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The document discusses continuous and discrete time signals. Continuous time signals are defined for every value of time from negative infinity to positive infinity, while discrete time signals are only defined at specific time values. It also discusses sinusoidal signals and how discrete time sinusoidal signals are periodic only if the frequency is a rational number. The sampling theorem states that if an analog signal's highest frequency is Fmax and it is sampled at a rate Fs greater than 2Fmax, then the original continuous time signal can be exactly recovered from the sample values. The Nyquist rate is defined as a sampling rate of 2Fmax. The document also discusses bandpass signals and how they can be reconstructed if sampled at a rate greater than twice their bandwidth.

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31 views2 pages

DSP 1 Support

The document discusses continuous and discrete time signals. Continuous time signals are defined for every value of time from negative infinity to positive infinity, while discrete time signals are only defined at specific time values. It also discusses sinusoidal signals and how discrete time sinusoidal signals are periodic only if the frequency is a rational number. The sampling theorem states that if an analog signal's highest frequency is Fmax and it is sampled at a rate Fs greater than 2Fmax, then the original continuous time signal can be exactly recovered from the sample values. The Nyquist rate is defined as a sampling rate of 2Fmax. The document also discusses bandpass signals and how they can be reconstructed if sampled at a rate greater than twice their bandwidth.

Uploaded by

karthik krishna.j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EC3013 DSP Monsoon 2016-17

Notes 1: Support
Continuous time signals
Continuous time signals or analog signals are dened for every value of time,
and they take on values in the continuous interval (a, b), a = , b = .
Sinusoidal signal

xa (t) = Acos (t + ) < t <


= 2F
Tp = 1/F

Discrete time signals


Dened only at certain specic values of time.

x (n) = Acos (n + ) , < n <


= 2f
periodic only if f is a rational number. (Rational number - can be expressed as
the ratio of two integers).

x(n) = xa (nT ) < n <


n
t = nT =
Fs
where T is the sampling period.

xa (nT ) = Acos(2F nT + )
2F n
= Acos( + )
Fs
now we see that the frequency variables f and F are related as,

F
f=
Fs
f is thus called relative or normalized f requency .

Discrete time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer mul-


tiple of 2 are identical.

cos [(0 + 2)n + ] = cos [0 n + 2n + ] = cos(0 n + )


So k and 0 , where k = 0 + 2k 0 are indistinguishable.
= 2f , hence the corresponding range for f 21 f 12 . Frequencies
is
1
in this range are considered unique and all frequencies || > , or |f | >
2 are
considered as aliases.

1
The sampling theorem
If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal xa (t) is Fmax and the
signal is sampled at a rate Fs > 2Fmax , then xa (t) can be exactly recovered
from its sample values using the interpolation function

sin(2Fmax t)
g(t) =
2Fmax t

Thus xa (t) may be expressed as


X n n
xa (t) = xa ( )g(t )
n=
Fs Fs

when Fs = 2Fmax ,

X n sin(2Fmax (t n/2Fmax ))
xa (t) = x( )
n=
2Fmax 2Fmax (t n/2Fmax )

the sampling rate FN = 2Fmax is called the Nyquist rate.


Bandpass form or baseband form
Consider a signal with high frequency components conned to

B1 < F < B 2

where, B1 B2 = B is dened as the bandwidth of the signal. Assumption is


that
B << B1 < B2
Such signals are called as bandpass or narrowband signals. Now, if this signal
is sampled at a rate
Fs 2B
but,
Fs << B1
then all the frequency components contained in the signal will be aliases of the
Fs
frequencies in the range 0 < F <
2 . But we know precisely the frequency
content of the analog signal since we know the band,

B1 < F < B 2

Hence, if the signal is narrowband, we can reconstruct the original signal from
the samples, if the signal is sampled at a rate Fs > 2B .

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