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SAT ACT Complex Numbers

The document introduces complex numbers by defining the imaginary unit i as the number whose square is equal to -1. A complex number consists of a real part and an imaginary part in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. The set of complex numbers is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Quadratic equations that have no real solutions can be solved by extending the real numbers to include complex numbers.

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Yb Andik Adi Cahyono
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797 views8 pages

SAT ACT Complex Numbers

The document introduces complex numbers by defining the imaginary unit i as the number whose square is equal to -1. A complex number consists of a real part and an imaginary part in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. The set of complex numbers is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Quadratic equations that have no real solutions can be solved by extending the real numbers to include complex numbers.

Uploaded by

Yb Andik Adi Cahyono
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX NUMBERS

Part 1
The Set of Complex Numbers

A simple quadratic equation x2 = 1 has no solution in the set of real


numbers. In order to be able to solve this equation mathematicians have
introduced the number i with the property that

i2 = 1.

The number is called the imaginary unit.


Note that
0 = 1,
1 = ,
2 = 1,
3 = 2 = (1) = ,

4 = 2 2 = (1)(1) = 1,
5 = 4 = (1) = ,
6 = 4 2 = (1)(1) = 1,
7 = 4 3 = (1)() = ,

8 = 4 4 = (1)(1) = 1, etc.

Example 1 What is the value of 88 22 ?


Solution
88 22 = ( 4 )22 20 2
= (1)22 ( 4 )5 (1)
= 1 1 (1)
= 1 + 1 = 2.
A complex number z is any number that may be expressed in the form
z = a + bi
where a and b are real numbers and is the imaginary unit.

In the complex number z = a + bi, a is called the real part and b the
imaginary part of the complex number.

When a = 0, the number is called a pure imaginary number. When b = 0,


the number is a real number.

The set of real numbers is a subset of the set of complex numbers.

Two complex numbers


z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di
are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal.
z1 = z2 a = c and b = d

The set of complex numbers is closed under addition, subtraction,


multiplication, and division.

Sum of two complex numbers:


z = z1 + z2 = (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Difference of two complex numbers:
z = z1 z2 = (a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i

Product of two complex numbers:


z = z1 z2 = (a + bi)(c + di)
= ac + adi + bci + bdi2
= (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
The number 0 is the additive identity element for the set of complex
numbers:
0 + z = z + 0 = z, z .

The number 1 is the multiplicative identity element for the set of


complex numbers.
1 z = z 1 = z, z .

The complex number = a bi is called conjugate of z =a + bi. Note


that
z = ( + )( )
= 2 ()2 .
= 2 + 2 .

The absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) of a complex number


z =a + bi is
|| = 2 + 2 .
Quotient of two complex numbers:
+
z= 1=
2 +

+ ()()
=
2 ()2

( + ) + ( )
=
2 + 2

+
= + .
2 + 2 2 + 2
Complex numbers extend the concept of the one-dimensional number
line to the two-dimensional complex plane by using the horizontal axis
for the real part and the vertical axis for the imaginary part. The complex
number a + bi can be identified with the point (a,b) in the complex
plane.

"Re" is the real axis, "Im" is the imaginary axis, and i is the imaginary
unit which satisfies i2 = 1.

The commutative, associative, and distributive properties apply to the set


of complex numbers as they do for the set of real numbers.

z 1 + z 2 = z 2 + z 1, z 1 z 2 = z 2 z 1,
(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3) (z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3)
z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 z1 , z2, z3 .
Part 2
Operations with Complex Numbers

Example 1 Perform the indicated operations:

(A) (3 + 2i) + (1 + 7i)


(B) (3 + 2i) (1 + 7i)
(C) (3 + 2i) (1 + 7i)
3 + 2
(D)
1 + 7

Solution
(A) (3 + 2i) + (1 + 7i) = (3 + 1) + (2 + 7)i
= 4 + 9i.
(B) (3 + 2i) (1 + 7i) = (3 1) + (2 7)i
= 2 5i.
(C) Note that complex numbers are multiplied in exactly the same
fashion as binomials. Thus,
(3 + 2i) (1 + 7i) = 3(1) + 3(7i) + (2i)(1) + (2i)(7i)
= 3 + 21i + 2i + 14 2
= 3 + 23i 14
= 11 + 23i.

3 + 2 3 + 2 1 7
(D) =
1 + 7 1 + 7 1 7

3 21 + 2 + 14
=
1 49 2

17 19
=
1+ 49

17 19
=
50

17 19
= .
50 50
Example
What complex number is the multiplicative inverse of 1 + i?
Solution
(1 + i) z = 1
1 1 1
= =
1+ 1+ 1
1 1
= =
1 2 1 (1)
1 1 1
= =
2 2 2

Example 3 If f(x) = x3 + x2 + 2x + 6, find f (i).


Solution
f (i) = i3 + 2 + 2i + 6
= i 1 + 2i + 6
= 5 + i.
2+ 2
Example 4 Simplify:
2 2+

Solution
L.C.D. = (2 i) (2 + i). Combine the fractions:

2+ 2 (2 + )2 (2 )2
= (2 )(2 + )
2 2+

(4 + 4 + 2 ) (4 4 + 2 )
=
4 2

(3 + 4 ) (3 4 )
=
4+1

3 + 4 3 + 4
=
5

8
= .
5
Part 3
Quadratic Equations and Complex Numbers

Example 1 Solve the equation: z2 + 3z + 5 = 0.


Solution
3 32 4(1)(5) az2 + bz + c = 0
=
2(1)

3 9 20

= =
2
3 11
=
2

3 11
= .
2

3 11 3 + 11
The solutions are and .
2 2
2 5
Example 2 Determine the quadratic equation whose roots are
3
2 + 5
and .
3

Solution
2 5
= 3 = 2 5
3

3 + 2 = 5
2
(3 + 2)2 = ( 5)

9 2 + 12 + 4 = 5

9 2 + 12 + 9 = 0
3 2 + 4 + 3 = 0

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