Autumn2016

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

The webinar will start at 12.30

Analysis

Lecture 4
14th October 2015

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Model Answers to

Week 3

Beam Exercise Flexure &

Shear
Gk = 10 kN/m, Qk = 6.5 kN/m (Use EC0 eq. 6.10)

8m

Cover = 35 mm to each face

fck = 30MPa
450
Design the beam in flexure and shear

300

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Aide memoire

Exp (6.10)
Remember
this from the
first week?

Or
Concise
Table 15.5

Workings:- Load, Mult, d, K, K, (z/d,) z, As, VEd, Asw/s

Area,
mm mm2
8 50
10 78.5
12 113
16 201
20 314
25 491
32 804

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Solution - Flexure

ULS load per m = (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25 kN/m

Mult = 23.25 x 82/8 = 186 kNm
d = 450 - 35 - 10 32/2 = 389 mm

M 186 10 6
K 0.137 K = 0.208
bd f ck 300 3892 30
2

K < K No compression reinforcement required

z
d
2

1 1 3.53 K
389
2

1 1 3.53 x 0.137 0.86 x 389 334 0.95d

M 186 x 10 6
As 1280 mm2 Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)
f yd z 435 x 334

Solution - Shear
Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
vRd = 3.64 MPa
vRd > vEd cot = 2.5
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
Asw/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
Asw/s = 0.24 mm
Try H8 links with 2 legs, Asw = 101 mm2
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm
provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing

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Analysis

Lecture 4
12th October 2016

Summary: Lecture 4

EN 1992-1-1: Section 5 Structural Analysis:

Section 5.1 General
Section 5.2 Geometric Imperfections
Section 5.3 Idealisation
Sections 5.4 & 5.5 Linear Elastic Analysis
Section 5.6 Plastic Analysis
Section 5.6.4 Strut & Tie
Worked Example Using Strut & Tie
Sections 5.7 to 5.11 - outline
Exercises

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Section 5.1 General

Structural Analysis
(5.1.1)
Common idealisations used:
linear elastic behaviour
linear elastic behaviour with limited redistribution
plastic behaviour
non-linear behaviour

Local analyses are required where linear strain distribution is not

valid:
In the vicinity of supports
Local to concentrated loads
In beam/column intersections
In anchorage zones
At changes in cross section

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Soil/Structure Interaction
(5.1.2)

Where soil/structure interaction has a significant

affect on the structure use EN 1997-1

Simplifications (see Annex G) include:

flexible superstructure
rigid superstructure; settlements lie in a plane
foundation system or supporting ground assumed to
be rigid
Relative stiffness between the structural system and
the ground > 0.5 indicate rigid structural system

Second Order Effects

(5.1.4)

For buildings 2nd order effects may be ignored if they

are less than 10% of the corresponding 1st order effects.
(But of course you first need to know how big they are!)
(

For 2nd order effects with axial loads, (columns), two

alternative methods of analysis are permitted:
Method A based on nominal stiffnesses (5.8.7)
Method B based on nominal curvature (5.8.8)

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Section 5.2 Geometric

Imperfections

Geometric Imperfections (5.2)

Out-of-plumb imperfection is represented by an inclination, i

where
i = 0 h m
where 0 = 1/200
h = 2/l; 2/3 h 1
m = (0,5(1+1/m)
l is the height of member (m)
m is the number of vert. members

Deviations in cross-section dimensions are normally taken into

account in the material factors and should not be included in
structural analysis

Imperfections need not be considered for SLS

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Geometric Imperfections (5.2)

The effect of geometric imperfections in isolated members may be

accounted for in one of two different ways: either:
a) as an eccentricity, ei, where
ei = i l0/2
So for walls and isolated columns ei = l0/400,
or
b) as a transverse force, Hi, where
Hi = iN for unbraced members
Hi = 2iN for braced members

Geometric Imperfections (5.2)

a) & b) (cont)
ei and Hi in isolated members (e.g.columns)

Unbraced Braced
Most usual

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Geometric Imperfections (5.2)

b) (cont)
Hi in structural systems

i Na
Hi

Nb
l i /2 i
Na
Hi

Nb
i /2

Bracing System Floor Diaphragm Roof

Hi = i (Nb-Na) Hi = i (Nb+Na)/2 Hi = i Na

Geometric Imperfections (5.2)

b) (cont)
Partial factors for Hi
It is not clear how the notional force Hi
should be regarded, i.e. as a
permanent action, a variable action,
an accidental action.
However by inference if should be the
same as for the constituent axial loads
N, NEd, Na and/or Nb.
i.e. Hi = (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk )/(Gk + Qk)
But TCCs Worked Examples says As Hi
derives mainly from permanent actions
its resulting effects are considered as
being a permanent action too. and Hi
= G = 1.35 was used.

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Section 5.3 Idealisation

Idealisation of the structure (5.3)

As week 2

Beam: Span 3h otherwise it is a deep beam

Slab: Minimum panel dimension 5h

One-way spanning

Ribbed or waffle slabs need not be treated as discrete

elements provided that:
rib spacing 1500mm
rib depth below flange 4b
flange depth 1/10 clear distance between ribs or 50mm
- transverse ribs are provided with a clear spacing 10 h

Column: h 4b and L 3h otherwise it should be

considered as a wall

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Effective Flange Width

(5.3.2.1) As week 2

beff = beff,i + bw b
beff
where
beff,1 beff,2
beff,i = 0,2bi + 0,1l0 0,2l0
bw
and beff,i bi

bw
b1 b1 b2 b2
b
l0, is the distance between points of zero moment , viz:

l0 =
l0 = 0,85 l1 0,15(l1 + l2 ) l0 = 0,7 l2 l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3
l1 l2 l3

Effective Length of Beam or Slab

(5.3.2.2) As week 2

h leff

a i = min {1/2h; 1/2t }

ln
ai ln
leff
t
leff = ln + a1 + a2

The design moment and reaction for monolithic

support should generally be taken as the greater of
the elastic and redistributed values
Critical design moment usually at face of support.
( 0,65 the full fixed moment).
Permitted reduction, MEd = FEd.supt/8

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Sections 5.4 & 5.5

Linear Elastic Analysis

Linear Elastic Analysis

(5.4)

Linear elastic analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS

Linear elastic analysis may be carried assuming:

uncracked sections (concrete section only)
linear stress-strain relationships
mean value of the modulus of elasticity

For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage

effects at ULS a reduced stiffness corresponding to
cracked sections may be assumed.

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Linear Elastic Analysis with

Limited Redistribution (5.5)
In continuous beams or slabs which are mainly subject to
flexure and for which the ratio of adjacent spans is
between 0,5 and 2
0,4 + (0,6 + 0,0014/cu2)xu/d
0,7 for Class B and C reinforcement
0,8 for Class A reinforcement
where:
is (redistributed moment)/(elastic moment)
xu is the neutral axis depth after redistribution

For column design the elastic values from the frame

analysis should be used (not the redistributed values).

Redistribution Limits

for Class B & C Steel for Class A Steel

35

30

25 25

20 20
% r e d is t

15 15
% redist

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
x /d
x /d
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50

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Flat Slabs: Annex I

As week 5
The division of Flat Slabs lx (> ly)
into Column strips and
Middle strips is dealt with ly/4 ly/4 B = lx - ly/2
in Annex I, under ly/4
Equivalent Frame Analysis
ly/4

B = ly/2 ly
B Middle strip

A Column strip A = ly/2

Negative moments Positive moments

Column Strip 60 - 80% 50 - 70%

Middle Strip 40 - 20% 50 - 30%

Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and
middle strips together should always add up to 100%.

5.6 Plastic Analysis

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Plastic Analysis
(5.6)

Plastic analysis may be used for ULS

Plastic analysis requires ductility which is provided if:

xu/d 0.25 for C50/60
(or xu/d 0.15 for C55/67) ( K 0.10)
and
Class B or C reinforcement used
and
0.5 < Msppt / Mspan < 2.0)
For higher strengths check rotation capacity to 5.6.3.

Plastic Analysis : Yield Line

Yield Line Method

Based on the work method

m
External energy Expended
by the displacement of
loads
=
Internal energy
m
Dissipated by the m
yield lines rotating
m

m m
mxy

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Plastic Analysis : Yield Line &

Flat Slabs

Upper bound (correct or unsafe) so . . +10%

5.6.4 Strut and Tie

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What is strut and tie?

Strut-and-tie models (STM) are
trusses consisting of struts, ties
and nodes.
a) Modelling
Imagine or draw stress
paths which show the
elastic flow of forces
through the structure
b) STM A deep beam
Replace stress paths with
polygons of forces to
provide equilibrium.

Conventionally, struts are drawn

as dashed lines, ties as full lines
and nodes numbered.
36

What is strut and tie?

c) Design members
Design ties
Check nodes and struts
(may be)

d) Iterate A deep beam

Minimise strain energy
(minimise length of ties)

37

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What is strut and tie?

Strut and tie models are based on the lower bound
theorem of plasticity which states that any
distribution of stresses resisting an applied load is
safe providing:
Equilibrium is maintained
and
Stresses do not exceed yield

What is strut and tie?

In strut and tie models trusses are used with the following components:
Struts (concrete)
Ties (reinforcement)
Nodes (intersections of struts and ties)
Eurocode 2 gives guidance for each of these.

In principle - where non-linear strain distribution exists, strut and tie models
may be used. e.g
Supports
Concentrated loads
Openings

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What is Strut and Tie?

A structure can be divided into:
B (or beam or Bernoulli) regions in which plane sections remain plane and
design is based on normal beam theory,
and
D (or disturbed) regions in which plane sections do not remain plane; so
normal beam theory may be considered inappropriate and Strut & Tie
may be used.

D
regions

40

Poll: At failure, what is P2 / P1?

P1
Please answer:
a) P2 0.5 P1
b) P2 0.66 P1
c) P2 0.75 P1
d) P2 P1
e) P2 1.33 P1
P2 f) P2 2.0 P1

Concept by R
Whittle, drawn by
I Feltham. Used
with permission

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Struts

Cross-sectional dimensions of the strut are determined

by dimensions of the nodes and assumptions made
there.
Usually its thickness x dimension a ( see Figures}
The stress in struts is rarely critical but the stress where
struts abut nodes is (see later).
However . . . . .

6.5.2 Struts
Where there is no transverse tension
Rd,max = fcd
= 0.85 fck /1.5
= 0.57 fck

Otherwise, where there is transverse tension

Rd,max = 0.6 fcd
Where:
= 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.6 x (1-fck/250) x 1.0 x fck /1.5
= 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck

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Bi-axial Strength of Concrete

Axial stress x

fcc

Transverse tension
Loss in axial
strength due

Compression
to transverse
tension

fct fcc
Compression
Tension
Transverse
stress, y, or z
fct
Tension

6.5.3 Ties/Discontinuities in struts

Areas of non-linear strain distribution are referred to as
discontinuities
Partial discontinuity Full discontinuity
Curved
compression
trajectories lead
to tensile forces

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Partial discontinuity

Tension in the reinforcement is T

When b H/2
T = [(b a )/b] F

Reinforcement ties to resist

the transverse force T may be T

discrete or can be smeared

over the length of tension zone
arising from the compression
stress trajectories

Full discontinuity

When b > H/2

T = (1 0.7a /h) F

T
Reinforcement ties to resist the
transverse force T may be
discrete or can be smeared
over the length of tension zone
arising from the compression
stress trajectories

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6.5.4 Nodes

Nodes are typically classified as:

CCC Three compressive struts

CCT Two compressive struts and one tie

CTT One compressive strut and two ties

CCC nodes

The maximum stress at the edge of the

node:
Rd,max = k1 fcd
Where:
k1 = 1.0
= 1-fck/250

Rd,max = (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck

NB Hydrostatic pressures: the stresses c0 ,

Rd,1 Rd,2 & Rd,2 etc are all the same.

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CCT nodes

The maximum compressive stress is:

Rd,max = k2 fcd
Where:
k2 = 0.85
= 1-fck/250
Rd,max = 0.85 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5
= 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
(stresses in the two struts should be equal)

CTT nodes
The maximum compressive stress is:
Rd,max = k3 fcd
Where:
k3 = 0.75
= 1-fck/250

Rd,max = 0.75 (1-fck/250) x 0.85 x fck /1.5

= 0.43 (1-fck/250) fck

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Ties
Design strength, fyd = fyk/1.15

Reinforcement should be anchored into nodes

The anchorage may start as the bar enters the strut

Construction of an STM for a deep

beam using the load path method

Usually taken
as a maximum
63o of 1:2

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Strut & Tie Models

Similarity (single point load)

Worked Example
Pile-Cap Using S&T

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Pile-cap example
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is required
for a pile cap supporting a 500 mm square column carrying 2500 kN
(ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of 600 mm diameter.
fck = 30 MPa
2 500 kN (ULS)

Breadth = 900 mm

1400
150
2700

Pile-cap example
STM
Angle of strut = tan-1(900/1300) 2500kN(ULS)
= 34.7
Width of strut* = 250/cos 34.7
= 304* mm
1400

34.7o 34.7o

Force per strut = 1250/cos 34.7 866 kN

= 1520 kN
Force in tie = 1250 tan 34.7
100

= 866 kN 1800
500/2 = 250
1250kN 1250kN
(ULS) (ULS)
Strut angle

* Conventional but simplistic - see later

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Pile-cap example

Area of steel required:

As 866 x 103/435
1991 mm2
Use 5 H25s (2455 mm2) 5H25

Usually that is probably as far

as you would go. But for the
sake of completeness and the
exercise you will be
undertaking we will
continue:

Pile-cap example
Check forces in truss
Stress in strut (top under half of column)
=1520 x 103/(304 x 500)
Ed =10.0 MPa
866 kN
Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck
= 10.6 MPa
OK

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Pile-cap example
2500 kN
(Elevation)
Nodes: top

From before 1520 kN 1520 kN

Ed,2 = 10.0 MPa (from above)
Ed,3 = 10.0 MPa (as above) 1520 kN 1520 kN

Ed,1 = 2500 x 103/(5002)

= 10.0 MPa Ed,3
Ed,2

Ed,1
Rd,max (for CCC node) (Upside down
elevation!)
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
2500 kN
= 15.0 MPa
61

Pile-cap example
Nodes: bottom (as a check)
Strut above
Width of strut* = 600/cos 34.7
= 730 mm
Stress in strut (bottom as an ellipse) Ed,2

Ed,2 =1520 x 103/(600 x 730 x /4)

1038 kN
= 4.4 MPa Ed,1
Ed,1 = 1250 x 103/( x 3002)
= 1250 kN
= 4.4 MPa
Rd,max (for CCT node)
= 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
= 12.7 MPa OK
* Conventional but simplistic - see later

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Pile-cap example
Detailing
Detailed checks are also required for the following:
Small piles
Determine local tie steel across struts (if reqd)
Detailing of reinforcement anchorage (large radius bends may
be required)

Using S&T, anchorage

starts from here
(100%)

cf 25% here using bending theory

Strut dimensions
Re * previous statement that calculated strut dimension
as 304 mm were Conventional but simplistic - see later
For the CCT node: Not used in previous calcs.
Hence struts themselves
rarely critical.

Similarly for the CCC node

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Comparison: Pile-cap example

Compare previously designed pile

cap using bending theory
MEd =2500 x 1.800/4 = 1125 kNm

Assume:
25 mm for tension reinforcement
12 mm link
d = h cnom - link - 0.5
= 1400 75 - 12 13
= 1300 mm

Comparison: Pile-cap example

K ' 0.208 K
M Ed 1.00 0.208
K
bd 2f ck 0.95 0.195
1125 10 6 0.90 0.182

900 13002 30 0.85 0.168
0.025 K ' 0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
z
2
d

1 1 3.53K 0.70 0.120

1300
2

1 1 3.53 0.025 1270 mm
As = 1125 x 106 / (435 x 1270) = 2036 mm2
Use 5 H25 (2454 mm2)

c.f. using S&T 1991 mm2 reqd and 5H25 provided

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Sections 5.7 5.10 : outline

Other Items re. Analysis

5.7 Non-linear analysis
May be used for ULS and SLS provided equilibrium
and compatibility are satisfied and sections can
withstand inelastic deformations.
5.8 Analysis of second order effects with
axial load.
Slenderness and 2nd order moments dealt with in Columns lecture, viz:
5.9 Lateral instability of slender beams
Limits on h/b in slender rectangular beams
5.10 Prestressed members and structures.
Max stressing forces, max concrete stresses,
prestress force, losses, effects of prestressing
5.11 Particular structural members
Flat slabs are flat slabs and shear walls are shear
walls (!!)

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Design Methods
Elastic methods e.g. moment
distribution, continuous beam, sub-
frame, plane frame, etc all
acceptable.
Plastic methods yield line,
Hillerborg - acceptable
Finite Element Methods - elastic,
elasto-plastic, non-linear etc -
acceptable
Common pitfalls:
Using long term E-values (typically 1/2 to 1/3
short term value)
Not using cracked section properties (typically
1/2 gross properties) by adjusting E-value to suit
Therefore appropriate E-values are usually 4 to
8 kN/mm2
Mtmax (and column transfer moments)
TCC Guidance available
Check punching

Exercises

Lecture 4

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Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T
Using a strut and tie model, what tension reinforcement is required
for a pile cap supporting a 650 mm square column carrying 4 000 kN
(ULS), and itself supported by two-piles of 750 mm diameter?
Are the Node stresses OK?
fck = 30 MPa
4 000 kN (ULS)
Breadth = 1050 mm

1800
If there is time:
Design Asreqd
using beam
150
theory
3300

Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)

Angle of strut = tan-1(_____/_____) 4 000 kN (ULS)

= _____
Width of strut (?)= _____/cos _____
1800

= _____ mm
Force per strut = ______/cos _____
= ______ kN
100

Force in tie = _____ tan ______

= ______ kN 2000 kN 2000 kN
(ULS) (ULS)
325 2250
(?) Strut angle

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Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)

Check forces in truss

Stress in strut (top) = ______ x 103/(_____x 650)
Ed = ______ MPa

Strength of strut:
Rd,max = 0.4 (1-fck/250) fck
= ______ MPa
Area of steel required:
As _______ x 103/435
_______ mm2
Use ______ H ________

Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)

Nodes: bottom

Above pile
Ed,1 = 2000 x 103/(____2 )
= _____ MPa ______ kN
Ed,2 = ______ MPa (say as above)
2000 kN
Rd,max = 0.48 (1-fck/250) fck
= _____ MPa

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Design Execise:
Pile Cap Using S&T (pro forma)

2398 kN 2398 kN
Nodes: top

From above
Ed,1 = 4000 x 103/(6502)
= ______ MPa
4000 kN
Ed,2 = _____ MPa
Ed,3 = _____ MPa

Rd,max
= 0.57 (1-fck/250) fck
= ______ MPa

Working space

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End of Lecture 4
EN 1992-1-1: Section 5 Structural Analysis:
Section 5.1 General
Section 5.2 Geometric Imperfections
Section 5.3 Idealisation
Sections 5.4 & 5.5 Linear Elastic Analysis
Section 5.6 Plastic Analysis
Section 5.6.4 Strut & Tie
Worked Example Using Strut & Tie
Sections 5.7 to 5.11 - outline
Exercises

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