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    of 6

    International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology.

    ISSN 0974-3154 Volume 6, Number 3 (2013), pp. 393-398


    International Research Publication House
    http://www.irphouse.com

    Wheel Steering System

    Md. Danish Akhtar

    Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore


    Vishveshvarya Technological University.

    Abstract

    Nowadays most of the vehicles use the two wheel steering mechanism
    as their main handling system. But the efficiency of the two wheel
    steering vehicle is proven to be low compared to the four wheel
    steering vehicles. Four wheel steering system can be employed in some
    vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while
    moving at certain speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
    Four-wheel steering is a technologically, tremendous effort on the part
    of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. In
    situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city
    conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, high speed lane changing
    would be very difficult due to vehicles larger wheelbase and track
    width which brings high inertia and traction into consideration. Hence
    there is a requirement of a mechanism which result in less turning
    radius and it can be achieved by implementing four wheel steering
    mechanism instead of regular two wheel steering.
    4-Wheel Steering System is not a new technology but it has not gained
    popularity over 2-Wheel Steering System even though experiments
    have proved that it has excellent manoeuvrability, high stability and it
    is a solution to oversteer/understeer. If 4-Wheel Steering is a better
    replacement for age old 2-Wheel Steering, why has it not replaced it
    yet?

    Keywords: Understeer/Oversteer, Wheel Configurations, Four Wheel


    Steering,Turning radius.
    394 Md. Danish Akhtar

    1. Introduction
    Steering is a system that is used in most type of transport to control the movement of
    the vehicle. Steering mechanism is the vehicle movement control system that includes
    few main components which are the steering wheel, the steering column, the steering
    rack and the vehicle wheels as shown in the figure below.

    Figure 1

    2. Problem Description
    Is 4-Wheel Steering System a better replacement for 2-Wheel Steering?
    If yes, why has it not replaced it yet?

    3. Steering Principle & Components


    3.1 Ackerman Steering Mechanism
    With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of steering, the perpendicular line through the
    centre point of all the wheels will meet at a common point. But this may be difficult to
    arrange in practice with simple linkages.Hence, modern cars do not use pure
    Ackermann steering, partly because it ignores important dynamic and compliant
    effects, but the principle is sound for low speed manoeuvres.

    3.2 Turning Radius


    The turning radius or turning circle of a vehicle is the diameter of the smallest circular
    turn (i.e. U-turn) that the vehicle is capable of making.
    Turning circle radius = (track/2) + (wheelbase/ sin (average steer angle))
    Wheel Steering System 395

    3.3 UNDERSTEER
    When the slip angle of front wheels is greater than slip angle of rear wheels vehicle
    understeers. Thus the vehicle goes out of the circle of steering. Most vehicle
    manufacturers set the vehicle profile with some understeer.

    3.4 OVERSTEER
    Over steer is defined when the slip angle of front wheel is less than the slip angle of
    rear wheel. This makes the vehicle move inside the circle of steer. This isa far
    dangerous situation than understeer.

    UNDERSTEER OVERSTEER COUNTERSTEER

    3.5 Neutral Steer OR COUNTERSTEER


    Counter-steering can defined as when the slip angle of front wheels is equal to slip
    angle of rear wheel. The vehicle follows the line with utmost stability.

    4. Design & Understanding of 4-Wheel Steering


    The idea behind four wheel steering is that a vehicle requires less driver input for any
    steering manoeuvre if all four wheels are steering the vehicle. As with two wheel steer
    vehicles, tyre grip holds the four wheels on the road. However, when the driver turns
    the wheel slightly, all four wheels react to the steering input, causing slip angles to
    form at all four wheels. The entire vehicle moves in one direction rather than the rear
    half attempting to catch up to the front. The vehicle responds more quickly to steering
    input because rear wheel lag is eliminated.To find the vehicles turning radius R, we
    may define equivalent bicycle models as shown in Figure below for positive 4-Wheel
    Steeringvehicles. The radius of turnR is perpendicular to the vehicles velocity vector
    v at the mass centreC.
    396 Md. Danish Akhtar

    Figure 2

    Using the geometry shown in the bicycle model, we have


    .where, R is Turning Radius
    is distance between instantaneous centre and
    axis of wheels

    From the works of K. Lohith, M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies it can be
    stated that,
    Assuming standard turning radius of two wheel steering is 4.4m
    Turning Radius for Four Wheel Steering is 2.596m which is found from the above
    equation of R.

    5. Steering Wheel Configurations


    (a) Two Wheel Steer : A 4-Wheel Steering System is flexible enough to work as a
    2-wheel steer by restricting the rear wheel movement.
    (b) Four Wheel Steer: Front wheel directions are opposite to rear wheel directions.
    This helps to take sharp turn with least turning radius. This
    is done at slow speed.
    (c) Crab Steer: At high speed lane change, both the front and rear wheels face in
    same direction.
    (d) Zero turn: Front and Rear wheels are so aligned that the vehicle moves in a
    circle of zero radius.
    Wheel Steering System 397

    Figure 3

    6. Advantages
    1. Superior cornering stability.
    2. Improved steering responsiveness and precision.
    3. High speed straight line stability.
    4. Notable improvement in rapid lane changing manoeuvres.
    5. Smaller turning radius and tight space manoeuvrability at low speed.
    6. Relative wheel angles and their control.

    7. Limitations
    The effect that it produces is not felt significantly at low speed or in commercial cars
    but in heavy vehicles like trucks and towing vans it provides significant lane changing
    and low speed manoeuvrability. Its mechanism is extensively complex. Although
    many designs have been brought forward so far, none has the right combination of
    simple design, low maintenance with low cost.

    8. Conclusion

    Turning Four Two


    Radius Wheel Steer Wheel Steer

    By 2.59 m 4.4 m
    Calculation

    By 2.85 m 5.75 m
    Experiment

    Table (K. Lohith) gives the comparison between the turning radius for two wheel
    steer and four wheel steer by calculation and experiment. By calculation we can
    398 Md. Danish Akhtar

    conclude that there is 41.13% reduction in turning radius and by experiment its
    50.43%.The information put above clearly states that 4 Wheel Steering has many
    advantages and it can truly become a successful replacement for 2-Wheel steering
    system. But its design is so expensive that automotive manufacturers have not yet
    arrived at an economical solution. It is incepted in Jeep Hurricane, Lexus GS and other
    high end automobiles.
    Thus the four wheel steering system has got cornering capability, high steering
    response, straight line stability, lane changing and low speed manoeuvrability. Even
    though it is advantageous over the conventional two wheel steering system, 4-Wheel
    Steering is complex and expensive. Currently the cost of a vehicle with four wheel
    steering is 10% more than that of conventional two wheel steering system. It is not
    economically viable to replace two wheel steering with 4-Wheel Steering in cars where
    the consumer expects more from the technology for the extra cost, but in heavy truck
    and towing vehicles it gives more driving advantage over cost. It is the next generation
    technology but with lot yet to be known.Michael Schumacherin Estoril, Portugal in
    1993 tested Cosworth-powered B193. The lap times testified that if the system added
    any to the cars performance, it wasnt very much. It is a technology of future but not
    of present.

    References
    [1] H. Sakai, T. Matsuo, S. Murayama, H. Hoshino, and R. Nagashima,
    Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
    [2] Institute for Dynamic System and Controls, Steering Dynamics
    [3] K. Lohith1, Dr. S. R. Shankapal2, M. H. Monish Gowda3, Automotive and
    Aeronautical Engineering Department, M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced
    Studies, Bangalore 58.
    [4] Mohm. Hanif Bin Md. Yusuf, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti
    Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka
    [5] Unknown, Four Wheel Steering System,
    http://www.docstoc.com/docs/73259901/Four-Wheel-Steering-System

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