Accepted Manuscript

Full length article

Feasibility study of sustainable wastewater reuse in agroforestry domain of

Marrakesh city

Tawfik El Moussaoui, Said Wahbi, Laila Mandi, Salvatore Masi, Naaila

Ouazzani

PII: S1658-077X(17)30154-6
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.08.004
Reference: JSSAS 284

To appear in: Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences

Received Date: 12 May 2017

Revised Date: 29 July 2017
Accepted Date: 13 August 2017

Please cite this article as: El Moussaoui, T., Wahbi, S., Mandi, L., Masi, S., Ouazzani, N., Feasibility study of
sustainable wastewater reuse in agroforestry domain of Marrakesh city, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural
Sciences (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.08.004

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Feasibility study of sustainable wastewater reuse in
agroforestry domain of Marrakesh city

Tawfik El Moussaoui a, b,c*, Said Wahbib, Laila Mandia, c , Salvatore Masid, Naaila Ouazzania,
c

Laboratory of Hydrobiology Ecotoxicology and Sanitation LHEA URAC 33, University Cadi Ayyad,
(a)

Marrakesh 40 000, Morocco

Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Vgtale, Universit Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40 000,

(b)

Moroccox

National Center for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), BP/511, University
(c)

Cadi Ayyad, Marrakesh 40 000, Morocco

(d) School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, vialedel lAteneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza,
Italy

*Corresponding author: Tawfik El Moussaoui. Telephone: +212661836360

E-mail : [email protected] or [email protected]

REUSE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER IN

AGROFORESTRY DOMAIN OF MARRAKESH CITY

Abstract
The current work aims to perform a feasibility study of sustainable urban wastewater
reuse in agroforestry domain of Marrakesh city in order to assess the environmental and
the sustainability of urban wastewater reuse in agroforestry irrigation. To this end,
wastewater physicochemical characteristics from Marrakesh full-scale wastewater
treatment plant, soil physicochemical analysis and climate analysis were investigated.
Finally, treated urban wastewater potential production in Marrakesh WWTP and
challenge related to its reuse are provided. The obtained results of the present study
reveals the feasibility of this practice in Marrakesh region. Regarding the actual

1
situation, climate analysis highlight that the local climatic conditions is an ultimate
challenge for water resources; soil analysis reveals a loss of soil fertility due to the
decline in soil organic matter.To face this condition, treated urban wastewater reuse is a
sustainable and promising strategy to face water scarcity, enhance soil fertility, preserve
natural resources, develop local products and improve living conditions of agriculture
and farmers.
Keywords: urban wastewater; physicochemical analysis; wastewater reuse; climate
analysis; arid climate; Marrakesh

2
1. INTRODUCTION
Morocco is a country where the availability of water resources is a key factor in the
development of the agricultural sector, which is the basis of the Moroccan economy.
Rainfall, hydroelectric dams, rivers and groundwater supply daily water for the
farmland. However, these water resources have known in recent decades a drop in
volume, due to natural conditions more difficult, the lack of political management at the
institutional level and the lack of sensitivity to the water users, including farmers.
Indeed, this pressure led to water resources has had severe impacts on the agricultural
sector in many parts of Morocco and consequently on the economy.
The treated wastewater reuse is one of the alternatives that could be reliable and highly
beneficial for irrigation and at the same time for agriculture. In fact, the treated
wastewater can be an alternative to the use of clean water for agriculture, leaving fresh
water used for other purposes including drinking water supply (WHO, 1989; WHO,
2006). Indeed, environmental and socio-economic advantages of this reuse can only be
achieved if water through a WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) that will eliminate the
components liable to harm the environment and public health (El Moussaoui et al,
2017).
The present study is within the framework of the FAO project GCP/RAB/013/ITA
"Regeneration of Forests in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia by the use of treated
wastewater in order to support livelihoods of smallholders and farmers." This project
involves the construction of demonstration projects on the use of wastewater in forestry
and agro-forestry systems in the different partner countries. In areas with arid or semi-
arid climate, characterized by weakness of water resources, wastewater is a significant
potential for forestry. The low level of health risk in agro-forestry applications also
allows extending the interest to the reuse of water with a high content of organic matter
and nutrients (N and P) (El Moussaoui et al., 2014). In this way we increase the value of
reclaimed water and reduce the environmental impacts associated with the water
treatments. Some experiences in Southern Italy did not show any kind of problem after
10 years of experimentation (Lopeza et al., 2006; Palese et al., 2009). In the Marrakesh
region, and in order to protect the environment and water resources, by supporting
their sustainable management and conservation, the FAO project will allow through the
treatment and reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation of forest plantations who settled
as part of the creation of a green belt throughout the OuedTensift over an initial area of
about 10 hectares, extensible.
The current work aims to perform a feasibility study of urban wastewater reuse in
agroforestry domain in Marrakesh city in order to assess the environmental and the
sustainability of urban wastewater reuse in sustainable irrigation. To this end,
wastewater physicochemical characteristics from Marrakesh WWTP, soil
physicochemical analysis and climate analysis of the study site were investigated.
Furthermore, treated urban wastewater potential production in Marrakesh WWTP and
challenge related to it is reuse were illustrated and provided.

3
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Project site

The study area is located in the city of Marrakech, on the left side of the OuadTensifet
located in the Haouz plain enclosed by the massive central High Atlas to the south and
the north of Jbiletes and extends an area of 60 km2. In order to protect the environment
and water resources in this region. Through, supporting their sustainable management
and conservation, the present project (FAO project) will allow through the treatment
and reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation of forest plantations who settled as part of
the creation of a green belt throughout the OuedTensift over an initial area of about 10
hectares, extensible(El Moussaoui et al., 2013)(figure 1).

Figure1 The study site

2.1 Analytical methods

2.1.1 Wastewater physicochemical analysis
Wastewater physicochemical analysis such as total suspended solids (TSS), biological
oxygen demand ( ), chemical oxygen demand ( ), total kjeldahl nitrogen ( ),
nitrate ( ), nitrite ( ), total phosphorus ( ) and orthophosphate ( ) were
determined in accordance with Standard Methods (AFNOR, 1997; APHA, 2005; Rodier,
2009).

2.1.2 Soil physicochemical analysis

Soil physicochemical analysis such as, such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Moisture,
Organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) and

4
assimilablephosphorus (Polsen) were performed according standard analytical
methods(AFNOR, 2000).
2.1.3 Climate analysis
Climate analysis of Marrakesh city was performed for the period 1998-2012. The daily
series of observed data of mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures,
cumulative monthly and annual precipitation, wind velocity, relative humidity form
SAADA weather station whose characteristic are presented in the following table (table
1).
Table 1Characteristic of SAADA weather station

Latitude: 31 38' 10"

Altitude: 411.6 metres
Longitude: 8 04' 36"

3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Wastewater physicochemical characteristics
Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater along treatment stage from Marrakesh
activated sludge wastewater treatment plant during the experimental campaign are
summarized in table 2.
Table 2 Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater along treatment stage.
primary secondary tertiary Removal
Parameters input effluent
treatment treatment treatment efficiency
pH 7.890.01 7.590.02 8.050.01 8.200.03
EC (s/cm) 1964.43125 1790.71115 1641.71120 1623.75112
TSS (mg/l) 346.862.5 82.673.2 53.791.5 11.150.5 97%
BOD5 (mg/l) 55025 32515 20.41.5 61.1 98%
COD (mg/l) 825.2944 488.4331 34.873 29.932.2 96%
TKN (mg/l) 83.7611.2 65.718 15.962.1 15.73 81%
NO3 (mg/l) - 0.830.2 5.610.5 6.130.7
NO2 (mg/l) - - 0.650.1 0.580.2
TP (mg/l) 10.352.1 8.10.7 4.960.1 5.360.8 48%
PO4 (mg/l) 6.830.5 6.160.2 4.680.7 5.050.7 26%

3.1.1 pH and electrical conductivity

The output effluent pH average was about 8.200.03, which is in the range of Moroccan
applied discharge standards limits [6.58.5] (Arrt conjoint, 2013). Concerning the
electrical conductivity (EC), the output effluent EC average was around 1623.75112
s/cm, which was close to the Moroccan discharge standards limits (Arrt conjoint,
2013).

5
3.1.2 Total suspended solids TSS
The amount of TSS in the effluent affects the efficiency of the disinfection process and
defines the recommended TSS value of discharged effluent. The TSS average
concentration of the final effluent was about 111.5 mg.l-1, which satisfy Moroccan
applied discharge standards (TSS<30 mg.l -1) (Arrt conjoint, 2013). The TSS average
reduction was about 97%, which indicates that the Marrakesh WWTP process has
performed adequately at conditions equal to or less than its design capacity with respect
to the TSS removal and complied with discharge standards (RADEEMA, 2012).
3.1.3 Organic matter: COD and BOD5
Activated sludge refers to a mass of microorganisms cultivated in the treatment process
to break down organic matter into carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic
compounds. The COD and BOD5 are used as the surrogate parameters to measure the
organic matter available for the microorganisms. During this campaign experiment, the
input effluent COD and BOD5 average concentrations were 825.2944mg.l-1 and
55025 mg.l-1, respectively. In contrast, their concentrations in the output effluent were
29.932.2 mg.l-1and 61.1 mg.l-1, respectively, which are below Moroccan applied
discharge standards (for COD<120 mg.l-1and for BOD5<40 mg.l-1) (Arrt conjoint,
2013).
In addition, the COD and BOD5 removal efficiencies were significant during this
campaign period, up to 94% and 95% respectively. This result confirms that the
Marrakesh plant performed well with respect to COD removal efficiency within the
review period and complied with permit limits and Moroccan applied discharge
standards (Arrt conjoint, 2013; RADEEMA, 2012).
3.1.4 Nutrients: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nitrogen removal has become an important part of wastewater treatment processes due
to the significant impact of nitrogen compounds ( -N, -N and -N) on the
aquatic environment and more stringent legislation on wastewater discharges. To meet
this demand, the most commonly used method for nitrogen removal is biological
treatment based on aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification, both of which may
produce nitrous oxide (N2O) (Colliver and Stephenson, 2008).
The TKN input effluent average concentration was around 83.7611.2 mg.l-1, whereas
the output TKN concentration was about 15.73 mg.l-1 which is close to the European
Standards (10 to 15 mg.l-1) (Jonsson et al., 2001) and bellow Moroccan applied
discharge standards (40 mg.l-1). The overall total kjeldahl nitrogen removal was 81 % on
annual average. This indicates a good overall performance during the campaign period.
Large quantities of phosphate present in wastewater is one of the main causes of
eutrophication that negatively affects many natural water bodies, both fresh water and
marine. It is desirable that water treatment facilities remove phosphorus from the

6
wastewater before they are returned to the environment. Total removal or at least a
significant reduction of phosphorus is obligatory, if not always fulfilled, in most
countries (Jeanmaire and Evans, 2001; Gaterell et al., 2000; Stratful et al., 1990).
The TP input effluent average concentration was around 10.352.1 mg.l -1, whereas the
output TP concentration was about 5.360.8 mg/l, which is above the Moroccan applied
discharge standards (2 mg.l-1) (Arrt conjoint, 2013). The average TP removal was 48
%.
3.2 Soil physicochemical characteristics
The site physicochemical analysis result is summarized in the table 3.
Table 3 Soil physicochemical characteristics
Parameters Unit Result (meanSD)
pH - 8.25 0.51
Moisture % 0.12 0.03
Electrical Conductivity (EC) s/cm 325.67 107.11
Total organic carbon (TOC) % 0.75 0.08
Organic matter (OM) % 1.30 0.15
Total khjeldal nitrogen (TKN) % 0.10 0.01
Ratio C/N - 7.47 0.69
Total Phosphorus mg/g 1.57 1.20
Assimilable Phosphorus mg/g 0.04 0.02

The pH was relatively high 8.250.51 on average (Mallouhiet al., 1997). The electrical
conductivity EC is typically used to indicate soluble salt concentration in soil. Because
crops only remove small amounts of salt, salt movement and distribution in soil is
directly related to water movement (Nakayama and Bucks, 1986). In our case the EC
average value was about 325.67107.11 s/cm.
The total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and
total phosphorus (TP) average contents of soil were 0.75%, 1.30%, 0.10% and 1.57
mg/g respectively. In addition C/N was about 7.47 (less than 10) which indicate that the
soil of site study is mineralized with low organic matter reserves. In front of this
situation, treated wastewater reuse could be an attractive option in order to improve
soil fertility through (El Moussaoui et al., 2014; Lopeza et al., 2006).
3.3 Climate analysis
The figure 2 represents the daily observed data of monthly Temperature (minima and
maxima TC) and precipitation (P mm) during the period 1998-2012 form SAADA
weather station whose characteristics are presented in table.1.

7
 M m P (mm)
50 35
45
30
40
25

Precipitation (mm)
35
Temperature (C)

30 20
25
15
20
15 10
10
5
5
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure2 Graphical representation of T-P Omrothermic diagram (1998-2012)

(El Moussaoui et al. 2012)
According to Emberger, the zone of Marrakech is located in the arid bioclimatic stage
characterized by scarce precipitation, grouped during the cold season, from September
to May. The city is subject to an arid continental climate (hot and dry in summer, cold
and wetter in winter). High evaporation and a high average temperature, with large
temperature deviations (monthly and daily). The prevailing winds are from the west
and northwest.
The temperature is influenced by the topography of region(Alain and Robert, 1966). As
presented in figure 2 the temperature curve analysis showed a significantly increase of
average monthly temperature from January to August. Thereafter, the significant
decrease took place until January. In addition, July and August are the hottest months
with a monthly average temperature of 27.64 C; by contrast, January was the coldest
month with a monthly average temperature of 10.96 C.
Concerning precipitation, the analysis of monthly and annual rainfall can reveal a rainy
period represented by five months (October, November, January, February and March),
as more than 65% of annual rainfall received, and a dry season from May to September.
The ombrothermic diagram, which is the graphical depiction of temperature conditions
and the monthly precipitation for the region of Marrakech during the period between
1998 to 2012, reveals a dry season form the end of May to the end of September.

8
3.4 Treated urban wastewater reuse in agroforestry
3.4.1 Potential of treated urban wastewaters in Marrakesh
Every year significant amounts of wastewater are discharged in the environment. The
annual discharged volumes of Moroccan cities strongly increased during the last three
decades. Therefore, they increased from 48 to 600 million m 3 from 1960 to 2005 to
reach approximately 666 million m 3 in 2010 (figure 3). In the same way, the established
forecasts show that wastewater produced volume will continue to increase sharply to
reach 900 million m3 in 2020 (MnEnvr, 2015).
In Marrakech, the annual volume of urban wastewater treated by Marrakech activated
sludge treatment plant was 33 million m 3(RADEEMA, 2012). This WWTP the first
activated sludge full-scale treatment plant in Morocco, which collects and treats urban
wastewater of Marrakesh city in order to meet both standard requirements of the
discharge into the natural environment and the health requirements for reuse of treated
water in irrigation of green areas, including golf courses. The activated sludge plants
represent the most widely used biological aerobic treatment processes, in which the
biological degradation of both soluble organic and inorganic components and particulate
matter carried out by microbial ocs. hese flocs are traditionally separated from the
liquid stream through gravity sedimentation. This medium load WWTP has a nominal
capacity of 90,720 m3.day-1 and treats since 2011 the pollution equivalent of 1.3 million
inhabitants per day characterized by 53 tons.day-1 of TSS, 58 tons.day-1 of BOD5 and 145
tons.day-1 of COD (RADEEMA, 2012). It is considered as the first WWTP in North Africa
to integrate wastewater treatment, biogas recovery from sludge, electricity and heat
cogeneration, air treatment and water reuse

900
800
700
600
Volume (Mm3)

500
900
400
666
300
495
200 370
270
100 129
48
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year

Figure 3 Statistics and forecasts of wastewater production in Morocco

(MnEnvr, 2015)

9
3.4.2 Wastewater reuse in agroforestry
The interest in reusing and managing wastewater for irrigation is a rapidly growing
practice in the world. Moreover, it is considered an attractive and environmentally
option to minimize the ecosystems contamination by the direct wastewater disposal. In
addition, it can improve soils physicochemical proprieties and nutrients contents
(Sommers,1997;Pomares et al.,1984;Heidarpour et al., 2007).
The increase in water consumption and awareness of users to protect water resources
and the environment is encouraging a greater recovery of wastewater and more efficient
and sustainable use of conventional water resources. The treated urban wastewater
reuse is an important part of the cycle and is a growing practice. The present interest is
due to social, economic and technical factors related to local situations (Mandi and
Ouazzani, 2013). Obviously, the most important factor is the lack of traditional water
resources caused by the growing population, supply increase linked to economic
development (industrial, agricultural, tourism and civil) and change the hydrological
cycles. This fact primarily concerns semi-arid and/or arid regions, but it is also of
growing interest in areas with heavy rainfall, where the growth of urban centers
determines a localized disproportion between resources and need. Therefore, it is
necessary to find new water resources at increasing distances. In front of this situation,
the wastewater can be an alternative to the use of clean water for agriculture, leaving
fresh water used for other purposes including drinking water supply (WHO, 1989; WHO,
2006), also an interesting opportunities to protect water resources and environmental.
In Mediterranean countries, the agricultural sector has the biggest impact on the water
consumption balance; therefore treated wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation
would significantly reduce global water consumption, allowing better transfer of water
resources to more appropriate uses, such as drinking water. Furthermore, the treated
wastewater recovery for irrigation may represent an effective alternative to discharge
into lakes, rivers or seas with a lower environmental impact.
In a context of environmental degradation and water scarcity, urban wastewater reuse
in agroforestry is an attractive and sustainable option for Morocco. Indeed, this practice
could improve soil fertility, crop productivity and environmental sustainability. Indeed,
the treated urban wastewater is regarded as a non-conventional water resource that
must be valorised in agriculture, forestry and agroforestry domains. However, the
current framework does not allow an important development of this sector, to this end
several points must be solved and/or improved.
3.4.3 Constraint and challenge in urban wastewater reuse
Compared to the total wastewater amount produced in Morocco urban area, the current
wastewater treatment rate is still low and reflects the shortage of municipal wastewater
treatment plants (WWTP). In late 2012, the wastewater treatment level was around 37
%. About 81 WWTP were in operation: 29 % equipped with primary treatment, 45 %
10
with secondary treatment and 26 % with tertiary treatment (Makhokh and Bourziza,
2011). As a response to this situation the National Program of Sanitation and
Wastewater Treatment has been implemented since 2005. Among its main objectives,
the PNA aims to achieve a connection rate to sewerage systems in urban areas of 75 %
in 2016, 80 % in 2020 and 100 % in 2030, to reach a treatment rate of collected
wastewater of 50 % in 2016, 60 % in 2020 and 100 % in 2030, and to treat wastewater
with tertiary treatment and reuse at 100 % in 2030 (PNA, 2015).
Despite this important progress in urban wastewater treatment. There still a lack and a
delay in urban wastewater reuse compared to the total treated volume of wastewater
(El Moussaoui et al., 2012; PNA, 2015). The current framework does not allow a
significant development of this sector. Several points must be solved and/or improved,
in particular:
Clear definition of wastewater statute (owner/operator);
Identification of an organization or service provider in charge of their valorisation;
Definition of technical and administrative constraints to ensure the protection of
users, residents and consumers of crops
Establishment of specifications for project development, implementation,
monitoring and follow-up of installations.
Taking into account the additional cost related to additional required treatment,
Definition of financing method of the infrastructure needed for reuse,
Technical training of treatment and reuse project managers and users,
The direct involvement of actors and users at all levels
The establishment of a policy for the training of technical personnel specialized in
the sector is necessary at all levels from the conception to the implementation and
management of the projects,
Similarly, difficulties exist for the development of this sector because of
sociocultural blockages, encouraging to opt for a developed and adequate policy of
information, consultation and participation of users,
In view of the additional costs incurred in using wastewater, it seems desirable to
have a financial incentive policy.
Integrated management of treated urban wastewater reuse in order to protect
environment and public health.
The combination of the results reported in this research study reveal the feasibility of
sustainable wastewater reuse in especially in Marrakech region and generally in
Moroccan context.. However, the country has experienced strong growth in its urban
population and a proliferation of peripheral areas. Therefore, the population growth,
excessive exploitations of groundwater and climate changes, stress on clean water
availability and supply required the need to find alternatives water resources. In front of
this situation, urban wastewater treatment and reuse is a sustainable and promising

11
strategy.In addition, it is an interesting opportunities to protect water resources and
environment.
4. CONCLUSION
The reuse of treated urban wastewater has been applied in the last few decades in
Morocco. The interest is now focused on the reuse of treated wastewater to solve
several health, environmental, agricultural and economical issue. Although, this practice
is an excellent strategy to face water scarcity in a context of regional food security,
proper wastewater treatment to comply with current water irrigation norms and
sanitary control should be in place to prevent abnormal health risks. The obtained
results of the present study reveals the feasibility of this practice in Marrakesh.
Regarding the actual situation, climate analysis highlight that is local climatic conditions
is an ultimate challenge for water resources; soil analysis reveals a loss of soil fertility
due to the decline in soil organic matter. To face this condition, treated urban
wastewater reuse is a sustainable and promising strategy to face water scarcity, enhance
soil fertility, preserve natural resources, develop local products and improve living
conditions of agriculture and farmers.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to knowledge the FAO project GCP/RAB/013/ITA for the
financial and technical support.
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