Introduction to Networks

Prof. Sanjay Verma

Computer & Information Systems Group
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
After this lecture you should
know
What are Computer Networks ?
What are different network technologies?
How networks work ?
What is Internet ?
What are Internet Protocols ?
What is IP Address ?
What are the strengths of Internet ?
What are the weaknesses of Internet
After this lecture you should
know

What are Internet services ?

What is W W W ?
Impact of Internet on Business
What are networks?

Collection of equipment (computers)

connected by channels to allow any-
to-any communications
Examples of networks

Telephone systems

Local Area Networks

Internet
Applications of Networks

Electronic mail

Electronic funds transfer (EFT)

Electronic commerce (EDI)

Why networks?

Exchange data

Share expensive resources

Integrate corporate information systems

Point to Point Communication

Why networks?

Integration of Data processing & Office

automation

Security

Centralized management of
software/hardware
What Networks Require?

Transmission Media

Protocols
Transmission Media

Copper wires
Optical Fibers
Radio
Satellites
Microwave
Infrared
Protocols
An agreement that defines the format and meaning
of the messages computer exchanges.
Classification of Networks
Public Vs. Private
Circuit Switch Vs. Packet Switching
Connection Oriented Vs. Connectionless
Classification by Geography:
LAN (Local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
MAN (Metropoliton Area Network)
Circuit Switching
Continuous Transmission

dedicated circuit

Costly

Circuit
Switch
Telephone Call

Establish a Session (phone Rings)

Ack (Lift receiver Hello)

Transfer Data (Im calling to )

Ack (OK)

Close Session (bye)

Ack (bye)
Figure 14-1
Switched Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 14-3

Circuit-Switched Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 14-8

Multistage Switch

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Provide communications within limited geographic

reach

Locality of Reference
Temporal

Physical

Low error rates

Local Area Network (LAN)

Shared physical medium

Privately owned

Broadcast network
LAN Topologies

Physical configuration of computers to

achieve interconnection

Star

Bus

Ring
Bus Topology

Advantages
Simple wiring

Low cable requirement

Easy to extend

Disadvantages

Difficult fault diagnosis

Ring Topology
Advantages
Less expensive

No wiring closet space

required

Disadvantages
Single faulty node may
result in failure

Difficult to diagnose fault

Network
modification/recon-
figuration is difficult
Star Topology

Advantages
Easy to modify

Centralized control

Disadvantages
Single point for potential
network failure

Expensive
Ethernet: An example of Bus
Topology

Carrier Sense on
Multi-Access
CSMA/CD (click here) Network/Collision
Detection
Segment of 500 mts.
in length

Connection
separation of 3mts.
IBM Token Ring: An example
of Ring Topology

Nodes form
logical ring

TOKEN regulates
the right of
access

Token Ring (click here)

Distance Limitations & LAN
Design

Fair Access Medium

Signal Weakening
Transmission Delays
Extending LANs

Repeaters

Bridges

Switches
Figure 21-4

A Repeater
Figure 21-5

Function of a Repeater
Repeater

Connect two separate LAN

segments

R Limit of four repeaters

Limitation

Do not understand
complete frames

Repeats distortions
Figure 21-7

A Bridge
Figure 21-8

Function of a Bridge
Bridges

Understands complete
frame

B Consists of CPU, memory &

network interface

Undertakes frame filtering

Adaptive learning
Switches
A hardware that includes an
electronic device that
connects to one or more
computers and allow them
to send and receive data
WAN Technology

Packet Switch

Packet Two types of I/O connectors

Switch
many computers can send
packets simultaneously

Used to Used to Store & forward

connect to connect to
other other Next Hop forwarding
packet computers
Source Independence
switches
A WAN
Technology

Switch Switch Performance

One Two

Switch Switch
Three Four
Examples of WAN
Technologies

DecNET

X.25

Frame Relay

ATM
Limitations of Networks

LAN is designed for high speed communication

across small distances

WAN is designed to provide communication across

large areas

A large organization needs diverse networks.

A computer attached to a given network can only

communicate with other computers attached to the
same network
Figure 14-14

Datagram Approach

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Packet Switching

PACKET
Intermittent Transmission
bursty
no center
store and forward
Internet: The virtual network

A user thinks of internet as a single virtual

network that interconnects all hosts, and
through which communication is possible
Its underlying architecture is both hidden
and irrelevant
Shifts the focus from interconnecting
technologies to the interface that Internet
provides
Figure 24-1

An Internet According to TCP/IP

 Internetworking Devices

Router
forwards packets from one network to another compatible network (eg:
Ethernet Network to Token Ring Network, both using TCP/IP)
Decides on best path for data to be forwarded
Gateway
acts as a go-between two or more networks (which may have different
protocols eg: TCP/IP and AppleTAlk)
gateway translate packets from one protocol to another, router cannot
Proxy Server caching, content filtering
Firewall Restricts/filters traffic to a network
Router
A hardware component used to connect
heterogeneous networks

Has a processor and memory as well as a separate

I/O interface

Priority Control

Path Selection

Load Balancing
Figure 21-11

Routers in an Internet
Protocols for Internetworking

TCP/IP (T C P I P)

Application LAYER 5
Transport LAYER 4
Internet LAYER 3
Network Interfaces LAYER 2
Physical LAYER 1
Datagram Delivery Service - IP

Connectionless packet delivery system

Virtual Packets
Packet size dictated by underlying
technologies
Time to live
Best Effort Delivery IP
Datagram duplication Data Link
Delayed delivery Physical
Data Corruption
Datagram Loss
Datagram Transmission

Encapsulation
Transmission
Fragmentation
Reassembly
Fragmenting a Fragment
TCP: Transmission Control
Protocol

Connection Orientation

Point to Point communication

Complete Reliability

Reliable Connection Startup

Graceful Connection Shutdown

TCP Connection
Sending Computer Receiving Computer

Send Packet 1
Receive Packet 1
Send ack1
Receive ack 1
Send Packet 2
Packet Lost
Timer Expires
Resend Packet 2
Receive Packet 2
Send ack2
Receive ack 2

Send Packet 3
Receive Packet 3
Receive ack 3 Send ack3
TCP / IP (1)

1. APPLICATION: Provides Screen

Presentations

2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL

(TCP): Provide Connections, Combine or
Break datagrams

3. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP): Breaks, Sends

Segments as Smaller IP Packets; Can
Repeat Transmission to Increase Reliability
TCP/IP (2)

4. NETWORK INTERFACE: Handles

Addressing and Interface Between
Computer & Network

5. PHYSICAL NET: Defines Electrical

Transmission Characteristics for Sending
Signal Along Networks to Destination
Figure 3-14

OSI Seven Layer Model

WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 24-2
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
Packet Movement on TCP/IP
Building of a DataGram
 Source
Data Transmission Process
Application Data
Layer
Fragmentation
Transport
Layer TCP Header

Internet IP Header
Layer

Packets travel over

Internet, according to
Internet IP
Layer
Transport TCP requests resend
Layer of missing/corrupted
datagrams
Application
Data
Layer
Destination
 Layers used in routing

Two Internet hosts

connected via two
routers

The corresponding
layers used at each
hop.

Source: Wikipedia
Internet Protocol Addresses

Remember: Goal of internetworking is to provide

seamless communication system

Internet is an abstraction

To implement the abstraction, all computers should

have uniform addressing scheme
Figure 24-3
IP Datagram
The IP Addressing Scheme

IP Address : A unique 32 bit number

Arranged in a hierarchy

Divided into classes

Figure 24-4

Internet Address
Figure 24-5

Internet Classes
Figure 24-6

IP Addresses in Decimal Notation

Figure 24-7
Class Ranges of Internet Addresses
Figure 21-17
Example of an Internet
Figure 21-18
The Concept of Distance
Vector Routing

See This
Figure 21-19

Distance Vector Routing Table

Figure 21-21

Updating Routing Table for Router A

Figure 21-22
Final Routing Tables
Figure 21-13

A Gateway
Figure 24-8
Network and Host Addresses
Internet Services

www
email
ftp
telnet
ping
traceroute
Understanding Client
Server

What is client server

2-Tier client server
3-Tier client Server
Kinds of Servers
File Server
Database Server
Application Server
Web Server
Figure 25-2

Client-Server Model
Figure 25-3

DNS in the Internet

Figure 25-4

Generic Domains
Figure 25-5

Country Domains
Figure 25-6
Inverse Domain
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

STANDARDS TO STORE, RETRIEVE,

FORMAT, DISPLAY INFORMATION
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
DYNAMIC LINKS TO OTHER
DOCUMENTS (hot links)
EXPLOSION IN BUSINESS USE
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

Hypertext Tool to Create Dynamic

Links to Same or Other Documents
Tool Supports Graphics, Hyperlinks,
to Navigate Web
Tool for Locating Sites, Information on
Internet / WWW
What does the WWW look like ?
Figure 25-27

URL
Figure 25-28
Distributed Services
Figure 25-29

Hypertext
Figure 25-32
Static Document
BENEFITS OF INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY

Whether connecting internally or

externally you may use same technology
INTRANET

INTERNAL NETWORK
WWW TECHNOLOGY
FIREWALL: Security System to Prevent
Invasion of Private Networks
OVERCOMES COMPUTER PLATFORM
DIFFERENCES
OFTEN INSTALLED ON EXISTING
NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
EXTRANET

PRIVATE INTRANET ACCESSIBLE TO SELECT

OUTSIDERS
LINK ORGANIZATION TO
IMPORTANT CLIENTS
BUSINESS PARTNERS
TOP EXECUTIVES & BOARD MEMBERS
BENEFITS OF INTRANETS &
EXTRANETS

Standard Documents Always Current,

Available. Less Expensive than Paper
Can Create, Coordinate New Documents
Virtual Conferencing
Project, Order Tracking Simplified
LIMITATIONS OF INTRANETS
& EXTRANETS

Cant Replace Large TPS Programs (e.g.:

Payroll; Accounting; Production /
Operations; Marketing)
Too Slow for High-Speed Data Transfer
Not yet as Functional as Groupware
Require Tight Security Control and Careful
Management Planning
INTERNET CHALLENGES

SECURITY: Exposure to Thieves & Vandals;

Hackers Steal, Use Passwords;
Safe for Large Business Transactions???
TECHNOLOGY: Lack of Uniform Standards;
Transfer of Graphics, Video can be Costly
LEGAL ISSUES: Need More Laws Governing
Electronic Commerce; Are e-mail Contracts,
Electronic Signatures Legal?