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Robot Programming ROS Introduction To Navigation PDF

This document provides an introduction to navigation using ROS. It outlines key concepts in navigation including maps, robot pose, localization, path planning, and mapping. It discusses simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and how the ROS navigation stack integrates localization, planning, and mapping modules. It also provides an overview of using the gmapping package to build maps from sensor data and using adaptive Monte Carlo localization (AMCL) for robot localization.

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KenDaniswara
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169 views

Robot Programming ROS Introduction To Navigation PDF

This document provides an introduction to navigation using ROS. It outlines key concepts in navigation including maps, robot pose, localization, path planning, and mapping. It discusses simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and how the ROS navigation stack integrates localization, planning, and mapping modules. It also provides an overview of using the gmapping package to build maps from sensor data and using adaptive Monte Carlo localization (AMCL) for robot localization.

Uploaded by

KenDaniswara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Navigation using ROS


Giorgio Grisetti

The material of this slides is taken from the Robotics 2 lectures given by
G.Grisetti, W.Burgard, C.Stachniss, K.Arras, D. Tipaldi and M.Bennewitz
Outline
 Navigation Concepts
 Map, Robot Pose, and Path
 Taxonomy of Navigation
 Localization
 Planning
 Building a Map
 Building a Map
Sense - Plan - Act
 To accomplish a task, a
robot should understand
the environment from it
sensor measurements.
 Understanding: capturing
the information at the right
level of abstraction.
 An autonomously navigating
robot should know
 what the environment
looks like and
 where it is in the
environment


[courtesy of Rainer Kuemmerle and Dirk Heahnel]


What is this Talk about?

SLAM
mapping localization

integrated
approaches
(SPLAM)
active
localization
exploration

path planning
[courtesy of Cyrill and Wolfram]
Map
 A map is a representation of
the environment where the
robot is operating.

 It should contain enough


information to accomplish a
task of interest.

Representations:
 Metric
 Grid Based
 Feature Based
 Hybrid
 Topological
 Hybrid
Robot Pose and Path
 A metric map defines a
reference frame.
 To operate in a map, a
robot should know its
position in that
reference frame.
 A sequence of
waypoints or of actions
to reach a goal location
in the map is a path.
Localization
 Determine the current robot position, the
measurements up to the current instant and
a map.
Path Planning
 Determine (if it exists) a path to reach a
given goal location given a localized robot
and a map of traversable regions.
Mapping
 Given a robot that has a perfect ego-
estimate of the position, and a
sequence of measurements, determine
the map of the environment.
 A perfect estimate of the robot pose is
usually not available.
 Instead we solve a more complex
problem: Simultaneous Localization
and Mapping (SLAM).
SLAM
 SLAM= Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
 Estimate:
these quantities
 the map of the environment are correlated
 the trajectory of a moving device
using a sequence of sensor measurements.
Putting Parts Together
 To navigate a robot we need
 A map
 A localization module
 A path planning module
 These components are sufficient if
 The map fully reflects the environment
 The environment is static
 There are no errors in the estimate

 However
 The environment changes (e.g. opening/closing doors)
 It is dynamic (things might appear/disappear from the perception
range of the robot)
 The estimate is noisy
Thus we need to complement our ideal design with other
components that address these issues, namely
 Obstacle-Detection/Avoidance
 Local Map Refinement, based on the most recent sensor reading.
ROS Navigation Stack
 Map provided by a Map Server
 Each module is a node
 Planner has a layered architecture (local and global planner)
 Obstacle sensing refined on-line by appropriate modules (local
and global costmap)
Building a Map
 There are gozillions of SLAM algorithms around.
ROS uses GMapping, which implements a particle
filter to track the robot trajectories.
 To build a map you need to
 Record a bag with /odom, /scan/ and /tf while driving the
robot around in the environment it is going to operate in
 Play the bag and the gmapping-node (see the ros wiki and
the live demo), and then save it.
 The map is an occupancy map and it is represented
as
 An image showing the blueprint of the environment
 A configuration file (yaml) that gives meta information
about the map (origin, size of a pixel in real world)
Localizing a Robot
 ROS implements the Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization
algorithm
 AMCL uses a particle filter to track the position of the robot (see
paper of Fox et al.)
 Each pose is represented by a particle.
 Particles are
 Moved according to (relative) movement measured by the odometry
 Suppressed/replicated based on how well the laser scan fits the map,
given the position of the particle.

 The localization is integrated in ROS by emitting a transform


from a map-frame to the odom frame that corrects the
odometry.

 To query the robot position according to the localization you


should ask the transform of base_footprint in the map frame.
Localization and MARRtino
 AMCL relies on a laser
 Unless you want to spend 5K euro, you will
not get a laser, so your robot will not
localize with this provedure
 However
 You can get a kinect/xtion sensor, that
provides data useful to simulate a laser
scanner (how?)
 These data can then be plugged in AMCL et
voila you get your system running.
Homework
 Bring up a working navigation stack by downloading the git
repository on the web page

 Steer the robot through rviz by issuing target locations with


the mouse

 Once you have all these components running,

 Write a node that whenever it receives a laser scan


 computes the position of the laser scan
look in the header of the laser message)
 Uses a tf listened to determine the position of the laser w.r.t. the
/map frame
 Writes a line in a file with the following format
 LASER_POSE <timestamp.sec>.<timestamp.usec><x y z qx qy
qz qw>

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