16 - Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions
16 - Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions
The author wishes to acknowledge hie great indebtedneas to hie friend, the late P r p f m r
E. H. Neville, for invaluable Bssietance in readiig and criticizing the manuscript. Pro-
fessor Neville generously supplied material from hie own work and was responsible for many
improvements in matter and arrangement.
The author'a beat t h a n b are also due to David S. Liepman and Ruth Zucker for the
preparation and checking of the tablea and graphs.
16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions
Mathematical Properties
- U
16.5. Special Arguments
sn u cn u dn u
16.5.1 0 0 1
1
16.5.2
aK
16.5.3 K
16.5.4 l(iK')
1
16.5.6 K+ Z(iK')
16.5.7 iK' m
16.5.8 aK+iK'
1
16.5.9 K+iK'
{
be made, it is simplest to calculate d n (ulm) since
16.17.1 sn(u+v)
this is expressed always in terms of the same func-
tion. The calculation of cn (ulm) leads to that of -
-
sn uecn v-dn v+sn vmcn u.dn u
dn (VIP). 1 -m snZu.sn2v
The calculation of sn (ulm) necessitates the 16.17.2 cn(u+v)
evduation of all three functions. cn u . cn v-sn u . dn u . sn v -dn v
1-m sn2u'snb
16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic
Functions dnu. dnv- msnu. cnu.snv . cnv
16.17.3 dn(u+v)=
1 - msn2u. sn2v
When the parameter m is so close to.unity that
m,2 and higher powers of ml can be neglected we Addition theorems are derivable one from
have the approximations another and are expressible in a great variety of
forms. Thusns(u+v) comes from l/sn(u+v) in the
16.15.1 form (1 -msn2usnzv)/ (sn u cn v dn v+ sn v cn u dn u)
1 from 16.17.1.
sn (ulm) = tanh u+- ml (sinh u cosh u-u) sech2 u
4 Alternatively ns(u + v)=ml%n (W-u)-v}
16.15.2 which againfrom16.17.1 yields the form (ns u cs v dsu
cn (ulm) =sech u -nsvcsudsu)/(ns2u-ns2v).
The function pq(u+v) is a rational function of
-a1
m, (sinh u cosh u-u) tanh u sechu the four functions pq u, pq v, pq'u, pq'v.
16.18. Double Arguments
16.15.3
dn (ulm) =sech u 16.18.1 sn 2u
1 -2 s n u . c n u . d n u --
29nu.cnu.dnu
+& m, (sinh u cosh u+u) tanh u sech u 1 - 773811% cnzu+sn2u.dn2u
16.15.4 16.18.2 cn2u
1
~ (sinh u cosh u-u) sech u.
am (ulm) =gd u + ml -cnzu-sn2u. dn2u-cn2u-sn2u.
- dn2u
1 -msn4u cn2u+sn2u- dn2u
Another way of calculating the Jacobian func- 16.18.3 dn 2u
tions is to use Landen's ascending transformation -dn~u-msnZu.cnzu~dn~u+cnzu(dn2u-l)
- -
to increase the parameter suficiently for the above 1 -msn'u dn2u-cn2u(dn2u- 1)
formulae to become applicable. See also 16.13. 1 -cn 2u-sn2u dnZu
16.18.4
l+cn 2u- cn2u
16.16. Derivatives
1
I 2;- Derivative 16.18.5
1 -dn 211- mn2u cn2u
l+dn 211- dn2u
16.19. Half Arguments
16.16.1 sn u en u d n u 1-cn u
16.16.2 cn u -sn u dn u Pole n 16.19.1 sn2&u=- l+dn u
16.16.3 dn u -m sn u cn u
16.16.4 cd u -ml sd u nd u dn u+cn u
16.16.5 sd u cd u nd u Pole d 16.19.2 cn2&u= l+dn u
16.16.6 nd u m sd u cd u
16.16.7
16.16.8
16.16.9 I 1
dc u
,",","
ml sc u nc u
scudcu
dcuncu
Pole c 16.19.3 dn2&U=
ml+dn u+mcn u
l+dn u
16.16.10
16.16.11
16.16.12 1 2; I
ns u -& u cs u
Pole B
16.23.9
16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Aecending
Powers of u
16.22.1
u3 Ub +m:'2K
2r
(-1)" n"" sin 2nu
l+d"
sn(u1 m) =u- (1 +m) -+ (1 +14m+mz)3 16.23.10
3!
-(1+135m+135m2+ma)
u7
...
7r
ns (u.lm)=- csc v-- K n-0 I-@"+'
2K
2A
-sin (2n+l)v5 p+1
16.22.2
U2 U'
16.23.11
A
ds (uIm)=- csc v--
2U n""+1
K n-0 1+qz"+'
-
sin (2n+l)v
cn (uI m) = 1 --+ (1 +4m) - 2K
~
2! 4! 16.23.12
-(1+44m+16mz) $+ ...
16.22.3
16.24. Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic
Functions
-m(16+44m+mz) &-. . .
U6 16.24.1 fan u du=m-I*l In (dn u-mlJ2cn u)
16.24.2 fch u du=m-lD arcc08 (dn u)
No formulae are known foq the general coeffi-
cienta in these.seria. 16.24.3 f dn u du=arcsin (sn u)
16.23. Series Expansions in Terms of the Nome 16.24.4 f cd u du=rn-lJ2 I n (nd u+m%d u)
p=e-rK'/K and the Argument v=.ru/(2K) 16.24.5 fad u du= (mrnl)-lJ2 amin (-ml%d u)
16.23.1
2r
sn (ulm)=-ml/ZK
m
3 pn+1/2
sin (2n+1)v 16.24.6 Jnd u du=ml-l/zarcms (cd u)
16.23.2
2r
cn (ul m) = -
m1j2K
- _pn+lR cos (2n+l)v
__
1+p2"+'
16.24.7
16.24.8
fdc u du=h (nc u+sc u)
f nc u du=m;1/2 (dc u+m:/2sCu)
-
n-0 I n
16.23.3
t
dn (ul m) =-+-
2t -
-cos2nv
2K K,-ll+q'"
'"
16.24.9
16.!24.10
f sc u dU=mi1l2 (dc u+m:/%c U)
f u du=h (ds U-cs
I n
U)
16.23.4 16.24.11 f ds u du=ln (ns u-cs u)
16.24.12 u dU=h
JCS (m U--dS U)
16.27.4
16.25. Notation for the Integrals of the Squares m
of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions &(z, q)=8,(2)=1+2C (-l)"qn2 cos 2nz
nil
&(z, p)=&(z) =2q1'4C(- l)"qn("+') sin (2n+l)z 16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of ' the Theta
n-0
Functions
1637.2
(D
~Y,(z,p ) = s , ( ~ ) = 2 p l /pn(i+l)
~~ COS (2n+i)z
n-0
JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS 577
16.29.2 16.31. Jacobi's Notation for Theta Functions
16.31.1 @ ( ~ l m ) = @ ( ~ ) = 8 , ( ~ ) , v=- m
2K
16.31.2 @ , ( u ~ ~ ) = @ , ( u ) = ~ , ( v ) = O ( U + K )
16.31.3 H(U~m) = H(U) = 81(v)
) 16.31.4 uH,(ul m) =HI ( =&(v) = H(u+K)
16.32. Calculation of Jacobi's Theta Function
16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum @(ut m) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
and Difference
Mean
16.30.1
Form the A.G.M. scale starting with
16.32.1 bo=&,
aQ=l, c,= 6
terminating with the Nth step when cNis negligible
to the accuracy required. Find pN in degrees,
16.30.2 where
1800
16.32.2 (ON=yaNu -
77
16.30.3 .
16.32.3 sin (2++,-(0,,)=- C" sin pn.
an
Then
16.30.4 16.32.4
U u+2K L+ 2K + 2iK'
where H(u) and H,(u) have the period 4K. Q(u) and
&(u) have the period 2K.
2iK' is a quasi-period for all four functions,
that is to say, increase of the argument by 2iK'
multiplies the function by a factor.
578 JACOBIAN ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTIONS
16.34. Relation of Jacobi's Zeta Function to the 16.36.2 8d(u)= e@+q 8,(u)=*).
e(K)
Theta Functions 0 (0)
b If A, p are any integers positive, negative, or
Z(u)=& In Q(u) zero the points u,,+2Mi+2piKt are said to be
congrzcent to 210.
a 8: (E)
2K c n u d n u 8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to 0
16.34.1 Z(W)=-
2K91 (g)- sn u 8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to K
8,(u) has zeros at the points congruent to iK'
tYd(u) has z e m at the points congruent to
K+iK'
2K d n u s n u
-_ a 8: (E),
16.34.2 -
cn u Thus the s u f f ~secures
~ that the function a,(@)
2KQ2 (g) has zeros at the points marked p in the intro-
d u c h y diagram in 16.1.2, and the constant by
which Jacobi's function is divided secures that the
16.34.3
-2K 8a (z)
_ ?r * ( S ) - m s n u c n u
-
dn u
leading coefficient of 8,(u) at the origin is unity.
Therefore the functions have the fundamentally
important property that ifp, q are any two of the
letters E, c, n, d, the Jacobian elliptic function
16.34.4
_ r 8:
- ($2 pq u is given by
Q,(4
-2K 84 (g) 16.36.3 PP u=8,(u>'
16.35.2 w
CpN=PaNU -
180'
16.36.7 &(4
9 " ( U ) = 8 ~ ~an(U)=-.
Q4(4
94(0)
16.38.2 S,(U)=
1/2],,,[ - 5 q"(-+l) cos (27b+1)0
n=O
d In 8,(u),
- d In 8,(u)
- 16.38.4
au du
m =5
1 %(u)==+
[ K] ll2 1 +2 2 (-- 1)"Pa
cos %a)
/
16.37. Expression as Infinite Products . . . = ~ Y ~ q)
16.38.5 (2~/~)1/2=1+2~+2p~+2n9+ (o,
q= n(m)9 0 = 4 2 K )
16.37.1 16.38.6
8 , ( u ) =m(m1 6
a y 6 sin 2, n-1 (1-26" COB 2v+fp) (2K'/~)'lZ=1+2q1+2~+2~+.=83(0, all * *
16.37.2
16.38.7
8,(,)=(=y6Co8
m
a ii
a-1
(1+2qs"cos 2u+fp)
(2m1"~/~)1n=2a1/4(1+~+$+p1*+q~0+ . . .)
16.37.3
mm, l/lP m
8a(u)=(-) II
n-1 (1 +2n"-' co8 2u+p-') = 82(0, P)
16.37.4 16.38.8
1/12 m
&(u)=(&) II
n-1 (1-2p-1 COB 2a+fp-3
(2m:/2~/~)1"=1-2n+2n4-2qg+ . . . =8,(0, n).
Ale0
-(3 20
M- - , 1 +p'/2=lS' 0=.19.
p
:
20
1 +p;/*=--
19'
.-gX .20 = .19,
19
dn2( .19 I E)+% 1 Example 4. Use the ascending Landen trans-
formation to calculate cn (.20(.81)to 6D.
dn (.20/.81)=5X
dn (.19 1 g) Using 16.14.4, we calculate dn (.201.81) and
deduce cn (.20).81)from 16.14.3 settling the sign
from Figure 16.1.
From 16.15.3
As in the preceding example, we reduce the
1 1
=sech (.19)+-X-
4 361 t,anh.19 sech .19 calculation of dn (.201.81) to that of dn
1
3
[sinh .19 cosh.19+.19] when
1 1
= .982218+-X - (.187746)(.982218)
4 361
(
dn .19 - =.982267
[(.191145) (1.01810) + .191 dn (.201.81)=.984056
1 1
= .982218+-X- (.184408)[.384605] cn (.201.81)=.980278.
4 361
= .982218+.000049=.982267.
Thus dn (.201.8l)= .98406.
n an bn Cn -
Cn
an
9n sin qn sin ( 2 ~ n - 1 - 4 2~n-1-9n
-----
0 1 .8 .6 .6 . 65546 . 60952
1' . 9 . 89443 . 1 . 11111 1.2069 .93452 . 10383 . 10402
2 .89721 . 89721 .00279 .00311 2.4117 . 66679 00207 00207
3 .89721 . 89721 0 0 4. 8234 -. 99384 0' 0
0 . 58803 . 55472
1 1.0780 . 88101 . 09789 .09805 1.0048 .00120
2 2. 1533 .83509 00260 .00260 1. 0
3 4.3066 -.91879 0' 0 1. 0
JACOBIAN EUIPTlC FUNCTIONS AND THETA FUNCTION6 581
Example 7. Use the q-seriea to compute 8,(300\45O)= 39128
ca (33601 621.09). (sec 45)'8,(300\450)= 1.02796.
Here we use the series 16.23.12, K=1.60804 862,
r U r
Therefore
q=.00589 414, v=z=pdians or 30". sc (.61802I .5) =m
.59128 (am 450)t
Since g' is negligible to 8D, we have to 7D
ca (33601 621.09)
. . = .68402.
r
-- Example 10. Fmd sn (.753421.7) by inverse
-2K intarpolation in Table 17.5.
=(.97683 3852)(1.73205 081) This method is explained in chapter 17, Example
-3.90733 541[(.00003 4740)(.86602 5404)) 7.
Example 11. Find u, given that ca (uI.5)=.75.
=1.69180 83. From 16.9.4 we have
Example 8. Use theta functions to compute
sn (.618021.5) to 5D.
Here K(3) =1.85407 Thus
sna (ul.5)
= .64
and
sn (ul.5)=.8.
Thus We have therefore replaced the problem by
8, (3Oo\45O) that of finding u given sn (ulm), where m is known.
=
~.618021.5) 6,0 If p=am u
=- *59128 .56458 sin (p=sn u and so
1.04729-
.~
Tat8 Tpbk
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