From The Cambridge Encyclopedia, 3rd ed.

, Edited by David
Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1997
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS
A pejorative term for the view which demands that all instances of
real or perceived linguistic discrimination against social groups
should be eradicated.
The movement emerged strongly in the 1980s, espoused
especially by political liberals, and has focused on those aspects
of language which seem to preserve demeaning attitudes towards
disadvantaged or oppressed groups, such as the use of man to
mean humanity (thereby perpetuating the subordinate role of
women) or the use of black with negative overtones.
The most sensitive domains have to do with race (racism),
gender (sexism), sexual affinity, ecology, and (physical or mental)
personal development.
The view was at first supported by many moderate members
of progressive or activist groups, concerned with the rights of
minorities, but by attracting hard-line extremists it has attracted
increasing antagonism and ridicule (e.g. people who are less than
beautiful might be described as aesthetically challenged).
The inflexible condemnation of incorrect vocabulary has itself
been condemned for its intolerance, reminding some of the
thought police of futuristic novels.
 Language & Culture
[from Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English,
s.v. gender, p. 535]

POLITICALLY CORRECT LANGUAGE

Ways of talking about men and women

When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use
language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may
be very offended if you do not.

Jobs
The suffix -ess in names of occupations such as ACTRESS, HOSTESS and
WAITRESS shows that the person doing the job is a woman.
Many people now avoid these. Instead you can use ACTOR or HOST,
(although actress and hostess are still very common) or a neutral word,
such as SERVER [AmE] for waiter and waitress.
Neutral words like ASSISTANT, WORKER, PERSON or OFFICER are now often
used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs.
For example, you can use POLICE OFFICER instead of POLICEMAN or
POLICEWOMAN, and SPOKESPERSON instead of SPOKESMAN or SPOKESWOMAN.
Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and
radio and in official writing, in both BrE and AmE.
When talking about jobs that are traditionally done by the other sex,
some people say: a MALE secretary / nurse / model (not man) or a WOMAN /
FEMALE doctor / barrister / driver / writer.
However this is now not usually used unless you need to emphasize
which sex the person is, or it is still unusual for the job to be done by a
man/woman:
My daughter prefers to see a woman doctor.
They have a male nanny for their kids.
a female racing driver.

The human race

MAN and MANKIND have traditionally been used to mean all men and
women.
Many people now prefer to use
HUMANITY,
THE HUMAN RACE,
HUMAN BEINGS
or PEOPLE.
Pronouns
HE used to be considered to cover both men and women: Everyone
needs to feel he is loved, but this is not now acceptable.
Instead, after EVERYBODY, EVERYONE, ANYBODY, ANYONE, SOMEBODY,
SOMEONE, etc. one of the plural pronouns THEY, THEM, and THEIR is often
used:
Does everybody know what they want?
Somebody's left their coat here.
I hope nobody's forgotten to bring their passport with them.

Some people prefer to use HE OR SHE, HIS OR HER, or HIM OR HER in

speech and writing:
Everyone knows what's best for him or herself.
HE/SHE or (S)HE can also be used in writing:
If in doubt, ask your doctor.
He/she can give you more information.
(You may find that some writers just use she.)
These uses can seem awkward when they are used a lot. It is better to
try to change the sentence, using a plural noun. Instead of saying:
A baby cries when he or she is tired
you can say
Babies cry when they are tired.
 POLITICAL CORRECTNESS
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Political correctness (adjectivally, politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is
a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and
institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, handicap, and age-
related contexts.

HISTORY

Early usages
Early usages of the phrase "politically correct" have been found in various contexts, which may not
relate to the current terminology. [4] [5] Examples of the term can be found as early as the 18th
century. The previous meaning was 'in line with prevailing political thought or policy'. The term
previously used 'correctness' in its literal sense and without any particular reference to language that
might be considered offensive or discriminatory. That usage dates back to the 18th century. For
example, J. Wilson's comments in U.S. Republic, 1793:
"The states, rather than the people, for whose sake the states exist, are frequently the objects which
attract and arrest our principal attention... Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail
in our common, even in our convivial, language... The United States, instead of the People of the
United States, is the toast given. This is not politically correct."[6]

In New Left rhetoric

By 1970, New Left proponents had adopted the term political correctness.[1] In the essay The Black
Woman, Toni Cade Bambara says: . . . a man cannot be politically correct and a [male] chauvinist
too. The New Left later re-appropriated the term political correctness as satirical self-criticism;
Debra Shultz says: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives
used their term politically correct ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social
change efforts.[1][2][7] Hence, it is a popular English usage in the underground comic book Merton
of the Movement, by Bobby London, while ideologically sound, an alternative term, followed a like
lexical path, appearing in Bart Dickons satirical comic strips.[1][8] Moreover, Ellen Willis says:
in the early 80s, when feminists used the term political correctness, it was used to refer
sarcastically to the anti-pornography movements efforts to define a feminist sexuality .[9]

Current usage
Widespread use of the term "politically correct" and its derivatives began when it was adopted as a
pejorative term by the political right in the 1990s, in the context of the Culture Wars. Writing in the
New York Times in 1990,[10] Richard Bernstein noted "The term 'politically correct,' with its
suggestion of Stalinist orthodoxy, is spoken more with irony and disapproval than with reverence.
But across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in
debates over what should be taught at the universities." Bernstein referred to a meeting of the
Western Humanities Conference in Berkeley, California, on " 'Political Correctness' and Cultural
Studies", which examined "what effect the pressure to conform to currently fashionable ideas is
having on scholarship". Bernstein also referred to "p.c.p" for "politically correct people", a term
which did not take root in popular discussion.
Within a few years, this previously obscure term featured regularly in the lexicon of the
conservative social and political challenges against curriculum expansion and progressive teaching
methods in US high schools and universities.[11] In 1991, addressing a graduating class of the
University of Michigan, U.S. President George H. W. Bush spoke against a movement [that
would] declare certain topics off-limits, certain expressions off-limits, even certain gestures off-
limits, in allusion to liberal Political Correctness.[12] The most common usage here is as a
pejorative term to refer to excessive deference to particular sensibilities at the expense of other
considerations. The converse term "politically incorrect" came into use as an implicit term of self-
praise, indicating that the user was not afraid to give offense.
The central uses of the term relate to issues of race and gender, and encompass both the language in
which issues are discussed and the viewpoints that are expressed. Proponents of the view that
differences in IQ test scores between blacks and whites are (primarily or largely) genetically
determined state that criticism of these views is based on political correctness.[13]
Examples of language commonly criticised as "politically correct" include:[14]
"African-American" in place of "Black", "Negro" and other terms
"Native American" in place of "Indian"
Gender-neutral terms such as "firefighter" in place of "fireman"
Terms relating to disability, such as "visually challenged" in place of "blind"
"Holiday" in place of "Christmas" (see Christmas controversy)
More generally, any policy or factual claim opposed by the political right, such as the claim that
global warming is a serious problem requiring a policy response may be criticized as "politically
correct".[15]

World-wide
Versions of the term politically correct are popular in several Scandinavian countries (politiskt
korrekt abbreviated PK), in Portugal, Spain, and Latin America (Sp., polticamente correcto | Port.,
politicamente correcto), France (politiquement correct), Germany (politisch korrekt), Poland
(poprawno polityczna, poprawny politycznie), Slovenia (politino korekten), the Netherlands and
Flanders (politiek correct), Italy (politicamente corretto), Russia (,
), and New Zealand,[18]. These terms are calques or loan translations derived
from the recent pejorative use of the term in English.[19]

EXPLANATIONS

As a linguistic concept
In addressing the linguistic problem of naming, Edna Andrews says that using inclusive and
neutral language is based upon the concept that language represents thought, and may even
control thought.[20] This claim has been derived from the SapirWhorf hypothesis, which states
that a languages grammatical categories shape the speakers ideas and actions; although Andrews
says that moderate conceptions of the relation between language and thought are sufficient to
support the reasonable deduction . . . [of] cultural change via linguistic change.[21]
Other cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics works indicate that word-choice has
significant framing effects on the perceptions, memories, and attitudes of speakers and
listeners.[22][23] The relevant empirical question is whether or not sexist language promotes sexism,
i.e. sexist thought and action.
Advocates of inclusive language defend it as inoffensive-language usage whose goal is multi-fold:
1. The rights, opportunities, and freedoms of certain people are restricted because they are
reduced to stereotypes.
2. Stereotyping is mostly implicit, unconscious, and facilitated by the availability of pejorative
labels and terms.
3. Rendering the labels and terms socially unacceptable, people then must consciously think
about how they describe someone unlike themselves.
4. When labelling is a conscious activity, the described person's individual merits become
apparent, rather than his or her stereotype.
Critics of such arguments, and of inclusive language in general, commonly use the terminology of
"political correctness" [4].
A common criticism is that terms chosen by an identity group, as acceptable descriptors of
themselves, then pass into common usage, including usage by the racists and sexists whose racism
and sexism, etcetera, the new terms mean to supersede. The new terms are thus devalued, and
another set of words must be coined, giving rise to lengthy progressions such as Negro, Coloured,
Black, Afro-American, African-American, and so on.

As an engineered political term

Some left-wing commentators claimed that after 1980, right-wing American conservatives re-
engineered the term political correctness to ideologically re-frame US politics as a culture war.
Hutton reports:
"Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid-
1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism What the sharpest thinkers on the
American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism
by levelling the charge of political correctness against its exponents they could discredit the
whole political project." [24]
Moreover, the commentators claimed there never was a Political Correctness movement in the
US, and that many who use the term do so to distract attention from substantive debate about racial,
class and gender discrimination and unequal legal treatment.[25] Similarly, Polly Toynbee argued
that the phrase is an empty right-wing smear designed only to elevate its user.[26]
Commenting on the UK's 2009 Equality Bill, Toynbee wrote that:
"The phrase political correctness was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki,
spastic or queer, all those who still want to pick on anyone not like them, playground bullies who
never grew up. The politically correct society is the civilised society, however much some may
squirm at the more inelegant official circumlocutions designed to avoid offence."[27]

CRITICISM

General
University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect
political correctness to Marxist philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that liberal ideas of free
speech are repressive, arguing that such Marcusean logic is the base of speech codes in US
universities. Kors and Silvergate later established the Foundation for Individual Rights in
Education, which campaigns against PC speech codes.[28]
The academic Camille Paglia said that PC empowers the enemies of the Left, and alienates the
masses against feminism.[29]
Critics of PC have been accused of displaying the same sensitivity to word choice that they claim to
oppose, and of perceiving non-existent political agenda.[30] For example, some newspapers reported
that a school had altered the nursery rhyme Baa Baa Black Sheep to read Baa Baa Rainbow
Sheep.[31] But it is also reported that a better description is that the Parents and Children Together
(PACT) nursery had the children turn the song into an action rhyme They sing happy, sad,
bouncing, hopping, pink, blue, black and white sheep etc. [32] That nursery rhyme story was
circulated and later extended to suggest that like language bans applied to the terms black coffee
and blackboard.[33] The Private Eye magazine reported that like stories, all baseless, ran in the
British press since The Sun first published them in 1986.[30]
Structuralist philosopher and feminist icon Julia Kristeva, seen as a theorist who was instrumental
in providing the philosophical basis for American political correctness, denounced political
correctness in 2001 in New York Times and said her works have been distorted by Americans. She
labeled identity politics and political correctness in general as totalitarian.[34]
In The Abolition of Britain, Peter Hitchens says: What Americans describe with the casual phrase .
. . political correctness is the most intolerant system of thought to dominate the British Isles since
the Reformation.
Accusations of "cultural Marxism"
Some conservative critics claim that political correctness is a Marxist undermining of Western
values.[35] William S. Lind and Patrick Buchanan have characterized PC as a technique originated
by the Frankfurt School, through what Buchanan describes as "Cultural Marxism".[36][37] In The
Death of the West, Buchanan says: Political Correctness is Cultural Marxism, a regime to punish
dissent and to stigmatize social heresy as the Inquisition punished religious heresy. Its trademark is
intolerance. [38]

Political correctness and science

Groups opposing mainstream scientific views on evolution, global warming, passive smoking,
AIDS, race, and other contentious scientific matters argue that PC is responsible for the failure of
their perspectives to receive a fair public hearing; thus, in Lamarcks Signature: How Retrogenes
are Changing Darwins Natural Selection Paradigm, Assoc. Prof. Edward J. Steele says: We now
stand on the threshold of what could be an exciting new era of genetic research However, the
politically correct thought agendas of the neoDarwinists of the 1990s are ideologically opposed
to the idea of Lamarckian Feedback, just as the Church was opposed to the idea of evolution based
on natural selection in the 1850s! [39]
The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science, by Tom Bethell, is a comprehensive presentation
argument that mainstream science is dominated by politically correct thinking. Bethell rejects
mainstream views about evolution and global warming, and supports AIDS denialism.[40]

Accusations of exclusion
An article by Larry Elder in FrontPage Magazine referred to an incident on Bill Maher's Politically
Incorrect where the term "white trash" was used in reference to guests on the Jerry Springer Show
and asked 'Why Is It Okay to Say "White Trash?"'.[41] Commenting on this, and citing an instance of
the term in a glossy magazine, blogger Ed Driscoll asked "Why Is White Trash An Acceptable
Phrase In PC America?".[42]
Lists of PC euphemisms include terms such as "caucasian culturally-disadvantaged" for "white
trash",[43] but it is not clear whether such terms are in widespread use.

Right wing political correctness

Accusations of political correctness, in the sense of enforced orthodoxy, have also been directed
against the political right. For example, the intense backlash against country band The Dixie
Chicks, for remarks critical of President George W. Bush onstage in London in 2003, was described
by newspaper columnist Don Williams as the price for freely speaking political views disapproved
by the Right Wing. Williams went on to say, the ugliest form of political correctness occurs
whenever theres a war on. Then youd better watch what you say. He noted that Ann Coulter and
Bill O'Reilly called the remarks in question "treasonous".[44]
Bill Maher's show Politically Incorrect was canceled soon after remarks he made about the 9/11
hijackers. White House press secretary under President Bush at the time, Ari Fleischer stated,
"people have to watch what they say and watch what they do." Two journalists lost their jobs soon
after the 9/11 attacks for statements critical of the president.[45]
Linguistic examples of right-wing adjustments to language criticised as examples of political
correctness include renaming French fries Freedom fries[46] on the model of US canneries
renaming sauerkraut Liberty cabbage during the First World War as a marketing tool to avoid
potential public disapproval of a product with a German name.[47]
In 2004, then Australian Labor leader Mark Latham described conservative calls for "civility" as
"The New Political Correctness".[48]
Satirical use
Political correctness often is satirised, for example in the Politically Correct Manifesto (1992), by
Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,[49] and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994), by
James Finn Garner, presenting fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated PC perspective.
Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlins
"Euphemisms" routine, and The Politically Correct Scrapbook.[50] The popularity of the libertarian
South Park cartoon program on the Right led to the creation of the term South Park Republican by
Andrew Sullivan, and later the book South Park Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson.[51]
Replying to the Freedom Fries matter, wits suggested that the Fama-French model used in
corporate finance be renamed the Fama-Freedom model.[52]
British comedian Stewart Lee also satirised the oft used phrase of criticism for political correctness:
"it's political correctness gone mad." In which Lee, himself, criticised people for overusing this
phrase without even understanding the concept of political correctness (including many people's
confusion of it with Health & Safety laws). He in particular criticised Daily Mail columnist Richard
Littlejohn for his overzealous use of the phrase.[53]

References
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PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding , by Patricia Aufderheide, 1992
2. ^ a b Schultz, Debra L. (1993). To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the Political
Correctness Debates in Higher Education. New York: National Council for Research on Women.
[1]
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The states, rather than the People, for whose sakes the States exist, are frequently the objects
which attract and arrest our principal attention. . . . Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate
kind prevail in our common, even in our convivial, language. Is a toast asked? The United States,
instead of the People of the United States, is the toast given. This is not politically correct.
5. ^ Flower, Newmas (2006). The Journals of Arnold Bennett. READ BOOKS,.
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1998
12. ^ Remarks at the University of Michigan Commencement Ceremony in Ann Arbor, May 4,
1991. George Bush Presidential Library.
13. ^ "The Bell Curve Wars".
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Handbook/dp/078710146X.
15. ^ Mihkel M. Mathiesen (2004). Global Warming in a Politically Correct Climate: How
Truth Became Controversial. iUniverse Star. ISBN 0-595-29797-8.
16. ^ "Multiculturalism and citizenship: responses to Tariq Modood | openDemocracy".
http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-terrorism/response_madood_4630.jsp.
17. ^ "Political Correctness Gone Mad - Television Tropes & Idioms".
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PoliticalCorrectnessGoneMad.
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19. ^ "Big bad wolf: A short chapter in the long story of Franco-American relations -
Contemporary French and Francophone Studies".
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a792659034&db=all.
20. ^ Cultural Sensitivity and Political Correctness: The Linguistic Problem of Naming, Edna
Andrews, American Speech, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp.389-404.
21. ^ Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Attitudes Toward
Sexist/Nonsexist Language Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, March 2000, by Janet B. Parks, Mary
Ann Roberton [2]
22. ^ Loftus, E. and Palmer, J. 1974. Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An example
of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
13, pp.585-9
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of Choice. Science, 211, pp.453-8
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December 2001 - Accessed 6 February 2007.
25. ^ MesserDavidow 1993, 1994; Schultz 1993; Lauter 1995; Scatamburlo 1998; and
Glassner 1999.
26. ^ Toynbee P, Religion must be removed from all functions of state, The Guardian,
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27. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare
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and why" Reason Magazine (online), November 1998 - Accessed 6 February 2007.
29. ^ Camille Paglia says it best-- Accessed 2 February 2007. My message to the media is:
Wake up! The silencing of authentic debate among feminists just helps the rise of the far right.
When the media get locked in their Northeastern ghetto and become slaves of the feminist
establishment and fanatical special interests, the American audience ends up looking to
conservative voices for common sense. As a libertarian Democrat, I protest against this self-
defeating tyranny of political correctness.
30. ^ a b "Obsolete: Baa Baa Rainbow Bollocks.". http://www.septicisle.info/2006/03/baa-baa-
rainbow-bollocks.html. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
31. ^ Blair, Alexandra (2006-03-07). "Why black sheep are barred and Humpty can't be
cracked". The Times.
http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article738220.ece. Retrieved
2007-10-05.
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2007-10-06.
33. ^ "Teen Ink - Bah, Bah, Rainbow Sheep".
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Retrieved 2007-10-06.
34. ^ Riding, Alan, Correcting Her Idea of Politically Correct. New York Times. June 14, 2001
35. ^ [3][dead link]
36. ^ "William S. Lind says Political Correctness is a form of what Buchanan describes as
cultural marxism". Academia.org. http://www.academia.org/lectures/lind1.html. Retrieved 2009-06-
01.[dead link]
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http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,157952,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
38. ^ Buchanan, Patrick The Death of the West, p.89
39. ^ Robert V. Blanden; Steele, Edward David; Lindley, Robyn A. (1999). Lamarck's
signature: how retrogenes are changing Darwin's natural selection paradigm. Reading, Mass:
Perseus Books. ISBN 0-7382-0171-5.
40. ^ Bethell, Tom (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science. Washington, D.C:
Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-031-X.
41. ^ "FrontPage Magazine - Why Is It Okay to Say "White Trash?"".
http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=22911.
42. ^ "Ed Driscoll.com: Why Is "White Trash" An Acceptable Phrase In PC America?".
http://eddriscoll.com/archives/007301.php.
43. ^ "IJMC - All the politically correct terms they forgot to tell you!".
http://www.ijmc.com/archives/1995/March/16March1995.html.
44. ^ "Don Williams Insights - Dixie Chicks Were Right".
http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
45. ^ A National Challenged:Speech and Expression
46. ^ "Freedom fries and French toast".
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Business".
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53. ^ The Guardian Online - Stewart lee Interview

Further reading

For
Aufderheide, Patricia. (ed.). 1992. Beyond P.C.: Toward a Politics of Understanding. Saint
Paul, Minnesota: Graywolf Press.
Berman, Paul. (ed.). 1992. Debating P.C.: The Controversy Over Political Correctness on
College Campuses. New York, New York: Dell Publishing.
Gottfried, Paul E., After Liberalism: Mass Democracy in the Managerial State, 1999. ISBN
0-691-05983-7
Jay, Martin., The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the
Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950, University of California Press, New Ed edition (March 5,
1996). ISBN 0-520-20423-9
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Equality. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

Against
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Macmillan, Inc./The Free Press, 1991, ISBN 0-684-86384-7
Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf, The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and
Handbook, Villard Books, 1992, paperback 176 pages, ISBN 0-586-21726-6
David E. Bernstein, "You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from
Antidiscrimination Laws," Cato Institute 2003, 180 pages ISBN 1-930865-53-8
Daniel Brandt, "An Incorrect Political Memoir", Lobster Issue 24: December 1992.
William S. Lind, "The Origins of Political Correctness", Accuracy in Academia, 2000.
Nat Hentoff, Free Speech for Me - But Not for Thee, HarperCollins, 1992, ISBN 0-06-
019006-X
Diane Ravitch, The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn,
Knopf, 2003, hardcover, 255 page.
Nigel Rees, The Politically Correct Phrasebook: what they say you can and cannot say in
the 1990s, Bloomsbury, 1993, 192 pages, ISBN 0-7475-1426-7
Kors, Alan C.; Silverglate, Harvey A. (1998). The Shadow University: The Betrayal of
Liberty on Americas Campuses. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85321-3.
Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society,
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80537-5
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The Campaign Against Political Correctness

Skeptical
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(from The New Fowlers Modern English Language, first ed. by H.W. Fowler, 3rd ed.
by R.W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)

political correctness. At some point in the 1980s, first in America and soon
afterwards elsewhere, the term politically correct (abbreviated PC, P.C.) began to
be used in the sense marked by or adhering to a typically progressive orthodoxy
on issues involving esp. race, gender, sexual affinity, or ecology (Random House
Webster's College Dictionary, 1991). It, and the corresponding noun phrase
political correctness, gathered up notions which had gradually evolved during the
previous half-century or so. In crude terms the aim of the liberal-minded
crusaders was to persuade the community at large to abandon earlier prejudices
and suppositions in certain broadly designated areas of life, and to substitute a
whole range of new vocabulary for expressions which were alleged to be false,
hurtful, discriminatory, sociologically dangerous, or inept in some other way. The
public reaction ranged from widespread acceptance of some of the attitudes and
the attendant vocabulary to amusement and even to downright hostility to others.
A leader in the Sunday Times (20 October 1991) attacked PC in the following
manner: Something is rotten in the United States of America and it threatens the
whole basis of that great societys role as protector of the free world and
inspiration for those who yearn to be free. American politics is being corrupted
and diminished by the doctrine of Political Correctness which demands rigid
adherence to the political attitudes and social mores of the liberal-left and which
exhibits a malevolent intolerance to anybody who dares not comply with them.
Among the first major works of reference to deal with the new terms political
correctness and politically correct was The Oxford Companion to the English
Language (1992): The phrase is applied, especially pejoratively by conservative
academics and journalists in the US, to the views and attitudes of those who
publicly object to: (1) The use of terms that they consider overtly or covertly sexist
(especially as used by men against women), racist especially as used by whites
against blacks), ableist (used against the physically or mentally impaired), ageist
(used against any specific age group), heightist (especially as used against short
people), etc. (2) Stereotyping, such as the assumption that women are generally
less intelligent than men and blacks less intelligent than whites. (3)
Inappropriately directed laughter, such as jokes at the expense of the disabled,
homosexuals; and ethnic minorities Both the full and abbreviated [i.e. PC]
terms often imply an intolerance of [opposing] wiews and facts that conflict with
their progressive orthodoxy.
Jocular aspects of the PC movement are set down in The Official Politically
Correct Dictionary and Handbook by Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf
(1992).Terms attracting derision included differently abled (of a person confined
to a wheel-chair), nonwaged (unemployed), physically challenged (disabled),
significant other (lover, sexual partner, etc.), vertically challenged (shorter than
average), waitron (waiter, waitress), wimyn, wimmin (women), womyn (woman),
and a range of more or less transparent words in -ism: ableism, ageism, lookism,
sizeism, weghtism, etc.
I used to think I was poor. Then
they told me I wasnt poor, I was
needy.Then they told me it was
self-defeating to think of myself as
needy. I was deprived. (Oh, not
deprived but rather
underprivileged.) Then they told
me that underprivileged was
overused. I was disadvantaged. I
still dont have a dime. But I have
a great vocabulary.
Jules Feiffer