eX eae tCebbate Skills for the TOEFL iBT ete 4 at Online emt te iBuilding Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Second Edition TOEFL® Is a registered trademark.of Educational Testing. Service (ETS). ‘This publication is not endorsed or approved by ETS.Building Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Second Edition Paul Edmunds + Nancie McKinnon - Jelf Zeter © 2009 Compass Publishing Al sights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted a any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publishes, * ‘Authors: Pavl-Edmunds, Nancie Mckinnon, Jeff Zeter Acquisitions Etor: Jordan Candlewyck i Content Editor: J. Runner : Copy Editor: L.Suninie Kim, Kelli Ripatt, Robyn Bris Coveriinterior Design: Design Plus Email: [email protected] hutpversacompasspub.com ISHN: 978-1-59966-517-7 9987654321 12 11 10 09 Photo Credits 1p. $78, 614, 622 © istock International Inc. pp. 187,189, 191, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 595, $98, 600, 602, 609, 612, 616, 630 © JupiterImages CorporationCompass Publishing Paul Edmunds - Nancie McKinnon - Jeff Zeter TOEFL® is 0 registered tredernark of Educational Testing Service (ETS), ‘This-publication is not endorsed or approvéd by ETS.The TOEFL Preview Test — Chapter 1 Fact Questions —— Chapter 2 Negative Fact Questions ~ Chapter 3 Inference Questions — Chapter 4 - Rhetorical Purpose Questions ———- Vocabulary Review 1 ~ Mini Test 1 -——— Chapter 5 Vocabulary Questions ~ Chapter 6 Reference Questions -—- Chapter 7 Sentence Simplification Questions Chapter 8 Text Insertion Questions — Vocabulary Review 2 Mini Test 2 - Chapter 9 Prose Summary Questions Chapter 10 Table/Chart Questions Vocabulary Review 3 ~ Mini Test 3 —~- ‘The TOEFL" iBT Listening Section --~ Preview Test Chapter 1 Main Idea Questions -— Chapter 2 Detail Questions —--— Vocabulary Review 1 ——--———-— oe Mini Test | ———-- 14 18 23 37 51 65 85 99 413 127 140 142 147 161 174 176 ~ 181 184 186 ~ 193 205 216 218Chapter 3. Function Questions a 221 Chapter 4 Stance Questions 233 Vocabulary Review 2.-—~ 244 Mini Test 2 _——_— 246 Chapter 5 Organization Questions ~~~ ~ 249 Chapter 6 Content Questions — 261 Chapter 7 Inference Questions - 273 Vocabulary Review 3 -—~———— 284 Mini Test 3 —- . 286 289 292 a 298 305 365 Part 3 Speaking Naturally ————— we ADB 431 The TOEFL® iBT Writing Section 434 Preview —- 439 Part 1 Integrated Writing 447 Part 2 Independent Writing 495 Part 3 Writing and Grammar aa SAT Practice Test Reading, Listening, Speaking, Writing = 567 Transcripts ote ~- 635 Answer Key -----nnen 687What to Expect on the TOEFL” The TOEFL® (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is an Internet-based test designed to assess English proficiency in non-native speakers who want to achieve academic success and communicate effectively in English. Most people take the TOEFL® iBT to gain admission into universities and colleges where instruction is in English, Additionally, many employers and government agencies use the scores to determine a person's English {tis not meant to test academic knowiedge or computer ability, and as such, questions are always based on information found in the test (computer {utorials are available for those not familiar with personal computers). We have designed this practice book to be as similar as possible to the actual TOEFL? iBT in format and appearance in order to better prepare you for the test The TOEFL® iBT is divided into four sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Major Changes to the Internet-Based TOEFL’ (iBT) © General 2 The test measures all four language skills equally; a speaking section is inoluded. <2 The Test of Spoken English? (TSE*) will now be part of the TOEFL®, Test takers will no longer take the TSE® as a separate test. = Order of sections on the test: Reading Listening (10-minute break) Speaking Writing : > The test is approximately four hours long and is taken.in one day. » Tests are administered through the Intemet in Educational Testing Service (ETS) test centers around the world. There is no structure section, as there was in previous tests. ~ Note-taking is allowed in every section, and is not marked, <= The test is a linear exam, not computer adaptive; each test taker receives the same range of questions. ~ The scores will be viewed oniine. ®@ Reading / Listening ~ Passages for the reading and listening sections are longer than those in the computer-based test (CBT). Refer to the introduction of individual sections for further details. —-- 6 Intradiction othe TOEFL 137 sl slalabalelabalalellalalabalalalalallalalelelalalelelelalalaaialalalalalalalalaialalalssaieaaalaaealaaaaaiaaaacaceininninininisinininininninininisinininint[ossnmngamcmananinn sins © Speaking / Writing © Tasks for the speaking and writing sections include integrated questions that require more than one skill to completa, i¢., reading and/or listening, then speaking or writing, = For the speaking section, test takers speak into a microphone, and their responses are digitized and sent to the ETS Online Scoring Network, © For the writing section, test takers must type their responses, The TOEFL? iBT Format Section Number of Questions Time (minutes) Score Reading 3 “6 passages ‘© 12-14 questions each * 700 words per passage 60-100 30 points Listening a 6 lectures * 6 questions each * 500-800 words (4~6 min.) 2-8 conversations ‘* 5 questions each © 400-500 words (2-8 min.) 90 points BREAK 10 ‘Speaking 2 independent tasks * 1 personal experience © 1 preference/choice 2 Integrated tasks (Readi-Listen-Speak) * Reading 100 words * Conversation 200 words (12 min.) * Lecture 200-300 words (1~2 min, 2 integrated tasks (Listen-Speak) * Conversation 200 words (1~2 min.) * Lecture 200-300 words (1~2 min.) 30 points Writing 1 independent task 1 integrated task (Read-Listen-Write) ~ Reading 250-300 words ~ Lecture 250-300 words (2 min) 30 points Inteoduction tothe TOEFL? IBF 7legeemamonanom a NM EN Sn nee A Study Tips ‘The only way to be certain of an excellent TOEFL® score Is to be able to read, write, understand, and speak English like an educated native speaker, You. have no doubt boon developing your ability in these areas for many years now. Unfortunately, this is not something one can accompish by studying in the traditional way. However, research conducted over the years by applied linguists, psychologists, and educators has yielded a considerable amount of information on the best methods for refining these skills for the purposes of standardized tests. By keeping the following study tips in mind, you can optimize your study habits and achieve the highest possible scores with the level of language proficiency you have obtained. © Prepare a study area for yourself. This should include the following: © A.comfortable chair and spacious table or desk © Suitable lighting = Good ventilation and air quality — an open window or a house plant are good ideas © An area free of distractions such as outside noise, television, or radio (unless you are using the television or radio to study) © Proper space to keep all the materials you will need when studying, such as books, paper, pens, pencils, a tape recorder or other recording device, and if possible, a computer with Internet access : | } I © Study regularly over a long period of time. Do not study to the point of exhaustion, as this has been shown to be ineffective in retaining information. © *Cramming,” i.e., studying intensely for a day or two before an exam, is not effective, asrit strains your general health and well-being and does not lead to good long-term retention of information or skils. ; : ¢ Psychologists have discovered a principle called ‘state-specific memory.” This means you remember things better in the same conditions that you learned them. For example, if you always study math at night, you will do better on a math exam taken at night. Use this concept to your ‘advantage. If you know when and under what conditions you will take the TOEFL®, simulate these in your study environment and habits, For instance, if you plan to take the TOEFL® on a Saturday afternoon, then make a point to study in the afternoons. — 8 Introduction tothe TOEFL? io eei t . | © Be well rested on the day of the exam. Do not stay up all night stuciying, Also, eat healthy foods I including fruits and vegetables. * Be relaxed and confident, Do the best that you can and do not worry excessively about any mistakes or uncertainties, Registering For the TOEFL’ Students must get registration information for the TOEFL®. Registration information can be obtained online at the ETS website. The Internet address is www.cts.org/toefl. The website provides information such as testing locations, costs, and identification requiréments. The website also provides other test-preparation material. The registration information, such as the test center location, identification requirements, and costs, will vary depending on the country in which you take the test. Be sure to follow these requirements J carefully. If you do not have the proper requirements in order, you may not be able to take the test. Remember that if you register online, you will need to have your credit card information ready, What TOEFL® Scores Are Used For The primary use of TOEFL® scores is for acceptance into universities, colleges, and other institutions where Engish is the main language of instruction. It is estimated that about 4,400 such institutions require TOEFL® scores for admission. ‘The highest possible score on the iBT is 120 points. Different institutions will have their own spacific r ‘score requirements for admission, For that reason, it is very important to check with each institution individually to find out what its admission requirements are. For example, a passing score at one university may not be a passing score at another university. It is the responsibility of the student to ! find out what the requirements are for each institution. ; Although TOEFL® scores are used primarily to satisfy the admissions requirements of universities, they ‘ are also necessary when applying for certain kinds of jobs. Many government agencies as well as muiinational corporations require applicants to submit TOEFL® scores. Even Engiish-teaching institutes / may request TOEFL? scores in order to place students at the appropriate level of instruction. Certainly, doing well on the TOEFL® can be very helpful for students in both their academic and professional careers. However, success requires consistent and dedicated practice..We hope that you will take full advantage of this practice book and study hard. Your hard work and dedication wil provide you with the best opportunity to do well on the TOEFL® and meet your goals for the future. Introduction tothe TOETL*iOT 9 —Academic Subjects in the TOEFL® The following is a list of academic subject areas typically seen in the TOEFL”: Humanities ‘Social Sciences Biological Sciences Physical Sciences Archaeology | Anthropology Agriculture Astronomy: Architecture Business Anatomy Chemistry Att History Economics Biology Computer Science Fina Arts Education Boteny Engineering Linguistlos Geography Entomology Geology Literature History Environmental Scienoe Mathematics Music Political Science Medicine Oceanography Philosophy Psychology Zoology Physics Public Health Sociology Urban Studies ~~ 10 introduction o the TOEFL iTG The TOEFL® iBT Reading Section —-————————-—————----_. 14 Preview Test. ————————————__-__________.-_______ 18 Chapter 1. Fact Questions —- 23 Chapter 2 Negative Fact Questions. 37 Chapter 3 Inference Questions ————--—__— 51 Chapter 4 Rhetorical Purpose Questions —-_____.. 65 Vocabulary Review 1) ——————------___------___ 78 Mini Test 1] + 80 Chapter 5 Vocabulary Questions ~ 85 Chapter 6 Reference Questions Chapter 7 Sentence Simplification Questions. — Chapter 8 Text Insertion Questions — Vocabulary Review 2. — 140 Mini Yest 2. $$. 142 Chapter 9 Prose Summary Questions. ——————----__—— 147 Chapter 10 Table/Chart Questions. —___—-_________— 161 Vocabulary Review 3 - 174 176 Mini Test 3) a Answer Key Reading -———--—-———-—————-———----——-- 688In the reading section of the TOEFL iBT, you wil be required to read three to five passages on varying topics. After each passage, you will answer twelve to fourteen questions that test your ability to understand vocabulary, sentence structure, and factual information, as well as implied information and the writer's intention, You wil not see the questions unti after you have read the passage. While ansiwering the questions, you will be permitted to look back at the reading. You do not need any previous knowledge on the topic in order to answer the questions correctly. © Passage Types a 1. Exposition — Material that provides information about or an explanation of a topic 2. Argumentation — Material that presents a point of view about a topic and provides supporting evidence in favor of a position 3. Narrative — An account of a person's life or a historical event © Question Types Questions in the redding section of the TOEFL? iBT are multiple choice end much like those found in older versions of the TOEFL®. The following Ist explains the question types and number of each type on the test. Questions wil not necessary appear in this order. Question Type Number Task Fectual information 38 Select details or facts provided in the passage. ‘Negative Factual 02 Identify something that is not in the passage or not true Information according to the passage. Inference 0-2 Solect an answer based on information not actually stated in the passage, but that is implied or can be inferred. Rhetorical Purpose 0-2 Identify the author's method in expiaining a point,.or why the author has mentioned something, Vocabulary 85 ‘Choose the best synonym. Pronoun Retererice 02 Identify the noun to which a pronoun refers. Sentence ot Choose the best paraphrase of part of the passage or & ‘Simplification sentence and analyze its meaning. The other three question types found in the TOEFL® iBT are not multiple-choice and are types not found on older versions of the TOEFL®. One is a sentence insertion activity, and the last question can be one of two types of activities: either a summary question or a table/chart question. — 14 The TOE BT Roading Section AES fee eee teeta7 > 1 y F i | Text Insertion Question This question shows you a sentence that could be added to the passage. You must decide where the sentence would best fi in the passage. While you are reading, you will notice several icons that look like this on the actual Internet-based test. You will be required to click on the square (Il) where you feel the new sentence should be added, For the purposes of this book, simply choose the letter beside the appropriate square. This question tests how well you understand the organization of the passage, as well as grammatical connections between sentences. Table/Chart Question For passages on topics that explain groups or categories of information, you may be asked to demonstrate your understanding of the groups or categories mentioned by compieting a chart. There will be two or three categories and either five or seven correct choices. Two of the: answer choices will not be used. This question requires the ability to organize important information and to understand relationships between major ideas presented in the passage. © Example: Frogs Toads (A) bumpy, dry skin (8) eggs in a chain (0) build nests {D) shorter legs {E) eggs in a bunch (F)__have ive babies (G) longer legs © Correct answers: (H) smooth, wet skin () bulging eyes Frogs Toads eggs in a bunch bumpy, dry skin longer legs eggs in a chain smooth, wet ski shorter legs. bulging eyes ‘© Not used: build nests, have live babies The chart questions are worth up to three points if there are five correct answers and four points if there are seven correct answers. Partial credit is awarded for having some but not all correct answers. SEE ‘The TOEFL® iBT Reading Section 15 —Summary Question In this type of question, you will be presented with an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage. You will then find six additional sentences. Three of the sentences express major ideas in the passage, and the others do not. Incorrect choices will be either minor ideas or ideas that are not presented in the passage. This question measures your ability to recognize important ideas from the passage and distinguish them from minor ideas or ideas that are not in the passage, © Example: First sentence of introduction: Animals in the desert have different ways to live with little water. © Camels can lve for a long time without water. > Desert plants do‘not need much water. © Desert reptiles and birds do not sweat. = Larger animals get the water they nead from things they eat. = At night, desert temperatures can drop below ten degrees Celsius. © Some animals stay underground to keep water in their skin, : i i i I © Correct answers: t First sentence of introduction: ' Animals in the desert have different ways to live with little water, © Desert reptiles and birds do not sweat, 2 Larger animals get the water they need from things they eat. © Some animals stay underground to keep water in their skin, i © Not used: 2 Camels can live for a long time without water. (minor detail) © Desert plants do not need much water. (incorrect information) © At right, desert temperatures can drop below tén degrees Celsius, (minor detal) ‘The summary question is worth up to 2 points. Partial credit is awarded for having some but not all correct answers. Study Tips for Reading * Practice reading passages of academic English regularly (the Internet can be a great source of practice materials). ‘© Become a master of vocabulary and constructions: = Make it your goal to understand all the words you come across when studying. —- 16 The TOER® ist Reading Section© Keep a vocabulary notebook listing new terms and their definitions. Write out the definitions in English. Only refer to bilingual dictionaries if you cannot understand a word used in context or its definition from an Englsh-only dictionary, Set asice a period of time every week to review your new vocabulary. Practice it by writing out your own sentences using the words. © Master any and all grammatical and rhetorical constructions you encounter. Discover their meanings and uses by asking @ teacher or doing an Internet search end viewing muttiple examples of their use. You can keep a notebook of constructions as well. | * Lear how to take notes. You are permitted to take notes during the reading section of the TOEFL®. Note-taking is not writing down every word of the reading. A good idea is to note the main idea and then note the information that supports jt. Note-taking must be learned, and it [ takes time. The better your note-taking skills, the easier you should find the TOEFL® reading | section, as well as other sections of the TOEFL® iBT. '* Do not use pencil or your finger when you are reading. Your eyes move fastér than your fingor, so you slow yourself down if you trace lines with a pencil or finger while reading. Test Management * Questions cannot be viewed until after the passage has been read. * You will be allowed to study the reading as you answer the questions. * Uso the Review icon at the top of the screen to return to previous questions. © There is a glossary available. Simply select the particular word with the cursor to find its meaning. * When reading passages, ask yourself the following questions: = What is the main idea of the passage? © How is the main idea developed/supported in the passage? * For each paragraph or new point in the passage, ask yourself why the author mentions it and how it relates to the main idea, © Keep in mind that you have 60 to 100 minutes to read the passages and answer all of the questions in the reading section, This means that you can spend roughly 20 minutes on each set. Try to Pace yourself accordingly. For each set, first answer the questions that you can answer easily. Then go back and answer more difficult questions. If you find that you have exceeded 20 minutes for a particular section, it is best to guess an answer and move on to the next section rather than remain on a particularly difficult question for several minutes ‘he TOEFL Reading Section 17 —You will read one passage and then answer reading comprehension questions about it. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question is worth more than one point, The directions indicate how many points you may receive. : You will have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions. You may see a word or phrase in the passage that Is underlined in biue. Definitions or explanations for these words or phrases are provided at the end of the passage. You can skip questions and return to them later as long as there is time remaining. When you are ready, press Continue, — 18 Proviow TestE t Inliterature, authors often use diferent techniques to express a certain idea to the reader. One technique that is commonly used by authors is called anthtopomorphism. Anthropomorphismn is the use of animals who display certein human characteristics, Another type of anthropomorphism Uses non-human objects that are portrayed as humans. For example, an animal in a story may be able fo speak and may wear human clothing. Similarly, an object or machine such as a train can be described as having human features like eyes or ears. Anthtopomorphism is used widely in different kinds of Iterature to achieve different effects. ‘One has to look no farther than a children's book or story to find examples of anthropomorphism, ‘NUIHEP6LI8 fairy tales and bectime stories involve animals that can talk. Authors use the technique because i helps chicen relate to the characters, BY Mak cies IT is is important t when the themes of the story may be hard for children to understand, In.one tale, The Tortoise and the Hare, both of the main characters are animals. I A) The story is about a hare that ridicules the tortoise for being slow. Ill B) Since it appears to be a race easily won, the hare decides to take a nap before finishing. ll C) When he wakes uo, he realizes the tortoise has slowly teased! the finish line and won the race. I) The moral of the story is that itis important to take one's time when trying to achieve something. Though the morals may be a ‘mature theme, the use of animals makes it easier for children to understand. The technique is aiso used in iterature for aduits, Authors of books for adults use it to achieve many effects. It can be used to mock a government or pollticlans without directly identifying a real person. A famous example of this is George Orwell's sat, Animal Farm. In the book, Orwell resents many poitical figures as farm animals. His use of animals as characters helos him liken them to animals in their behavior and attitucles. For instance, Orwell portrays the leader of the revolution as a pig named Napoleon. In doing so, Orwell compares Napoleon to a pig. Thus, laaders like Napoleon are cast in a negative light. > moral a lesson earned from a story D> mock to make fun of someone or something > satire a type of iterature that pokes fun of something or somebody Preview Tet 19 =1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about anthropomorphism? (A) It relies upon the use of humans that act lke animals, (®) It depicts humans as having animal-like features. (0) tt can be used in the portrayal of animals or objects. (0) ttinvolves how authors desoribe human clothing. 2, The author discusses trains in paragraph 1 in order to (A) explain that enthropomorphism can be used in various ways (8) suggest machines are common subjects for enthropomorphism (©) suggest that giving objects human qualities confuses readers (©) explain the various ways that machines are used in literature (4) simple , ®) od (©) frequent (0) many ~ 20 Proviw fst 4, Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Chitdren are unable to understand human-like situations unless animels ‘are involved ; {€) Its casier for a chiki to understand a story when animals are likened! to humans. (O) After children imagine animals in human situations, they can make their own characters. (0) Authors help chileren be more imaginative about human situations by using animals, Look at the four squares { if] that indicate here the folowing sentence can be addéd to the passage. The tortoise then challenges the hare to arace. \Where would the sentence best ft?” (A), First square (B) Second square (©) Third square (©) Fourth square 3. The word réached in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) touched 8) arrived at (C) taken (©) gone towardoon See 7. Which of the following can be inferred about morals? (A) They can contain lessons that are not ‘appropriate for children. (8) They teach children how they shoutd behave in public. (©) They are often dificult for children to understand, (0} Children enjoy stories more when they contain morals ‘ 8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the use of anthropomorphism in children’s iterature? (A) Ithelps children understand a story's themes. (8) Children can imagine animals in human situations. {C) Its used to make fun of animals or People, (D) It's used to help children better relate to characters, 9. The word thétn in paragraph 3 refers to A) polticel figures ©) farm animals (©) characters (0) attitudes 10. According to paragraph 8, why do authors Use anthropomorphism in adult Iiterature? (A) To inspire readers to take action in social issues (8) To suggest that humans and enimais are alike (©) To mock incividuals or situations indirectly (0) To pressure governments to make changes 11, The word eatin the passage is closest in meaning to (A) placed ©) listed {C) honored {D) saved 12. Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate hrases regarding the uses of anthropomorphism and match them to the type of literature to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used, This question is worth 3 points. ‘Type of Literature Statements, Children’s Literature | # Literature for Adults. | & Answer Choices (A) helps the reader understand mature messages (8) can allow the reader to relate to the characters (C) often presents a moral to the reader (0) can provide the reader information about types of animals (©) can refer to people without mentioning them by name (F) can be used to compare people to animals in negative ways (@) used by poitcians and governments Proview Test 21 —Necessary Skills © Identifying important information and facts stated na passage * Locating a specific piece of information in a passage quickly © Understanding the distinction between main ideas and supporting details *® Focusing on facts, details, definitions, or other information presented in a passage Example Questions © According to the passage, wha/whentwherehwhavnowinhy © According to paragraph X, which of the following is true of____? © The author's desoription of ____ mentions which of the following? * According to paragraph X, _. ocourred because * According to the passage, why did X do Y? Strategies * Look for tanstional expressions to loceto detais such ae examples, steps, time, reasons, of results, © Pay attention to examples and descriptions that provide information and details. Eliminate choices resenting information that contradicts what is provided in the passage. * Answer the specific question being asked. Do not select an answer just because it is mentioned in the passage. Fact Questions 23 —Rereles at TELM yes lla Invasive species are plants or animals that come into an area and species: threaten to kil or cfive out the local species. Sang acronis The first characteristic of an invasive: species is that it does not _areter naturaly occur in the area. In other words, it is not part of @ normal SST rina ecosystem but invaders from an outside area. In many cases, the invasive inanerea spacies is brought in by humans. The Russian alive tree, for instance, now —~ continent: threatens the forests of North America, People using it for landscaping i omnis brought the species to the continent from Europe. After it was introduced, native: : the Russian olive, well-suited to its new environmerit, overwhelmed ei rt nen nearby natural environments. inutile & Invasive species are also defined by the way they upset an asubstrae tat at», ecosystem, When particular species are put into an area, they invacle "909 rananinalor i the habitats of, and even kil, native spacies. Asian clams, for instance, were introduced to the coast of the Americes. In these areas, they have ue no natural predators. They also reproduce quickly. As a result, Asian i clams are threatening to overtake many coastal areas. They do so by taking over the space and using the nutrients that local species would normally use, Clams consume plankton for nutrients-—the samo foods : : that many smaller fish eat, Thus, lacking nutrients, many fish specios have clied in areas invaded by the clams. 5 t i t i Feature 1 Example: Feature 2: Example: —— 24 chapterPannanennareee 1. How does an invasive species differ from a native species, according to paragranh 2? (A) It is more suited to live in an environment than native species. (8) It requires a different set of nutrients than the native species, {C) Its introduced from outside of the normal environment. (0) It does not contribute to the health of the ecosystem. 2. According to paragraph 2, how did the Russian olive species first appear in North America? (A) Its seeds were mistakenly planted by explorers. (B) It was used to landscape areas by humans. (C) It was brought from America to Europe by humans. (0) tt evolved irom native species in North America. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. 3. How do invasive species threaten local species, according to paragraph 3? (A) They reproduce more quickly than predators in an area. (8) They crowd out the natural predators in an area. (C) They feed upon a specific native species and use them for nutrients, (©) They take space and nutrients from local species. Plants and animals transported from a different environments, They are considered an invasive normal ecosystem. Some may reproduce fast, thus invading the space of the species. When this happens, locel species are deprived of Russian olve trees and Asian clams are examples of invasive species. often threaten local because they upset the needed to survive, Fact Questions 25 —Area Scientists have long debated the way that humans first colonized the Americas, It is widely believed that humans crossed the Pacitic Ocean from Asi. Scientists support this theory with enthropological evidence. To find similarities between the two cultures, scientists have studied teeth. Because teeth térriain for a very long time, they provide accurate records of the past. Researchers have found that the structure of Native ‘Americans’ teeth is more simiar to those of Asians than any other culture in the world. One study of over 15,000 cranial remains found that ‘he tooth of Native Americans and Asians foll into @ group of simitar tooth patterns called sinodonty. In addition, scientists have found archaeological evidence to support the theory. This evidence comes in the form of human remains found in acave in Southeast Alaska, After researchers analyzed the remains, they found that he mainly survived on a diet of marine Ife such as fish, Fish, however, was not a diet that would have been readily available in that location, During that period of history, many coastal Asian cultures had diets of mainly marine life. Thus, the man only would have had access to fish if he had come from Asia. ‘colonize: to lake corel of an area of land and sete on it record: {nfrmaton about ho post to9et down: wring structure: the way that something is arrangid cranial: relating tothe su romains: (> tho body of person of ‘animal tht has ced Theory: ‘Support 1: Support 2: JN % : i i E | | ¥ : i i tA. 2 Why do teeth provide accurate information about past cultures? (A) They retain DNA evidence after a petson has died. (8) They remain long after a body has decayed, (©) They show traits unique to different individuals, (©) They can be used to determine a person's diet. According to paragranh 2, sinodonty is (A) a group of cultures with similar teeth (8) thé study of cranial and dental remains (C) a category used to describe dental remains (0) a method of analyzing the remains of teeth 3. What have scientists learned from the remains of a human found in Southeast Alaska? (A) He survived on marine life found nearby. (8) Ho died from a lack of food, (©) He could not property digest fish. (D) He ate a diet common to Asia. [igarubvea || owurem || owowaes | onnaisn Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. the Americas, Based on found in caves, they believe peopie came from Asia. Scientists were of the teeth they found. They were able to their findings and compare them with, Native Americans. Scientists found many similarities in the tooth patterns between Native Americans and Asians. ‘Scientists studied the way humans first came to human, able to study the Fact Questions 27 —— 5 f d i | [ E i | : i i &Read the following passage. Then fil in the e dlagram with the information that you read. = fe i complement: Companion planting is a technique that uses the relationships Cee eonstion between plants to allow plants to grow more easly. wey that eros The physical interaction of plants is the most apparent benefit of wood! : type ol plant tals companion planting. The physical traits of each piant complement one fionooe another and lead to healthier plants. In nurse cropping, one plant iS isa: planted next to another to keep weeds out. Oats, for instance, are often ‘the amount of something. planted along with hay. The oats crowd out weeds that would normally Searls meee steal the nutrients that the hay needs to survive. However, the oats do jnteraction: rot take nutrients and can be harvested along with the hay. n this case, away whlch tw objects” the physical relationship between the hay and the oats results in a strong me crop yield with fewer weeds. The other type of relationship used in companion planting is chemical interaction. In this case, the chemical traits of one plant can be used to benefit other plants in the area. For example, legumes—plants such as beans and peas—can take nitrogen out of the air and put it into the soil for their benefit, This process helps other plants, too. Other plants can use the nitrogen brought into the sdil by'the legumes. In another case of chemical interaction, the African marigold can be planted in gardens. The marigold releases a chemical into the air that keeps pests away and serves to protect other plants in the area. * Topie: Thpe 1: Type 2: Example’ Example: ——~ 28 chapter1. Physical relationships between plants are 8. Which of the following plants could be used § used in companion planting to to keep away unwanted insects? (A) reduce the amount of time needed for (A) Oats harvesting (8) Hay (8) transfer nutrients from the soll directly (©) Beans to the roots (D) Marigolds (C) use the chemicals released by one plant to keep pests away (0) use the physical traits of plants to benefit others in an area | ‘ONLI, i ‘ONDIVaES: ese e 2. According to paragraph 3, what is a benefit ‘ of companion planting? (A) Repfacing the nutrients in the soil (8) Keeping weeds away from plants (©) Allowing nearby plants to receive nutrients (0) Preventing plants from releasing chemicals [ssarzubvea Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. . There are @ number of benefiis of companion planting which healthier " physical and chemical between plants can prevent weeds or provide nutrients inthe sol, The chemical traits of Sonte plants keep ______away from other plants. | Loe i * The chemical interaction of the marigold is an example of companion planting. | | i ¢ f f i crops. When planted side by side, the traits of each plant_____each other. The Fact Questions 29. ——Fine Arts Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. z= Ansel Adams. Ansel Adams was en American photographer that lived from 1902 vivid uni 1984, He s best known for his mary photographs ofthe American eran West. Some of his many contributions to landscape photography rot clr dtu to see become apparent through an examination of the two major stages of his Sev caer an ‘Adams's early carear was defined by pictorialisn—an effort to make alter: photographs look more pleasing by changing their appearances. Adams —_,shen9e was inspired by the Impressionist movement in painting. Such painters eRe ican attempted to use extremely vivid colors that often mixed together in ih chemical to eeet-a unexpected ways. This created @ somewhat blurry appearance. Adams ae : strove for similar effects, Though photography was limited to black and a teraaney to do0r be white, photographs were often altered after development to make them —semething » appear more artistic. One such technique, soft focus, alters the foous of the camera to make the subject of the photograph appear slightly blurred. This achieved en effect similar to impressionist painting. During this period, he created a photogreph titled "Monolith." photograph of rock formation in the Sierra Nevada mountains of Caifornia, “Monolith” sed a red lens fiter that made the sky appear black. During Adams's later career, he abandoned many of his piototialist leanings when he joined a.group of photographers called Group 1/64. This group encouraged “pure” photography. Rather than struggling to imitate other art forms, they wanted photography to be presented without any alteration, In addition, they stressed that photography should have > No technique. It should, thus, be simply a way to capture and represent a moment in time. Adams's photography during this period is also his most famous. Perhaps his most famous photograph is of the moon rising above a small vilage in New Mexico. This photograph, rather than attempting to make the scene more beautiful through artistic alterations, simply captures the natural beauty of the moment. ———— 30 chapter k f L | | ———oStage 1: Stage 2: ao d Explanation: Explanation: ‘ { | 1 Fes) a Pon Ieee. OO 1. According to paragraph 2, which of the 3. How did Group 1/64 affect Ansel Adams's folowing is a quality of Impressionism? photography style? (A) Altering antwork after itis thished (A) It taught him to leave his photographs (B) Mixing colors in unusual ways unchanged, 4{©) Limiting color use to black and white (B) Itencouraged hirn to photograph (0) Changing the colors of objects in landscaves. nature (C) It provided him with new developing techniques. (0) Itdemonstrated the importance of 2. Why did pictoralist photographers use artistic filters. various lenses to alter their work? (A) To make photographs appear realistic ae (8) To blur the photograoh's background (C) To change the color of a photograph (0) To make photograph development easier Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. In his estly career, Ansel Adams would his photographs for more appeal. His inspiration came from Impressionist artists who used _______ colors in their paintings. In later years, he abandoned his toward imitating other art forms. He joined a group that to present pure, unaltered photography. His photography during this time Is considered to be his best work. Fact Questions 31. —~Envir Urban heat istands are city zones that are significantly hotter than the area surrounding them. This is the result of many factors that cause the city to retain heat that would otherwise be lost. In many cases, urban heat islands—or UHls for short—are several degrees warmer than nearby, non-city areas, The most common cause of UHIs is the fact thet the ground area has been peved over in cities. By and large, pavement soaks up far more heat than cfrt on the ground or organic matter. As a result, the cities cool down far less than other areas during the night. During the same nighttime period, most natural, unpaved regions lose most of the heat that they have absorbed during the day; paved areas do not, Because of this, areas containing significant pavement are often warmer at night by three to four degrees Celsius. Inaction, the low number of plants in cities contributes to UHIs. Through a process called evapotranspiration, plants release water into the air when they are heated, This moisture is often much cooler than the surrounding air temperature. The moist ait, in turn, causes the nearby area to become cooler, Since most of the ground in cities is paved or built over, there Is little room for plants to grow. Asa result, the natural cooling effect of plants is not as present in cities as itis in other areas, The heat of the area cannot benefit from the cooling effects of many plants. Finally, UHls are caused by the heat released by human activity within the city. The operation of cars and day-to-day urban activities in a city create a large amount of heat. This exoess heat is called “waste heat” and may be more of a factor in UHIs than scientists frst thought. In fact, many cities remain warm even on cloudy days due to waste heat boing released. Thus, due to the high concentration of cars and people, heat is constantly generated. onmental Science retain: to keep something urban: relating to. city oF town pave: ‘0 cover an area with pavement, as a road absort: to toko In. soak up. something activity: busy action or movernent —— 32 chapterEffect: 3 g 2 1. How does pavement affect the heat 3. According to paragraph 4, waste heat is : present in a city? (A) heat created by action within cities : (A) It continues to generate heat at night. (8) heat that is lost in the atmosphere Q (8) Paved areas absorb and retain heat. (C) the transfer of heat into the soil (©) It stops the transfer of heat from the air (0) heat trapped by heavy cloud cover to the ground. (©) Itreflecis the heat generated by sunlight, 2, Why do plants cause the area around them tobe cooler? (A) They absorb heat before it reaches the ground, (8) They remove moisture from the air. (C) They release oxygen to stop heat transfer. (0) They release moisture into the air. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. heat islands are city areas that are warmer than surrounding areas. Several factors cause the city to heat that would otherwise be lost, The paved streets and hold heat which results in warmer nights. The operation of cars and dally human create excessive heat in cites. Unfortunately, the natural cooling effect of plants is not present in cities, Fact Questions 33 —‘Art Nouveau was an erlstic trend that began near the tur of the 20! century, The style was distinct from the styles before it, especially the “academic” art that had been popular in the 19% century. Both the approach and style of Art Nouveau established it as a unique movement ‘hat is stil celebrated today, Art Nouveau began with very non-traditional approaches. It spit from the fine art of the 19% century that focused heavily on accurate portrayals of reality, It did not seek to create art that exactly represented reality. Rather, Art Nouveau sought to add to reality and make normal, everyday things beautitul with decoration, In this way, Art Nouveau was more functional than the art before it. Moreover, it did not focus only on classical types of fine art, such as statue and painting, but was a “total style”; that is, it applied artistic ideas to nearly everything. While some Art Nouveau artists did oreate images, one could just as easily produce tea cups, jewelry, or architecture in the style of decorative art, Alphonse Mucha, one of the most famous figures of Art Nouveau, became popular by producing posters that advertised stage productions, In Prague, Brussels, and several other places across Europe, the Art Nouveau style swept the city It could be seen in buildings, train stations, and parks, In this way, Art Nouveau’s approach wes much different than art before it; rather than making “pure” art for museums, Art Nouveau was beautiful and served a purpose. The style of Art Nouveau was a huge departure from the art before it, Onoe again, accurate depictions of reality were abandoned in favor of a decorative style. Most Art Nouvedu images are two-cimensional. They cast aside rules of perspective that were so present in 19 century art. In dition, large amounts of decoration are added to a picture, In many of the poster images prepared by Mucha, for instance, several vine-ke, cutved lines frame his pieces. Over the entrances to the metro in Paris, ornate panes of glass expand outward from the evitrance, In both cases, the decoration has no function other than adding @ sense of beauty to what is otherwise very plain, movement: a drestio change inan at for functional: dasgred to bo useful doperture: ‘a movement away from something perspective: away to cate art that ‘ves the impression of ‘dstanoe of cept a. mental iow or-uitook an _dosorated with complex shapas of patterns — 34 craperDefinition: | Characteristic 1: 1. How did Art Nouveau differ from the art 3. Which of the following was a trait of Art befofe it? Nouveau? : (A) It attempted to make painting and (A) It used large amounts of decoration. soulpture more popular, (8) It was focused mostly on architecture, 8) It made normal, everyday objects more (©) It paid special attention to perspective, beautiful, (0) It depicted subjects in unrealistic ways. (©) It tried to make art that appéeled to ‘everyone. (©) It made formal artistic techniques available to everyone. = 2. According to paragraph 2, what was Alphonse Mucha well known for? (A) Architecture {8) Stage productions (C) Posters (0) Jewelry Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Art Nouveau wes an art form that was a from traditional art. It added a new to the traditional art of the past. Art Nouveau was more i because it made everyday things more decorative. Traditional European window panes and doorways were more ‘and more beautiful, Even today, the unique style of Art Nouveau is widespread throughout thé world. : fect Questions 35 —@aryohicys v1 Nee eletio re Necessary Skills © Recognizing incorrect information as well as information not mentioned in the passage © Identifying paraphrases that do or do not correctly summarize information from the passage © Verifying that three answer choices are true and one is false Example Questions * Allof the following are mentioned in paragraph Xas___—_EXOEPT: * According to the passage, which of the following SNOT? © The author's descriotion of mentions all of the following EXCEPT: Strategies * Be aware that often, the three incorrect answer choices are spread across a paragraph or several paragraphs. '* Keep in mind that the correct answer either directly contradicts one or more statements in the passage or it is not mentioned in the passage at all, * Check your answer to make sure that you understood the question accurately, Negative Fact Questions 37. —The Me'sner Acting Technique was created by Sanford Meisner insert: the mid 19008. It does not focus on reading scripts. Instead, the Meisner _etuenworcbof erley Technique teaches students how to spontaneously act according to a —_sponteneousy: situation, The technique is now taught in several acting schools and has ° *Aheut Henning been used to train several Hollywood stars. mr phase stig) The Meisner Technique begins by focusing on acting without cutacouse ot action planning, The actors are given a prompt and must move around asf Sa nal ah yo they were in thet setting. An actor might be told to act as if he were hand, especialy eninect exploting the jungle. The actor then must move on stage without a setting: ‘ sort, wiping awey sweat, swatting at bugs, et. In this way, the Meisner Sai sash” vo Technique teaches actors to place themselves into the roles they are playing and move in a realistic way. Noxt, the Meisner Technique teaches emotional speech. Actors are given a prompt and must interact and talk, while showing emotions that they would show in a ‘real ife” situation. Sinoa actors do not have a script to refer to, they have to imagine themselves in a ‘similar emotional setting. For example, an actor would need to first analyze a situation and then react in a way that he or she normally would. Thus, the actors lines aro both more realistic and more emotional. Definition: Way 1 ——~ 38. chapter?1. Allof the following are elements of the 3. All of the following are true of the Meisner ‘Meisner Technique EXCEPT: Technique EXCEPT: (A) Spontaneous acting (A) Actors create their own lines, 8) Acting without a soript (8) Actors are often given a prompt. (C) Moving without planning (C) Actors begin by evaluating the * ; (0) Exaggerating emotions situation. (0) Actors study the performances of other actors, 2. According to the passage, all of the following are goals of the Meisner Technique EXCEPT: (A) Attempting to beoome a character (8) Learning to move in a realistic way (C) Understanding how to read a script (D) Using emotional speach to interact Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. ‘The Meisner Technique is a form used to teach students to act . Students are given a or situation to perform without a soript. Students are taught to visualize and imagine themselves ina certain |___. An example would be a picnic scene where they might a fly. Using the Meisner Technique would make the _ ‘Scone more realistic and-belevable. Negative Fact Quesions 39 —~Environmental Science Read, the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. IE Seca EL det streams are strong winds that blow at high attitudes anc are alte: responsible for weather patterns around the word, New research foie sea et haght suggests that jet streams are moving toward the poles, which wil have poles dramatic effects on the Earth’s weather. epee osine aie The first effect of the jet streams’ shift toward the poles will be a tart heightening of the severity of storms. Hurricanes, for instance, are often __helohtening: kept from forming by the high winds of the jt streams. A large amount Wen ‘of moisture in a small area is necessary for a hurricane to form. By — topprevent something from constantly moving air, jet streams frequently thwart the formation of ing: : hurricanes. As jet streams move away from the equator, where hurricanes most often form, itis likely that hurricanes will become more frequent and.more severe, The shift in jet streams will also cause many areas near the equator to become drier. Jet streams cary water that evaporates off of the ‘ocean onto land. This moisture then forms into clouds and falls onto the land in the form of precipitation. Since jet streams are moving away from regions along the equator, itis thought that these areas wil receive less moisture, As some ate already rather dry, this could cause severe droughts for many areas. ‘Cause: Effect 1: ——— 40 chapter 21. Allof the following are results of the shift of jet streams EXCEPT: (A) A longer tropical rainy season @) More frequent hurricanes (©) Drier weather near the equator (0) More severe hurricanes 2. According to the passage, all of the folowing are true of jat streams EXCEPT: (A) They exist at high altitudes. (8) They prevent many storms from forming. (©) They keep mountainous regions drier. (0) Théy move moisture toward land masses, Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Winds blowing at a high winds, called jet streams, are shifting, and their absence is storms. Jlet streams are important because they Also, they carry water that 3. According to the passage, all of the following are true of jet streams EXCEPT: (A) The presence of jet siteams increases the severity of storms. {B) Jet streams encourage precipitation on land. (©) The presence of jat streams changes storm patterns. (0) Jet streams appear to be moving away from the equator. account for the world’s weather patterns. These the severity of the forrnation of hurricanes. over the ocean and falls onto areas of dry land. If the jet streams shift, these areas could experience severe droughts, The shift of jet streams to “the poles will be very harmful ‘S31 DuDvaa || SNUIaM || ONDIvaas |! ONINGISH Negative Fact Questions 41. ——a aaNet ‘The flu vius, influenza, Kils up to 600,000 people worldwide each year. In rhany cases, scientists create vaccines to protect against the virus, but the vaccines ere not always effective. New research on the virus has led! some to believe that the virus is evolving in the tropics and spreading outward from a single point In support of this idea, scientists studied different competing versions of the fu virus that affect people. There are tivo known versions. of the flu virus that affect hurnans, H1N1 and H3N2. In years where H1NI is common, H3N2 is rare, and vice-versa. In non-tropical regions, there are flu “seasons”: periods where several people are affected by the virus, which then dies off. In tropical regions, the flu has no season: it is constantly present. As a result, researchers believe that the two strains compete with each other in tropical regions, Thé successful strain moves outward to affect the rest of the world. Researchers also studied the way strains of the virus spread aoross the globe, New strains of the virus appear in warm regions along the equator and move outward. This further suggests that the virus is evolving in a single area and moving out into other regions. After one strain becomes strong enough to affect several people in the tropics, it moves outward by infecting travelers and, in some cases, migrating birds. Scientists are hopeful that the region where each strain of the flu evolves can be pinpointed, That way, new vaccines can be oreated before the virus spreads. vacei ‘a substance used to provide protection from a disease evolve; to devsiop over tineinto a ‘forntforin ‘outward: ‘away For 2 oortain place compete: to ty 10.69 beter than ‘something ese pinpoint: é to finda precise location NN Support 2: 42 chaptor21, According to the passage, all of the 3. following are true of the flu virus EXCEPT: (A) It does not affect people that have been vaccinated, (8) It ikely spreads outward from a single point. (©) It can kil 500,000 people in a single year. (0) It exists in two versions that affect humans, 2. Allof the following statement about flu strains are true EXCEPT: (A) The two strains of the fu virus compete with each another. (8) H1N1 and H3N2 are the two versions’ of the flu that affect humans. (©) The area in which the two strains compete is tkoly small (0) Both strains of flu emerge at the same time and spread outward Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Scientists are constantly searching for a new They have not been able to two strains that regions by travelers and possibly birds. According to paragraph 3, all of the following contribute to the spread of the flu EXCEPT: {A) Infected travelers {B) Bird migrations {C) Ineffective vaccines {D) Warm regions that wil prevent influenza. the origin of the virus. They believe that there are. against each other. The strongest virus is spreading and affecting people throughout the world. It can be transmitted to outer Negatve Fact Questons 43 -—the diagram with the information that you read, @2=508 Read the following passage. Then fill bit The Industr‘al Revolution was a period of intense and dramatic « tnihed goods: items tal fave Boon change. As technology reached a more advanced level, severel cated no veeaie, ‘countries in the 19th century began constructing factories. Although ‘prodticts rom raw materials factories were able to produce finished goods at a very high rate, they ee (ee eae needed hundreds of workers to function, As a result, the Industrial fayorece Revolution led to a number of social changes. ‘red or wanted more than ‘The most noticeable change brought on by the Industrial Revolution SNS wes the shift in population. Prior to factories being built, there was very ory grat Iitle work in cties for members of the lower class. Most people lived in the country, where they farmed small pieces of land, Over three-fourths of Britain's population lived this way before the Inclustrial Revolution, The cconsiruction of factories, however, created a large dernand for workers in the cities. Thus, many people flocked to the city in hopes of making more money. In this way, the Industrial Revolution is responsible for modern cities becoming huge population centers. The Industrial Revolution also changed attitudes toward women. In the past, women were rarely allowed to work on farms; instead, they stayed at home and tended to the family, Labor in factories, however, was viewed differently. Women were alowed to work in factories. In fact, women were actually favored in some cases because they would often work for lower wages. This change in women's roles wass a key part in helping women gain more rights, such as the right to vote. The Industral Revolution is thus seen as playing a profound role in the evolution of a ‘women's rights. Cause: Effect 1: Ny Effect 2: Ab chapter 2«J. Which of the following is NOT true about 3. Which of the following is NOT true of the the effects of the Industrial Revolution on Industrial Revolution, according to the population? passage? (A) Cities grow larger. » (A) It forced people to accept lower pay for (8) Lower classes worked in factories. doing more work. {C) Many people moved to rural areas. (8) It started with the construction of (0) Factories increased available jobs. factories. (C) It encouraged people to move into the city, 2. Allof the folowing are true of the Industrial {) It began during the 19% century. Revolution’s impact on women EXCEPT: {A) Itled some factory owners to prefer women because they could be paid less. (8) It resfited in women receiving lower wages than they did in the country, women gaining other rights. (0) It changed people's feetings on allowing women to work outside of the home. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. The Industrial Revolution had a effect on several 19% contury counties, ‘Subsequently, people who had been farmers now could work in a AS more factories were built, people to cities looking for work. Women worked for lower ‘wages; therefore, they were more than men. The Industral Revolution is. responsible for the growth of major cities today, (C) Itis seen as a stepping stoné for | Negative Fact Questions 45, ————BEI E MAGE elatelp ‘The tabula rasa theory dates back to Ancient Greek thought. The theory argues thet humans are born.with a “blank slate" (tabula rasa Is Latin for biank slate). In other words, humans have no knowledge when they ate born, They ere not incined to behave in any particular way. instead, their upbringing and environment determine the kind of person that they will become. However, the tabula rasa theory has been nearly disproved by modern psychology. ‘One of the most basic parts of a person is lis or her inteligencs. A person's inteligence has @ huge role in how they behave and act, Most studies today suggest that a person's genetic makeup determines one's intoligence. It appears that environment and upbringing have itl effect ont, By measuring the IQ of siblings, researchers can compare the role of upbringing versus genetics in inteligence. In such tests, it was found that inost sioings close to each other in age have a similar 1Q only when they are young. Once siblings become teenagers, their IQs no longer correlate in eny way. If the Tabula Rasa Theory were true, two siblings growing up in the same home would have the same IQ, This divergence between siblings’ IQ continues even after they have both become ‘adults, In short, data on siblings’ IQ disproves the tabula rasa theory. The personalities of siblings have also been studied, The results further disprove the tabula rasa theory, Onoe again, sidings were ‘studied, but this time each of them was adopted from a. different family. Since the two adopted children had different parents, their genetic structure—their “nature’—wes entirely different, However, their femily life—the “nurture"—wes the sarhe, as they were raised in the same home, Personality tests of adopted siblings raised in the same home showed that they were almost entirely diferent from one another. By adulthood, they were as likely to have the same personality type as two random strangers. This further disproves the tabula rasa theory by suggesting thet a person may be born with certain traits. Upbringing seams to have little or no impact on one’s personality. pam 46 chapter 2 upbringing: tha proces fa pret resng a ote Io: intaigonoe quoi a rmaasurerent of 070 ‘ntigance versus: compared with diergance: ‘a state of being separate or iteront adopted! mde pt of nwtTheory: . All of the following are true of the tabula rasa thepry EXCEPT: (A) It argues that people are born with no natural behaviors. (®) Ithas been supported with research in modein psychology. (C) It can be dated back to the ideas of the Ancient Greeks. (0) It believes that personality is shaped by upbringing and environment, . According to the passage, all of the following were used to disprove the tabula rasa theory EXCEPT: (A) Children's upbringings (8) Similar sibing inteligence (C) Inteligence tests (0) Personality tests Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. 3. Allof the following are true of the study participants described in paragraph 3 EXCEPT: : (A) Their personalities seemed to be affected by genetic. makeup. (8) As adults, the subjects were not likely to have similar personalities, (©) Upbringing seems to have litle effect on their personality. (©) The participants were raised in different homes. Researchers have studied the theory of intelligence based on environment genetics. Earlier theories suggested that a chile’ intelligence was determined by their : -A______ ocurred when siblings with similar IQs as chiicren had ~ diferent ones when they aged. Children who were from different families but raised in the same homes were studied. They didnot have similar IQs, indicating intellect is based on genetics. [isarupvea | Snuram || onowaas || Snneaisr Negative Fact Questors 47 ————i The magnetosphere is an area of magnetic energy that surrounds some astronomical objects. Magnetospheres radiate magnetic energy ‘outward from the body of the object. In some cases, the magnetic fiold is very targe; the Earth's magnetic field extends’ several tens of thousands of kilometers into space, This magnetic energy, in turn, can affect other objects around the body. Every body's magnetosphere is different ands affected by a number of factors, In the case of the Earth’s magnetosphere, two mein factors affect the magnetic energy the Earth radiates, The first factor affecting the Earth's magnetosphere is the natural magnetism of the Earth itself. Deep in the core of the Earth, molten metals carrying an electric charge move. This is a process referred to as ‘a dynamo process. As these metals flow around inside of the Earth, they generate a magnetic field around the planet. This is the same field that causes the needle of a compass to point north. This ocours because the magnetism on Earth is based at the poles. Though this magnetism is present on the planet, It also radiates far beyond the Earth, thus forming the magnetosphere, in addition, the Earth's magnetosphere is altered by the solar wind. ‘The solar wind is a stream of charged particles that flow outward from the sun. As the surface of the sun moves, certain points generate higher heat then usual. This heat, In turn, charges particles high In the atmosphere of the sun, Due to the extremely high temperatures, these charged particles move out from the sun at a very fast rate of about 400 kilometers per second. These released particles form a “wind!” of sorts that blows through space. Due to its speed, the solar wind can greatly affect the magnetic flelds of astronomical bodies that it comes into contact with. In the case of the Earth, the sun's solar wind has a dramatic, effect on the magnetosphere, On the side of the Earth that faces the sun, the magnetosphere is dramatically. compacted by solar wind. Simiary, the magnetosphere of the Earth on the side opposite of the sun radiates cout farther than it normally would; the solar wind blows the magnetic, waves outward. astronomical: relating to tho planets, stars, and other objec in spe03 ‘magnetic energy: ‘energy that causes tings to push orput on other ‘objects radiate: torelease energy compass: ‘a navigational too! thet alias points to the north charged: contiing alecticty compact: ‘o-exet force on somnating 0 k becomes safer ho 48 chapter?Explanation: Support 4: ‘ 1. According to the passage, all of the (©) It causes a compase's needle to point following are true of the Earth's magnetic north. fleld EXCEPT: (0) Itis compacted on one side by solar (A) Its radiated from the poles of the planet, wind. (B) Subtle changes in the magnetic fleld can also affect the magnetosphere. () It begins in the Earth's core and ends 3. Allof the following are true of solar wind in the upper atmosphere. EXCEPT: {0} It is generated by molten metals (A) Itis released when temperatures on flowing in the core of the Earth. the sun decrease. (@) It can affect the magnetospheres it comes in contact with, . Al of the following statements are true of (C) It moves away from the sun at a vory the Earth's magnetosphere EXCEPT: fast rate. ; (A) It can be atfected by small changes (P) Itis composed of charged particles in the core of the Earth. from the sun. (©) it does not affect other astronomical . bodies. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Magnetosoheres__ magnetic energy outward from the body of other objects. The Earth has natural magnetism causing a to always point north, The particles flowing outward from the sun are called solar winds. They greatly the magnetosphere of the side of the Earth facing the sun. The magnetic winds blow the magnetic waves outward on the opposite side, [asaiapuovea |[ onurum |! onpivaas |! onmaisn || Negtve Fact Questions 49. —-Necessary Ski * Perceiving ideas that are suggested but not directly stated within a passage ‘© Drawing conclusions based on information given within a statement or section of a passage © Determining logical implications of the author's words © The author of the passage implies that © Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph X about 2 © Based on information in paragraphs X and Y, what can be inferred about 2 Itis suggested in paragraph X that Strategies © Ensure that your answer does not contradict the main idea of the passage. * Do not choose an answer because it seems important or true. The correct answer must be inferable from the passage. , © Check that you can defend your answer choice by referring to explicitly stated information in the passage that points to the inference you have chosen. Inference Questions 51 —‘Aromatherapy uses scents from many plants to ald both the body met: . and the rind. For years, soletists have debeted the scientific mert of Stason soma aromatherapy. Recently, a number of studies have shown that —thoway someting smots’ aromatherapy does have medical benefits. aie: ; Many of the substances—called essential ols—used to produce 22mureactekninals” soents have been shown in studies to affect the body, Perhaps the most anxiety disorder: surprising find was the abllty of a number of ols to fight viruses. The conelion that causa a. ; ors 0 fear or wor herpes simplex virus is common in humens and can lead to infections, about mary siuatons sores, and even some forms of cancer, A number of oils, including vapor: sandalwood oll and peppermint oll, were found to be effective in fighting 73 2 the vius. Scientists botieve that chemicals within the ols can destroy the to wy orexaino calls of the virus without harming heelthy cells someting agin More commonly, essential ois are used to help those with emotional problems. Scientists have begun research into aromatherapy’s uses in anxiety disorders. in one study, mice were placed into high-stress situations, The scientists monitored their anxiety levels, Solentists released lemon oll vapors and reviewed the mice’s anxiety levels. They found that lemon ol reduced the anxiety levels of the mice, The oll targets a specific area in the brain that is usually responsible for increased stress levels. romatherapyl: Use 2: ‘Support: —— 52 chapters1. According to paragraph 1, which of the 3. What does the author imply about the mice following can be inferred about used to test the effects of aromatherapy? aromatherapy’s history? (A) Thoy wero selected because they had (A) Some scientists in history have naturally high anxiety. doubted its benefits. (8) Essential olls wore responsible for (8) thas been in use longer than changes in their bralri chemistry. traditional medicine. (C) Only mice that had been exposed to (C) It had not been researched until the lemons responded to the therapy. 20% century. (©) Their brains did not contain the (0) Ancient societies widely used feceptor that controls stress, aromatherapy. 2. According to paragraph 2, what can be inferretl about the herpes simplex virus? (A) Iisa dangerous tisk to most people's health. ©) Its more harmful than once thought (Cy It does not affect people who use aromatherapy. (0) Scientists aren't certain how essential olls affect it. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Scientists have debated for a long time about the of aromatherapy. Studios show that the of essential ols affects the body physically. Some oils have been found to clear a caused by a virus. A of a study of ols used (on mice with anxieties wes conducted. it found that the essential ols were effective in reducing anxieties. Inference Questons $3 —Cee Anthropology Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. (=a Fs Prehistoric vertebrates that once roamed the Earth left evidence of their activity: This evidence is often found in the form of fossilized tracks and footprints called trace fossils. Trace fossils were oreated when animals stepped into so‘t mud or silt, Their imprints then filed with sand that later turned to stone. These imprints record clues about the lives of ‘their makers as well as the world in which they once lived. Paleontologists study trace fossils to learn about the behavior of prehistoric vertebrates, Dense pattems of tracks, for instance, offer clues about feeding and social behaviors. In some cases, they can be used to determine how an extinct animal moved around in its environment. For example, scientists used trace fossils to discover that an animal referred to as a giant sea scorpion orawied across the sea floor. Trace fossiis also provide evidence about past environmental conditions, Sometimes, they can even overtum previously held theories, For example, scientists once thought thet the entire Red Gulch area of \Wyorning was underwater during the Middle Jurassic period, However, scientists recently found tracks in Red Gulch made by dinosaurs that walked on land during that period. The prints are evidence that there ‘was en area of land very near the sea. The coastines were once home to several species of dinosaurs. vertebra ‘an animal with a spine roam: termove atioss an area, ‘often without a destination ‘wack: ‘amark that an arial leavos on the grounet overturn to say that something is ‘wrong-and changs it coastline: ite land near a sea Definition: Role 1: ——— 54 chapter 31. The author of the passage implies which of c the following about trace fossis? b (A) The species that made them are now . extinct. (8) They are only mado by large animals. (©) The best trace fossis form in deserts. (©) They are only found in rivers and beaches. 2. According to paragraph 2, what can be inferred about the giant sea scorpion? (A) It adapted to ie in the desert. (®) It ved in the sea. : (C)Trace fossils are the only evidence of its ES existence. (0) It created interesting patterns of tracks. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. A trace fossil is a information on the animals that once “trace fo: © several species of dinosaurs that livedt along the. ils to learn about. the behavior of the dinosaurs: In paragraph 8, what does the author imoly about the environment of Red Gulch during the Middle Jurassic? (A) Sclentists once thought tand dinosaurs ould not live there. (B) The area was once populated by many species. (C) It was a good place for vertebrates to live, . (0) It was similar to the environment there today. of footprint of a prehistoric animal, Trace fossils provide the Earth. These findings often prior theories regarding the era of the dinosaurs. Evidence was found, revealing Inference Questions 55. —Biology One would think that Echinoderms—more commonly known as shelf starich--would struggle to stay alive in their underwater environment. Seeein gana Starfish have unusually tiny mouths given their diet of shéliish, deadifish, capable and other slow-moving creatures. In fact, their mouths are often many ‘Bb to-do something times smaller than their prey. Nonetheless, starfish are quite capable of bape caiching and devouring large bivalve mollusks, a type of shelfish with completly two shells thet clamp together, such as clams and mussels. They festa accomplish this task by relying on their arms and their stomachs. patoulr lace Starfish use their powerful limbs frst to grasp and then force open py their prey's shell. They grasp their prey through the use of thousands of "° ‘exc something to open tubular projections called tube feet that ine the underside of their arms. Starfish use their tube feet like suction cups to latch onto and restrain thelr prey. They then use water pressure within their bodies to pry open the mollusk’s shell, With the shell open, starfish can access the edible part of the mollusk. Starfish do not devour mollusks directly with their mouths but rather Via a system of two stomachs: a cardiac stomach and a pyloric stomach. After prying open a mollusk’s shel, the starfish pushes its cardiac stomach out of its body and into the mollusks shel, The stomach expands and wraps completely around the soft tissue of the moliusk’s body, thus beginning the process of digestion. When Its prey is partially digested, the stariish pulls the cardiac stomach back into Its body and transfers the partially digested food to its pyloric stomach for & further digestion. Aspect 56 chapter 3 i i1. What does the author imply about clams 3, According to paragranh 3, what can be and muscles? inferred about the functioning of the pyloric (A) They are dificult for starfish to digest. stomach?, 8) They are easy for starfish to catch. (A) Itis not as effective as the cardiac (C) They are larger than a starfish’s mouth, stomach, (0) They are the starfish’s preferred food. {B) itis not pushed outside of the starish’s body. (C) It digests less food than the cardiac 2. In paragraph 2, what can be inferred about stomach. tube fost? {0) Itis only used when the starfish eats (A) Starfish use them to move across the small prey. sea floor, (8) They help starfish find their prey. 7 (©) They can be used to carry the starfish’s pi (0) Starfish could not eat mollusks without them. ll in the blanks to complete the summary. ‘The starfish is of captiring its prey despite its small mouth. It is also able to large bivalve mollusks ike clams and mussels. Their tube feet act as suctions that capture and their prey. Water pressure within their bodies enables them to open mollusk shells, Their eating relies on-their arms and stomachs, which are both unique. inference Questions 57 —Many people think hurricanes and tornadoes are the most destructive forces on Earth, However, an equally destructive force is at work every day: mass wasting. Mass wasting, simply put, is the movement of surface rock and debris down a slope as a result of gravity. Itis responsible for approximately $2 bilion worth of damage and dozens of deaths annually in the United States. Overseas, catastrophes triggered by mass wasting have killed tens to hundreds of thousands of people in seconds. ., One hazard that results from mass wasting Is slope failure. This can ‘occur when a large mass of rock detaches from a mountainside and slides down the slope, Such a collapse is often sudden and violent, causing a great mass of loose debris to cascade downhill. In other cases, an enti layer of the ground near a slope can detach and begin sling down a. mountainside. Due to heavy rainfall in Japan in 1999, thirty-one people were Killed as a slope collapsed. Landslides are another hazard that results from mass westing, The technical term for a landslide is sediment flow, which better describes the fuid nature of its composition and movement. Most sediment flows are a mixture of rock debris, water, and air that flow downhil. Sometimes: the movement is a scarcely noticeable centimeter per year. Other times, a volatile mixture of heavy rains and loose sediments creates high velocity mudslides reaching up to eighty Kilometers per hour, A tropical storm in 1985 caused a mudslide that buried over 100 homes in Puerto Rico. ioe far ‘of rock end it ‘catastrophe: avery darieaing of ‘egalive event | ‘lggor : tomake rah pen detach: ‘See tom satin sédiinent: rater dopostd ly water ov Moat ‘ Saeco une Explanation: Type 2: Explanation: ———— 58. chapter 31. According to paragraoh 2, which of the folowing can be inferred about the dangers posed by slope failure? (A) It only poses risks to peoole living in ‘mountains. ©) It poses less of a hazard than sediment flow. (©) Itcan destroy homes from above or below. {D) Itis difficult to estimate the damage it can cause, 2. According to paragraph 3, which of the folowing can be inferred about mass wasting? (A) Its effects are not always immediately destructive. {8) itis less costly overseas than in the US. {C) More people die from mass wasting than other catastrophes. (0) It causes more damage than huricanes and tomadoes combined. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Mass wasting Is a 3. In paragraph 8, which of the following can be inferred about mudslides? (A) They are the least dangerous form of mass wasting. (8) They often occur after storms. (C) They are the most fluid form of landslide. (0) They do not contain debris. that can be as destructive as @ hurricane. Heavy rainfalls may___allandsliie and Kill many people in seconds. A large mass of rock can itself from a mountainside, causing devastation. Tropical areas with numerous hilis and-heavy torrential rains are most homes in @ matter of seconds, . A mudslide can cover hundreds: of. Inference Qusiens 59 —Fine aS Lier R AE Radio dramas-are productions of plays done over the radio using voice actors and sound effects. Some dramas, called serial dramas, use multiple episodes to develop a long story. Most people today think that live-action theater and television are the best mediums for theatrical dramas. However, radio has been the medium of choice for several successful modem dramas. This is because it has two clear advantages over live theater productions. The first advantage is cost. One of the most successful modern radio serial dramas was Douglas Adams's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a story about one man’s voyage across the universe. This science fiction series built up its reputation with good storytelling and low-cost, audio special effects. Special effects helped the listeners imagine the fantastical settings and characters. This made the program very entertaining, To produce the series in a theater, Adams would have had to rely on elaborate sets, lighting, and spacial effects. However, Adams had a small budget. Thus, this would have been impossible, The second advantage is that new technologies often make it easier to create a radio drama than a theatrical drama. A good example can be seen in the 2003 radio drama Not From Space. The program was made by a group of voice actors working in several different places. This was only possible because they made the program using the Internet, sending their own parts to be merged into a single drama. In traditional theater, such a production would be impossible. Live theater requires the presence of all actors in one place; radio dramas allow actors to have more flexible schedules, The sucedss of programs like Not From Space suggests that, despite the successes of ive theater and television, radio dramas still have a place in modern drama. episode: ‘one chow ina series ‘meatus: = ‘away thet eorrathig is ‘wensmited voyage: along te ‘fantastical: imaginary, made-up merge: torblenid of ite Advantage 1 A Example 1: eee eee eEeed Example 2: Advantage 2 = Example 3: ——-~ 60 Chapter 3In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about serial dramas? (A) They are more popular when produced for TV. (8) Most serial dramas are not produced on radio, (C) TV dramas replaced many radio dramas. (0) Radio was the medium of choice in the past. In paragraph 2, what can be inferred about visual special effects? (A) ‘They cannot be used in lve theater productions. (8) They are more costly than audio special effects. (©) They are not suited to science fiction serials. (0) They were not considered for Adam's production. Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. For some, radio drama is a preferred It enables listeners to imagine the voice actors’ roles can be ‘becomes vivid in the minds of the listeners. Radio drama is less expensive to produce and provides actors with flexibility. 3. What can be inferred about the future of radio serials? (A) They wil increasingly rely on the Internet. (B) They will be made in one place. (C) They wil replace TV serials. (0) They wil foous on science fiction. to present dramatic presentations. settings produced by sound effects. The into @ drama via the Internet. The tale of a ience Questions 61 —Fine Arts Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. The Mediterranean people who lived on the island of Grete are famous for their pottery. During the years spanning the Bronze Age, the pottery evolved through three major stagos. ‘The first stage was known as the Early Minoan period. This period of time from 3000 to 2000 BCE is considered the Early Bronze Age, and the Minoans, the people of Crete, were a thriving nation. The pottery they.created consisted of plain and simple designs. initially, they used interesting pattems of straight lines to decorate the clay. Eventually, this phased into designs of spirals in succession or curved motifs painted in a white or cream color on a dark background. ‘The Middle Minoan period, from 2000 to 1600 BCE, corresponded to the Middle Bronze Age, Decoration on this period's pottary was a further development of the previous period. The prevailing patterns were curved designs painted in yellow, white, or red, swirling around the surfaces of the round pottery. Newiy included were modeled flowers and animals paired with painted motifs on the surface of the vases. The coloration used by potters during this middle period consisted of light colors painted on a dark background, It was during this middle period that the potter’s wheel was invented, marking what is perhaps the most significant invention in the history of pottery. As a result, potters were able to create more delicate pottery than they could by hand. Some clay pots were as thin as eggshels. During the start of the Late Bronze Age, around 1600 BCE, Minoan pottery developed into the marine style. It differs from earlier styles in that the light-on-derk style of painting was replaced by dark-on-light decoration. Moreover, marine style pottery moved away from once preferred floral subject matter. Rather, it focused on the realistic depiction of ocean creatures such as octopi, dolphins, and a variety of fish. Theso animals were set upon a background of rocks, sponges, and seaweed. ‘The surfaces of pots were densely packed with marine imagery. Many regard it es the most successful style of Minoan pottery It also was the last purely Minoan style of pottery created on Crete. ~~ 62 chapter 3 In success Ina oeriog; one aftor another motife: udved || onurum || onnivaas |! oninaisn | ‘The Industrial Revolution brought new coal factories where the peppered moths . As the of its habitat changed, the moth changed to survive, The pollution from the factories into the area where they lived. The from the factories changed the color of the tree bark. The moths could no longer ‘camouflage themselves until they evolved to the same color as the black bark. ‘ete Fupose Questions 75, ——Formulated by David McClelland, the acquired-needs theory attempts to explain how an individual's motivation develops, For example, his theory might try to find a source of a person's desire to pursue a particular career, such as polities, The driving forces behind all motivation are three categories of needs: achievement, power, and affifation, Many people are driven by a need to achieve. In essence, this need tends to cause people to pursue activities or careers that guarantee them success. A person driven by achievement is likely to avoid Unfamiliar sitUafions’ altogether, in one of MoCleland’s experiments, he asked a group of people to throw rings onto a peg from any distance they felt comfortable with, Individuals with a need to achieve chose distances from which they knew they could easily complete the task. This need for sucoess can transiate to all aspects of a person's life, inclucing career choices. Power is also a motivator of many needs, Many people need to feel a sense of power over others, In other cases, a parson might feel a need for social power: to organize other people and help them gain power. ‘According to MeCielland, a need for personal power is often a negative quality. For example, one study at a company tested two leaders: one with a need for personal power and one with a need for social power. The former tended to meke the employees feo! resentful due to his ‘overbearing management style. When swapped for the manager with a need for social. power, however, the employees felt empowered. Still others are driven by @ need of affiiation. The main basis of this need is a desire to feel accepted by others. This can have a wide range of effects upon personality. While some greatly enjoy the company of others, some fear it. Such people, driven by their need to feel accepted, fear any situation whete they may not, find acceptance. This often agonizing feeling has been cited as a major cause of depression. One study also found that this can be harmful in the workplace, especially for managers. In a number of cases, a manager only did what would make him popular with his employees, not what was best for the business, -—~ 76 chapter 4 ‘driving: Inflercing another thing in ‘astong wey overbearing: very controling ‘etnpower: 10 gve.a poreori moe ‘contador power in a sitution aftliation: connection with a group ‘of pooete ‘agonizing: ‘extermely pani or dientMain Idea: Aspect 1: 1. The author mentions politics in order to 8. Why does the author discuss a study at a (A) mention an application of a theory company in paragraph 3? (8) explain the use of a term (A) To argue that social power is harmful (C) desoribe the history of a theory {) To define the term “personal power" (0) provide an example of an achievement {C) To compare the effects of two types of power (0) To explain how personal power benefits 2. The author says that some people avoid managers ‘Unfamiliar situations to give an example of (A) a source of success for those with the need to achieve : ©) a low-risk situation with no reward {C) a motivation of peopie who want power (O) an effect of the need to achieve Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. There are three forces that motivate people in choosing career paths. Managers who are driven by power are often to their employees. Managers ‘who have a need for social power generally their staff. Motivation of personal Power is often a negative quality in a person. Amenager’s_____——_ feeling of non- acceptance can be harmful to a company. “1Sal LDvud || ONuum || oNDIvags |! ONINGISIT Rhetorical Purpose Questions 77 —=—~Instructions: Choose the best word or phrase to complete each sentence. 1. The towel. __ the spilled water on the floor, (A) monitored (8) plunged (©) swatted (D) absorbed He his jacket over the chair as he walked in. (A) draped ©) swatted (0) sewed (0) scurried 3. . When the elevator lost power, Jim had to. the'doors open (A) lock ® py (©) thwart (0) compact |. After the ship sank, could be found all along the beach. (A) voyages {B) prompts {C) departures (0) dobiis The flower is pretty, but it does not have much of a(n) (A) activity (8) scent (C) species (0) vapor — 78 Vocabulary Reviove + 6. After Rachel got a tutor, her grades (A) restrained (B) roamed (©) sensationaized (D) skyrocketed Fruit is a(n) because it is very healthy. (A) native (8) orate (C) adopted (0) favored snack of parents The manager all of his employees. (A) devours (8) monitors (©) commands (©) radates the respect of Instructions: Choose the word or phrase closest in meaning to the underlined wordt) in each sentence. "9, The product is rare because they gan't make enough of ft (A) scarce (8) adopted (©) wwid (0) omate 10. it is difficult to locate the source of a very auiet sound. (A) compact (8) pinpoint (0) retain (0) striveTwo people may have very different viewpoints of a single event. (A) perspectives (8) pests ~ (C) altitudes ,D) nutrients ats While the pot is beautiful, itis also very useful “(A) cliarged (@) urban (©) functional (©) profound of 3: The table was made of glass, so it was very breakable. (A) fantastical (8) crippled (C) delicate (0) overbearing 14. The theater's rising attendance connects with the start of summer. (A) corresponds (8) detaches (C) merges (©) evaporates 15. Not all species of penguins live in cold, arctic conditions. (A) pave (8) dwell (C) alter (0) retain words below to fill in the blanks, It is fairly common for a scientific theory to be 16. in light of recent scientific discoveries and, in many cases, these theories can be 17. Inthe past, scientists had suggested that the population of Southeast Asia originally migrated from a small | . | Instructions: Write the missing words. Use the | population in Talwan, which spread throughout the Asian 18, However, 19, new research using DNA testing has 20, a reversal of that theory; instead, they believe people migrated into Taiwan instead of leaving that area, Instructions: Match the words that are similar in meaning, 21. strive (A) location 22. agonizing 8) watch 23. difference Oty 24, observe (0) painful 25, area © variation Vocabulary Review 1 79 —01 History Read the passage and answer the questions. @22m (Ora ae During the 14% century, a mysterious disease spread throughout Europe, killing milions of people. Doctors had no idea what the disease was or how it was spread. The teiifying iliness took a toll on the society of the Middle Ages. People became very superstitious. One superstition was that cats were evil and were somehow responsible for the illness. This superstition led people tokill an estimated 200,000 cats until there were few lef, Little did they know that cats could have helped prevent the disease in several ways. One way that cats could have helped stop the disease, called the bubonic plague, was by kiling rats, Later, when doctors studied the illness, they determined that the bubonic plague was spread by fleas living on the bodies of rats. At the time, millions of rats roamed freely in the city streets. People did not take any measures to defend themselves from the seemingly harmless rais. Thus, they were easily infected, As rats came into contact with humans, the infected fleas migrated from the rats’ bodies onto humans. Thousands of humans were quickly infected this way. Had there been more cats in the city, they could have reduced the number of rats and slowed the spread of the disease. Another way that cats could have prevented the bubonic plague was by keeping rats away from humans in the first place. In modern studies, scientists have found the mere smell of a cat will keep rats away from a house. This is because rodents have a gene that tells them to be afraid of cats. When they smell a cat, they know that they are in danger. That means that ever if the cat doesn't hunt it, the rat will avoid a household that keeps a cat. But without cats during the Middle ‘Ages, rats commonly came into homes in order to search for food. In the process, morp people became infected with the bubonic plague. > Middle Ages a period in European history from the § CE to 1500 CE > gene a unit that carries biological information -—— 80 mini tesAccording to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of people in the Middle Ages? (A) They were healthier than in previous sociaties (8) They thought that cats were sacred. ‘(©) The beliets changed because of the plague. (0) They made much advancement in medicine. 2. Why does the author discuss fleas in paragraph 2? (A) Té show how the disease could have been prevented to humans (©) To show how a theory about the disease was disproved (©) To describe how people first thought the disease spread 8. According to paragraph 2; which of the following is NOT true of the illness? (A) It was later termed the bubonic plague, (8) It was discovered to be spread by rats. (C) The plague took millions of lives in Europe, (0) Cats spread the plague to fleas, |. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of rats? (A) They are naturally resistant to the bubonic plague. (8) They are biologically programmed to fear cats, (C) They can tell ita cat is near because they have good vision (D) They are more likely to visit a homo where a cat lives. {) To explain how the disease was spread 5. 6. According.to the information in paragraph 8, which of these is a likely function of rat genes? (A) Aterting rats to sources of danger (©) Preventing the spread of the plague (©) Helping rats find food sources (0) Teaching rats to approach certain species PS ey | According to paragraph 8, which of the following is NOT true of households in the Middle Ages? (A) They were vulnerable to rat infestation. (8) They were aificult for rats to enter, (©) They did not keep cats as pets (0) They did not have a way of keeping rats away. eek eoieend ll Mini test 1 81 —02 Biology Read the passage and answer the questions. @ZmEIB Aone Gene Albinism and leucism are conditions which result in the discoloration of hair, feathers, and fur. ‘The disorders are more common in certain species. However, both conditions are rather rare. Both disorders appear outwardly similar, and few people would be able to say with any certainty whether an animal is afflicted with albinism or leucism. However, both conditions have been subject to scientific studies. Biologists have found several features that set each disorder apart. ‘One way that albinism and leucism are different is the origins of the condition. Both disorders are caused by a genetic mutation, The mutation that causes albinism causes cells to produce reduced’ amounts of a specific type of pigment called melanin. The lack of melanin in albinistic animals occurs over their entite bodies. Meanwhilo, the genetic mutation that causes leucism is characterized by the lack of cells that produce all pigments. A leuoistic animal's inabilty to create pigments may occur over the entire body. However, it often only affects parts of the body. This results in patches of colored fur mixed with white fur, This is often seen in cows and horses, as well as some types of reptiles. ‘Another difference between albinism and leucism is the effect each concition has on eye color. The color of one’s eyes is determined by pigment production in a particular part of the eye, Albinistic animals are not able to produce the eye pigment. Therefore they have no color in the eyes. Instead, most albinistic animals have red eyes lbecause the lack of color allows the Hck blsodt ‘vessels In the eyes to show through. On the other hand, the eyes of leucistic animals are not affected by the genetic mutation that causes discoloration in the other parts of the body. Their ‘eyes are able to produce the pigment on their own. As a result, leucistic aninals have normal-colored eyes. > pigment a material that provides color ——— 82 wini test‘According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of albinistic and leucistic animals? (A) They are found commonly in nature. (8) They look nearly identical. £{C) Their skin often has unusual colors. (8) It has a form of albinism, (©) The body produces some melanin, (0) It cannot produce pigments. ‘According to paragraph 2, which of the - following is NOT true of leucism? (A) tis caused by a genetic mutation. (®) It causes increased metanin production. (C) It results in the lack of pigment. (0) It can create patches of color. I. According to paragraph 8, how does albinism affect eyes? (A) The animal's vision worsens over time. (6) The blood vessels in the eye become larger. (©) The animal's eye color becomes brighter. (0) Production of the eyes’ pigments stops. The author mentions fed blood vessels. in order to (A) show how blood vessels stop red pigment production (B) describe the cause of a genetic mutation in animals (C) explain how blood. vessels affect pigment production (0) highlight the cause of an unusual eye coloration Acodrding to paragraph 8, which of the following is NOT true of the eyes of leucistic animals? (A) They can appear in many colors. (©) They can produce pigment (©) They have white of red eyos. (©) Their blood vessels cannot be seen. Teal aniiavaa lb one SS Mini est 1 83 —Necessary Skills © ‘Identifying the meaning of individual words and phrases as they are used in a spe- cific reading passage © Choosing the correct meaning of a word or phrase in order to understand its rolevance within a passage Example Questions © The word in the passage is closest in meaning to © Instating . the author means that Strategies ¢ Do not choose an answer only because it may be a correct meaning of the word or phrase; choose the meaning that is being used in the passage. © Tiy rereading the sentence in which the vocabulary word appears, substituting the answer choices for the word, Vocabulary Questions 85 —Madagascar is an isiand that es 300 miles from the African mainland Itis home to 250,000 animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, The number of endemic species in Madagascar is surprising to scientists, They have come up with theories about why it is home to so many unique species. Much of the evidence collected by scientists shows that the animals on the island SvoW#6d separately from those in the rest of Africa. When the island, which was once attached to India, drifted away, many animals. became jsolatéd on it. Fossil evidence shows that early animals on the island were the-same as those found on the African continent. Over time, they adapted to their new environment. ‘The adaptations led to the creation of new species. ‘Another theory suggests that unique animals appeared because of changes in the climate. Scientists noticed that some animals can only bbe found in some areas of Madagascar. They think the isolation is a result of a climate change that occurred on the island during the Tertiary Poriod. The lowlands, where most animals lived, became cold and dry. Meanwhile, the hightands became warm and humid! Many animals moved to the highlands. Those that remained in the jowlands evolved in order to survive. ‘mainland: the largo main part of a ‘country not including any ‘stands efidemic: : tle to be found in only one ‘lave alapt! to change in order to ft ‘specie use or situation - Tertiary Period: s 1 period in history rom 8 illo to"1.8 rifion years 290 : towland: ‘an aca af land that i lover than eurrounding regions. Theory 1: Support: Theory 2: Support: —— 86 chaptersiS 2 .. The word éyolved in the passage is closest 3. The word fuintid in the passage is closest * in meaning to in meaning to 4 (A) revealed (A) fertile Z (8) swam {B) higher (©) changed (©) rainy (0) lived (©) moist .. The word iSdlatédin the passage is closest in meaning to (A) trapped 8) cut off (©) different (0) mixed together + [ ssa 30upvea || NLR [ oupnaas | | the blanks to complete the summary. ladagascar, an island off the. African __—-— Pontains 250,000 spies’ of animals, area nea surprising to: solentists, ‘Studies. have: shown “to this island. Observations ‘show. that most Over periods of time, arias f neled and” 2 animals are wy ‘this Vocabuary Questions 87-——study called sociology began during the late 19% century, Scientists were not sure how to study it. As a result, two philosophies appeared. Positivism and anti-positivism were created during the same period. Stil, the philosophies are different in several ways. Each has distinct views about whether sociology is a science or not. Positivists believe that soviology is just like other sciences. They view society as.an ‘SxtéH8i80 of the natural word. For example, they bolieve that societies are able to evolve, just as animals do. They relate the progress of societies to the evolution of animals. Meanwhile, anti- ositivists think that sociology is not a science. For them, society is separate from. the natural world because it has features like cultural norms end traditions. Those traits are not found in nature. Each philosophy is also different in its methods. Posttvists believe that society can*be studied the same way that other sciences are studied. They only value knowledge that can be proven. Therefore, they ‘@ASOUIELE the use of the scientific method. In the process, data is collacted by conducting experiments. On the other hand, anti-positivists think the scientific method can't reveal anything about societies. Instead, they try to gather information based on observations and interviews. sociology: the study of societies distinet: arty ferent frm ‘something ase relate: to find the connection between two things ‘norm: ‘an acnepted standard for behavior revel: fo show oF make known ——— 88 chapter 5 Anti-PositivisenThe woid f8d/in the passage is closest in ‘meaning to (A) land 8) Kind (©) subject © (0) book The word BX{@h8I6n in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) offer (8) division (©) example (0) addttion 3. ‘The word BiGouraG6 in the passage is closest in meening to (A) support 8) avoid (C) comfort (0) oppose views regarding the field af sociology. societal progress to:animals' and traditions of society are not found in anything Vocabulary Questions 89. —economic Herd Behavior In economics, herd behavior refers to a phenomenon in which people follow the lead of others when making financial decisions, As a result, many people make the same choice at the same time, Economists think that herd behavior is driven by the confidence people place on the decisions made by a group. This theory is supported by several pieces of evidence. One example that shows that people have more faith in group decisions can be seen in the case of a book called The Disojptine of Market Leaders. The book cldh't recelve good reviews in fact, t was widely cicized as being terrible. Yet, it was named a bestseler by a popular newspaper, It achieved that status because the authors themselves bought 60,000 copies when it was fst released in stores. They did it in orcler to make the book popular, Following the book's placement on the bestseller list, many more copias were sold, In fact, the book remained a bestseller for some time afterwards, Its continued success shows that people were willing to buy a miédiceie book based on the assumption that many others had already bought and enjoyed it. Research also shows that people herd more often when they know the decisions of others. In one study, scientists rnonitored the behavior of investors over three years. They found that investors that had stocks in larga companies herded often. Economists link the herding behavior to the availabilty of information about large companies. Such information is avatable so widely that many people would rather make a decision based on that information rather than their own knowledge. As a result, they often make the same decisions as these large companies, fioancial: ralating to menay tive: {0 cause to function aésumption: the'accoptarios of Something as tuo without root Investors: ‘Bede who pus, money into ‘a.comoany for profit Herd Behavior « Theory: Support 4: = 90 chapier 5 eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeearae ~jane word Gontidence in the passage is ‘losest in meaning to (A) money {B) research “(C) avaliabilty (0) trust in meaning to (A) awerd 8) critique (©) revision (©) funding Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. _» Many do not have the individual estend ‘to buy @ book only after it isa ‘boon labeled as displaying herd behavior. People often follow the lead of others when they make . The word fnédlidéte in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) expensive (8) ordinary (C) unpopular (0) used decisions, to make informed financial decisions. The is that group decisions are better than chancing individual decisions. People . People following the lead of others have [ssapipwa ij ‘ONLI if ‘ONDIVEES i[ NINAISTT Vocabulary Questions 91. ——=feo Mclaceereeielcsal Land subsidence is the downward shitting of the ground, Theigradual _sroundwater: sinking of the earth can result in milions of dollars worth of damages MaSseuundeoe to roads and property. According to some reports, every state in the the act of removing United States suffers from land subsidence to some degree. Although Sonanind aquifer sometimes land can sink because of natural causes, the two most ijer of undagrouna ook common reasons for land subsidence are caused by humans, that holds water shat Humans encourage land subsidence by pumping groundwater, shaft According to some estimates, 80 percent of all land subsidence in the through the ground world is caused. by the extraction of water from underground sources, ‘tunnel: such as acuifers. When the water is pumped from under the surface of P.42spovsede froudh ‘the earth, the ground above the well becomes weak. The loss of support Infrastructure: from the water beneath it also causes the soll to become more'somnbadt. bier deixoteet Thus, the soil takes up less space. Since the volume of the soil decreases, ‘the ground shifts downward. In Mexico City, for example, the pumping of groundwater has had a dramatic effect on the ground level. Pumping has caused the ground to sink at least thirty feet over the past century. Certain types of mining also cause land subsidence. Mining is the practice of digging into the Earth in order to extract minerals or metals. Before miners can reach the minerals, they must dig long shafts. In the process of digging the shafts, large chunks of ground are removed from the Earth, The shafts tunnel deep into the ground, For exarnpie, the longest mine shafts in the world are over two mites long. The creation of mines leaves large, empty pockets of space underground. Eventually, > the ground above the pockets is not able to suppor itself. Engineers can help support the ground by refiling mines with concrete or sand after it is used. However, sometimes, the tunnels are simply abandoned. Without proper design, mining jfidli&€s sinking in the ground directly over the area where the mine is built. It causes the surface to tilt and curve, This can be very costly ifit affects buildings or infrastructure. ——~ 92 chaptersCause 1: Effect: Cause 2: Effect: The ward @ladlial in the passage is closest 3. in meaning to in meaning to (A) small (A) checks ©) dramatic 8) stops Ch sow (©) reduoes © (0) downward (0) generates ‘Comfiact in the passage is ~ losest in meaning to (A) weak (©) packed (©) heavy (0) wet Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. Mining andthe _______- __ of water from underground sources cause land subsidence. Digging tong eventually causes the loss of large chunks of earth. The shafts deep into the ground and can run two miles long. The sinking of the land may " .gause future problems with the _____. The pumping of groundwater has caused © Mexico City to sink thirty feet. [asaz.upvae |[ onuram |[onpivaas |[ onmaisn | Vocabulary Questions 93, ———eT Ciel) Buttertles are insects that attract attention around the world because target of their colorful wings. There are about 17,500 different species of podstor butterflies in the world. As beautiful as they are, they stil face many of ‘afvanimal thet hunts and the dangers that other insects do. They are often targeted as food for sels smoker srirnals larger enimals, especially bids. For this reason, butterflies have S'jeappearor go eway developed certain strategies in order to help protect themselves from retreat: tovwithdrw and ot 66 predators. pelevinin ‘The colors and markings found on the wings of butterties af joxin, important to the insect's defense. In some cases, the colors can help the sbstance thats butterfly Gérhlillage itself, raking it invisible to predators, For example, Palsoncia the Australian Leafwing butterfly fesémnblés'a dead leaf when it stands stil The Evening Brown butterfly is also able to imitate dead leaves when it is stil, Camouflaging helps the butterfly vanish into its ‘surroundings. Since the bird cannot see it, It leaves it alone, Other times, the colors cen also trick predators into thinking that the butterfly is a different animal altogether, Some butterfies have large dark spots on their wings. To animals, these spots can be confused for eyes. Thinking that they might have disturbed a larger animal such as @ snake, the predator will then retreat, Butterflies also use chemicals in order to defend themselves. Some butterflies are able to produce toxins, The toxins are poisonous to bugs and other predators, Other butterfiies cannot produce the toxins theinselves, Instead, they get the poison from plants. One type of , butterfly that does this is the Wanderer butterlly, By eating a milkweed plant, it is abléto store the toxin’ in its wings. Then, if @ bird tries to eat it, the poison will make it vomit. Afterward the bird will usually remember not to. ry to eat that type of butterfly again, However, none of the chemical attacks are as’étartling’ as that of the Tiger moth. When threatened, the Tiger moth produces a foamy poison that comes out of the sides of its head. To add to the effect, the poison produces a sizing sound as it comes out. ——— 94 chaptersStrategy 1: Example 2: The word Gamiouflage in the passage is 3, The word Siailiig in the passage is closest closest in meaning to in meaning to A) paint (A) clumsy (®) hide {B) threatening (©) protect (©) slow (0) cover (©) suprising 2. The word resembles in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) hides 8) looks like (©) dresses (0) goes toward Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. for animals ant birds. Butterflies are colorful and attract attention, becoming @ The butterfies’ defense from range from camoutlage to producing various | toxins: One method of camouflage enables the buttery to into its surroundings. Some have wing spots that resemble snake eyes, causing predators 0 _ Others can produce toxins that are poisonous to bugs and other predators. Vorabulay Questions 95 —Literatu re EMER ClEr ies Literature that fs written within the same span of time is grouped into categories called literary periods. Augustan literature is a period in English literature. It includes all of the novels, essays, and poemns written between 1700 and 1740. The period gets its name from Augustus Caesar. It was named after the ancient Roman emperor because the king of England at the time wanted to emulate: him. However, it is appropriate because the literature of the period also shared many characteristics with that written during Augustus's reign. One example of Classical influence on Augustan literature is th use Of satire, which was employed frequently in Classical literature, Satire uses sarcasm and is usually humorous. Nonetheless, the function of it is to cefistite:or mock someone, Ironically, in ancient Rome, writers used it to criticize the policies of ‘Augustus. in Augustan literature, satires were very popular. Augustan writers like Tom Brown and Jonathan Swift wrote many poems and stories that were satirical. One of thie most famous Satires written during the period was Swift's The Battle of the Books. in the story, the books in a library come to life and begin to fight with each other. The books were trying to settle arguments between modem and ancient intellectuals. Modern intellectuals claimed that their knowledge had surpassed that of the ancients. The story is meant to make fun of intellectuals who take themselves 100 seriously. Swift cticizes them for being too prideful. He thinks it is disrespectful for them to believe that the work of ancients is inferior. Another Classical influence on Augustan literature is observed in Poetry. Greek poets used a speciti¢ kind of rhythm in thelr poetry, In English, the rhythm is called “heroic verse." The Greek post Homer wrote the famous epic poem Odyssey using this rhythm ‘scheie, During the Augustan period, poets began to use heroic verse once again in their work. In fact, the most well-known Poet of the time, Alexander Pope, was an expert of using the rhythm. He used it when writing some of his most famous poems, including The Duneiad. Classical: relat to ancient Gresce (oF Rome, especialy tho ‘culture end traditions sarcasm: ‘2n oxpression vere the ‘Speake moans the ‘opposite of what is sie intellectual: hight educated person inferior: of assor quality opie: ‘elating to poarns that tl of ancient people, gods, and tong and dificult everts - 96 chaptersDefinition: Ciassical Influence 1 ononaas |[ omNaISH -| Example: The word erilate in the passage is closest in meaning to. ‘ (A) admire (8) conquer (©) imitate (0) undo The word @éfiditd in the passage is closest in meaning to A) criticize (8) praise (©) block (0) silence ‘Authors frequently used ancient works were | [isarsousvea | ona 3, The word Scligine in the passage is closest in meaning to - (A) method (8) sound (©) plan (0) influence to criticize the policies, of rulers. During the Augustan period, books mocked the asce for being too prideful. Modern intellects beligved to the Classical style of that time, One of the most notable te poems using “heroic voice” is Homer's Odyssey. The Augustan literary perlod " iicluded novels, books of satire, essays, and poetry, Vocabulary Quesions 97 ——“fi © identyng he relationships between pronouns and ia reteons ina passage 1 * Determining to which person, place, or thing a pronoun refers‘in the context of a passage Example Questi ns | onthe © The word in the passage refers to Strate: ies Ensure that your answer choice matches the same number (singular or plural) and the person (first, second, third) as the pronoun being asked about. * Try substituting your answer. choice for the pronoun in the passage to see if your choice is sensible. * Since there is often more than one answer choice that may seem correct, read ‘the sentences around the pronoun's sentence carefully to ensure you choose correctly. ‘* Remember that the grammatical referent for a pronoun may appear in a preceding clause or sentence. q ] : Eo Eb toc ston 99 — |es oxtensive: Most people forget that there are extensive root systems in the soil ‘covering a Isige rea beneath their favorte plants. A plant's roots serve a number ofimportant Sted: purposes; the function of a root depends on whet type'ltis. Two common anger than net types of root systems include taproots and diffuse roots. sprout {A taproot is an elongated root that grows downward from the main jg devaop or grow new part. Vertical growth takes place at the center from which the secondary pats roots of the plant sprout. Taproots help plants by storing food for them serendanioats to use later. They grow deep into the earth, which is why i's dificult to aman rot sytem remove plants that have taproots, such as dandelions, Though the top anchor: part of the plant can be pulled out, there is usually a length of root thet ‘snares remains under the ground. Diffuse roots are another type of root system that has many thin and short roots growing from the. base of the plant. The main function of diffuse roots is to anchor the plant to the ground and help resist getting blown away. On average, the roots grow at the same rete, which means that none of the parts of roots are bigger or thicker than other parts. There are many examples of plants with diffuse root systems, including marigolds, grass, and white clovers. Type 1: Type 2: + Description: Description: + + Example: Example —~ 100 chapter‘The word jin paragraph 1 refers to (A) plant (8) function (C) root (0) type . The word|WiiGh in the passage refers to (A) taproot 8) root (©) vertical growth (0) center The Word It in paragraph 3 refers to (A) base {8) function (©) plant (0) ground ‘Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. ‘The:passage discusses two types of oot systems found’in the soil, The first kind! is @ taproot which is an -footMany grow or a ffom it. The second root type is a diffuse soot system where many thinner, Shorter roots grow at a similar rate, The main function of these roots isto anchor plants so they | don't blow away, Reference Questions 101 ——eal reich) ALICMONAL Reece cod) Iron (Fe on the periodic table) is created through a long process that fe#yens: takes place in the center of stars. When a star reaches the end of its if, ova cycle, it explodes, and the iron is released, The metal can be found in apa of ameter hat places all over the Earth, but scientists aren't sure exactly how it- got lernip or Fath © here. They have come up with two separate theories to explain how iron mee sitter, showed up on the penet. deposit: People from various ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and oe, Greeks, belleved that iron fell from the heavens in the form of meteorites. elghboring: In fact, one ancient word for iron, “anbar," means “fre and sky." Some nearby scientists agree with this early theory. They have found that iron is a material in some of the meteorites found on Earth. However, meteoric iron is rare and is mostly found in museums today. “Oithets think that iron was depostted onto the planet while it was stil forming, Bilions'of years ago, a neighboring star exploded and shot out hot gasos onto it. The gases turned into iron when they cooled. As the Earth continued to form, the iron sunk to the center of the planet. Scientists explain that, as a result, large amounts of it are found in the Earth's core. Theory 1: Theory 2: Support: = 102 chapter 6j,2he word it in Paragraph 1 refers to “(@) star (8) life cycle (C) metal (0) Earth oMpivase 1D CCT] The word tHBIY in the passage refers to (A) Greeks {B) scientists (©) meteorites (0) museurns The writin paragraph 3 refers to (A) Earth 8) iron (©) center (0) resuit [Iearuovee Poeun ‘Tho passage is about the afigins of iron and theories about whiy we find it ‘on Earth, oe people like Greeks and Egyptians thought iron had faler from the ay thought ful of iron had fallen | from the sky. The truth Is that meteoric iron fare and: usually found in, rrugeums, Other people think iron was here when a star exploded. They think gases from the star shot onto Earth, Sunk into its, peter, nd formed ion, : | Reference Questions: 108Advertising Read the following passage. Then fll in the diagram with the information that you read. During the 1990s, a naw strategy called liberation marketing was masses. created, Liberation marketing altempted to reverse the fooling of many ee Te consumers who felt that advertisements were degrading. Many embrace:. advertisements seamed to treat average consumers as if they were peer stupid. slsdat Unlike previous strategies, liberation marketing focuses not on a short phrase ised to. ideals but rather on the qualities possessed by the masses. It embreces sameeren people's flaws instead of expecting a consumer to believe that every unin not enna to person is perfect. For example, previous advertising models focused on _. ‘hh about one's actions the notion of ideal beauty: a type of beauty that very few possess. One modern advertisement for soap reversed this strategy. ft features a picture of a normal woman, not a model. The headline above the picture says, “There are 3 billion women who don't look like supermodels and only eight who do.” The slogan implies that people should not try to look like supermodels, ‘They snould be happy with themselves. Yet, at the game time, the advertisernent promotes the company’s product. in addition, ‘liberation marketing focuses on the individuality possessed by all people. Previous concepts of advertising treated people like mindless masses watching television. ‘One of the most famous instances of this comes from a commercial for a computer in the 1980s, {i literaly depicted the mindless masses; the commercial began with hundreds of people watching a giant screen, At one point, a wornan ‘uns from the back of the room, dastroying the soreen with a huge hammer. ' Aline of text then describes how the company's new computer will free people from the sameness depicted in the commercial. 4104 chaptersExample: Le ‘1831 32IDvea |) Smiuam |) onpvaes |) oun cn | Se |. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to (A) type of beauty (8) advertisement (©) soap (©) strategy ‘The word they in the passage refers to (A) expectations (©) women (©) people (0) supermodels Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. 3, The word it in paragraph 3 refers to (A) advertising 8) television (C) commercial (0) computer This passage is about a kind of marketing from the 1990s called “liberation marketing." The idea was to focus on the quelities of the ___.. That meant seeing people as they really were instead of trying to rhake everyone perfect, It everyday people, instead of treating people as the flaws of it made everyone feel special. The of these advertisements made people feel that they didn’t have to reach an ideal, Aeference Questions 105 —The Byzantine Empire was a term used to refer to the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, In the early 500s, the Byzantine Empire approached ruin several times. It wes frequently targeted by northern invaders. The empire could only appease the armies by giving then large sums of money. Additionally, the young empire suffered from a tack of organization. It seemed that all of the previous magnificence of the empire had disappeared until Emperor Justinian took the throne in 527 ACE. Under his rule, the Byzantine Empire improved in several ways. Justinian helped his people by recovering the lands that had once been part of the Roman Empire, many of which had fallen into the hands of invaders from the north. Justinian was tired of paying off the invaders In order to keep Ther at bay. He decided it was time to recover the lands, With the help of General Belisarius, the areas in Northern Africa were quickly taken back in 633, In 36, Justinian sent Belsarius to fight in Italy. Though outnumbered in battle, the general was victorious. During his reign, Justinian was also successful in coriquering Spain again. The Byzantine Empire also benefited under Justinian after he ordered that the muttiple collections of Roman laws be analyzed eind reorganized. Starting in 528, scholars began to study these laws. Their tasks were not easy. Some of the laws were over 400 years old. iThéy discarded laws that no longer applied. They also updated laws that contradicted earlier laws. In total, they spent six years reorganizing the legal system. When they finished, the new laws were presented in a seties of books called the Code of Justinian. The cdde made it easier for justice to be served in the empire. invader: poser or gp of pone tht oro aon conser appease: to aipesorrcee tobe com sates rmagniicance: ‘beauly:or high reputation oap (something) at bay: to stop something from. ong ha ; reign: 2 pd fue whe a fateon og ocusen — 106 chapter 6Zz Method 1 Method 2: . The word them in paragraph 1 refers to * (A) early 600s 8) times {(C) northern invaders (0) armies The word them in paragraph 2 refers to (A) people 8) lands (©) hands (©) invaders 3. The word they in paragraph 3 refers to (A) collections (8) scholars {(C) tasks (0) laws ‘The passage discusses the changes to the Byzantine Empire during Emperor Justinian's reign. Before him, this eastern part of the Roman. Empire had many problems. Northen often demanded large sums of money in order to be . Areas of land were lost to them, and the empire lost its_____. Under Justinian, this changed. “He was tired of paying the people from the north to . General Belisarius helped him win back land in Spain, Italy, ad other places. Refeence Questions 107In recent years, people have become aware of the negative consequences of pollution. in response to the associated problems, many companies have adopted new policies in order to help protect the environment, Automobile menufacturers have improved, car design to decrease emissions of harmful gases. Furthermore, many companies have begun to fook for other sources of energy. They no longer want to burn coal for energy. However, some scientists have recently suggested that ‘lean air can actually have more negative consequences than pollutants. ‘Theyithink that reduced pollution in North America can set a series of events into motion that would ultimately Kil the Amazon rainforest, ‘The reduction of emissions from burning coal affects temperatures. ‘Most of the gases released when coal is bumed are harmful to the environment, However, buming coal produces a gas that is important in controling the temperature on the Earth. When it is burned, sulphate aerosol is released, Sulphate aerosol remains in the lower part of the atmosphere, tt reflects heat energy from the sun onto nearby clouds. Clouds become brighter from the reflected sun rays. More importantly, the surface temperatures in areas with sulphate aerosol are cooler than areas without sulphate aerosol. In the past, the presence of sulphate aerosol in North Ametica kept the surface from becoming too warm. This included the bodies of water near the continent, such as the Attantic Ocean, Without sulphate aerosol, however, surface temperatures are rapidly changing The shift of water temperature affects weather patterns. Rain tends to form over bodies of warm watet. The reduction of sulphate aerosol emissions has changed the temperature of the water in the North Atlantic Ocean, Without the gas, the sun’s rays hit the water directly instead of being bounced off to the clouds. As the water in the North A\lantic Ocean begins to heat up, rain fais farther north than it did in the past. Meanwhile, the areas near the Amazon receive less rainfall. The change in cimate is fatal to the rainforest. In 2005, a severe drought struck the Amazon rainforest. Soientists believe that the drought was caused by reduced emissions in North America. Rather than raining in the Amazon, the. rain moved farther north. Scientists fear that if the pattern of warming were to continue, large portions of the Amazon could be drought-stricken. They project that by 2060 the rainforest could dry up completely, ultimately: inthe end ‘Armazon rainforest: ‘a area in South Anica ‘with large green trees and ‘a meistclmate shift a change fatal: having very serious etlects; causing death project to caloutale an event ithe future from information that is known ~~~ 108 chapters4 ‘Step 1 Step 2: Step 3: » The word! ‘they in paragraph 1 refers to 3. The word iin paragraph 3 refers to (A) companies (A) temperature ) scientists {8) water (©) consequences (C) ocean (0) pollutants ©) rain The word: in paragraph 2 refers to A) environment ®) coal 10) gas (0) Earth ill in the blanks to complete the summary. The passage clsims that burning less coal may be bad for the. Burning | coal releases a gas that helps control temperatures because it coo's the surface of the Earth, Since less coal is burned these days, there has been a of temperatures. ‘Weather has also changed, and less rain falls in the Amazon. This could be ‘and the rainforests may die. Some scientists project that rainforests could be oference Ovesions 109 —~Astronomy Ways to Detect Milions of stars dot the universe ~some of which can be seen from et Ks the Earth, However one type that can't easiy be seen is a white dwarf yen Ns star. White dwarfs are small stars that shine very dimly, In fact, some of anomalous: them don't shine any brighter than 2 100 watt bulb. White dwarfs emit 4 ofthe ordinary: uneul ‘a weak light because they have run out of material fo burn, Since they {ees ornate someting are hard to see, it took scientists long time to discover them. Since xray: then, scientists have come up with different ways of seeing white 7! Oe omen aaoa warts. magni The first method involves monitoring other stars for anomalous to make lager behavior, Closer examination may show that the behavior is actually caused by a white dwarf. This method was how the frst white dwarf was discovered, An astronomer in the 1800s observed a lerger star moving back and forth slightly. He found that the movement resembled an orbit; however, the star did not appear to be orbiting anything. He suggested that, pethaps, the star was orbiting an invisible body. Then, almost twenty years later, another astronomer spotted this objectin a telescope. Appearing only as a faint light, the object could not be Identified. Years later, however, the large star was found to be near a white dwarf star, whose gravity pulled it sightly as it orbited the larger star. Researchers today still assume that a dwar star is present when they see a larger star with abnormal movement. Dwart star detection has evolved since the 1800s. Today, white diwarfs can be observed with X-ray telescopes. Unlike typical telescopes , that only magnify a person's view, X-ray telescopes can view types of light that are invisible to the human'eye, They: are effective in spotting white dwarfs because they don't try to spot the tiny object itself. Instead, they detect X-rays that come from inside of the white dwarf. White diwerfs contain massive quantities of heat thal they release as X-rays, making them easy for an X-ray telescope to spot, During the 1990s, the X-rey telescope ROSAT, which is a satelite in orbit around the Earth, detected a white. dwart that had yet to be discovered using other methods. —— 140 chaptersee Method 2: Example: phreselthis 8bi66t in paragraoh 2 refers white dwarf (©) gravity in the blanks to complete the summary. rst identified them through the _ llescopes thal do two things that make such stars easier to find. They ‘ahd detect X-rays coming from white dwarf stars. 8. The word ifhi‘in paragraph 3 refers to (A) white dwarfs (8) X-ray telescopes (C) typical telescopes (0) types of light The passage Is about white dwarf stars which shine very dimly. While millions of stars the universe, some are hard to see. White dwarf stars shine dimly because have run out of material to burn. This makes them difficult to . Scientists behavior of other stars. Now they use special view [isatsouavea |/ omar | Supwaae 1/ owaaien’ Reference Questions 111 ——-* Identitving the answer choice that has the same essential meaning as a highlighted sentence in a passage * Eliminating anewer choices that change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information 7 Example Question * Which of the folowing best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave Out essential information, Strate ies @ Ensure that you understand t the ways in wich an answer can be Incorrect. Either it contradicts a detail in the highlighted sentence, or it omits ‘something important from the sentence. * Be careful that your answer choice does not contradict the main argument of the Paragraph in which the highlighted sentence occurs or the passage as a whole. Sentence Sinplitcation Questions 113. ——eae tie te ‘Art has many roles in the dally fives of people from the past and present. It can be used to inspire and to provoke thought. Moreover, in many cultures, art was used to show who held political power. Several African cultures used art to indicate power. Much of the artwork of the Ashanti people of West Africa was reserved for the exclusive use of leaclers. Any artwork made of gold, such as jewelry, could only be used by the ruler. Additionally, the ruler had a special staff that was made of gold and wood. Gold was of paiticular importance t6: Ashanti art because it was the iain source of ‘wealth for the.ttibe, which, in turn, gave it muich more trading power ‘The Anang Ibibio peoples of the southwestern region of Nigeria also used art to. demonstrate power, The tribe was not ruled by a single leader. Instead, the people were ruled by a council of men called Ekpo. Ekpo donned special masks when they enforced their laws. ‘The masks wich were large and frghtening, flctioned as uniforms tor the Ekpo; those who wore ther were: not seén. a8 individuals: but as representatives of the tribe, provoke: {o.causo a reaction reserved: kept separate for a y particular g:cup of people stat 4104 tha is caved by leaders 08 @ symbol of authori ‘council 2 group that makes docsions and represents others dor: to puton especialy eéoting —— 114 chapter? Theory: Support: Ny Support:£Alactthich of the following best expresses the ‘sential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways oF leave out essential information. (4) The Ashanti people were more powerful than other tribes because they thought that gold was importent. B®) Tibes with the most gold had the most power in trade relationships, such as the Ashantl (©) The Ashanti tribe became wealthy because they were powerful in global trade. 4} (0) The Ashanti tribe valued gold as a source of their weaith and a symbol of power in trade. in the blanks to complete the summary. Uiséd to ingpire people and ngth. The Ashanti people of West Attica lers. Their ruler carried'a special ... Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ‘ways or leave out essential information. (A) The Ekpo were required to use masks as part of their uniform for the group. (B) The masks were like uniforms because they showed that whoever wore thern acted as a representative for the tribe. (O) The masks were made to look frightening in order to better function as tuniforms for the Ekpo: (0) The Ekpo wore the large masks only "When representing the tribe in front of members of other tribes. This passage looks at how ert has beer! used to show power in African culture. While art is 1 thought, it can be used to display political works of art for use by their made of gold andl wood!’ In Nigeria, there people ruled by’a council of men called Ekg: They masks to show their alleles lL telalgralaieds ONIN “1531 SUL Vad Sentence Sptiestion Questions 115. —aie home to urban forests, or collections of trees that grow within a city or near heavily populated areas. Urban forests provide a number of benefits. Scientists have learned that urban forests can help reduce poltution in cities. Through a natural process, the leaves of a tree absorb harmful gases ‘rom the atmosphere, According to one study, a single tree can absort about thirteen | tons of carbon dioxide per year, ‘SeigAtiots have Urban forests are also beneficial to cities because they help regulate temperatures. The concrete used to construct buildings and sidewalks in citios soak up heat from the sun. It can be up to nine degrees warmer in cities than in nearby rural areas, However, trees help cool down urban areas by providing shade. During the winter, buildings are shielded from frigid blasts of air by trees, As a result, buildings do not become as cold. = Populated contain peor pollutant 1 sibetanos that makes ‘somthiig 859 dy oF har regulate: to ats o contot thiol! to proeet something ‘rigid cetremely colt Definition: Advantage 1: ‘Advantage 2: JN = 116 chapter?Which of the following best expresses the ‘essential information in the highlighted ‘sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ‘ways or leave out essential information. (4) Gity planners can help reduce the destruction of forests by discouraging the growth of cities. (8) Many city planners understand that nature is often harmed by construction within cities. (0) Nature is recognized as an important factor in the growth and maintenance of cies, (0) Destruction of forests can be stopped in cities by city planners, fom the air. They also help to Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Trees can affect the levels of carbon ‘monoxide in an area, leading to global warming. (8) Trees are able to remove carbon monoxide and ozone from the atmospheres but are responsible for global warming, (Cf Scientists think that trees can be used to find a link between pollutants and global warming. (D} Trees can be used to reduce global warming by reducing harmful pollutants, from the atmosphere ‘The passage looks at the advantages of having urban forests in cities, Urban forests are large groups of trees that grow in cities. Having these trees in_ lot of good for the environment. Trees remove harmful areas can do a ‘such as. carbon dioxide temperatures in cities. Trees provide shade in summer, and in winter, they shield buildings from blasts of cold air. Sentnce Simpson Gaston: 117 —blast was 3,000 times more powerful than the explosion of Mount St. Helens. twas the most violent eruption in the recent history of the Earth loe sheets have been an important source of information about the event. The ice sheets have been around for milions of years. By studying them, scientists know that a cimate change occurred around the time of the eruption, They believe the change was spurred by ash that was released from the volcano. The ash formed a blanket over much of the surface of the Earth, The blanket of ash made it difficult for the sun to heat the planet. As a result, temperatures decreased by five degrees Celsius around the world for several years. The drastic change made most parts of the world impossible for humans to live in, The theory of massive cimate change is also supported by genetic evidence, By studying human genes, scientists can learn about changes in the population, Gene studies have revealed that all of the humans in the world today descended from about 10,000 breeding pairs, or 20,000 people. The'sttial uit battleneck—an overt i indiates that umians experienced a population, Mount St. Helens: a volcano locate inthe ‘stato of Washington, USA extinotion: the stale of not esting anymore, ice sheet: tho lero 0a ofa covering the North and South Polos spur: ta.ennqurags of bring about drastic: ‘extrema or noticeable descend: to develop from something that existed bafore Theory: Support 1 pat Support 2: — 198 chapter?> _q-ivhich ofthe folowing best expresses the (O) The eruption affected humans on Earth sential information in the first highlighted for many years afterward, "> sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect answer (0) The eruption affected the Earth in many ‘choices change the meaning in important ways and almost completely eliminated | Ways or leave out essential information, humans. (A} A voleano on the island of Sumatra erupted between 70,000 and 75,000 years ago. 3, Which of the folowing best expresses the { (B) The explosion on Mount Toba occurred essential information in the highlighted 75,000 years ago and then again sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer 70,000 years ago. choices change the meaning in important (C) The eruption of Mount Toba led to the ways or leave out essential information, creation of the island of Sumatra (A) A population bottleneck is when many between 70,000 and 75,000 years people are killed in an event. ago. {B) The population bottleneck occurred (0) A volcanic eruption on Earth 70,000 because there were small numbers of years ago had many consequences for humans. Mount Toba. (©) Scientists examine population bottlenecks to determine when populations change. (0) The amount of breeding pairs show ‘essential information in the second that many humans were killed in an highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? event called a population bottleneck. Incorrect answer choices change the : ‘meaning in important ways or leave out ~ < essential information. (A) The last eruption on Earth almost resulted in the extinction of humans, (8) Scientists think that the eruption affected humans in ways that lasted for a long time. ‘A volcanic eruption almost led to the cof humans, Scientists study to tnd information about this. Between 70,000 and 75,000 years ago, Mount many changes. Earth got much colder because the " yoloano's ash stopped sunlight from. getting in. This change.was so inmany © places that humans could not lve there, The fact that today’s humans descended from about | 20,000 people supports this theory, Seotence Sinpiication Questions 119 ——~Environmental scie ence During the 1970s, the world demand for oll exceeded the limited fossil fuels: supply of.the substance, Consequently, the world experienced fuel agar fon natear arisis, In response, many countries began to use nuclear power. ‘The piel eis vy mons yea, ah 25 gas, col joWeF dufing that time Wasi met with and oi 3) si wlicves eoetibip ve found:thatithete ate many underestimate: aakentaase oh tie > bw ava Unlike fossi fuels, nuclear power does not contribute to air pollution. eontaminant: “The problem of air pollution is not to be underestimated. Contaminants substance that hams in the air can cause damage to buildings. More importantly, air pollution, phere ae is known to cause a variety of iinesses in humans, The main culprit of» source ofa protien air pollution is carbon dioxide. The burning of fuels like coal and oil tacit: produces 21.3 billion matric tons of the gas per year. However, nuclear fe sbay'o do something power does not produce any carbon dioxide, As a result, countrias that lise huidlear power a8 thalt priiaty source of energy:enloy much better ait quality than those that use ‘oll or Coal. For example, France, which gets 80 percent of its energy from nuclear power, has the cleanest air out of any industrialized country, ‘Another advantage of using nuclear power is the facility of disposing of waste created in the production of the energy. Nuclear power produces less waste than fossil els. n fact, Countries that use iuclear ‘power istead of fossil fuels report that nuclear waste accounts for./ess than 1 percent of all toxic waste, The small amount of nuclear waste can easily be stored in containers, Then It is buried deep underground, , Though nuclear waste is highly toxic, it loses its toxicity over time, Even the most dangerous nuclear waste bbcomes harmless after about forty years. Advantage 1 ‘ E ] Advantage 2: —— 120 chapter 7Which of the following best expresses the (©) Using ofl or coal makes the quality of “essential information in the highlighted ai better than nuclear power does. sentence in paragraph 1 Incorrect answer (0) Countries that use mostty nuclear choices change the meaning in important power have cleaner air than those that ways of leave out essential information, use fossil fuels. (A) The early development of nuclear power was controversial because of the advantages associated with it. 8. Which of the following best expresses the (B) Despite controversy surrounding essential information in the highlighted nuclear power, it is known to have sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer several advantages. choices change the meaning in important (©) There has been much controversy ways oF leave out essential information. about whether nuclear power is (A) ‘Weste created by nuclear power is one advantageous. percent less toxic than that produced. (O) Scientists have developed many by fossil fuels. controversial arguments about the (8) Fossil fuels create nuclear waste that advantages of nuclear power. ‘only makes up one percent of toxicity of all waste in countries, (C) Nuclear weste only accounts for one i. 2. Which of the following best expresses the percent of all toxic waste in countries essential information in the highlighted that use it, sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect answer (0) Nuclear power and fossil fuels create choices change the meaning in important the same amount of toxic waste, about ways or leave out essential information, ‘one percent of all waste in the country. (A) Coal or oil cannot be used as a primary source of power, while nuclear power can. (8) Nuclear power is responsible for leaner air in countries that use oll and coal. The passage discusses good things about using nuclear power. The writer says that unlike fossil fuels, this kind of power doesn't produce air pollution, Pollution should not be Many problems are caused by in the ait, They damage ‘buildings and cause many human illnesses. The main is carbon dioxide gas. “= When nuclear power is produced, there is a for easy waste disposal. There is | only a small amount of waste, and it is easy to store, Sencene Smpiiation Questions 121. —ference in animals was rolated to regulation of body temperature. Animals with larger bodies are able to create and store heat within the body. They are also better able to retain heat because of their shape, Therefore, large animals in the cold climates of the north are able-to stay warm. Conversely, the animals that live in warmer temperatures in the south stay cool because their small bodies quickly lose heat. His conclusions are now known as Bergmann's Rul. The pattern set out by Bergman's Rule is easily correlated with the animal kingdom, The polar bear, for example, is appreciably larger than other bears, Polar bears live In the coldest parts of the world, As predicted by Bergmann’s Rule, they have enormous bodies. Adults weigh up to 2,000 pounds and can be ten feet tal. The massive body of the polar bear helps it absorb and maintain heat in its freezing habitat. Meanwhile, bears that live in warm, tropical areas, such as the sloth bear, are much smaller, The sioth beer only weighs about 300 pounds and is about five feet long, Its small body actually has a large surface area, 80 itis ablo to release more heat through its skin in order to stay cool. Bergman's Rule is also demonstrated in human populations. In one ‘stlidy, Scléntists folind that populations that jive'In colder cllmates. have. extromiély. different body: types compared to. those: who. live.in het tegions, Those from colder areas are stockier in build. The Inuit people, for example, who inhabit Alaska, typically have thick and large bodies. The ‘shape of thelt: bodies’ hélps thé: maxirize the: amount ‘of heat produced by the body while simultaneously protecting: them from heat loss. Meanwhile, the bodies of people in hot regions are often small. For instance, many people from the hot jungles of central Africa are less than five feat tall. Their short bodies help them release heat, correla to show a relationship ‘appreciably: sigiicatly ‘surface areat ‘Row much area of an object ise ‘maintain: to keep, stocky: sold and thick Theory: a ‘Support: —— 122 chapter?Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? incorrect answer ‘choices change the meaning in important ~ ways oF leave out essential information. (A) Cari Bergman noticed that animals from northern regions were larger after 1847, while smaller anirnals came from regions in the south before that date. (8) During the mid-19th century, Bergmann noted that animals in the nothern climates were large and those from the south were small. (C) Bergman realized that animals from the narth of Gerrmany had large bodies and those in the south had small bodies, (D) Carl Bergmann noticed that in 1847, animals from the north were big and animals from the south were small. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information, (A) Scientists revealed that the study of populations from cold climates made their body types different from those that live in hot climates. {8) Scientists determined that hurnan body types don't difer from cold climates to hot cimates. ill in the blanks to complete the summary. jimates. They use their large size to This pattern is easily “the north are (C) Populations from colder cfmates have extreme body types, scientists have found. : (0) Research shows that the body types of people differ depending on the kind of climate they live in, 3. Which of the following best expresses the ‘essential information in the second highlighted sentence in paiagraph 3? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Body shapes of people in the north help them produce and retain heat. (8) The role of heat production is linked to the body shape of people in cold climates. (C) People from cold climates produce heat while defending against heat loss, (D) Body shape maximizes the amount of heat a person produces but not how much they retain, Animals and humans living in colder-climates are usually larger than animals living in warmer heat. This is known as Bergmann’ Rule. with thé animal kingdom, For example, polar bears from larger than other bears. Inuit people from Alaska ate also in buld. Sometimes, small bodies have a large surface area so as to release heat [asaisouovaa |! onmum |! onpivaas |! onmaisn | eee Senence Sanpicaion Questions 123. —Weather is usually considered uncontrollable. However, researchers who develop weather modification methods such as cloud seeding are ipulate weather slightly. Clo ing ‘G1Ud8 Fi order fo chance Retype of precipltation behavior of the cloud, Cloud seeding was frst developed in the 1940s. Since then, scientists have continued to improve the strategy in order for it to be used in a variety of applications. ‘The most common use of cloud seeding is to bring about precipitation. Researchers think that the method could be useful in areas that suffer from droughts, In order to produce rain, planes with special equipment fiyinto the clouds and disperse chemicals. The chemicals initiate reactions that lead to the formation of rain, When rain is formed naturally, ioe crystals must first form inside of clouds. As the ice crystals grow larger in size, they become too heavy and fall toward the surface of the Earth. Cloud seeding helps move the natural process long by using chemicals that stimulate the growth of ice crystals in the clouds. Research has shown that cloud seeding is modestly effective in the creation of precipitation. Ina’ study Condiisted in the San Juan Mountains of Colorads, scientists found that cloud seeding increased snowfall by at-easi-30.percenti Researchers: ard, also. interasted..in developing: Cloud’. seeding ‘techniques for other applications; some scientists. think it can be'uséd ‘o prevent lightning; Lightning causes milions of dollars in damage each year, Furthermore, its a leading cause of forest fires. During a storm, the ice crystals in a cloud create an electrical charge. Lightning is generated when the charge builds up. For the suppression of lightning, planes don't use chemicals. instead, they deposit tiny pieces of aluminum into the clouds. Scientists theorize that the dluminum can reduce the negative charge within the cloud. AS a result, the lightning is not able to form. Early research from the 1960s indicated that the method may prove to be effective. However, more research is required in order to determine the usefulness of the technique. Environmental agents ‘modification: sight change ‘manipulate: to change of conto! ‘something drought; 2 period of dryneas that ‘causes damage to agriouture disperse: to scatter electrical charge: 1 quant of elsctrity Use 2: a a Ls Explanation 1: Explanation 1 —— eee - 7 [ esranaton 2: Explanation 2: —— 124 chapter?Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important " ways or leave out essential information, (A) Cloud seeding is used to change the type of precipitation the cloud releases by changing its behavior. familiar with cloud behavior and precipitation (©) By practicing cloud seeding, substances inserted into clouds can be changed into different types of precipitation, (0) Itt cloud seeding, the behavior and precipitation of clouds Is changed by introducing materials to it. . Which of the folowing best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect answer cchoioes change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Studies in Colorado showed that a 30 percent increase in cloud seeding can make snow fall more often. {®) Scientists from Colorado found that cloud seeding made less than 30 percent of the year's snow fail in the San Juan Mountains. Cloud seeding is a form of weather (©) Scientists found that cloud seeding in the San Juan mountains was effective in increasing snowfall (0) Cloud seeding was found to cause 30. percent more snowfall in Coloracio than in the San Juan Mountains. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ‘ways or leave out essential information, (A) Research shows that interest in cloud seeding can help prevent lightning. (8) Cloud seeding techniques may be able to be used to prevent lightning, {C) The lack of interest in’ cloud seeding has led to research for other applications of the technique. (0) Researchers have found that people are Interested in using cloud seeding to prevent lightning, which is used to me _ weather Scientists can cause more rain to form in clouds. They do so by getting planes to special chemicals inside clouds, This is usuelly done in areas suffering from . By putting aluminum pieces inside clouds, they also hope to stop lightning. tning forms inside clouds when ice crystals create an electrical charge. Sentence Sipiicaion Questions 125 ——~Necessary ‘ Slats ® Understanding the loge of ofa reading passage and grammatical connections between ‘sentences Example Question Lock at the four squares [ll] that indicate wire the folowing sentence could be added to the passage. [You will see a sentence in bold here.] Where would the sentence best fit? Strategies © Try inserting the bated sentence in place of each square. * Pay aitention to both the structure of the bolded sentence and the logic of its placement, * Watch for logical connecting words as they can give important clues about where the sentence should be placed. ‘© Ensure that the bolded sentence connects logically to both the sentence preceding it and the sentence following it ‘ext Insertion Questions 127 —Anth hropology. _ Located in Peru, the Nazca Lines are a series of huge sketches drawn in the desert. mA) They are viewable only from the sky. mB) For years, researchers have puzzled over the purpose and origins of these pictures. ™ C) However, researchers have formulated several theories. 1) Many researchers believe that the images ware created by the Nazoa people as art. @ A) They then viewed the massive sketches from the ai ‘They did this both to aid in the creation of the pictures as well as to appreciate their art, @ 8) In 1977, Jim Woodman suggested that the ‘Nazca people must have used aircraft—lkely hot air balloons —~to view the drawings from the air, @ ©) Woodman and his team even constructed a balloon out of materials that would have been available to the Nazca people. @ 1) Other researchers suggest that the nes were not meant to be viewed by humans, @ A) Many of the Images depicting animals and figures were found at other religious sites and upon Nazca pottery, &) Thus, it is believed that the Nazca Lines were used as religious sites for ceremonies and rituals. # ©) In addition, historical data suggests that the Nazca people worshipped the land. D) This implies that their drawings may have been a method of marking areas as sacred, Topic: 128 chapter 8 “a picture drawn with only sketch: Foes and faw detas puzzle over: to think for along time to ty to understand! something formulate: {o-davelop something coretully depict: to show something with lotires sacred: related to regionwhere the following sentence could be added to the passage. These mysteries are difficult to solve, however, as little evidence remains to. explain the purpose of the lines. Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First square (8) Second square {C) Third square (©) Fourth square Look at the four circles [e] that indicate where the following sentence could be added'to the passage. This experiment was a success and served to support Woodman’s theory. Where would the sentence best ft? (A) First circle (8) Second circle {C) Third circle (0) Fourth circle lin the blanks to complete the summary. The Nazca Lines are huge 3. Look at the four diamonds {@] that _have_______ over these pictures for many years. They zi _ theories about them, Some scientists believe they are art works that should be looked at from the alr, Others believe the drawings are used to mark areas that were _ the Nazca people. The images depict animals and figures found at other reigious sites. indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage, 2 Instead, they were made for the gods co that the Nazca people believed in. go ‘Where would the sentence best fit? g (A) First diamond ee (8) Second diamond =| (C) Third diamond a (0) Fourth diamond & found on the desert of Peru. Researchers “ext nserton Questions 129 ——eee: Jn 1980, the Mount St. Helens volcano, located in the state of Washington, USA, erupted. mA) It wes the first eruption of the volcano eran ere in over 190 years. mB) The destructive effects ofthe lava and ash upon unforeseen the environment were significant. # C) However, the eruption also had ‘nip a number of unforeseen effects upon the area. MD) Many of these Yep» it you can effects were economic, affecting the area's transportation systems. and see, tourism industry. Ore aimettd The ash from the volcanos explosion affected transportation acrOSS——_peduction: the state of Washington. @ A) Directly after the explosion, driving was the process of geting almost impossible, @ B) The presence of ash in the air made vistlity ‘are almost zero. @ C) Thus, drivers could not use the roads. @ 1D) One major interstate in Washington remained closed for nearly two weeks. Airports were also affected, Over 1,000 fights were canceled after altports were forced to close. The oost of cleaning the ash also harmed many airports which were obligated to financially aid the cleanup. Washington's economy was also hurt by the reduction in tourism. # A) Of course tourism declined in the area of Mount St. Helens after the eruption. # B) However, even many social gatherings, business meetings, ‘and conventions in the state of Washington were canceled or moved to other cities. @ ) Many local businesses faced lower profits after the eruption as a result of these cancellations. # D) Cause: Effect 4: Effect 2: ae — 130 chaptersfy, Look at the four squares [m] that indicate where the foliowing sentence could be added to the passage. 2" The cost of this damage was over one billion dollars. Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First square | @ Second square (©) Third square © Fourth square pe. Look at the four circles je] that indicafe where the following sentence ‘could be added to the passage. "| > Infact, it is estimated that 1.8 million cubic meters of ash were cleared from roads and airports in the aftermath of the eruption, Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First circle ©) Second circle (©) Third circle (©) Fourth circle the alr that ancel fights. Later, the airports were opie ware scared of the volcano. ‘alsa. The airports lost @ lot of money, and the area had a'big 3. Look at the four diamonds (4] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus, money that would have been generated by these assemblies was lost, Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First diamond ©) Second diamond (©) Third diamond (0) Fourth diamond Mount St. Helens erupted in Washington in 1980 and caused many. yroblems. The explosion affected transportation in the area very badly. There was so much ash was almost zero. Roads closed down, and airports had to {0 give money to clean up the in tourism. IST DHOvad |) Onna |! onnivaee |) oneal cn | Se ee Test insertion Questions 131 ——Most insects have eyes significantly different from the eyes of other Inessence: essential: te ealor animals. The eyes of the common honeybee are called compound eyes. ttimate natu of thing A) In essence, a compound eye is made up of many different parts, nectar 1B) The compound eye benefits the honeybee in various ways. MG) ali xedoes by some ‘The purpose of compound eyes is to allow a bee to more easily locate oe flowers and find nectar. m@ D) ‘to notice something, ‘The compound eye is: more easily able to detect motion due to the flloker: ficker effect. This phenomenon is defined as a flash that ocours when an pee st ean of object is seen by each part of the compound eye soparately.@ A) A bee distinguish can only see an object in detail from about one meter away. @ B) Thus, it te he ee must rely upon navigating by these flashes rather than by spotting objects things ” at a distance, @ C) For examplo, flowers the source of nectar for bees — tend to move easily in the wind. @ B) Thus, the compound eye, which detects motion, is suited perfectly for finding flowers. In addition, the compound eye can sense ultraviolet (UV) light. oA UV is a type of light that the human eye cannot see. @ B) Researchers have been able to view fiowers using UV technology. @ ©) They have found that, to honeybees, flowers appear very differently than they do to humans. @ D) A flower that a bee can use to find nectar can often appear a much datker color than nearby flowers, The bee is thus guided directly to the nectar it needs. Once on the flower, the bee can easily distinguish between nectar and the other parts of the flower. This is because the nectar appears as a different color than the flower itsaf. > Role: Explanation: ‘Supporting Point 2: Explanation: > — 132 chapteri Look at the four squares [m] that indicate 3. Look at the four diamonds [@] that Va where the following sentence could be indicate where the following sentence could Uf @. added to the passage, bbe added to the passage. : All of these separate units receive However, it is visible to special i visual information. cameras, allowing humans to view it Where would the sentence best fit? with particular types of equipment. (A) Fist square ‘Where would the sentence best fit? (8) Second square (A) First diamond (©) Third square (8) Second diamond (0) Fourth square (©) Third diamond (0) Fourth diamond (2. Look at the four circles [@] that (| indicate where the following sentence i: could he added to the passage. Be These movements of the flower are lp) noticed by the bee before all other ne ‘objects in the environment. “| Where would the sentence best fit? 4 1 a 1. A) First circle a (8) Second circle Be ©) Third circle |, (0) Fourth circle ll in the blanks to complete the summary. __Honeybees have special eyes called compound eyes, They help bees find flowers and . They do so because they - motion very well. They yes to between food and other flower parts, epee Tp ete oe Test nservon Questions 133. —Rene) oh clues |) Meteorology — Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. Sle) ellale Ue daste tench Scientists have yet to discover exactly what causes a tornado to for, mlsrewaye: ‘They hai, however, found a umber of weather concitions in which —Semaion tornadoes usually form. m A) By understanding the conditions within storm dissipate: systems that cause tornadoes to form, scientists believe that they can stop eee sale tornadoes before they begin, ml B) One new technology uses microwaves beam: to aiter the air, mC) Anothor uses a type of powder that can dissipate ¢ imal ene sor. #0) Se cnt By shooting beams of microwaves, scientists may be able to reduce gimuiaton: the likelihood thet a toraclo will form. @ A) The key to this theory les something that creetes 2 within the cold downdraft that is believed to have a role in tomado Slen"fetenetoal iat formation, @ B) Some scientists believe that without the presence of the sever: cold draft, a tornado could not form, @ C) Thus, beams of microwaves ¥e"-sefous could be directed into a weather system in which a tornado might form, © D) in fact, scientists believe the beams could be shot onto the cold alt directly, The microwaves would heat the cold draft, stopping the possibilty of a tornado forming, Though it sounds unlikely, one scientist sed a computer simulation to demonstrate that this theory was indeed possible, ‘Another new technology comes in the form of a powder thet can stop storms before they become severe. # A) Called Dyn-O-Gel, the powder is mad from a suiostance that can hold over 1,600 times its own weight in water. @ B) By dropping the powder into clouds, their moisture can be absorbed by the powder. # ©) Therefore, with the storm system * gone, tornadoes cannot form, # D) Role Supporting Point Explanation: Supporting Point 2: Explanation: —— 134 chapters"Yyy,L00k at the four squares [m] that indicate 8, Look at the four diamonds (@] that Where the folowing sentence could be indicate where the following sentence could added to the passage. be added to the passage. For example, it is common to see This process removes all moisture from _ tornadoes appear when cold ait the cloud and destroys it altogether, ~ moving downward meets warm air Where would the sentence best ft? moving upward. First diamor Where would the sentence best fit? peel enon (8) Second aiamona (A) First square (©) Third diamond B) Second square (0) Fourth diamond (©) Third square (0) Fourth square : ‘ . Look at the four circles [@] that indicate where the folowing sentence coulld be added to the passage As this air moves downward, it interferes with warmer air moving upward, causing the tornado to form. Where would the sentence best fit? (A) Fitst circle 8) Second circle (©) Third circle (0) Fourth circle ill in the blanks to complete the summary. Scientists think they may have found two ways to stop tomadods from forming. One way is lo shoot microwaves into weather systems where tornadoes might form, These are special : that warm the ait so thet the causing tornadoes [eee form. Using a computer , one scientist has shown how this: might “work. The other way is to use a’ special powder to Storms befor they Jel too severe. This powder absorbs the moisture that makes storms happen, peal telat ele ete eee Test inertion Questons 135° -—Economics Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. 4n economics, the term currency union (also known as @ monetary union) refers to a group of countries that have agreed to use the same currency. A) Most recently, many countries in Europe began a currency union called the euro. mB) This currency was areated in 1999 in order to unite @ number of European countries under a singular, simple currenoy. Fifteen countries in total have joined the union, all of which have stated that they believe the union has been a resounding sucess. mC) Economists who study currency unions are beginning to understand their effects to determine if they really are successful, mt D) On the positive side, a currency union can vastly improve the travel experiences of citizens within the united countries, @ A) In the past, Europeans were subject to currency exchanges. @ B) In essence, this means that they were required to exchange the money from their own countries when they traveled, @ C) It is thought that a tourist visiting twelve European counties, before the union, would have lost 40 percent of their money's value after fees, @ 1D) However, a currency union negates these fees. Thus, traveling is made easier for Europeans. In addition; those moving to a new European country can easly move money across national boundaties. Thus, it is easier for Europeans to relocate or for a European to attend a university in a different country. Furthermore, a currency union ean help many businesses. @ A) The largest benef is the absence of currency-exchange risk. # B) Just as with individual tourists, businesses must exchange currency when doing business with other countries. @ G) Currency-exchange risk, then, Is the danger that a company will lose rhoney when investing it in another country due to the exchange rate. @ D) Economists agree that this behavior is harmful to all businesses as it fimits their profits and the scope of their operations. A currency union, however, removes the need for currency exchanges. Since all businesses operate with the same currency, there is no barrier to doing business with other countries, ‘Thus, both imports and exports in ell counties involved can increase. eurenéy:: tho money used by 8 couniny or grou ot nuns negate: to cancel someting boundary a tine thal separates two things absence: the lack of something} & timo whan somthing dos notexist operation: * the way that @ company does ts business = 136. chapter 8|. Look at the four squares (ml that indicate wherg the folowing sentence could be added) to the passage, It seems that many of these consequences are, in fact, very positive for citizens and businesses alike. Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First square (8) Second square (C) Third square {0) Fourth square Look at the four circles [@] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage, Such exchanges were also subject to fees. Where would the sentence best fit? t i ee Hefees are __ businesses can move money across national Many good things happen when’countries share one ‘example is the European Union where fifteen countries share one kind of money, This stops A) First circle (8) Second circle (©) Third cote (©) Fourth circle Look at the four diamonds {@] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage, This worry causes many businesses to refuse to do international business at all, ‘Where would the sentence best fit? (A) First diamond (8) Second diamond (©) Third diamond () Foitrth diamond . A good ‘people from losing money through exchange fees when they move between countries. These because all the countries share the same money. Travelers and . There is an of risk, Business operations work better and more easily, Test insertion Quesions 137 —eel eae) eho AAs humans continue to develop towns and cties, rapidly inoveasing dist numbers of lights flood the sky with a dim glow. These vary from happening normaly street lights, interior lighting of houses and buildings, and lighted _orescent lighting: advertisements, To some, such as novice astronomers, this can be an Ay acoos toy tas annoyance that makes stargazing dificult, However, many of the effects incidence: of light pollution are far more serious, Light potion can harm human thenuanber of tes that health and can even disrupt ecosystems. eran Light pollution—especially indoors—can become a threat to human na negative way health, Office workers can very often see their health dectine due tothe high renovation: levels of fuorescentighting in many offces. @ A)A number of studies have NERA CUEPSD | found that bright office lighting can lead to an inoreased Incidence of new . headaches, fatigue, and even high blood pressure. mB) According to one” Preduetivity: the rato at wich somone study, average levels of office lighting led to elevated blood pressure, UP does work to eight points ebbove normal, mG) In addition, high levels of light at night * can adversely affect health by disrupting the body's natural cycles of dally light and cark.-m D) ‘Additionally, ight pollution can affect the mind, Onee again, office workers are at increased risk. Both employers and scientists have repeatedly found that high levels of light can affect the mental health of employees i various ways. @ A) Employoe performance was also lessened. @ B) One study found that the increased stress of workers led to more mistakes and slower performance. @ ©) During one study, researchers analyzed the performance of workers before and after a ’ lighting renovation. @ D) After the renovation, the company's productivity increased. Employees even cited that they were happier with their jobs. Light pollution also disrupts ecosystems. Many plants and animals rely upon a natural cycle of night and day. In terms of plants, their natural behavior can be changed by outdoor lighting. @ A) For example, ‘the Cereus flower blooms only at night. # B) High levels of light can confuse the flower. # ©) Thus, thinking it is day, it never blooms at all. 1) Since the flower must bloom to reproduce, the populations of the flower may fall drastically. Animais that only reproduce at night~such as saturniid moth species—can be affected in the same way. —— 138 chapterswm |. Look at the four squares {mj that indicate (A) First circle whefe the following sentence could be (8) Second circle 4, added to the passage. (C) Thi circle Such disruptions have been linked to (©) Fourth circle _ Many diseases, including breast cancer, Where: id the ite best fit? BERLE 3. Look at the four diamonds [4] that ? (A) First square indicate where the following sentence could ® ‘Second square be added to the passage. (C) Third square Then it closes at the first morning light. F one Where would the sentence best ft? (A) First diamond Look at the four circles [@] that {8) Second diamond indicate where the following sentence (©) Third diamond could be added to the passage. (0) Fourth diamond Under these conditions, workers often feel high levels of stress or anxiety. Where would the sentence best fit? ill in the blanks to complete the summary. Pollution made by light can be bad for human health, It can also ecosystems. High levels of fluorescent lighting can make office workers sick. Studies have ‘found that there is a higher of health among workers in offices that have bright lights. Health canbe _____ affected if there is too much light at nighttime, When lighting happen, workers often start to feat better. Their productivity also increases, and they feel happier at work Toetirtion Questone 139. —Instructions: Choose the best word or phrase to complete each sentence, 4. The wind can a piant’s seeds over a large area, (A) disperse {B) erupt (©) extend (0) project 2. Many critics believe Gladiator to be one of the greatest movies of all time. (A) sacred 8) meteoric (C) epic (0) reserved 3. The area received no rain during the (A) ‘pollutant (8) drought (© facility (O) reign 4. Deforestation may lead to the of many species, (A) exception (8) sarcasm (©) productivity (0) extinction 5. _ Microscopes allow scientists to small objects. (A) compact (8) correlate (©) provoke (0) magnify ——— 140 vocabulary Review 2 6. The scientist made a minor to make her theory stronger. ” (a) modification {B) slogan (©) Inteliectual (0). simulation 7. The cat into the dark alleyway, (A) deposited (8) targeted (©) vanished (©) dotted 8. While many people resisted the new dress code, |__it. (A) embraced 8) appeased (C) related (0) spurred Instructions: Choose the word or phrase closest in meaning to the underlined word(s) in ‘each sentence. | 9. The cold temperatures in Antaretica make. Ife nearly impossible. (A) Gtiving (8) urban (©) frigid (0) drastic