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TOPICS TO BE COVERED
UNIT:11 11.1 Definition of Surveying
11.2
Introduction to Surveying Objects of Surveying,
Uses of Surveying
11.3
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
11.4
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, Scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
Conventional Symbols
11.5
Introduction to linear and angular measurements,
Concepts of land profiling
Prepared by: Pinal Patel

DEFINITION OF SURVEYING SURVEYING

Surveying is the art of determining A plan or map represents the horizontal projection of
the relative positions of different an area surveyed. If the scale is small this
objects on the surface of the earth representation is called a map , while if the scale is
by measuring the horizontal large it is called a plan.
distances between them. Vertical distances are correctly shown by drawing
vertical sections (or simply sections).
Leveling is the art of determining
the relative vertical distances of Surveying is the first step for the execution of any
different points on the surface of project and the success of any engineering project
the earth. depends upon the accurate and complete survey
work.
Thus, in surveying, measurements taken in
Horizontal and Vertical planes

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OBJECTS OF SURVEYING OBJECTS OF SURVEYING

To determine the area To take measurements

To Prepare a map or To layout or mark the of the relative
plan to show the
To establish the
positions of the and volume.
relative position of
boundaries of the
structure on the positions of the point
land/ districts, states on, above or beneath
the objects on the ground eg. Building,
& countries .
surface of the earth. canal, road etc. the surface of ground.

USES OF SURVEYING USES OF SURVEYING

To prepare a Topographical Map which shows hills, To prepare a Cadastral Map which shows the
valleys, river, forests, villages, towns etc. boundaries of fields, plots houses and other properties.

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USES OF SURVEYING USES OF SURVEYING

To prepare an Engineering Map which shows the To prepare a Contour Map to know the topography of
properties of engineering works such as buildings, roads, the area to find out the best possible site for roads,
railways , dams, canals, etc. railways, bridges, reservoirs , canals, etc.

USES OF SURVEYING

To prepare Military Maps, Geological Maps,

Archeological Maps etc.

To set out works and transfer details from the work on

the ground.

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ARCHEOLOGICAL

MILITARY MAP
MAP

Surveying PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING

We know that the shape of the earth is spherical

thus the surface is obviously curved.
Primary surveying is divided into two types
PRIMARY SECONDARY depending on whether the curvature of the
DIVISIONS OF DIVISION OF earths surface is considered or not.
SURVEYING SURVEYING
So the Primary Surveying can be divided in two
parts:
Plane Surveying
Geodetic Surveying

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PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING

PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING

Type of surveying in which Type of surveying in which Carried out for a small area < Carried out for a large area
earth surface is considered the curvature of the earth is 250km2 >250km2 .
as a plane and the curvature taken into consideration. It is carried out by local or state Geodetic surveying is conducted
of the earth is ignored. agencies like R & B department, by the survey of India
The line joining any two
In such surveying the line Irrigation department, Railway department.
stations is considered as department.
joining any two stations is curved line.
considered to be straight line.
The triangle formed by any
The triangle formed by any three points is considered
three points is considered as
as spherical triangle.
a plane triangle.
The angles of the triangle are
The angles of the triangle are
considered to be spherical
considered to be plane angles.
angles.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING Principle: 1

Principle: 1

Always work from whole to part

Principle: 2

To Locate a new station by at least Two

measurements whether linear or angular from
fixed reference points.

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Principle: 1 Principle: 2
According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear
enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main or angular) from fixed reference points.
survey lines and they are located or measured very accurately
with precise survey instruments, with high precision. According to the second principle the new station point are
The area is then divided into a number of divisions by located by linear or angular measurement or by both in
forming well conditioned triangles. surveying.
The remaining sides of the triangle are located or measured
with lesser accurately. Two fixed control points are established first and the distance
This is called working from whole to part. between them is measured accurately and the relative
The purpose of this method of working is to control positions of the point can be then plotted on the sheet to some
accumulation of errors. During measurement, if there is any scale.
error, then it will not affect the whole work, but if the reverse Now a new station can be located by making suitable
process is followed then the minor error in measurement will measurements from the given control point.
be magnified

Principle: 2
Following are the methods of locating point C from reference
points A & B.
Let A & B are control points, a new point C can be established.
(a) Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.
(b) Taking linear measurement of perpendicular from D to C.
(c) Taking one linear measurement from B and one angular
measurement as angle ABC
(d) Taking two angular measurement at A & B as angle CAB
and angle ABC.
(e)Taking one angle at B as angle ABC and one linear
measurement from A as AC.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING 1.BASED ON ACCURACY DESIRED

3.BASED ON NATURE OF
1.BASED ON ACCURACY DESIRED
FIELD
5.BASED PLANE SURVEY GEODETIC SURVEY
ON
METHODS
OF
SURVEY

4.BASED ON PURPOSE OF
2.BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED
SURVEYING

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Simplest type of surveying in which only linear

CHAIN
2.BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED SURVEY measurements are made with a chain or tape
.Angular measurements are not taken.

20m 15m 10m 5m

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The angles are measure with the help of a The type of survey is used to determine the
COMPASS magnetic compass. LEVELLING vertical distances(elevation) and relative
SURVEY SURVEY
heights of points with the help of an
instrument known as dumpy level.

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Its a graphical method of surveying in which THEODOLITE is a precision instrument for

PLANE
TABLE field works and plotting both are done THEODOLITE measuring angles in the horizontal and
SURVEY vertical planes. The linear measurement are
SURVEY simultaneously.
made with a chain or tap.

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A special type of theodolite known as Photogrammetry is the science of making

TACHEOMETRIC tacheometer is used to determine angles PHOTOGRAMETRY measurements from photographs,
SURVEY both in horizontal & vertical plane. Linear SURVEY especially for .... 3D data acquisition and
measurement are computed indirectly. object reconstruction

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Electronic Distance Measuring instrument is

EDM SURVEY a surveying instrument for measuring 3.BASED ON NATURE OF FIELD
distance electronically between two points
through electromagnetic waves.

LAND SURVEY

HYDROGRAPHICAL
SURVEY

ASTRONOMIC
SURVEY

AERIAL SURVEY
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Land Survey is done on land to prepare This survey is conducted on or near the
LAND plans and maps of a given area. HYDROGRAPHIC body of water such as lake, river, coastal
SURVEY Topographical and cadastral maps are some SURVEY area. This survey consists of locating
of the examples of land surveying. shore lines of water bodies.

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The surveys are conducted for the An aerial survey is conducted from
ASTRONOMIC determination of latitudes, longitudes, AERIAL aircraft. Aerial cameras take photographs
SURVEY azimuths, local time, etc. for various SURVEY of the surface of the earth in overlapping
places on the earth by observing strips of land. This is also known as
heavenly bodies (The sun or star) photographic survey.

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4.BASED ON PURPOSE OF GEOLOGICAL In this both surface & subsurface surveying

SURVEY SURVEY are conducted to locate different rocks and
minerals.

GEOLOGICAL ARCHEOLOGICAL MILITARY

MINE SURVEY
SURVEY SURVEY SURVEY

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It includes both surface and underground It is conducted to locate residues of

MINE surveys. Conducted for the exploration of ARCHAELOGICAL
ancient times civilization, kingdoms,
SURVEY mineral deposits and to guide tunnelling and SURVEY
forts, temples, etc.
other operations associated with mining.

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Aerial surveys are conducted for this

MILITARY purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic 5.BASED ON METHODS OF
SURVEY positions for the purpose of army SURVEY
operations.

TRIANGULATION TRAVERSING

OPEN CLOSED

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLAN AND MAP MAP PLAN

(1) Plan: Plan is a graphical representation, of the
features on, near or below the surface of the earth as
projected on a horizontal plane to some scale.

(2) Map: If the scale of graphical projection on a

horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a map.

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SCALE R.F. (Representation Fraction):

The ratio of the distance of object on the drawing to the
Scale: corresponding actual length of the object on the ground is know
as the representative Fraction
Scale is used to represent large distance on paper.

It is the basic requirement for the preparation of plans REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.)
or maps.
= DISTANCE OF OBJECT ON DRAWING
The ratio by which the actual length of object is ACTUAL DISTANCE OF OBJECT ON GROUND
reduced or increase in the drawing is known as Scale.

Example 1cm on map represents a distance 100m on

the ground then scale is said to
NOTE: Here both the distances are in same units i.e. in cm
1cm = 100m

SCALE & ITS TYPES

SCALE to RF Examples
The following two types of scales are used:
Convert following scale to RF:
1)Scale is 1cm = 10m
2)1cm = 1km PLAIN SCALE DIAGONAL SCALE

3)An area of 49cm2 of a map represents an area

of 2410 km2. Write the scale and RF of a map.
4)A plan represents an area of 72000m2 and
measures 4.00cm x 5.00cm. Find the scale and
RF of the map.

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PLAIN SCALE
The plain scale is the most commonly used in
maps to represent two consecutive units.i.e. a unit
and its sub unit.

Example: Construct a plain scale of RF

1/100 to measure up to a meter and
represent 4.6m on the scale

Diagonal scale
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