KINEMATICS.pdf ow a KINEMATICS Introduction The branch of physies inwhich motion and the forces causing motion are studied is called mechanics As a first step in studying mechanics, we describe the motion of particles and bodies in terms of 4) space and time without studying the cause of motion. This part of mechanics is called kinematics. We first define displacement, velocity and acceleration. Then, using these concepts, we study the motion of the objects moving under different conditions. The forces causing motion will be discussed laterin Dynamics. From everyday experience, we recognize that motion represents continuous change in position, so we begin our study with change in positioni.e. with displacement, Various quantities used in Kinematics Displacement (§ or Ar): Change in position vector is called displacement. isn to final position. ignitude is minimum distance between final and initial point, and is directed from initial position Fora particle moving along x axis, motion from one position x, to another position x, is displacement, Ax where, AX =x)-x, Ifthe particle moves from x, =4m to x,~ 12 m, then Ax = (12m) —(4m)=+8m. The positive result indicates that the motion is in the positive direction. If the particle then returns to x = 4m, the displacement for the full trip is zero. The actual number of meters covered for the full trip is irrelevant displacement involves only the original and final position. In general if initial position vector and final position veetor are &, and F, respectively, then Distance: Length of path traversed by a body is called distance. Itis dependent on the path chosen, thus for motion between two fixed points A and B we can have many different values of distance traversed. It isa sealar quantity, as length of path has no indication of direction in it. Its ST unitis meter (m) and dimensions is (L) eg, Suppose a particle moves from position A to Bas shown after travelling from A to B to C to D. A 3, (1,0)m_ Go Here Displacement § = AD j=4im |displacemant] = 4mAlso distance covered , 1= [AB] + [BQ + [OD] =243+2=7m Note : Here |Displacemat| < Distance Magnitude of displacement would be equal to distance travelled if there is no change in direction during the whole motion. Ingeneral, Displecement|< Distance Average Velocity + Theaverage velocity y,,, is the ratioof the total displacement Ar ,and total time (At) taken to complete that displacement. It should be noted that ¥,,. is independent of path as displacement is, independent of path. - ATL Vos at At Unit for V,,,. is the meter per second (m/s). The average velocity V,,, always has the same sign as the displacement Ar - Average Speed : Average speed = Totaldistance travelled 1 Total timeinterval At Itis a scalarand always has positive sign. Average velocity| < [Average speed Mlustration = A bird flies east at 10 m/s for 100m. It then turns around flies at 20 m/s for 15s. Neglect time taken for turning, find (a) its average speed (b) its average velocity Sol. Let us take the x axis to point east. A sketch of the path is shown in the figure. To find the required quantities, we need the total time interval. The first part of the journey took Wee <—~ East - - 200-100 9100 my > At, = (100 m) / (10 mis) = 10s, and we are given At, ~ 15 s for the second part. Hence the total time interval is 300 m west At = At, + Aty The bird flies 100 m east and then (20 m/s) (15 Distance _ 100m+300m _ (a) Average speed =~ = lom/s (b) The net displacement is Av = 200m So that | Copied to clipboard._ dx ~200 ‘w "dt 258 The negative sign means that v,, is directed toward the west Mlustration : A particle moves with speed v, along a particular direction. After some time it turns back and reaches the starting point again travelling with speed v,. Find (for the whole journey) (a) Average velocity (b) Average speed Sol. (a) Since the particle reaches the starting point again, its displacement is zero displacement Average velocity ‘oultime = (b) Let it travelled distance x while moving away as well as while moving towards the starter point. Time taken to go away is ty Time taken while return journey t, = vex Average speed = 7, = Instantaneous Velocity : Instantaneous Velocity is defined as the value approached by the average velocity when the time interval for measurement becomes closer and closer to zero, i.e. At > 0. Mathematically v(t)= lim me Thus Instantaneous velocity function is the derivative of the displ dx) at Instantancous Speed ment with respect to time, we It is measure of how fast a particle or a body is moving at a particular instant. It is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity. Thus particle moving with instantaneous velocity of + Sm/s and another moving with -Sm/swill have same instantaneous speed of S ms. The speedometer ina car measure the instantaneous speed not the instantaneous velocity, because it cannot determine the direction. Average Acceleration Forany change in velocity eitherin its magnitude or direction or both, acceleration must be present. Without acceleration neither direction nor magnitude of velocity can be changed. When a particle's velocity changes, the particle is said to undergo acceleration (or to accelerate). The Average Acceleration (g ,,,) overa time interval At isThe Instantaneous Acceleration (or simply acceleration) is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time. ana In words, the acceleration ofa particle at any instantis the rate at which its velocity is changing at that instant dv_ ddr. dr dt dt at? a? In words, the acceleration ofa particle at any instant is the second derivative of its position vector with respect to time. Acceleration hasboth magnitude and direotion (itis yet another vector quantity). For motion ona straight line its algebraic sign represents its direction on an axis justas for displacement and velocity; that is, acceleration with a positive value is in the positive direction of an axis, and acceleration with anegative values in the negative direction, a IMustration : Sol. Note : The position of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x = (SP — 4t + 20) meter, where t is in second. (a) Find average velocity between Is & 38 (b) Find velocity as a function of time v(t) and its value at t = 3s (©) Find acceleration at t = 2 sec (d) When is the particle at rest ? (a) At t= Is: x,, = SUP — 4(1) + 20 = 21m At t= 38; x,= 53? —4(3) + 20 = 53m _ a So, Vo = Gp = gap = 16s (b, = x = (l0t-4) OvO=a 1) m/s att = 38, v= 1003) —4 = 26 m/s dv ; (6) a= = 10 m4? (constant at any instany) dt (W particle at rest i.e. v=0 = 101-4 >= 04s (1) Here we can observe at t = 0.4s, particle has zero velocity but acceleration of 10 m/s?. Thus particle having zero velocity need not have zero acceleration, 2) Fort<04s, velocity is negative and fort> 0.4 s, velocity isin positive direction ic. its velocityMlustration : Sol, changes its direction att = 0.4 sec, when becoming zero. Position of a particle moving along a straight live is given by x = (f° ~ 4t) meters. (tis in sec.) Find Displacement and distance travelled between 1= and t = 3sec Displacement = Av = x, ~ x, = [3 ~ 48)] ~ [0 — 4 (0)] =-3m dx Now, velocity v =< = 2-4 7 yea ie y=Oatt for 1<2sec,V=-ve & fort> sec, v= +ve sec Distance travelled = \Displacement in -ve direction| + |Displacement in +ve direction| = [dx for t = 0 to 1=2s| + |x for t = 2s 101 = 3s| = bey gl + by xy = [2 ~ 42) ~ (O)]\ + |? —4(3) — 2 + 4 (2) a alt |e = 5m Practice Exercise Ql Q2 Q3 Ifa particle traverses on a semicircular path of radius R from A to B as shown in time T, find average speed and average velocity. Aman runs for first 120 m at 6m/s and then next 120m at 3m/s in the same direction, Find (a) Total time of run (b) Average velocity Position of particle moving along x-axis is given by x=@t-20)m (tisin sec) Find (a) its average velocity form t= 0 s tot (b) v (t)and a(t) (©) The time at which its acceleration is zero and find velocity at the instant.Position of a particle moving along straight line is given by x = (-t? + 6t + 5) m (tis in sec) Find (a) The time at which velocity of particle is zero. (b) Average velocity from t= 0 tot=4 see (c) Average speed from t = 0 to t= 4sec Answers aR 2R |. Average speed = “7 Average velocity= — (from A toB) Sm/s 2 2.(a) 60s (b)4m/s_—— 3. (a) —2m/s_(b) V(t) = 6-6? m/s (©) 4.(a)3sec (b)-2m/s_ (c)2.5 mis. One Dimensional or Rectilinear Motion w@ “i «i We Motion with constant velocity nay divide this topic in the following different situations. Motion with variable velocity but constant acceleration Motion with variable acceleration, Motion with constant velocity dx va = fax Since velocity is constant, it comes outof the integration = fax = vf kh. =» fd X—x)=Vtie., displacement A’ Mot Basic formulae n with variable velocity but constant acceleration dv at = Wy dx a oy chain nul (i) a= Fo ge TY gy (By chain mule) From formula (i)adt; [dv = fade ® 4 aw Since acceleration is constant so it comes out of the integration > Ai) fo qn uat dx = udt + at dt on further integrating fossa for +a fea at if, =u+ " 2 xox) =ut+ 1 = Axsut+ > at (ii) From formula (ii) fray = aja S =alx—xy) SE natn 2a(Ax) (iii) \ vseneeaiV)Displacement in n‘ second s. s, Ss Se ng a O_o Displacement in n'* second= Displacement inn sec. ~Displacement in (n-1) see a =[ulo) + 5 an?} [u(n-1)+ 5 a(a— 1] * an-1 +} @n-1) «) Iustration : On seeing a board of speed limit, you brake a car from speed of 108 km/h to a speed of 72 km/h. covering a distance of 100m at a constant acceleration (a) What is that acceleration ? (b) How much time is required for the given decrease in speed ? 5 Sol. Initial speed, u = 108 km/h = 108 * 7 .m/s = 30 m/s 5 final speed. v= 72 kin/h = 72 * 75 m/s = 20 m/s (a) By 3" equation of motion v =u? + Jas yew _ 20° - B07 “ 2100 .a=-2.5 mis? (b) By I equation, v= u+ at Allustration : The time taken between observation of an event and taking action according to that is called reaction time, Suppose a person having reaction time of 0.3 see is driving the car as stated in above example. Find the distance travelled by him after seeing the board till the car reaches 72 km/h, Sol, Till she reaction time i. till the brakes are applied speed of car remains uniform. So distance travelled during that time is 5, = 30% 03=9m Distance travelled after that time is S$, = 100 Total distance travelled = S, + S, = 109 mMlustration = A train is moving with 108 km/h. On a straight track. receiving red signal its brakes are applied and it retards at the rate of 3m/s?, Find its displacement and average velocity for next 15 sec Sol. Initial velocity, u = 100 km/h = 30 m/s Let time read. for the velocity to become zero is t. Ving = # + at 30 - 31= 0 St = 10sec. < 15 sec ie., it covers no distance after t = 10 sec Displacement till 15 sec = displacement till 10 see i = 3010) + 5-3) (OP = 150m Totaldisplacement 150 Fay = Total time “15 10mis Note : In above example, for finding V.,, we have taken total time of 15 sec, which actually was required. Ifwe have io find V.,, for 10 sec, it would be Although displacement in 15 sec = Displacement in 10 sec., but times are different. Thus V,,.for sec. is not same as V.,, for 10 see Motion with variable acceleration Relations @ 440 Mlustration : The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 2 mis? If tis at rest atthe origin at time (= yf 0, find its position, velocity, and acceleration at time t = Is. Sol. a=2P a=2xP=2m/s (att=1 sec.) Formula for v, on, At I see I, m/s Formula for x, dx 7 or dt “ on, yes 6 Ai 1 ! Att = I sec x=om 6 Mlustration A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0 starts moving along the positive x direction with a v = ayx- How do the velocity and acceleration of the particle var ‘erage velocity of the particle after the firsts meter of its path ? velocity v that varies as with time? What is the av ay sax dt or, Sol, or or, =a aw44 Graphical Representation of Motion in one Dimension S-t curve: 4) Ifwe puts on y-axisand t on x-axis then forevery valucof twe have a specific value of. The Average velocity from time t, to t, willbe So * = slope of line joining the points p, and p, : For a particle moving alonga straight line when we plota graph of's versust, V,,. is the slope of the straight line that connects two particular points on the s(t) curve : oneis the point that corresponds to s, and t,, and the other isthe point that corresponds tos, and t,. Like displacement, Vy, has both magnitude and direction (itis another vector quantity). Its magnitudes the magnitude of the line's slope. A positive Vag (and slope) tellsus that the line slants upward to the right ; a negative v,.,, (and slope), that the line slants downward to the right. Instantaneous velocity According to definetion As y= lim AS 150 At In curve if At ->0 the point p, comes very close to point p,. Note : The instantaneous velocity can be found by determining the slope of the tangent to the displacement time graphat that instant. Velocity at point p, or time t, is V V=tan0 Cases : (A) Uniform veloc IF velocity is uniform slope of curve must remain unchanged. Curve with uniform slope is straight line eg.(i) S=Vt, If Velocity is Ims!=> $ [| tan =142 B) Note: Thus, eg. (ii) If velocity is—1 m/s> tan @=-1 = tive velocity Uniform acceleration We havea particle moving with uniform acceleration aand initial velocity u. Its displacement sat any time tcan be representedas s=ut+ 2 Curve isparabola Velocity at t, is tan 0 6 c = Velocity Vs time curve By using dependence of v on twe can plotaVst graph. Slope of Vs t curve at any point represents acceleration at that instant. eceleration at time t, joc jot dx_ | vdt - a4 t v Ft ‘ By A + Ax = Jvdt +t = L i = Area under v Vs t graph, Thus area under curve will represent displacement in that time period, (1) Arca above t-axis +ve displacement. @) Area below t-axis is—ve displacement. 1. Total displacement will besum of areas with appropriate signs. 2. Total distance travelled will be sum of areas without sign. Foruniform velocity acceleration=0. slope=0(2) Foruniformst. line curve 43 eration t tan 0= acceleration Y For increasing velocity ufo tan 0 acceleration t 4 Note Ois always with for decreasing velocity Sereasing tive x-axis (slope is—ve) i.e. 8> 90° i Table for Variation of Displacement (s), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) with respect to time for different typeof motion, 1. Atrest Displacement Velocity Acceleration Lt a t al t Motion with constant velocity a ‘ 7 i 3. Motion withconstant | “f “)""'°" a ‘ acceleration u a ‘ 7 ‘ a ‘ xp soot v a 4. Motion with u constant deceleration f a i44 Illustration : What is the average acceleration for each graph segment in figure? Describe the motion of the object over the total time inter Also calculate displacement. 10.0 8.0 60 KN. 40 2.0 Velocity (m/s) 40 80 120 160 Time(s) 8-0 Sol. Segment OA; a= — ~2 m/s? 4-0 Segment AB; graph horizontal i.e., slope zero i.e., a =0 0-8 Segment BC; a= 775 The graph is trapezium. Iis area between t = 0 to t = 18s is displacement I Area = displacement = (18 + 6) x 8 = 96m Particle accelerates uniformly for first 4 sec., then moves uniformly for 6 sec. and then retards uniformly to come to rest in next 8 sec Illustration : Figure here gives the velocity time graph for a body. Find the displacement and distance travelled between ¢ = Os and t = 7.0 Sol — Area between t = 0) sec. to t = 4 sec x4+1)x4=10m Area between t= 4 see. to t = 7 see Lees 3x axed Net displacement = total area = 10-6 = 4m Distance =|10\ +|~ 6, = 16m 4)45 Mlustration : Figure is a graph of Vversu particle at time t = 0 is x, s Lfor a particle moving along a straight line. The position of the 0. (a) Find x for various times t and sketch x versus |. (b) Sketch the acceleration a versus t. v(in's) 6 DI Sol. Segment OA; Displacement Also, displacement = area between O and A= 5 *6*3-9m 9m 2 m/s? 6 Again, acceleration = slope of segment OA = = = In this segment v and a both are positive, so speed increases. Segment AB. Displacement Also, displacement = area between A and B= 6X 1 = 6m y-9=6 on xy = 1S Again, acceleration = slope of segment AB = 0 In this segment acceleration is zero, so speed is constant. Segment BC Displacment = 15 1 Also, displacement = area between B and C= 5% 3 * 6 = 9m -15=9 on, =24m 0-6 » Again, acceleration = slope of segment BC= 55 = ~2 mis* In this segment velocity is positive but acceleration is negative, so particle decreases its speed.16 Similarly, for segment CD; we have Np = 23m and a=-2mis D and for segment DE; xg=19mand a =0m/s? The graphs are shown below x(mm) 16) 67 8 9 10 a(mis') +> (3) 10 Practice Exercise Qi Q2 Q4 A particle starts moving with speed 3 ms and accelerates for Ssee. with acceleration 2m/s?. Find the displacement of the particle. A particle has aninitial velocity of 9 m/s due ast and has a constant acceleration of 2m/s? due wes the distance covered by the particle in the 5!” second of its motion. Find The acceleration of aparticletraveling along a straight line is shown inthe figure. What is the maximum speed ofthe particle? Zz) A nunneris at the position x =0 mwhen time t=0s. One hundred meters away is the finish line. Every ten seconds, thisrunner runs half the remaining distance to the finish line. During each ten-second segment, the runner has a constant velocity. For the first thirty seconds of the motion, construct (a) the position-time graph. (b) the velocity-time graph.7 jax . What is Q.5__ Velocity of particle starting from rest varies with position according to equation distance travelled by particle in ¢second from start? Q.6 —Abody starts from origin and moves along x-axissuch that at any instant velocity is v~ 40°—2t Find the acceleration of the particle whenit is m from the origin. Answers QI sec Q2 0.5m Q3 30ms x(mn) vans) 5 Q4 t(sec.) ° 02030 Qs {al Q6 22mis Vertical motion under gravity (Free fall) Motion that occurs solely under the influence of gravity is called free fall. Thus a body projected upward or downward or released from rest are all under fie fall In the absence of air resistance all falling bodies have the same acceleration due to gravity, regardless of their sizes or shapes. The value of theacceleration due to gravity depends on both Latitude and altitude. Itis approximately 9.8 m/s? near the surface ofthe earth, For simplicity a value of 10 m/s* is used. To docaleulations regarding motion under gravity, we follow aproper sign convention, Weare taking upward direction positive and downward as negative, Thus acceleration is taken a =~ g = 10 m/s? no matter whether body is moving upwards or downwards, since g always acts downward Thus the equation of kinematics may be modified as veugt @ T ta 1 ve AY=Y—Yo= ut—> et Gi) | —28(¥-Yo) (iii) * These yy =position of particle at time t=0 y~ position of particle at time t u= velocity of particle at time t= 0 v= velocity of particle at time tKINEMATICS.pdf ow a 48 Illustration : A man is standing on the top of a building, throws a ball with speed Sm/s from 30 height (i) above the ground level. How much time it takes to reach the ground. Sol. uw =Smés when it reaches the ground, Ay = ~30m from above equation (ii) was ame sms = 30= 51 SUMP > 1-6-0 On solving, we gett =3 &-2 1m Rejecting t = — 2 sec, we get t = 3 sec Mlustration : A kid throws a ball up, with some initial speed. Comment on magnitudes and signs of acceleration and velocity of the ball Sol. Ball v=0at highest point still have acceleration ‘ During descent, ' a= -g, speed and velocity becomes more negative docreases, and velocity becomes less positive Here : (i) During ascent, a =~g, ipeed decreases (ii) During descend, a = —g, but now it is in the direction of velocity so it is not retardation. it elocity becomes less positive i makes velocity becomes more negative i.e. increases v in negative direction. Some results 2g, Derivation : At maximum height y=0 1 Maximum Height -- wv 2gH=0=H= 5 from equation (iii),49 Time to reach maximum height : - Derivation : At maximum heightv = u—gt [equation (i)] Total time of flight ~time to go up + time to move down (to reach the same horizontal level again) T=2t 2u 8 T Time of ascent=Time of descent for motion between two points at same horizontal level forexample between A & B and between C & D shown in the figure. Ifan object is dropped (means initial velocity is zero) from Height h, Its speed on reaching ground 2h gh and time tacento reach groundis t= Derivation : From equation (iii) 0— 2g (-h) = [-. 4y=-h] 1 Also from equation (ii) Ay = h=0-5 et pr A particle has the same speed at a point on the path, While going vertically up and down.20 Mlustration : A ball is released from the top of a building. It travels 25 m in last second of its motion before 4) striking the ground. Find height of the building. Take g = 10 m/s” Sol. Let it takes 't' time to sirike the ground. |Ay in ¢ see| = |Ay in (t- 1) sec| = 25 I I 5 e578 (t- IP = 25 on solving, t = 3 sec I > height of the building, h= 7 g (3? h=45m Illustration : A Baloon is moving up with an acceleration dy = 4 m/s? starting from resi. A coinis dropped from the baloon 5 sec afier the start balloon. Find: (a) The initial velocity of the dropped coin. (b) The height attained by the lift till the time of drop (©) The time after the drop when the coin reaches ground. Sol. Till baloon and for t > Ssec (after release) the coin has motion isee, the coin shares the same motion as that of the under gravity only, (a) Velocity of the coin just after itis dropped V,,= velocity of the lift at 5 sec =0+4a,(5) =20 ms (b) The height attained by the lift till 5 sec b 1 2 (c) Let it takes 1, time to reach the ground after the drop i.e. for the time t, its displacement is 50 m in downword direction. ha (GP = 50m 50m on solving, ty = Motion In Two Dimensions Whatever we have studied in kinematics of one dimensional motion, we apply the same for motion in two and three dimensional motion, for x,y & Z components separately. Suppose a particle has position coordinates xy)at any instant, then its position vector is givenby, poxityi Ifparticle moves from point Ao B, throughany path, then its displacement is, Aqe= Axi + Ay) Now at any instant, its velocity is given by dF x) . ) Sari at) i dx . ie Y= "G7 ite.x-component of velocity. ay and Y= 3 ie. y-component of velocity WL . Similarly a= oat +a, dv, Where a= “Go & a= > Projectile Motion Itconsisis of two independent motions, a horizontal motion at constant velocity anda vertical motion under acceleration due to gravity. In order to deal with problems in projectile motion, one has to choose a coordinate system. Let's take horizontal as x-axis and vertical upward direction as y-axis, then a, =0 and a, =-g; since there is only one force "mg" downward (negative air resistance) Equation along x-axis Vu, (constant) Ax=uyt Iran object is dropped from rest or projected up or down, i follows straight line path. Ifts initial velocity isnot along the line of force it follows parabolic path which is proved mathematically in this topic later on. Projectile Thrown from the Ground Level A >.) at x A particle is projected from ground levelat an angle @ from horizontal with speed.22 u,=ucos 0 and usind Atany instant, v,=u,=ucos 0 & v,=u,~gt=usind—gt Ax =(ucos 0)t & Ay=(usin@t- 5a Time of flight (I) : Letit strikes the ground again at time T. 1 ie. fort=T, Ay=0u,=0=u,T— 5 gP pa 2ty _ sind g g Horizontal Range (R) Itis horizontal displacement ill timet=7 ie = R=u,T 2u,u, g 2ucosO)(usind) —u* sin(29) ie. a g g num height (H) H=Ay whenv,=0 u,?—2g (H) sin?6 28 From above formulze, we can observe (i) Tou, i.e. depends only on vertical componentof initial velocity (ii) Hcu,? ie. depends only on vertical component of initial velocity Gi) R 2t4,u, i.c. depends both on horizontal and vertical components of initial velo Velocity at any general point ucos)” +(usind— gt)? = yu +27? —2(usin O)gt Ifangle which direction of motion makes at an instant is 6, then you Yy nd—gt Vv. weosé tan dis positive during its upward notion ie. before reaching highest point and after that tan is negative. tan 6 Mlustration = A particle is projected with 20 m/s at an angle 60° with the horizontal. At what time it is moving at an angle 45° with the horizontal while moving downwards. Sol. 1, = 20 cos 60° = 10 m/s & 1, =20sin 60°= 10 At required instant, tan = u,-gt i ms ie, u,on solving, me get t= 10V3 —10t ig SE a7 10 + thee MMustration : Sol. mo u,-102; Att =2sec, tan g= =1( 4 Sw - 20-4 i Also 5 (time of fight) = 4 see > g from equation (), w. u= wt =20 Equation of Trajectory : y=usin Ot and x=(ucos 0) t 20 m/s A particle is projected in the X-Y plane with y-axis along vertical. At 2 sec after projection the velocity of the particle makes an angle 45° with the X - axis and 4 sec after projection, it horizontally. Find the velocity of projection. $= 45°) o u, = 40 m/s (1/2) gt From these equations, (eliminating t) =x tan 6— The above relation between x and y is equation of parabola, which proves that the trajectory i.e path of projectile is parabolic. Mlustraiion : Sol. The path followed by a body projected along y axis is given as by y = If g = 10 m/s? then the initial velocity of projectile will be- (x and y are in m) (©) 10 3 mis (A) 3 V0 mis (B) 2J10 mis Given, that y = J3 x — (1/2)? The above equation is similar to equation of trajectory of the projectiles tan 0 x - wos" Comparing (1) & (2) we get tan 0 = > 0 = 60° ETS 2u?cos "0 a 224 g and OD Boos = wu cos? @ =g > w cos? 60 = 10 > w (1/4) =10 > wu = 2Y10 mis Range is maximum, when @= 45° u and R= * Fortwo objects projected with same speed Range is same for two angles of projection © & (90-0) Proof: Let R, =R, for® and « uw’ sin(20) in(2a) ie, —— = g i.e. sin (20) =sin (2c) ive. 20 = 180° - 20 >= 909-0 w sin?@ v 2g ) if projected at 0= 90° Horizontal Projection : In Horizontal Direction In Vertical Direction ) Initial velocity u, @ Initial velocity u, =0 (i) Acceleration = 0 (ii) Acceleration = 'g’ downward (ii) Horizontal velocity of (ii) Velocity of particle after time t particle remains same after vy =0+C gt time t horizontal velocity =V,= =~ gt = gt (downward) (iv) Range x= ut (iv) Displacement (downward) Velocity at a general point P(x, y): tan 6 = 6 is angle made by v with horizontal in clockwise direction25 Time of flight: h=u,t (1/2) gt? =0 i gl yee 2 t+ y g Ve (negative time is not possible) Range: R =ut= [ae tte te Note : Ifa projectile is projected with initial velocity u and another particle is dropped from same height at the same time, both the projectile would strike the ground at the same instant velocity. Both will have same vertical components of velocity but their net velocities would be different. Mlustration = A ball rolls off top of a stair way with a horizontal velocity u m/s. If the steps are h m high and b meters wide, the ball will just hit the edge of n“ step ifn equals to- A hw 2 weg C 2h? D 2uw’g MW ® Owe OK Sol. If the ball hits the n'* step, the horizontal and vertical distances traversed are nb and nh respectively. Let ( be the time taken by the ball for these horizontal and vertical displacement Then velocity along horizontal direction remains constant = u and initial vertical velocity is zero nb = ut @ & nh — 0 + (1/2) ge? (2) From (i) & (2) we get nh = (1/2) g (nbu? 2hut > n= ge (eliminating 0) Hence correct answer is (C) Illustration : An aeroplane is flying horizontally with a velocity of 720 km/h at an altitude of 490 m. When it is just vertically above the target a bomb is dropped from it. How far horizontally it missed the target? (Take g = 9.8 m/s?) (A) 1000 m (B) 2000 m (©) 100 m (D) 200 m26 Sol. Horizontal component of velocity = 720 x 5/8 = 200 m Let t be the time taken for a freely falling body from 490. Then y = (1/2) gP > 490 = (4/2) X98 XP > t = 10 second Now horizontal distance = Velocity x time = 200 x 10 = 2000 m Hence the bomb missed the target by 2000 m Hence correct answer is (B) Projected from some height at some angle Case 1: When projected at some angle 0 with the horizontal towards upward direetion. Let it takes time t, (time of flight) to strike the ground Ay=—h When t=t, h=(usin6) 1, ( 2usind 2 ys ’ Log _ T+ T +8h/g 2 where T = Also R=Ax=u,t, (putting values of t, & u, we can find R whenever required) When it reaches ground v,~ucos 0 & v2 =u? — 2g (Ay) = v,= (usin @)’ —2g(-h) sty = fu? +2gh Case IL: When projected at angle 0 with horizontal towards downward direction Here u,=—usind Thus, if it takes time 1, to strike the ground then27 = h >, z ty Also Her and 2a(-h) vy = yu" + 2¢h Thus we can observe if some particles are projected from same height with same speed, they reach the ground with same speed whatever may be the angles of their projection. Projectile thrown On An Inclined plane To deal with problems of projectile thrown along an incline we choose the x-axis along the plane and y-axis perpendicular to the plane. Let a particle is projected at an angle with the horizontal onan incline plane which has angle of inclination B with the horizontal @ 2 cas From fig (i); u, ucos (a—B);u,=usin (a—B) [-. angle of projection with the incline is (a —f)] From fig(ii) ; a, =-g sin B; a,=—g cos B28 (a) Time of flight (T) on the incline Att=T.itsttikes the incline 4) ie. Ay=0 1 ult 5aP=0 => usin (a— B)T- 2usin(a—B) = gcosB (b) Range (R) Along the incline R=Axttillt=T 1 ie Reutty aT (Here a,=~g sin B #0) Putting values of u,, a, & T, we get 2u’sin(a —B)cosa gcos'p (c) Maximum range w?[sinQa—) ~sinB] From above formula, R = z gcos” Ris maximum when sin (20 ~B)~1 ie. 2a B ~ 90° = an4se+ V (L-sin B) g(l-sin’ p) Roo g(+sinp) (@) Greatest distance from incline S=Aywhen y,=0 ie. whenu, + at=0 i.e. when u sin (a ~B)~geosBt=0 Now, S=u,t+ Putting values of u,,a, andt, we get29 Special cases : (1) If projected normally (i.e. perpendicular) to the plane, i.e. angle with plane («1 —B) = 90° a= (90° + B) a 2) Ifprojected horizontally i.e. = 180° and angle with the incline = a —f = 180° —B Zz (3) Ifthe particle strikes normally to the plane i.e. at the moment of strike, V,=0 Br=0 Practice Exercise ic. ucos (af) -g Q.1_Ajuggler throwsa boll vertically upward and catches it after 6 see. Determine (i the initial velocity of the ball (ii) the maximum height attained by the ball, (iii) the position of ball at t=2 sec. (iv) the timeat which ball is 20 m below the topmost point Q.2. Ahealthy yeoman standing ata distance of 7 m from a 11.8 mhigh building sees akid slipping from the top floor. With what uniform speed should he run to catch the kid at his arms height (1.8m)?Q6 Q7 balloon starts rising from the ground with an acceleration of 1.25 m/s from the balloon, Find the time taken by the stone (afer its fall) to reach ground, After 8s astone is released A patticle is projected in such a way that its position coordinates vary with time as y = 8t ~ St? and x = 6t (taking point of projection as origin). What is the range of projectile? (A) 48m (B) 48m (9.6m (D) 4m A ball is projected upwards from the top of tower with a velocity 50 m/s making an angle 30° with the horizontal. The height of the tower is 70 m. Afier how many seconds from the instant of throwing will the ball reach the ground ? (A)2s (B) 5s (7s (D) 9s A particle is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 60°, with the vertical. Then time taken by the particle when it will move perpendicular to its initial direction- (A) 10 see (©) 5 see (D) 10 J¥ sec A particle is projected atan angle ‘a’ to the horizontal. Up and down there isa plane in case(a) & case (b), inclined at an angle Bto the horizontal, Ifthe ratio of time of flights on these plane in case (a) &case (b) be 1:2, ft tana. 5 then the ratio ‘tan equal to: Case (a) 5 (A) (B) OF @) 3 Paragraph for question no. 8 to 10 An inclined plane makes an angle @ =45° with horizontal. A stone is projected normally from the inclined plane, with speed u m/sat t= 0 x and y axisare drawn from point of projection along and normal to inclined plane asshown. The length of incline is sufficient forstone to land onit and neglect air friction,at Qs Qo Q.10 Ql Qs Q7 Qo The instant of time at which velocity of stones parallel to x-axis 2u 2u u 4) ») Y2u >) oy O Dy (B) 2 © g u © Re The instantof time till which (starting from t=0) component of displacement along x-axis ishalfthe range on inclined planeis 2V u u wry on O De Answers ()30m/s (ii) 45m (ii) 40 m (iv) Lsee. and 5 see 7 ms — Q3 ssec Q4 (©)9.6m Ts Q.6(B) Fy see 3 sy V2U B)y Q8 ©) 2 Q10 (B)at Qs Qo Q.10 Ql Qs Q7 Qo The instant of time at which velocity of stones parallel to x-axis 2u 2u u 4) ») Y2u >) oy O Dy (B) 2 © g u © Re The instantof time till which (starting from t=0) component of displacement along x-axis ishalfthe range on inclined planeis 2V u u wry on O De Answers ()30m/s (ii) 45m (ii) 40 m (iv) Lsee. and 5 see 7 ms — Q3 ssec Q4 (©)9.6m Ts Q.6(B) Fy see 3 sy V2U B)y Q8 ©) 2 Q10 (B)Ql Sol. Sol, Solved Example The motion of an object falling from rest in a viscous medium can be described by the equation a= a—B v, Where a and v are the acceleration and velocity of the object and a and are constants. Find, () the initial acceleration, (i) the velocity at which acceleration becomes zero. (i) the velocity as a function oftime. (@ —_ Theinitial velocity of object v=0 So, initial acceleration a= a (x0) = (i) Foracceleration to be zero 0=a-By of v=" B Note: The velocity at which acceleration reduces to zero is the maximum velocity with which an object will fall in a viscous medium. This velocity is called Terminal velocity. dy dv dv di) a= ap or, a= Bv= dt ak oO By > Integrating the expression with boundary conditions : t=0, v= Oand t=t, v=v fa or (Fina Bu) b=rl (a (n(a~ Bv)—fn (a) = 1-0 =nn{ a) Rearranging the terms, we get v=Sq-e") Att =0,a particle is at rest at origin. Its acceleration is 2m/s? for first 2 sec. and 2 m/s? fornext 4sec as shown in a versus t graph 72, o Plot graphs for (i) Velocity versus time (ii) speed versus time (iii) Displacement versus time (iv) Distance versustime () —_V,~V9=Areaofa Vst graph fort =0 to t=2 see V,-0=2x25 Vy, 4mis33 Now V,-V,=-2%4 => V,=-4mis velocity (is) speed (m/s) ee) Ws) (ii) Since slope of a Vs t graph from t =2 to 6 sec. is constant, we can observe its speed i magnitude ofits velocity is zero at= 4 sec. and afterthat magnitude of velocity increases in negative direction up to 4 mis at the same rate. x(mm) (iii) Displacement (x) Vst X5—Xq = area of v vst graph for t= 0,t=2see 1 0= 5Q) (4) 3 x)= 74m Lane = 34) 2) &m xg=+ 4m am) (iv) Distance (d) vst 1 SQ) = 4m Loa = 224) 8m I Also d,~d,= 524] =4 usec) = d,=12m34 Q.3 Three particles are projected from same point and their paths are as shown, Compare their horizontal and vertical component of velocities of projection Sol Hy =H,> He = (U,),=Q)g> Ue — Ry>Ry ie, (Ucu,)p> (UU), [++ theiru, are equal (> Os y" \\ Also R,=R, ~ ie Ug Wty but (Ws > We Mc Hn We Q.4 A car goes out of control and slides off a steep embankment of height h at @ to the horizontal. It lands ina ditch at a distance R from the base. Find the speed at which the car leaves the slope. (Take h= 12.5m;R=10m;0=45°) 102 Sol. Ax = 10=(ucos 45°)t = t= Ay 10 1 (10 = u "2 a9) Lou On solving we get u=20 mis Q.5__ Find range of projectile on the inclined plane which is projected perpendicular to the incline plane with velocity 20m/s.as shown in figure. Sol. B= 37° &—B =90° & a =90° + = 90° + 37° 2(20)' sin(90°) cos(90 +379) 10xcos" (37°) Range , R= [-+ 08 (90° + €) =~sin 6] Here negative sign shown that particle strikes the plane along down the incline35 Relative Velocity 4) Itis given by the time rate of change of position of one object w.tt. another. Relative velocity of a body B with respect to some other body A means velocity of B is recorded by an observer sitting on A. Mathematically Relative velocity of Bwir:t.A: ¥y,, i, — i. Differentiation this equation w.rt. time, we get alin) _ diy fo, ds dle) = but = 4 = %, , 8 = Fy and SB = Hy, dt dt dt dt dt putting these values we get ¥p,, = V5 Hence proved. Similarly, we can prove that relative velocity of A watt. Bz When two bodies move at angle 0 with each other then their relative velocity is given by Vi —2Vq¥p cos Magnitude 8 Val = vA + V5 + vq Vp c0s(180—0) vg sin(180—0) +v,cos(180-8) vasind V, ~Vacos0 Direction : tan a= > wna= Yo and tan a= > 19 = 90° then ive36 Vi We can find the velocity of a particle in a frame if we know the particle’s velocity in some other frame and the relative velocity of frames w.rt each other. In two observersare watching a moving particle P from the origins of reference A and B, whileB moves ata constantvelocity ¥,,, relativetoA. “ Frame A Fig. showsacertain instant during the motion. At this instant, the position vector of B relative toA is #,, Also, the position vectors of particle Pare %,, relative to.A and ¥,, relative to B, From thearrangement of heads and tails of those three position vectors, we can relate the vectors with %,. = fon + Haas By taking the time derivative of this equation, we can relate the velocities ¥p,. We can understand the concept of relative velocity by a simple situation as follows : Iustration: Assume two cars A and B each 5 mlong. Car A is travelling at 84 km/h and overtakes another car B which travelling at low speed of 12 kmh. Find out the time taken for overtaking. Sol. To analyses the motion in cas of overtaking we need relative velocity of object which overtakes wat. the other object. Therefore, we need to find relative velocity of car A wrt car B which is 84—12= 72 km/h = 20 ms! Total relative distance covered with this velocity = sum of lengths of car A and car B 510m. Distance cover d 10 Relative velocity ~ 20 the time taken = =0.5s37 Mlustration: [Sol Rain (@) Find velocity of tree, bird and old man as seen by boy () Find velocity of tree, bird, boy as seen by old man (©) Find velocity of tree, boy and old man as seen by bird. (a) With respect to boy V,,,— 4 mis (©) V4 = 3s (1) &0 mis (>) ire = 6 mis () mts (b) With respect to old man +. - V., = 6mis (>) V,,..= 2m/s (>) Fojgg = 61mis (2) and 3 mis (1) (With respect to Bird V,.=3mis (d) and 4mis (€) Vesna = OS (€) and — 3mis () ¥,,, = 3 mss WW) - Man Problems Formulato be applied : ¥,., ~ ¥,,,Where ¥,,., is velocity of rain w.rt. man, ¥, isthe velocity of rain (watt. ground), and ¥,, is the velocity of man (w.tt. ground). If rain is falling vertically downwards with a speed y, anda man is munning horizontally towards east with aspeed ,, . f Whaat is the relative velocity of rain wt. man? Given: V, =—v,j, Va = Yn, Now ¥) avi 2 Vim = Val “Wie and direction : tana. Magnitude: /v3, +v?38 Example : If rain is already falling at some angle @ with horizontal, then with what velocity the man 3 should travel so that the rain appears vertically downwards to him ? cos j i, ¥,=v,sin Oi - Now, Vii, =(y, sin®—v,,) j — v,¢0s 8 j Now forrain to appear falling vertically, the horizontal component of ¥,,,, should bezero, i.e. v,€0s 8 Ven v,sin 0= v,, =0=>sin@=—\* and |y, / yt We can illustrate the whole situation by the diagrams, Itis quite interesting to noticethe steady rainfall sitting in a vehicle such as bus, car, etc. While moving on a straight track the direction of rainfall changes when the vehicle changes its velocity. That means, the velocity of the rain you observeis the velocity of the rain relative to you. Therefore, your observed velocity of rainfall (both magnitude and direction of velocity of rainfall) isthe velocity of therain with respect to the vehicle (you). If you measure the velocity of the rainfall while the vehicle: stationary, that gives actual velocity of rainfall Remember following points regarding relative motion : + Ifthe velocity is mentioned without specifying the frame, assume it is with respect to the ground, . In manycases, abody travels on water or in air. Depending on the context you wi whether the velocityis with respect to the water/air or with respect to the ground I have to figure out Letus analyse following situation, The manis stationary and the rain is falling at his back to an angle 6 with the vertical Q Ven =Vs Vy, =0 { here @ Angle at which rain appears to man Now man starts moving forward with speed y,,. The relative velocity ofrain w.r. man shifts towards vertical direction,39 4 ‘R ) As the man further increase his speed, then ata particular value the rain appears to be falling vertically. Velocity veoter diagram Vn 0-0 IFthe man increases his speed further more, then rainappear to be falling from the forward direction. Ly ui Velocity Vector Diagram Notice in above figure how man changes orientation of umbrella to prevent himself from rain Illustration: Rain ts falling vertically with a speed of 12 ms-!, A cyclist is moving east to west with a speed of hould hold his umbrella ? 12/3 ms. In order to protect himself from rain at what angle he s Sol. Method I : In the case of rain falling vertically with a velocity of tan 8 =\,~ and a person (cyclist, bikers, etc) is moving horizontally with a speed &,,, the person can protect himself from rain by keeping umbrella in the direction of relative velocity of rain wir. person By. If Ois the angle that «,, makes with vertical or rain velocity of rain wrt, eyelist40 {Po Here, v,= 12 ms! and v, = 12 3, tan 0= |) ) and 0 = tar! (3) = 60° So the cyclist has to hold the umbrella at an angle 60° to the vertical. Method 2: ¥, ~—12 3; (m/s) J OM): Baty River-Swimmer Problems When a man or aboatis swimming in water, he generatesa velocity relative to water (v m/s) by hisown efforts. Actual velocity of man in water will be a resultantof man’s effort and the river velocity (u mV}. Down stream : Man makes efforts in direction of flow, the velocity of man w.rt. ground is (u+v) nv/sas shown below, Up stream : Man makes efforts opposite to the direction of flow, the velocity of man wast. ground is (v—u) m/sas shown below. uat Mlustration: Sol. Aman whose velocity in still water is Sm/s swims from point A to B (100m downstream of A) and 4) hack to A. velocity of river is 3m/s. Find the time taken in going down stream and up stream and the average speed of the man during the motion ? in down stream velocity of man = Vy =Vyiy + Vy =3+5=8 m/s in down stream time : 100/8 = 12.5 sec In upstream velocity of man + =-5+3=-2m In up stream time : 100/2 = $0 see average speed = 200/62.5 = 3.2 m/s Ina similar manner, when a boatis rowed acrossa river, the river tries to carry it down stream whereas the boatman makes an effort at an angle to the river bank. The natural consequence is that he reaches somewhere in between. Here also, the velocity of man in still waterrefers to velocity due to hisowa efforts. Thisis fixed in magnitude, but the direction can be changed atwill. Vue D Vowlp ff Vor Fig. (a) Fig. (b) For example, in the figure (a), the boat is rowed direetly across in the north direction, but it will reach somewhere in the northeast direction duetto the river flow. Similarly in figure (b), the boat is rowed in the north west direction, whereas it will reach in the north direction due to the effect of river flow. Drift is the distance down stream from the point exactly opposite to the starting point where a person finally reaches. In figure (a) DO = drift. In figure (b) drift= 0 Note following points: @ cc) iii) fw) @) Swimmer keepshi flow. Aman swims in water > velocity of man w.rt. water, A swimmer heads to means (velocity is not w.tt. ground) nselfat an angle of 30° with river flow mean the velccity of swimmer is w.rt river Person wants to go to destination then direction of velocity is w.rt. ground. Let discuss asituation when swimmer & river velocity are known Suppose velocity of river is u and swimmer can swim with a velocity v' w.rt. river flow. ‘What should be the angle 0 with the river flow atwhich the man should swim so thatthe time taken to cross theriverbeminimum ?42 ACC. PH-KINEMATICS & RELATIVE MOTION Sol. Let man storts swimming at an angle as shown in figure. Vin --4-- =(-Vsin 61 +y tui ' (Vin 61 = veos 81) + ui a! 4 = fe vsin 1 + (ve09 Oi ‘ -- = If width of river is ‘a’ then time to cross. d ~ veos@ for tin, CSO = 1 at O= 0° d ‘min = v So the man should try to swim perpendicular to the river flow to minimize the time in each case. (h) What should be the angle @at which the man should swim so that the length of path be minimum ? for minimum length of the path, driftx should be minimum Sol. Drift for given situation = time * {¥,, along the flow} d ** Veosd d y= sec —dtand A V Case-I y >u orthe river flow is less than the velocity of man's effort. In such case the minimum possible drift will be zero. So the man should has swimat the angle. sin0= ~ Case-IT v = tart |? tar! 75 (Pe J (22) Hence, the boat is moving with a velocity 13 km/h in the direction tan-' | 75) east of north relative to earth. Sol. () Given v,, = 10 km/h As the boat has to move due north, so it needs fo start at an angle @ move upward direction of the river This is necessary because the boat during the motion will be drifted downwards due to the push of current. w E Vy. = velocity of boat wrt. earth is along hypotenuse = 13 kmih De = velocity of river w.rt. earth is along perpendicular 5 km/h Dye = velocity of boat wrt, earth is along base = Bg ~ Bae 6, = dy, = 13 ka/hr Bye = Ty, +5, => 5, =Skmhr Vi4a = 12 m/s fow to find the right direction of movement of boat so that it goes straight innorth direction, the45 angle Oneeds to be obtained Dn (5) tan 8 => 0=ran! tan! | On Lo \2) (5) Hence the boat has to start at an angle tar-' | 73) in order to move due north. Practice Exercise Qi Amanistrying to cross the river 100m wide by a boat. The river is flowing with the velocity Sm/s and the boat's velocity instill water is 3m’s. Find the minimum time in which he can cross the river and the drift in this case? Q2__ Findthedirection in which the man (of above illstration) should row so as to have minimum drift. Also find the minimum possible drift and the time taken to cross the river in this case ? Answers 100 500 3 400 a seem Q.2 sin O= ZX pin = GMs t= see, Swimming in a desired direction: Many times the person is not interested in minimizing the time or drift. But he has to reach a particular place. This is common in the cases of anairplane or motor boat. The man desires to have this final velocity along AB in other words he has to move from A to B. We wish to find the direction in which he should make an effort so that his actual velocity is along line AB, w.r. ground. In this method we assume AB to be the reference line the resultant of Vand wis along line AB. Thus the components of v and uin a direction perpendicularto line AB should cancel each other.46 So vsina=usin® usin v here@ , u & vare given in a problem, so we can calculate ot by above relation IMustration: Wind is blowing in the east direction with a speed of 2m/s. A bird wishes to iravel from tree A to tree B. Tree B is 100m away from A ina direction 37° north of east the velocity of bird in still air is dm, (@) Find the direction in which bird should fly so that it can reach from A to B directly. (b) Find the acual velocity of the bird during the flight ? (©) Find the time taken by the bird to reach B? Sol. (@) 4sin a = 2sin37° = (3 — | with east = 37+ sin! + sino) D) iy, =e + Ve 0337" + 4 cose. 4 J 91 =2xi+4x~ = 5 10 _ 100% 250 Wt=% ya yor 800 Closest distance of approach between two bodies Mlustration : Two roads intersectat rightangles. CarA is situated at P which is 500m from the intersection O on one 500m. of the roads. Car B is situated at Q which is 400m 20mis; ° from the intersection on the other road. They start Para out at the same time and travel towards the intersection at 20m{s and 15m/s respectively. What is the minimum distance between them ? How long Car B do they take to 400m Q reach it, v,7 15ma7 Sol. First we find out the velocity of car A relative to B As can he seen from (fig.), the magnitude of velocity of B with respect to A 1 —20mds, V_=15 m/s, OP = 500m; OQ = 400m , 5 2 RO dl pn 8 gets anand wn o= 42, cosant; anand 3 OC = AO tan 8= 500 x 4 =375m BC = OB - OC = 400-375 =25m P 500m 4 BD = BC(cos 8) 5 720m shortest distance = 20m PD = PC + CD =625 + 15 = 640 Q' Relative Motion Between two Projectiles Let us now discuss the relative motion between two projectiles orthe path observed by one projectile of the other. Suppose that two particlesare projected from the ground with speeds u, and u, at angles ot, and a, as shown in figure. Acceleration of both the particles is g downwards. So,relative acceleration betweenthem iszcro because 4,8, ~a,=g-g=zer0 ic. the relative motion between the two particlesis uniform, Now48 uj, =Ujeos oy, uj,=u sino, and us, Therefor, uj, =U), Uy, = Uy COS 64, and up, uy, —u, =u sing, jz, andu,,,are thex and y components of relative velocity of I with respect to 2. Hence, relative motion of I withrespect to 2s a straigh line at { Yry anangled=tan | | with positive x-axis. Now, if'u,,=0or u, cos ot, =U, cos ot, the relative motion is along y-axis or in vertical direction (as@=90"), similarly, if Ujy)~O or u, sin, =u sin a, the relative motion isalong x- axis or in horizontal direction (as =0°), Condition of Collision of two Projectiles From the above dis of one projectile simultaneously from two -ussion, itis clear that relative motion between two projectiles is uniform and the path observed by the other is a straight line. Now let the particles are projected ferent heights h, and h, with speeds u, and u, in the directions shown in figure, Then he particles collide in air if relative velocity of | with respectto 2 (i,,) is along line AB or the relative velocity of 2 with respect to 1 ({i,.) isalong the line BA. Thus, May _ (aby) tan 6 Ux, Los J Here uj) =u, sina, ~u,sina, and Uya, = (Uy COS Ch) — © Uy COS G) =U COS G + Uy COS Cty Ifboth the particles are initially at the same level (h =h,), then for collision U,=0 or sina, h-h, i fe ‘The time of collision of the two particles will be AB AB jig 7 an +Gm)49 Further, the above conditions are not merely sufficient forcollision to takes place. For example, the time of collision discussed above should be less than the time of collision of either of the particles with the ground, 4) Mlustration: Sol. A particle A is projected with an initial velocity of 60 m/s at an angle 30° to the horizontal, At the same time a second particle B is projected in opposite direction with initial speed of 50 m/s from a point ata 60 m/s Sms distance of 100 m from A. If the particles < “on collide in air, find (a) The angle of projection a of particle B (b) time when the collision takes place and (c) the distance of P from A, where collision occurs. (g = 10 m/s?) (a) Taking x and y directions as shown in figure. Here =-g} a, =~gj 114, = 60.c0s 30° = 30 3 ms 4 = 60 sin 30° = 30 m/s == 30 cos a ‘ss and Uy, = S0sin a Relative acceleration between ihe two is zero as ii, = Gy. Hence the relative motion between the two is uniform. Condition of collision is that ii, should along AB. This is possible only when May = Upy . component of relative velocity along y-axis should be zero. or 30 = 50sin a a= sin! (3/5) (b) Now Wtiaal = Way May = (30 3 + 50cos a m/s = ) = {203+ 50% vg \ 5) = (30/3 +40) m/sB) Sol. Solved Example Ram crossing 2.5m wide conveyor belt moves with a speed of 1.6 mvs. The conveyor belt moves at uniform speed of 1.2 m/s If the Ram walks straight across the belt, determine the velocity of the Ram relative to an observer standingon ground. Ifyou walk across a conveyor belt while the conveyor belt takes you along the length, you will not be able to move directly across the conveyor belt, but will end up down the length. Here thevelocity of the Ram will be net effect of his own motion and due to motion of conveyor belt The velocity of the Ram relative to the conveyor belt v, , is same as velocity of Ram if conveyor belt was still, y, isthe velocity of the conveyorbelt we needto find y,, the velocity of the Ram relative to the Earth, Writing Equation ofnet motion v, =v, +¥, three vectors are shown in Figure (a). The quantity v,, isduey; v,isduex ; andthe vector sum of the two, v,, is atan angle @ as defined in Figure (a), the speed v, of the Ram relative to the Earth is If Shyam has same speed on a still conveyor belt, and is to reach directly across the same moving conveyor belt. At whatangle should he walk? () To go straight across the conveyor belt he has to walk at some angle. Writing Equation ofnet motion v,=v,, +, three vectors are shown in Figure (b) As in part (b), we know y, and the magnitude of the vector v, and we want y, to be directed across the conveyor belt. = Were Ve Note the difference between the triangle in Figure (a) and the one in Figure (b)62 Q.2 (A) (B) Sol (A) B) Q3 (A) (B) © Sol. An aeroplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 100 kmh is blowing toward thesouth What is the speed of the plane with respect to ground? rt ) Ifthe airspeed of the plane (its speed instil air) is 300 km/h, in which direction should the pilot head ? Given, Velocity of air with respect of ground ¥.,,<, = 100 km/hr Velocity of plane with respect toair ¥_,, =300 kni/hr As the planeis to move towards west, due to airin south direction, air will try drift the plane in south direction, air will try to drift the plane in south direction. Hence, the plane has to make an angle 0 towards north-west, south west direction, in order to reach at point on west. bog = Spe ~ Vacq and Vp), sin B= Vic, iver flows due south witha speed of 2.0 m/s. A man steersa motorboat across the diver: his velocity relative to the water is 4 m/sdue east. The river is 800 m wide. What is his velocity (magnitude direction) relative to the earth ? How much timeis required to cross the river’? How farsouth of his starting point will be reach the opposite bank ? Velocity of river (ie. speed of river wars earth) b,, =2 m/s Width of theriver=800m South According to the given statement the diagram will beas given53 (A) ®) © Q4 (A) B) © Sol. (A) ® ©) When two vectors are actingat an angle of 90°, their resultant can be obtained by pythagoroustheorem, Bye = Yoh, HOE = V16+4 = V20 —4.6 m/s 4) To find direction, we have v,. tan 0= } Displacement of boat Velocity of boat w.rtriver 201 ( 28 =tan! ve 42 Seal Time taken to cross the river Desired position on other side isA, but due to current of river boat is drifted to position B. To find out this drift weneed time taken in all to cross the river (200s) and speed of current (2 ms!) So the distance AB = Time taken * speed of current = 200 x 2= 400 m Hence, the boat is drifted by 400 m aw: y from position A. Apperson walks up astationary escalator in t, second, Ifhe remains stationary on the escalator, then it can take him up in t, second. If the length of the escalator is L, then Determine the speed of man with respect to the escalator. Determine the speed of the escalator, How much time would it tke him to walk up themoving escalator? Asthe escalator is stationary, so the distance covered in t, second is L which is the length of the escalator. L se ty Speed of the man wat. the escalator v, When the man is stationary, by taking man as reference point the distance covered by the escalators L intimet, L Speed of escalator v,= Speed of man wat. the ground Vin = Vine +84 Qs (A) (B) Sol. (A) B) A person standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 60° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws the umbrella andstarts running at20 ms“, He finds that rain drops are falling on him vertically. Find the speed of the rain drops with respect to the road, and the moving person. Given 0=60° and velocity person Jp = OA =20ms7. This velocity is the same as the velocity of person w.r-t ground. First ofall let's see how the diagram works out, 8» = OB = velocity ofrain w.rt. the person. 3, — O€ ~velocity ofrain w.rt. earth}. is along OF asa person hasto hold umbrella atan angle with vertical which is the angle between velocity of rain and velocity of rain wrt. the person. Values of b, and 0, can be obtained by using simple trigonometric relations. Speed of rain drops w.rt. earth = 8, = OC CB gps oc. oc Sn OO = sin 60° From AOCM, 20. 40 40V3 2° y3~ 3 ms! Speed of rain wert. the person 0,» = OB OB From AOCM. = cot 60° CB => — OB=CB cot 60° =Q6 @) (b) Sol @ (b) 85 A large heavy box is sliding without friction down a smooth plane of inclination @, From a point P on the bottom of a box, a particle is projected inside the box. The initial speed of the particle with respect, to box isu and the direction of projection makes anangle a with the bottom as 2 shown in figure. eo Find the distance along the bottom of the box between the point of projection P and the pointQ where the particle lands. (Assume that the particle does not hit any other surface of the box. Neglect air resistance), Ifthe horizontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground is zero, find the speed of the box with respect to the ground at the instant when the particle wasprojected. uis the relative velocity ofthe particle with respect ot the box. Resolve u, 1, isthe relative velocity of particle with respect to the box in x - direstion. u, is the relative velocity with respect to the box in y - direction. Since, there is no velocity of the box in the y-direction, therefore this isthe vertical velocity ofthe particle withrespectto ground also. Y - direction motion ( Taking relative terms w.r:t. box) using. 4, y gos 1, 1 » 3a, P= 0=(usin a) tg cos Ox t 2usina. Sts gcosd x-direction motion (Taking relative terms wart. box) u,=t+ucosa;a,=0 2usina wu’ sin2a 1 2 stares , 2using WEED AES UCOSA* Teosg ~ gcosd For the observer (on ground) to see the horizontal displacement to be zero, the distance travelled by box 2a 2usin intime { 0088 ota be equal to the range of the particle w.rt. box. Let the speed of the box at the time projection of particle be U. Then for the motion of box with respect to ground.56 2usin ar gsin® t= gcosd 2usina | goost } gcos onsolving we get ucos(a +6) cos QT ‘A man wants to cross a river 500m wide. Rowing speed of the man relative to water is 3 km/hr and river flows at the speed of 2 knvhr. If man's walking speed on the shore is 5 knv/r, then in which direction he should start rowing in order to reach the directly opposite point on the other bank in shortest time. Sol. Lethe sould start at an angle with the normal hence Fa —(u-vsin0)} + vc0s j Here ¥,, = velocity of the man relative to ground. 32s v=velocity of the man relative to water y L. u= velocity of water \ ee 0.5 A Hence time taken by the man to cross the river is t= Drifi ofthe man along the river is =(u-vsin 0), 05 vcos@ Time taken by the man to cover this distance is x=(u-vsin@)60 Therefore, time of collision is AB 100 Tigs| 30V3+40 or 1= 1.098 (©) Distance of point P from A where collision takes place is | s= luo +(u, t- \ | 7 |(30V3 x 1.097 + 30x 1.09— fe 10 1.09% 1. 09) V 8 = 62.64 m87 usecO tand > Joon ("seco -tand Ww 5 Therefore, totaltime T=t, +t, > secd+— see 6-011 tan 8 Putting the value of u and v, we get pe OS cg OP og or emo 3 ee 3 ee tan O7 = =} seesee 0 -0.1 tan dT 0.7 @tan@—0.1 29 > gr see Otan sec for T tobe minimum aT do” => sino=(/7) = 0 =sin(G/7) 0