COMPANY OVERVIEW:

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (POWERGRID), the

Central Transmission Utility (CTU), is engaged in Bulk Power transmission.

Its responsibility includes planning, coordination, supervision and control over

inter-State transmission system and operation of National & Regional Power
Grids.

Company owns and operates about 1, 00,619 circuit kms of transmission lines at
800/765kV, 400kV, 220kV & 132kV EHVAC & +500kV HVDC levels and
168 sub-stations with transformation capacity of about 1, 64,763 MVA as on
30th April 2013. This gigantic transmission network, spread over length and
breadth of the country, is consistently maintained at an availability of over 99%.

INTRODUCTION:
400 KV Sub-Station: NEEMRANA is a vital node for disbursement of power to
Neemrana Industrial Area. It is located at a distance of 80 KM from Gurgaon on
NH-8, adjacent to Shahajahanpur Toll Plaza, Distt.-Alwar of Rajasthan State.
Normally it imports power from Bhiwadi and Manesar substation and the same
is exported to RAJASTHAN.
 FEATURES
TOTAL AREA 18.03 Hectare

BUSBAR SCHEME ONE & HALF CB in 400KV

DOUBLE MAIN ONE TRANSFER

IN 220KV

NO. OF BAYS COMMISSIONED 15 in 400KV

10 in 220KV

No. of TRANSMISSION LINES (400KV) 06

(BHIWADI I & II, MANESAR I & II, SIKAR I & II)

No. of ICTs 02

(ICT-I-500MVA & ICT-II 315MVA)

No. of BUS REACTOR (80 MVAR) 01

LINE LENGTH (KM)

400 KV NMR-BHIWADI D/C 48.43

400 KV NMR-MANESAR D/C 67.037

400 KV NMR-SIKAR D/C 175.86

220 KV NMR-NMR RRVPNL (202) 5.2

220 KV NMR-KUSHKHERA (201) 56.5

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
 SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS:
A. BUS-BAR

1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Bus-Bar is spread through out the

substation area for connecting various lines and ICTs to it.

2. PURPOSE: - Purpose of Bus-Bar is to provide connectivity between

incoming and outgoing circuits. The bursars are designed to carry certain
normal current continuously. The cross-section of conductors is designed on the
basis of rated normal current and permissible temperature rise. The value of
cross section so obtained is verified for temperature rise under short-time short-
circuit current. The bus bar conductors are supported on post insulators or strain
insulators. The insulators experience electro-dynamic forces during short circuit
currents. These forces are maximum at the instant of peak of first major current
loop. These forces produce bending moment on separated insulators. The
spacing between adjacent insulators is decided on the basis of bending moment
per meter and strength of insulators.

3. TYPES: - Bus bar can be classified into the following types:

i. Indoor or Outdoor
ii. Open or Enclosed
iii. Rigid Tubular or Flexible ACSR
iv. Double Main Transfer or One and half Bus Scheme

4. CONSTRUCTION: - The outdoor Bus-Bar is either Rigid Aluminum tubes

supported with post insulators or Flexible ACSR Conductors supported on
strain insulators. The Bus-Bars are generally two horizontal levels. The
connection between the two levels is generally done by vertical flexible ACSR
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Re-enforced).
1. One and Half Bus scheme: -
2. Double Main Transfer Bus Scheme: -

5. OTHER EQUIPMENTS
A. BUS POST INSULATOR: - Post type consists of a porcelain part
permanently secured in a metal base to be mounted on the supporting structures.
They are capable of being mounted upright. They are designed to withstand any
shocks to which they may be subjected to by the operation of the associated
equipment. Porcelain used is homogeneous, free from lamination, cavities and
other flaws or imperfections that might affect the mechanical or dielectric
quality and thoroughly vitrified, tough and impervious to moisture. Glazing of
the porcelain is of uniform brown in color, free from blisters, burrs and other
similar defects. The insulators have alternate long and short sheds with
aerodynamic profile.

B. LIGHTING MASTS: - Lightning masts are the highest angle iron structures
in the switchyard. These are designed in the switchyard keeping in view the
approved switchyard bays. The erection procedure of Lightning Masts is similar
to that of tower and gantries.

6. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS: -
1. DOUBLE MAIN TRANSFER BUS
220 KV BUS-1

220 KV BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS

ONE AND HALF BUS SCHEME

400 KV BUS-1

400 KV BUS-2
 B.LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Fig: Lightning Arrester Fig: Surge Counter

1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - LAs are positioned always with the

entry of any incoming or outgoing transmission lines. This equipment is
connected very first to the HV lines; secondly it is also connected at the
terminals of costly equipments (like Transformers and shunt reactors) in
parallel.

2. PURPOSE: - Purpose of lighting arrester is to protect the transmission line

and Power equipments from switching surges and lightning surges.

3. TYPES: - Basically there are two types of lightning arresters.

i. Gapped lightning Arresters.
ii. Gapless lightning Arresters.

4. CONSTRUCTION: - Metal oxide arrester consists of a stack of ZnO discs

mounted in sealed porcelain housing.
Flange: Cemented to the porcelain housing providing a complete moisture tight
seal.
Insulator: Maintains controlled environment inside.
Pressure relief Plate: During arrester failure, provides path for internal air to
vent safely.
Spring: To assure good electrical contact between all the ZnO elements and to
increase mechanical strength.
Fiber rod: Mechanical support to the ZnO elements.
Fiber glass Tube: Acts as a thermal barrier between air and porcelain insulator.

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Lightning Arresters consist of metal oxide

stacks inside (Zinc oxide) the porcelain pole in series with each other which
combine works as non-linear resistor. The property of non-linear resistor is that
it provides high resistance to power frequency voltages and low resistance to
switching and lightning over voltages. During high switching surges or during
heavy lightning over voltages LA divert the surge through it to protect power
equipments.

6. CONNECTION: - Normally LA is connected across the conducting

terminal (of transmission line & power equipments) and earth via
surge counter.

7. ADVANTAGES OF GAPLESS LA OVER GAPPED LA: -

i. well defined protective level.
ii. High energy capability.
iii. No follow up current.
iv. Very reliable
v. Have long life.
vi. Better co-ordination among arresters.

7. SELECTION CRITERION FOR LIGHTNING ARRESTER: -

The protective level of the arrester is valid at its terminal only. The actual
voltage at the terminals of nearby equipment (which the arrester is supposed to
protect) depends upon the distance of that equipment from the arrester.

8. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER: -

Flange

ZnO Grain
Pressure relief plate Spring
Resistance
Fiber rod

ZnO disc
Insulator
Fiber glass Tube
Barrier Barrier
Resistance Capacitanc Spacer Tube
e
Arc Diverter
Flange

Fig: - Internal Design of LA

Fig: - Equivalent Circuit of LA

 C.WAVE TRAP

Fig: Wave Trap

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The Line trap or wave trap is inserted

between the carrier coupling point of CVT and the station equipments.
FROM BUS
SIDE

PURPOSE: - To provide high impedance to carrier

frequencies while maintaining negligible impedance
to power frequency current. Line traps have to carry WT
the power line current continuously and under system FROM LINE

fault condition heavy short circuit current flow through A SIDE

them momentarily.

CONSTRUCTION: - The pole Wave Trap is made up with

CVT
following three main components: -
B

The Main Coil:- The main coil windings are terminated at

at each end on an aluminum flat called spider arm. The
spider arm bearing the termination further reinforced HF

CORE-1

to carry the high short time current. CORE-2 EMU

The Tuning Pack: - The tuning pack is connected in CORE-3

parallel with the main coil to provide the high POINT

impedance to the carrier frequency. The tuning pack is
constructed using high quality and close tolerance capacitors, carefully designed
non-saturable inductors and non-inductive high wattage resistors.
The Lighting Arrester: - The tuning pack is protected against high voltage
surges caused by atmospheric effects or switching operations.
The Mounting and Terminal Arrangement: - the design of Line Trap permits
different types of mounting and terminal arrangements. The methods of
mounting include suspension, vertical pedestal and coupling capacitor
mounting. The outgoing terminal pads can be positioned on any spider member
of the coil. This allows maximum flexibility of bus bar connections and
conductor connections.
WORKING PRICIPLE: - Inductor L (inductance of main power coil) and
capacitor forms a parallel resonant circuit, whose frequency of response is the
geometric mean frequency of the line trap, and is designated Fm. Inductor L2
and capacitor C2 are selected to be series resonant at this same frequency.
Resistor R1 controls the minimum Line Trap impedance at the resonant
frequency Fm. Figure below shows the equivalent circuit of Line Trap. None of
these components are adjustable for a fixed wide band line trap. Therefore, it is
not only necessary to inspect the inside of the line trap at normal regular
maintenance intervals, to check the condition of the tuning pack and lightning
arrestor. Tuning pot is mounted such that it is accessible from one end of line
trap.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF WT: -

Upper Terminal (Top Spider)

C2

Main Tuning Pack

Lightning Arrester L R1
C1
Power

L2

Lower Terminal (Bottom Spider)

Fig: Equivalent circuit of Wave Trap

 D.LINE ISOLATOR

Fig: Line Isolator

1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Line Isolator is placed after the CVT

seeing from line incoming end. Earth switch is also coupled there with
the isolator at line side.

2. PURPOSE: - Line Isolator has following main three functions

To isolate the line during shutdowns after opening of CB.
To provide earthing by associated earth switch to line/bay.

3. CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure Isolator consists of two

main contacts, first is called as Male contact and other is called as Female
contact. Both are mounted on porcelain stacks separately but both are
connected through tandem pipe. Figure drawn below shows the
Horizontal Centre Break isolator. Corona shield is provided on tips of
both contacts. Both the contacts are arranged in such a way that a single
motor placed in the marshalling box below with the structure operates
both during opening and closing of isolator in individual pole. Similarly
earth switch is also operated by motor placed in individual pole.
CORONA SHIELD

MALE CONTACT FEMALE CONTACT

SUPPORT INSULATOR

STRUCTURE

ISOLATOR MB

E/S MB

FIG: - STRUCTURE OF ISOLATOR

 4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ISOLATOR USED:
1.) Tandem HSB (Horizontal Center Break) w/o Earth Switch
2.) Center Break with Two Earth Switches
3.) Center Break with Single Earth Switch

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Line isolator works on simple principle, it

operates only in offline condition. Whenever the CB opens only then
isolator can be open during isolation of line/bay and whenever the CB is
to be closed before it isolator is closed first during closing operation.

6. CONNECTION: - Normally Line Isolator is connected to the CVT by

ACSR, twin Moose conductor or rigid aluminum IPS.

7. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF LINE ISOLATOR: -

Contact Resistance

Fig: - Equivalent Circuit of Line Isolator

E. BUS ISOLATOR

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Bus Isolator is placed after the CB seeing

from line incoming end. Earth switch is also coupled there with the isolator at
line side.

PURPOSE: - Bus Isolator has following main functions.

To isolate the bus during shutdowns after opening of CB.
To provide earthing by associated earth switch to bus.

CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure Isolator consists of two main

contacts, first is called as Male contact and other is called as Female contact.
Both are mounted on porcelain stacks separately but both are connected through
tandem pipe. Figure drawn below shows the Horizontal Centre Break isolator.
Corona shield is provided on tips of both contacts. Both the contacts are
arranged in such a way that a single motor placed in the marshalling box below
with the structure operates both during opening and closing of isolator in
individual pole. Similarly earth switch is also operated by motor placed in
individual pole.

CORONA SHIELD

MALE CONTACT FEMALE CONTACT

SUPPORT INSULATOR

STRUCTURE

ISOLATOR MB

E/S MB

FIG: - STRUCTURE OF ISOLATOR

WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Bus isolator works on simple principle, it operates

only in offline condition. Whenever the CB opens only then isolator can be
open during isolation of Bus and whenever the CB is to be closed before it
isolator is closed first during closing operation.

CONNECTION: - Normally Bus Isolator is connected to the CB by ACSR,

twin Moose conductor or rigid aluminum IPS.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF BUS ISOLATOR: -

Contact Resistance

Fig: - Equivalent Circuit of Bus Isolator

 F. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Fig:CVT

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - This is the equipment immediate next to the

lightning arrester at terminal end of power transmission line. Also CVT is
connected in station Bus for Bus voltage measurement.
A
PURPOSE: - CVT has following main three functions
To reduce the high voltage at measurable level.
To give reference voltage of system for protection system.
To trap the protection &communication signal frequencies.

CONSTRUCTION: - As shown in the figure CVT consists of

two main parts first is porcelain stacks and other is EMU
(Electro-magnetic Unit). In porcelain stacks capacitor units
are there made up of paper and aluminum foils in series.
B
Then after getting specific value of capacitance porcelain
stack is filled with transformer oil. In EMU there is a step
down transformer having primary and secondary windings
as shown. One terminal of primary winding is connected inside HF POINT
bottom stack so as to obtain the require primary voltage CORE-1
and other terminal is i.e. neutral is connected to earth.
The HF point & secondary core terminals are drawn out CORE-2
EMU
form EMU for further application.
CORE-3

WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Main function of CVT is to step

NEUTRAL POINT
down the voltage level upto measurable level. This is achieved
by grading the voltage by using capacitor grading and further voltage
is then step down by EMU transformer. At the top terminal A CVT
has phase voltage 400/3 kV voltage and by capacitor grading it is
reduced to 20/3 kV or 22/3 kV at point B. Then at point B EMU
transformer is connected, of rating 20kV/110V. Each secondary
core of the EMU has the voltage of 110V. Generally three cores are used in
secondary; one is for Main-1 protection, second is for Main-2 protection and
third is for measurement purpose. In spite of that the end point of grading
capacitor in bottom stack called HF point is used for PLCC purpose. In PLCC
CVT plays an important role, the capacitor portion in CVT allows the higher
frequencies used for communication and protection signals through HF point.

CONNECTION: - Normally CVT is connected across the conducting terminal

of single phase of transmission line and the neutral point of EMU transformer is
earth as shown in the figure down. Similarly HF point is also earth if it is not
used for PLCC purpose.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF CVT: -

CC Unit
HV Terminal.

System

Phase

Voltage, V1 C1
EMU Unit

Int.V.T.

Sec.
Tap L
Voltage , V3
Voltage, V2
C2
( Volt)
(KV) Zd V

NHF

Aux.Sec.Wdg.

Earth Screen Between

HV & LV

Fig: - Equivalent Circuit of CVT

 G. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Fig: CT

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Current transformer is placed just after the

circuit breaker towards line side and both side of Tie CB if Tie CB is used for
two lines.
PURPOSE: - Current transformer used for step down the current in conjunction
with ammeters, over current relays etc. for following two purposes.
Protection of Line or Equipments.
Monitoring of primary currents.
CONSTRUCTION: - The Current Transformer essentially consists of primary
and secondary coils and core. The core is constructed in the form of rings. The
secondary winding is wound uniformly over the insulated ring cores. The
secondary terminals are brought out through a terminal board into the terminal
box.
1. Dome

2. Nitrogen filling valve

3. Primary terminal

4. Collar

5. Porcelain insulator

Fig. Cross-Sectional View of Hair-Pin Type CT

TYPES: - Construction-wise the CT may be of following three types:

a. Hair Pin design and Eye-Bolt design or dead tank type

b. Top dome design or Live Tank design
c. Turret CT
In the hairpin design the primary conductor enters from the top of insulators and
passed through the bottom tank. The secondary core is wound on the primary
inside the bottom tank. In the other top dome design the Primary conductor goes
straight in the dome shaped tank at the top. Secondary winding is wound against
it. Turret CT is used in Shunt Reactors and in ICTs.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: - Current transformers step down the current from
high value to a low value. Their current ratio is substantially constant for given
range of primary current and phase angle error is within specified limits. The
VA rating of CT is small as compared with that of a power transformer.

CONNECTION: - CT is connected to circuit breaker through IPS (Aluminum

Pipe) with one end joint with expansion connector.
SELECTION CRITERION: - The major criterion for selection of CT is the ratio
at maximum load current through primary & secondary. In other words, the CT
secondary current at maximum load should not exceed the continuous current
rating of the applied relay. Generally CT is selected on the basis of VA rating;
the VA rating should match with the Burden of relay. Load like relay, trip coils,
ammeter connected to secondary of the CT is called Burden. In absence of
any burden secondary should be short circuited, secondary should not be left
open. When secondary if left open current in secondary is zero and secondary
voltage becomes very high and it will saturate the core and may even damage
CT.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF CT: -

Primary winding

CORE-1 CORE-2 CORE-3 CORE-4 CORE-5

Secondary winding

Fig: - Equivalent circuit of Current Transformer

 H. SHUNT REACTOR

Fig. 80 MVAR SHUNT REACTOR IN NEEMRANA S/S

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The shunt reactor is kept near the line

terminal generally. It is kept just after the line Isolator from line terminal end
with its own isolator sometimes with CB also.

PURPOSE: - Shunt Reactors are used for the compensation of EHV/UHV lines
by modifying the electrical characteristics of lines in such a way that the
Ferranti effects should get minimized so that a flat voltage profile will exist on
the line for all loading conditions. And NGR is connected to provide neutral to
the system and to provide the path to fault current in earth fault condition.

CONSTRUCTION: -
The main parts of Shunt Reactor are as follow:
Core of Reactor: - It is used to place the winding of Reactor in it with physical
isolation between windings. Similarly core provides the path for magnetic flux
to flow through it.

Windings of Reactor: - Reactor consists of one winding. Actually this winding

is used as inductor connected in parallel with the voltage Bus. Windings are
insulated with impregnated paper.

Fittings and Accessories are as follows:

Main tank of Reactor: - The tank of Reactor is acts as a housing of basic core
and winding and provide proper space for insulating medium i.e. transformer
oil. The tank is made up of corrugated walls from CRCA sheet material in
thickness ranging between 1.2mm to 1.5mm. The function of corrugated walls
is to raise the surface area of tank which is in contact with air. It has inspection
windows and outlets for winding terminals through bushings. The tap changer
arrangement is also inbuilt with tank.

Conservator: - The function of conservator is to provide the space for

contraction and expansion of oil in winter and summer respectively. One air cell
is there in inside of the conservator which is connected with breather outlet for
sucking and releasing air from conservator during winter and summer
respectively.

Radiators: - The function of Radiators is to limit the temperature of oil and

winding by dissipating heat that is generated due to losses within the Reactor
while in service.

Transformer oil: - It solves two purposes inside the tank of Reactor first is to
insulate the tank from basic Reactor and second is to provide the cooling of
Reactor winding.

Rating and Name plate: - the Reactor is supplied with rating and terminal
marking plate which contains the information concerning the rating, voltage
ratio, weights, oil quantity. Vector group, sr. No., manufacturing company and
year etc.

Earthing Terminals: - The core laminations assembly is connected to core

clamping frame which is in turn connected to tank. Two earthing terminals are
provided on the Reactor tank and then connected to the earth.

Lifting Lugs: -Four lifting lugs of adequate capacity are provided on the sides
to lift the fully assembled Reactor without other fittings and accessories.
Separately four lifting lugs are provided on the core & winding assembly for
untanking the Reactors.

Valves: - Every Reactor is supplied with drain cum filter valve at bottom of
tank, and filter valve at top of the tank. Mainly two types of valves are provided.
(i) Wheel Valve & (ii) Butterfly Valve. Generally one isolating valve is
provided between conservator and buchholz relay.

Bushings: - Reactor winding is connected to the external circuit through

terminal bushing. The bushings are installed on the top cover with the help of
turret or on the side walls of tank. The lower end of bushing inserted into the
tank with proper voltage grading and the hollow pipe for taking out the winding
terminal.
Buchholz Relay: - It is provided between conservator and tank. Due to the fault
in Reactor like arcing or local overheating results is generation of gas within the
tank. This gas is collected in the relay housing and actuates an alarm and also
causes tripping.

PRV (Pressure Relief Valve): - It plays a vital role in the protection of Reactor
from excessive pressure inside, which may occur due to internal fault or any
other reason. During any fault there is decomposition of oil, paper insulation
which liberates gas and a heavy pressure builds up. If the pressure is not
released immediately, the Reactor tank will get bulged and can even rapture.
When inside pressure rises above a pre determined safe limit a spring mounted
diaphragm lift from its seat for releasing the gas and it gets to its normal
position as soon as the pressure in tank drops below set limit. It will give alarm
and can also cause tripping.

Temperature indicators: - These are precision instruments, specially designed

for protection of Reactors and perform the following functions. Indicate
maximum oil temperature and maximum or hottest spot temperature of winding.
Switch on the cooling equipment when the winding attains a preset high
temperature and switch it off when the temperature drops by an established
value. Operate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.

Silica Gel Breathers: -Breather is provided to remove moisture and dust

contained in the air breathed by a Reactor. The breather consists of a container
filled with silica gel and a filter cup filled with Reactor oil. This is connected to
the top of Reactor oil conservator by connection pipes. Whenever the
temperature of the Reactor oil varies either due to variations in Reactor loading
or due to variation in temperature of surrounding air, there will be
corresponding change in level of oil in the conservator. This change of level of
oil causes the Reactor to perform breathing action. To remove moisture and dust
from the air breathed thus, silica gel is provided in the breathing path.

Marshalling Box: - The Reactor is provided with certain fittings directly

mounted on the Reactor at various locations. These fittings are having electrical
contacts or terminals which are required to be connected to the protection
scheme to give alarms /trip annunciations under abnormal conditions. In order
to facilitate connections of all such devices to the protective scheme, the cables
from all such contacts are wired up to weather proof terminal box. This box is
called as marshalling box.

Magnetic Oil Gauge (MOG): - This is a dial type oil level indicating device
provided on ICTs with conservator at relatively high levels indicator from the
ground. Further, the low oil contacts provided on the magnetic level indicator
can be used for automatic alarm when the oil level of conservator falls to a
certain level.

Gas Collecting Device: - A gas collecting device is fitted at accessible level

where the gas accumulates in Buchholz Relay is collected by the displacement
of oil in the device.

Turret CTs and Neutral Side CTs: - These CTs are provided for the
purpose of metering, protection and control.
 I. INTER-CONNECTING TRANSFORMERS

Fig: 500 MVA Power Transformer (AREVA) in Neemrana S/S

Fig: 315 MVA Power Transformer (VIJAI ELECTRICALS) in Neemrana S/S

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - The primary and secondary both windings

are connected to the respective voltage level Bus via CB, CT and Isolators.

PURPOSE: - The main purpose of ICT is to transform the power from higher
voltage level to low voltage level (i.e. from 400 kV to 220 kV). The secondary
purpose of ICT is to provide power to substation itself using the third winding
i.e. tertiary winding of 33 kV.
CONSTRUCTION: -
The main parts of ICTs are as follows:
Core of Transformer: - It is used to place the primary, secondary and tertiary
winding of transformer in it with physical isolation between windings. Similarly
core provides the path for magnetic flux to flow through it for transformation of
power with step down voltage.

Windings of transformer: - ICT consists of two windings tertiary winding as a

LV winding of 33 kV and main winding as HV and IV both. Actually the main
winding is used singly for both input HV (i.e. 400kV) and output IV (i.e. 220
kV). Following fig shows the basic construction of ICT. The LV winding is
placed near to core and taps are provided on HV winding. Windings are
insulated with impregnated paper.

Fittings and Accessories are as follows:

Main tank of transformer: - The tank of transformer is acts as a housing of

basic core and windings and provide proper space for insulating medium i.e.
transformer oil. The tank is made up of corrugated walls from CRCA sheet
material in thickness ranging between 1.2mm to 1.5mm. The function of
corrugated walls is to raise the surface area of tank which is in contact with air.
It has inspection windows and outlets for winding terminals through bushings.
The tap changer arrangement is also inbuilt with tank.

Conservator: - The function of conservator is to provide the space for

contraction and expansion of oil in winter and summer respectively. One air cell
is there in inside of the conservator which is connected with breather outlet for
sucking and releasing air from conservator during winter and summer
respectively.

Radiators: - The function of Radiators is to limit the temperature of oil and

winding by dissipating heat that is generated due to losses within the
transformer while in service.

Transformer oil: - It solves two purposes inside the tank of transformer first is
to insulate the tank from basic transformer and second is to provide the cooling
of transformer winding.

Rating and Name plate: - The transformer is supplied with rating and terminal
marking plate which contains the information concerning the rating, voltage
ratio, weights, oil quantity. Vector group, sr. No., manufacturing company and
year etc.

Fig: Rating of 500 MVA (AREVA) ICT

Fig: Rating of 315 MVA (VIJAI ELECTRICALS) ICT

OLTC (On-Load Tap- Changer): - The OLTC is provided to change the tap
of transformer as per the requirement of voltage levels. The OLTC is local
manual control, local electrical control and remote electrical control. The
tapings normally provided on HV windings.
Earthing Terminals: - The core laminations assembly is connected to core
clamping frame which is in turn connected to tank. Two earthing terminals are
provided on the transformer tank and then connected to the earth.

Lifting Lugs: - Four lifting lugs of adequate capacity are provided on the sides
to lift the fully assembled transformer without other fittings and accessories.
Separately four lifting lugs are provided on the core & winding assembly for
untanking the transformers.

Valves: - Every transformer is supplied with drain cum filter valve at bottom of
tank, and filter valve at top of the tank.
Mainly two types of valves are provided.
(i) Wheel Valve & (ii) Butterfly Valve.
Generally one isolating valve is provided between conservator and buchholz
relay.

Bushings: - Transformer winding is connected to the external circuit through

terminal bushing. The bushings are installed on the top cover with the help of
turret or on the side walls of tank. The lower end of bushing inserted into the
tank with proper voltage grading and the hollow pipe for taking out the winding
terminal. In 315 MVA 400/220/33 kV ICT three types of bushings of respective
voltage rating are connected.

Buchholz Relay: - It is provided between conservator and tank. Due to the fault
in transformer like arcing or local overheating results is generation of gas within
the tank. This gas is collected in the relay housing and actuates an alarm and
also causes tripping.

PRV (Pressure Relief Valve): - It plays a vital role in the protection of

transformer from excessive pressure inside, which may occur due to internal
fault or any other reason. During any fault there is decomposition of oil, paper
insulation which liberates gas and a heavy pressure builds up. If the pressure is
not released immediately, the transformer tank will get bulged and can even
rapture. When inside pressure rises above a pre determined safe limit a spring
mounted diaphragm lift from its seat for releasing the gas and it gets to its
normal position as soon as the pressure in tank drops below set limit. It will give
alarm and can also cause tripping.

Temperature indicators: - These are precision instruments, specially designed

for protection of transformers and perform the following functions. Indicate
maximum oil temperature and maximum or hottest spot temperature of winding.
Switch on the cooling equipment when the winding attains a preset high
temperature and switch it off when the temperature drops by an established
value. Operate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.

Cooling Fans: - It is used to cool the oil in conservator. These fans

automatically start when oil temperature reaches 65C. Required fan in 315
MVA Transformer are 12 nos.

Cooling Pumps: -It increases the flow rate of oil in transformer and thus
increases cooling efficiency. These pumps auto start when winding temperature
increases beyond a pre determined value that is 80C. Four cooling pumps are
provided. Required pump in 315 MVA Transformer are 04 nos.

Silica Gel Breathers: -Breather is provided to remove moisture and dust

contained in the air breathed by a transformer. The breather consists of a
container filled with silica gel and a filter cup filled with transformer oil. This is
connected to the top of transformer oil conservator by connection pipes.
Whenever the temperature of the transformer oil varies either due to variations
in transformer loading or due to variation in temperature of surrounding air,
there will be corresponding change in level of oil in the conservator. This
change of level of oil causes the transformer to perform breathing action. To
remove moisture and dust from the air breathed thus, silica gel is provided in
the breathing path.

Fig: Silica Gel

Marshalling Box: - The transformer is provided with certain fittings directly

mounted on the transformer at various locations. These fittings are having
electrical contacts or terminals which are required to be connected to the
protection scheme to give alarms /trip annunciations under abnormal conditions.
In order to facilitate connections of all such devices to the protective scheme,
the cables from all such contacts are wired up to weather proof terminal box.
This box is called as marshalling box.

Magnetic Oil Gauge (MOG): - This is a dial type oil level indicating device
provided on ICTs with conservator at relatively high levels indicator from the
ground. Further, the low oil contacts provided on the magnetic level indicator
can be used for automatic alarm when the oil level of conservator falls to a
certain level.

Gas Collecting Device: - A gas collecting device is fitted at accessible level

where the gas accumulates in Buchholz Relay is collected by the displacement
of oil in the device.

Turret CTs and Neutral Side CTs: - These CTs are provided for the
purpose of metering, protection and control.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ICT:

IV coil

Taps
LV coil

HV coil

Fig: -Equivalent Circuit of ICT

 J. CIRCUIT BREAKER

Fig: Circuit Breaker

1. POSITION IN SWITCHYARD: - Circuit breaker is connected after the

line isolator if we are watching from line side.

2. PURPOSE: - The main function of CB is to make and break the circuit

online i.e. on load condition. CBs are the switching current interrupting
devices.

3. CONSTRUCTION: - The pole of Circuit breaker is made up with three

main components: -
a) The interrupter chambers
b) The support column
c) The housing of the mechanism
1.)The interrupter chambers
The pole is comprised of two (or 4 in ABCB) interrupting chambers in a
ceramic envelope equipped at each end with a corona ring and an HV terminal.
The interrupting chambers are laid out horizontally and attached, at their base,
to a common housing. This housing contains the mechanism used to transfer the
operating movement to the mobile contacts of both chambers. The interrupting
chamber can also be equipped with grading capacitors and pre-insertion
resistors.

Fig: Gas Cylinder

 a) Pre-Insertion Resistor: - Pre-Insertion Resistor is connected across the
main interrupter contacts. This provides parallel path to the current flows
during switching surges & absorb the surge voltage. The PIR closes
before the arcing contact mate approximately 8 to 10 ms. The value of
PIR is so selected that it should be 0.5 to 2 times the value of surge
impedance of line. Benefits of PIR are 1. Resistors are by nature energy
absorbing devices. 2. They dampen both transient voltages and currents
both. 3. They help to reduce voltage dips.

b) Grading Capacitor: - The grading capacitor is used in multi-break CBs

for voltage division for equalizing the dielectric stresses both in open
condition and during switching. The inequality of voltages and breaking
capacity occurs mainly at the instant of recovery voltage, when the
contact spaces are determined by capacitance between contact member &
contact and earth.

2.) The support column

It consisting of two, three or four ceramic insulators vertically mounted
on each other, the support column allows the circuit breaker to be
groundinsulated and it also encloses the operating tie rod which is
attached to the interrupting chambers moving contacts.

3.) The Housing of mechanism

A housing situated at the base of the column contains the lever and crank
assembly and which operates the moving contact as well as the opening
spring. The SF6 filling and monitoring device is also situated on the
housing.
As there are many manufacturers of Circuit Breaker, they use different
operating mechanism for CB closing and opening. Opening and closing
both should be rapid as required by the system.
Operating Mechanism Might be of Following types:
A. Pneumatic Closing and Pneumatic Opening.
B. Hydraulic Closing and Hydraulic Opening.
C. Spring Closing and Spring Opening.
D. Spring Closing and Pneumatic Opening.

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE: -
Interrupting principle: - The interrupting chamber is of thermal blasting type,
using the energy from the arc, with an auxiliary auto pneumatic effect and a
device to assist opening. The interrupting chamber has been designed in such a
way as to increase the mechanical resistance of the working part and take
advantage of the low wear rate of the contacts subjected to the arc in SF6. The
working part is enclosed in a leak tight ceramic envelope, providing insulation
between the circuit breaker input and output.

5. CONNECTION: - The circuit breaker is connected between line isolator

and bus isolator.
6. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CB: -

Main Interrupter
Pre-Insertion
Resistance

Grading
Capacitance

Fig: - Equivalent Circuit of CB

7. RATINGS:-
Fig: Circuit Breaker Control Box
 CONTROL ROOM
A.)PROTECTION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The last thirty years have seen enormous changes in relay technology. The
electromechanical relay in all of its different forms has been replaced
successively by static, digital and numerical relays, each change bringing with it
reductions and size and improvements in functionality. At the same time,
reliability levels have been maintained or even improved and availability
significantly increased due to techniques not available with older relay types.
This represents a tremendous achievement for all those involved in relay design
and manufacture.

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
They work on the principle of a mechanical force. The principle advantage of
such relays is that they provide galvanic isolation between the inputs and
outputs in a simple, cheap and reliable form therefore for simple on/off
switching functions where the output contacts have to carry substantial currents,
they are still used.
Electromechanical relays can be classified into several different types as
follows: A. Attracted armature, B. Moving coil, C. Induction, D. Thermal, E.
Motor operated, F. Mechanical.

STATIC RELAYS:
Their design is based on the use of analogue electronic devices instead of coils
and magnets to create the relay characteristic. Early versions used discrete
devices such as transistors and diodes in conjunction with resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc., but advances in electronics enabled the use of linear and digital
integrated circuits in later versions for signal processing and implementation of
logic functions.

DIGITAL RELAYS
Compared to static relays, digital relays introduce A/D conversion of all
measured analogue quantities and use a microprocessor to implement the
protection algorithm. The typical microprocessors used have limited processing
capacity and memory compared to that provided in numerical relays. The
functionality tends therefore to be limited and restricted largely to the protection
function itself. Therefore, a digital relay for a particular protection function may
have a longer operation time than the static relay equivalent. However, the extra
time is not significant in terms of overall tripping time and possible effects of
power system stability
NUMERICAL RELAYS
The distinction between digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine
technical detail, and is rarely found in areas other than Protection. They can be
viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a result of advances in
technology. Typically, they use a specialized digital signal processor (DSP) as
the computational hardware, together with the associated software tools. The
input analogue signals are converted into a digital representation and processed
according to the appropriate mathematical algorithm. Processing is carried out
using a specialized microprocessor that is optimized for signal processing
applications, known as a digital signal processor.

Features of Numerical Relays:

Distance Protection- several schemes including user definable)
Over current Protection (directional/non-directional)
Switch-on-to-Fault Protection
Power Swing Blocking
Negative Sequence Current Protection
Under voltage Protection
Over voltage Protection
CB Fail Protection
CT/CVT Supervision
Check Synchronization
Autoreclose
CB Condition Monitoring
User-Definable Logic
Broken Conductor Detection
Measurement of Power System Quantities (Current, Voltage, etc.)
Fault/Event/Disturbance recorder

Advantages of Numerical Relays:

Several setting groups
Wider range of parameter adjustment
Remote communications built in
Internal Fault diagnosis
Power system measurements available
Distance to fault locator
Disturbance recorder
Auxiliary protection functions (broken conductor, negative sequence,
etc.)
 CB monitoring (state, condition)
User-definable logic
Backup protection functions in-built
Consistency of operation times - reduced grading margin

B.)EVENT LOGGER

1. PURPOSE
To record the state of switchyard equipments and relays.
To record the occurrence of alarms.
To record changes in digital inputs.
To record switching of primary plant within sub-station.
Time synchronized with GPS clock
Permissible drift +/- 0.5seconds/day
Print out of current alarm and plant status available on request.
To entry of date and time from key board.
Programmability at site.
Shall record 40 changes in 10mSec interval.

2. FUNCTION: -
The SER is a versatile high speed distributed microprocessor- based data
acquisition system designed to monitor and record, in real time, changes of state
of customer supplied field inputs with an accuracy of one millisecond.
This event information includes alarm and return to normal status; time in
hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds; input address; and up to 60
characters of descriptive legends. Event information can be recorded on a
printer or printer terminal, displayed on a CRT monitor, or transmitted to a
remote computer or distributed control system via RS-232 ASCII data links.

3. CONSTRUCTION: -
SER consists of one or more 19 rack mountable chassis, containing a main
controller, an optional auxiliary controller or communication controller module,
and required number of scanners to allow monitoring up to 4096 inputs.

A SER can contain up to six RS-232 ports for communication with peripherals
devices such as CRTs, modems, printers, external time standard clocks, and
keyboards. It also contains 8 auxiliary relays under software control with form
C contacts available for customers use.

4. ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS (KEYBOARD INITIATED)

The following parameters may be implemented on a single point, multiple
points or range of points basis.
Point parameters
N.O. /N.C. field contact inputs status.
Alarm debounce filter, 1 millisecond to 65535 milliseconds.
Return-to-Normal debounce filter, 1 millisecond to 65535 milliseconds.
Ability to select input point disables.
Alarm assignment to output ports.
Return-to-Normal assignment to output ports.
Descriptive legends, 60 characters per input alarm.
Descriptive legends, 60 characters per input, return-to-normal legends.
Legends background color for color CRT.
Critical alarm designation.
Time and count for Auto-Delete from logging and Auto-Restore to
logging.

System Parameters
Input/Output device type: CRT, Printer, Clock, Console etc.
Output relays (Synthesized points).
Time set.
Battery back-up select (Historical Buffer).
Alarm or return-to-normal indent.
Password protects the list functions.
Time for hourly printouts.
Midnight alarm summary.
Enable/disable scanners.
External time synchronization source Input points.

Parameters for External Devices

Baud Rate.
7 or 8 bit data, except for port 5.
Parity (Odd, Even, Mark, Space or none); except for port 5.
2-Color printing.
Preferred port.
Sequential event printout on console and printer ports.

5. WORKING OF EVENT LOGGER: -

The SER 4100 Event Logger can accept inputs up to 512. However, 411 are
connected to the different circuits in the control room and remaining others
connected to the various field points. Another set in the panel EL2 has 448
points. Out of that, 266 are connected to different control circuits while
remaining connected to points in the field. it is capable of being expanded up to
4096 inputs by the addition of up to 7 chassis similar in size to the basic system.
it can store maximum 6000 events.

This system has following features:

Alarm or data into normal indent
Password protects the list functions
Time for hourly printouts.
Midnight alarm summery
External time synchronization source-input point.
Battery back-up select ( historical buffer)

While all the events are automatically printed out on the printer sequentially,
special print outs are obtain by the operator through appropriate commands
issued from the key board. The information displayed on the video screen
consists of the list of sequential events which can be scrolled.
The healthiness of the event logger is monitored through the LEDs of the CPU
Card. The healthiness of CPU Card is confirmed through blinking mode of LED
No. 1. The problem in video monitor is confirmed if LED No. 3 starts glowing.
Thus, except for the blinking of LED No. 1 all the other six numbers of LEDs
on CPU Card should be in off condition. If any other LED blinks/glows the
same is to be informed to Testing Engineer.

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EVENT LOGGER: -

C.)DISTURBANCE RECORDER

1. POSITION
The Disturbance recorder is placed in Control-room itself in such a way that it
should be easily accessible for shift handling persons. One PC is placed with
control desk of operation in-charge which has DR software of particular make
distance relay.

2. PURPOSE
The relay memory requires a certain minimum number of cycles of measured
data to be stored for correct signal processing and detection of events. The
memory can easily be expanded to allow storage of a greater time period of
input data, both analogue and digital, plus the state of the relay outputs. It then
has the capability to act as a disturbance recorder for the circuit being
monitored, so that by freezing the memory at the instant of fault detection or
trip, a record of the disturbance is available for later download and analysis. It
may be inconvenient to download the record immediately, so facilities may be
provided to capture and store a number of disturbances.

To understand behavior of the Power network before or after any

disturbance.
Useful info in planning of new installations.
Records instantaneous values of V, I, In and open delta voltage.
Status of relay contacts and CB during disturbance.

2. REQUIREMENT OF DR
Recoding capacity-8 analog + 16 digital.
Memory 5 sec
Min. Pre fault 160mSec
Post Fault 2sec- min, not less than 5sec.
Any digital signal triggering.
Analog triggering by threshold levels.
Trigger selection of over/under levels should be possible.
Time tagging:
Built-in real time clock.
Drift of the clock shall not be more than 0.5sec per day.
Sampling rate : 1 KHz
Recording : 5Hz to 250Hz.
3. SPECIAL REQUIREMENT OF DR
Sync. With GPS
16Analog + 32 digital for D/C lines
DR + FL
If DR is part of Numerical Protection, external binary input should be
possible.

4. TIME SYNCHRONIZATION OF DR
Disturbance records and data relating to energy consumption require time
tagging to serve any useful purpose. Although an internal clock will normally
be present, this is of limited accuracy and use of this clock to provide time
information may cause problems if the disturbance record has to be correlated
with similar records from other sources to obtain a complete picture of an event.
Many numerical relays have the facility for time synchronization from an
external clock. The standard normally used is an IRIG-B signal, which may be
derived from a number of sources, the latest being from a GPS satellite system.

5. CONNECTION: -
DR PC is connected directly to the Distance Relay of line or any other
Numerical relay in the control room whose status is to be monitored via
communication cable through the com-port of CPU of PC.

D.)POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)

1.)INTRODUCTION
Communication is a vital area in Power System Operation. For better
Operation Of the grid, Communication between two adjacent Sub-stations and
with the Load Dispatch center is a must. Similarly for acquiring real time data
from different generating and major substations, communication link is a must
for a Load dispatch center. Normally Generating stations and sub-stations are
located at remote locations where Communication facilities will not be available
or the efficiency of such facilities if available will be very poor. The Operation
cost of such communication equipment is very high.
This concept has resulted in the development of Power Line carrier
Communication where High Voltage and Extra High Voltage Transmission
lines themselves act as a medium for sending Communication Signals apart
from Electric Power.

2.)CONSTRUCTION: -
Following coupling equipment is used for coupling voice, fax, teleprotection
and telemetering signals to the transmitting media i.e. transmitting line.

a. Wave trap: - Wave trap is an inductive device, which offers high impedance
to high frequency signals (all communication signals after modulation will be at
radio frequencies) .Hence it will not allow communication signals towards
substation equipment. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to Power
frequencies hence Power flow will be unaffected. Because of Wave trap, Even
if the Line is earthed with line earth switch (located behind Wave trap)
communication will not be affected.

b. CVT: - Capacitor Voltage Transformer in a sub-station will be used for

protection as well as a coupling device in PLCC. CVT offers high impedance to
Power Frequencies. Hence EHV power can not enter communication
equipment. As CVT offers low impedance to High frequencies, Communication
signals will pass through CVT to Transmission line.

c. LMU: - Transmission Line will have characteristic impedance which depends

upon Line configuration. For a 400 KV line this will be 320 Ohms. Per phase.
Multiplexed equipment will be generally available in control room. (I.e.
indoor).These equipment will be connected to Outdoor equipment via a Co-
axial cable which will have 75 ohms impedance. According to Maximum Power
transfer theorem source and load impedance should be same for maximum
power transfer. Hence a Line Matching unit will be used to couple co-axial
cable to Transmitting medium.

d. BT: - Balancing transformer will be used to prevent unbalancing of the line

impedance whenever one line gets opened or earthed

e. Drainage coil: - It is one of the three element protective device (earth switch
& L.A. being other two).this coil will be connected to the point that connects
CVT and LMU on one side, the other side being earthed. Dangerous High
voltages Of the Power not blocked by CVT will be earthed through this
drainage coil which offers negligible impedance to the Power frequency.

f. LA: - The Lightning arrestor will be connected across LMU .This will be
used to protect PLCC outdoor and indoor equipments against any surge
voltages.
g. Earth Switch: - Earth switch will be used whenever work is to be carried on
outdoor equipments.

3.)TYPES OF COUPLINGS

There are different types of coupling systems .They are

1. Phase to Ground Coupling
2. Phase to Phase Coupling
3. Interline Coupling
4. Insulated earth wire coupling
5. Intra bundle coupling

In POWERGRID, Phase to Phase coupling is used in all PLCC links.

4.)ADVANTAGES OF PLCC

Its transmission reliability is high as that of Power lines themselves, whereas

telephone lines are much weaker mechanically and will always fail under
difficult conditions long before the overhead lines. As the channels are solely
used by Power utilities only and not by general public, there will not be any
traffic problem in communication. Carrier current transmission is not subjected
to any variation from atmospheric or ionosphere conditions such as always the
case with VHF and microwave systems. In general the capital cost of carrier
current equipment is considerably less than the cost of installing VHF or
Microwave equipment, while maintenance is very less.

5. DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC

As the medium used for communication is High Voltage Line, the cost of
Insulation of communication equipment and Transmission Lines is very High
Noise level will be high because of interference of Corona. High speed data
transfer is not possible because of band width limitations.

6. APPLICATIONS OF PLCC

PLC Communication will be widely used for the following applications.

Voice Communication.
Facsimile Transmission.
Tele Protection.
Tele Metering.
7. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PLCC

E.)REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)

1. POSITION: - The RTU is placed in control Room in such a way that

metering data of all the lines and status of associated CBs, Isolators etc. should
be connected to it.

2. PURPOSE: - To send the metering data to the Remote end from where the
load and generation for system stability is to maintain (i.e. from Load Dispatch
Centers). Similarly to provide the status of switching equipments for control
purpose RTU is used.

3. CONSTRUCTION: - A typical RTU is D20. A D20 consists of a main

board and one or more I/O peripherals boards. The RTU is typically installed in
a standard EIA rack, although it is possible to geographically distribute the
peripheral boards by connecting lengths of copper or fiber optic cable from the
main board to each peripheral.
The D20 peripherals links DCA (Data Collection Application) handles the
communication between an RTUs main board and its I/O peripherals. The
context in which the application is found is shown below. The D20 peripheral
link DCA is used to scan and collect data from I/O points being monitored or
controlled. Access to these I/O points is managed by the system point database
application. Configuring the D20 peripheral link DCA consists of defining the
appropriate settings to each of the I/O points found on the peripheral boards.

Breakers WESMAINT
DCA
Points being System
monitored/Controlled Databas PC or terminal

DTA
DPA

D20 DAC Master Station

RTU Main Board

Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral

Switches
Board-1 Board-2 Board-3
Points being RTU Peripheral Board
monitored/Controlled
by RTU peripheral
Board. Generator

As shown in the figure the RTU panel is consisting of following main racks for
its operation:

D20M: -This rack contains the modems placed in it, which are used for
transmitting & receiving of modulated & demodulated signals to the SCADA
system.
D20PS: - This rack provides the power supply to the complete RTU system.
D20A: - This unit is used to convert analog measurement data (From SIC Panel
Transducers) to digital form. But it converts only voltage signals and not current
to digital form. Resistances used to convert input current data to voltage.
D20S: - This unit is used for getting input of status of switching equipments
from substation. From here it gives status information of switching equipments
in binary 0 for open condition and binary 1 for close condition.
D20K: - This section is used for sending control signals/commands to the
remote end switching devices in remote substation.
D20C: - This section is the combination board of Digital inputs and control
outputs.
 D20M - MODE RACK- NSK-4
Voltage Transducers
D20 PS AC I/P

DC O/P
D20 A (Analog Board)
MW Transducers
32 analog input points.
D20 S (Status Board)

64 Digital Status input points.

D20 K (Control Board)

MVAr Transducers 32 Digital Control outputs.

D20 C (Combination Board)

16 Digital i/p & 8 Control o/p.

Fig: - System Interface Cabinet (SIC) Fig: - RTU Cabin and its components

4. ADVANTAGES OF RTU SYSTEM:

All the system data such as frequency, voltage, current, MW, MVAr can
be made available for monitoring it at one window instead of getting it
from panel to panel.
This data can be extracted to CPU to punch in it with advance SCADA
softwares. We can keep its record also.
This system provides us the online monitoring of status of switching
equipments in switchyard.
This system provides us the online controlling of switching equipments in
switchyard so that system stability can be maintained.
Similarly if any substation is to be made unmanned then all data, control
can be fed to other remote substation or to LDC etc.
 AUXILLIARY SYSTEM
A. ACLT SUPPLY SYSTEM

POSITION: - Generally the ACLT Distribution Board is placed in control

Room building and the input to the ACDB (i.e. 415V) is fed from the
transformer of rating 630/800KVA, 33/0.415 kV. The 33kV supply is arranged
from local State Electrical Board with dedicated feeder. Alternative 33KV AC
supply is also provided through ICT available in substation & one more option
is available i.e. DG set directly with 415V.

PURPOSE: - AC supply is required for feeding power to the colony, lighting

system of control room & switchyard, Air-conditioning, Battery chargers,
Compressor & Isolator/Earth switch motor, Exhaust Fans, Cooling motor and
Fans of ICTs & Reactor and Fire-Fighting System.

CONSTRUCTION: - Complete ACLT system consists of following

equipments.

Incoming AC Supply: - Input AC Supply is brought to the premise from 33 kV

dedicated feeder of State Electricity Board and terminated at the 630/800 kVA,
33/0.415 kV transformer. The secondary output of the transformer is connected
with the main distribution panel.

Main Distribution Panel: - Main Distribution Panel is used to feed power to all
major auxiliaries like Air-conditioning, Fire-Fighting and sub distribution board
etc. Circuit breaker of rating 415V, 3150 A is provided for switching.
Parameters like voltage, current etc. are measured with the help of voltmeter,
ammeter etc. Transformer protection and other required protection & control
equipments are consists in the board. One number bus coupler is kept in this
board for switching over to SEB supply or to Tertiary supply.

Sub-Distribution Board: - AC supply is distributed to various BMKs in

switchyard for AC supply requirement of CBs, Isolators, in control and relay
panel, battery chargers etc.

Lighting Distribution Panel: - It provides the AC supply to all switchyard

lighting mounted on the gantry of switchyard. Lights are mounted in such a way
that it should be giving proper illumination at every equipment of the
switchyard and on the pathways other areas of switchyard.
DG (DIESEL GENERATOR) SET

POSITION: - DG Set is kept in separate room in control room premise in such

a way that it should easily accessible and always be in good condition that any
time it can be started whenever required. There should be space for storage of
diesel.

PURPOSE: - DG set is used in case when the ACLT supply is not available for
short duration so that all the power requirement of complete system could be
fulfilled.

CONSTRUCTION: - DG Set consists of Diesel Engine and attached Generator

with its shaft. DG set has its own cooling system and diesel level sensing
system. DG system has one major diesel storage tank which has automatic
diesel filling system by motor. It has its own battery system of 24 V DC for
control supply and for giving self start to DG. In KHANDWA substation 285
kVA DG set is connected to the AC supply board. DG set has its own Circuit
Breaker for switching in ACDB from where it is connected to required load.

B. DCDB SUPPLY SYSTEM

POSITION: - Generally the DC Distribution Board is placed in control Room

building and the input to the DCDB is fed from the 220V DC & 50V Charger
and 220V & 50V Battery sets respectively.

PURPOSE: - DC supply is required for giving control supply to the contactors

and coils of switchyard equipments, similarly for giving supply to the protection
relays and various meters placed in control room. Various control logics and
schemes works with DC supply. Event logger, PLCC, Emergency lighting
system works on DC.

CONSTRUCTION: - Complete DCDB system consists of following

equipments.
Incoming AC Supply: - 3-phase input AC Supply is brought to Battery charger
where it is got converted to the DC supply with SCR bridges. Then the DC
output of battery charger is connected to main distribution panel. At the same
place battery voltage of same voltage rating is also connected in parallel.
Main Distribution Panel: - Main Distribution Panel is used to feed DC power
to all type of control circuits, PLCC etc. This is done by providing separate DC
MCB of appropriate rating for every individual circuit.

BATTERY BANK: - Battery Banks used in any substation are 220V DC and
50V DC. Usually 220V Battery Bank is used for providing DC supply to the
whole control system and emergency lighting system when the AC supply got
failed. It is used as backup DC source for the fluent operation of the system. It
has series of 2V DC cell and such 110 cells in series contributes complete 220V
DC for the system. Similarly in case of 50V DC source 25 cells of 2V each are
used in series.

C. FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEM

POSITION: - It is placed in control room premise in separate room where

HVW motor, Jockey pump and Diesel pump all things are kept.

PURPOSE: - The Fire-fighting system is used in substation for extinguishing

fire of any nature on ICTs, Reactors and other Control room equipments. The
pressurized water (i.e. 8 kg/sq.cm.) is used through pipe line arrangement to
extinguish the fire at remote end.

CONSTRUCTION: - Fire-Fighting system is placed in control room premise.

It consists of HVW motor, Diesel Engine, Jockey pumps. Jockey pumps used
for maintaining pressure at 8 kg/sq.cm in normal condition. There are two
jockey pumps one is kept in service and one is kept in standby mode. HVW
motor is there which starts at down pressure i.e. at 6.8 kg/sq.cm. Diesel engine
starts if ACLT supply is not available and the pressure falls below 5.4 kg/sq.cm.
All of these equipments are connected with the pipe line in parallel.

WORKING PRICIPLE: - HVW motor used for making continuous pressure

of 8 kg/sq.cm. during fire on electrical equipments. If suppose Jockey pump is
fails to start in any case then water pressure will get reduce continuously and at
6.8 kg/sq.cm HVW motor starts automatically. After this if suppose in any
critical situation ACLT supply fails and emergency come that fire cause on any
equipment then in this case Diesel engine starts automatically at fall pressure of
5.4 kg/sq.cm.
The fire-fighting system distributed in following three parts.
Emulsifier System: - The emulsifier system has the pressurized water pipe line
at major and costliest equipments in switchyard like ICTs and Reactors to save
them from fire. In this system one main pipe line is there which has nozzles at
its distributed pipe tips. These nozzles create the sprinkle of water on the
equipment. Similarly one sensing line is there which has temperature sensing
glass on its tip. It breaks at higher temperature when fire cause (i.e. at 120C).
Due to this pressure of pipe line reduces and thats why the deluge valve opens
and main pipe line starts sprinkling water on equipment. One bypass pipe line is
also there in parallel with deluge valve which could be used when deluge valve
not works. This is connected directly to the main pressurized pipe line.

Hydrant System: - There are many hydrant points placed in substation at

various places as per their requirement and severity of fire causes. These
hydrant points are nothing but the riser of pipe line kept closed with the valve.
Whenever there is requirement the particular hydrant point is opened and
connected with the hose pipe kept nearby.

Fire Extinguishers: - There are so many types of Fire-Extinguishers. They are

of following types.
Type-A = Water Type: - These types of extinguishers are used for
extinguishing fire of solid type of products like wood, paper, grass etc.
Type-B = DCP (Dry Chemical Powder) Type: - These types of extinguishers
are used for extinguishing fire of oil type liquids, petrochemicals.
Type-C = CO2 (Carbon Di-Oxide) Type: - These types of extinguishers are
used for electrical fire.
Type-D = Foam Type: - These types of extinguishers are used fire of oil,
chemicals etc.
 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES OF EQUIPMENTS
BUSBAR PROTECTION
The main aim is to keep the incoming current same as the outgoing current. To
take any section of the busbar under maintenance, Busbar Switching Schemes
(also Busbar arrangements) are used.

Switching schemes implies different methods employed to connect electrical

circuits in the power system to transfer the electrical power in reliable manner.
Switching schemes helps in deliver the electrical power to power system if any
part of the system is faulty or under maintenance.

In Neemrana Substation,
Bus Scheme
400 KV: One and half Breaker Scheme
220 KV: Two Main and Transfer Scheme

ICT PROTECTION:
Differential Protection
Backup Over Current Protection
Over Fluxing Protection
Restricted Earth Fault Protection

ICT BODY PROTECTION:

Buckholz relay,
Pressure Release Valve
Oil Surge Release Valve
WTI
OTI

ICT MAINTENANCE:
TanD of Bushing (annually)
TanD of Winding (annually)
Megger Test
Voltage Ratio Test (Commissioning)
SFRA-Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (commissioning)
Oil Testing (Quarterly)
BDV-Breakdown Voltage Test
DGA-Dissolved Gas Analysis
PPM-Parts per million Test
ICT TREATMENT:
LFH-Low Frequency Heating (commissioning using special kit)
Oil Treatment
CT Maintenance:
TanD
Ratio Test
Polarity Test
Knee Point Test
Megger Test
Primary Injection Test

BREAKER MAINTENANCE:
Timing Test
DCRM
CRM

LIGHTNING ARRESTER MAINTENANCE:

Leakage Current Monitoring Test (annually)

GENERAL MAINTENANCE:
Tightness Test.
Thermo Vision of the ICT, Isolator Joints, Breaker Joints etc. for
detecting the Hot Spots.

CVT MAINTENANCE:
Voltage Ratio Test
TanD (only in case of problem not annually)

RELAY MAINTENANCE:
Whenever any line is shutdown (due any reason i.e. fault or maintenance
purpose), the associated equipments and the relay testing is done.

DG SET MAINTENANCE:
During Normal condition 415 V LT supply is available through 11 KV
express feeder from Kakadkopar S/S of GETCO. In case of failure of this
supply power is to be restored through 250 KVA DG Set.

Every day the DG set is Run on NO-Load and checked whether it is

functioning properly to ensure proper service during emergency.
 CONCLUSION

This presentation was all about basic details of switchyard equipments and other
essential systems to which I come across during my training period. During this
period I got more exposure to get interact with almost all switchyard
equipments like CB, CT, CVT, WT, REACTOR, ICT, FSC, LA and
ISOLATORS and other auxiliary system i.e. ACLT, DCDB, Fire Fighting
system, DG set. This period has provided me a golden opportunity to learn more
about operation, maintenance and testing etc. I participated in all those activities
which are to be done for operation of substation like Event Logger, PLCC,
Daily Line and Bus Parameters. I was involved in all AMP jobs happening at
site.