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Ch2.Fourier Theory and Communication Signals

This document provides an overview of the Fourier transform and its applications in analog communications. It defines the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform and provides examples of applying them to common signals like rectangular and exponential pulses. It also discusses properties of the Fourier transform like linearity and frequency shifting. The document then covers bandwidth definitions, transmission of signals through linear systems, ideal and practical filters, and differences between baseband and bandpass signals.

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Mona Sayed
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65 views20 pages

Ch2.Fourier Theory and Communication Signals

This document provides an overview of the Fourier transform and its applications in analog communications. It defines the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform and provides examples of applying them to common signals like rectangular and exponential pulses. It also discusses properties of the Fourier transform like linearity and frequency shifting. The document then covers bandwidth definitions, transmission of signals through linear systems, ideal and practical filters, and differences between baseband and bandpass signals.

Uploaded by

Mona Sayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Philadelphia University

Department of Communication & Electronics


Engineering

Analogg Communications
Ch2: Introduction

Instructor
Ib hi N.
Ibrahim N Ab
Abu-Isbeih
Abu- I b ih

Email: [email protected]
Website: www.abusbeih.com/ecourse
The Fourier Transform ((Review))
The Fourier transform for the nonperiodic signal g(t) is given
by the integral


j 2ft
G( f ) g (t ) e dt

The inverse Fourier transform G(f) is given by



g (t ) G ( f )e j 2ft df

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [2]


The Fourier Transform - Notations
F
g (t ) G ( f )

G ( f ) F g (t ) g (t ) F 1 G ( f )

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [3]


Example: Rectangular
g Pulse
T T
A , t
t 2 2
g (t ) A rect sin(( )
T 0 , t
T i ( )
sinc
2
sin(fT )
T /2


j 2ft
G( f ) Ae dt AT AT sinc( fT )
T / 2
fT

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [4]


Example: Exponential
p Pulse

g (t ) e at u (t ) , a 0 g (t ) e at u (t ) , a 0
0
1 1
G ( f ) e at e j 2ft dt G ( f ) e at e j 2ft dt
0
a j 2f
a j 2f

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [5]


Properties of the Fourier Transform ((Review))

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [6]


Fourier Transform Pairs

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [7]


Example: (Linearity)
( y)

a t
g (t ) e , a0
e at u (t ) e at u (t )

1 1 2a
G( f ) 2
a j 2f a j 2f a 2f 2

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [8]


Example: ((Frequency
q y Shifting
g - Modulation))

t
g (t ) A rect cos(2f c t )
T
A t A t
rect e j 2f ct rect e j 2f ct
2 T 2 T

G( f )
AT
sincT ( f f c ) sincT ( f f c )
2

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [9]


Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW): is a measure of the extent of significant
spectral content of the signal in positive frequencies.
frequencies

For band-limited signal, the bandwidth is well-defined:

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [10]


Definitions of Bandwidth
When the signal is not band-limited, different definitions exist:
- Def (1): Null-to-Null Bandwidth
Null: A frequency at which the spectrum is zero.

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [11]


Definitions of Bandwidth ((Cont.))
- Def (2): 3dB Bandwidth
1
20 log10 3 dB
2
OR
O
1
10 log10 3 dB
2

M(f) or S(f) drop to 0.707 of the peak


value, which corresponds to 3dB
difference in the log scale

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [12]


Definitions of Bandwidth ((Cont.))
- Def (3): Root Mean Square (RMS) Bandwidth

1/ 2
f 2 G ( f ) 2 df

Wrms
G ( f ) df
2

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [13]


Transmission of Signals
g through
g Linear Systems
y

The output of the linear time-invariant (LTI) system is given by



y(t ) x(t ) h(t ) x( )h(t )d

where h(t) is the impulse response of the system

x(t) y(t)
Frequency Response: LTI System
h(t)
Y ( f ) X ( f )H ( f )
H(f) is the transfer function of the system
X(f) Y(f)
LTI System
H(f)

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [14]


Filters
A filter: is a frequency-selective device that is used to limit
the spectrum of a signal to some specified band of frequencies.
frequencies
Its frequency response is characterized by a passband and a
stopband.
The frequencies inside the passband are transmitted with little
or no distortion,
distortion whereas those in the stopband are rejected.
rejected
The filter may be:
11. Low-pass
Low pass filter (LPF)
2. High-pass filter (HPF) X(f) Y(f)
Filter
3
3. Band pass filter (BPF)
Band-pass H(f)
4. Band-stop filter (BSF)

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [15]


Ideal Filters

HPF
LPF

BPF BSF

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [16]


Ideal Low Pass Filter
For ideal LPF
e j 2ftf 0 , -B f B
H( f )
0 , f B
sin2B(t t0 )
h(t ) 2B sinc2 B(t t0 )
B(t t0 )
the ideal LPF is noncausal.

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [17]


Practical Filters
In practical systems the filters, usually, as shown in Fig. below:

LPF: 3dB bandwidth=B

BPF: 3dB bandwidth=2B

The gain of the filter can be expressed in decibels (dB):


( f ) 20 log
l 10 H ( f ) (dB)
Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [18]
Baseband and Bandpass Signals
g

Baseband
b d signals:
i l spectrall Bandpass
B d (Passband)
(P b d) signals:
i l
magnitude is non-zero only near spectral magnitude is non-zero
the origin and is zero (or only near the vicinity of f = fc,
negligible) elsewhere were fc >> 0

M(f) S(f)

- fm 0 +fm f - fc 0 +fc f

AF Signals RF Signals

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [19]


Example: Amplitude Modulation

Baseband Passband
message (modulated)
m(t) s(t)
signal Modulator signal
g

c(t)
Carrier

Course: Analog Communications - Ch.2 - Instructor: Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih [20]

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