Ems PDF

ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENTS
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
Name of the Subject : Electrical Measurements
JNTU CODE : 56009 Programme : UG / PG
Branch: Electrical & Electronics Engineering Version No :
Year: III Updated on :27/12/2014
Semester: II No. of pages :
Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted )
Distribution List :
Prepared by : 1) Name : K.Mahender 1) Name :
2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : Associate Professor 3) Design :
4) Date : 27/12/2014 4) Date :
Verified by : 1) Name : * For Q.C Only.
2) Sign : 1) Name :
3) Design : 2) Sign :
4) Date : 3) Design :
4) Date :
Approved by : (HOD ) 1) Name : Dr. S.Radhika
2) Sign :
3) Date :
SYLLABUS
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
III Year B.Tech EEE II-Semester
T P C
4+1 *0 4
Unit -I
Classification of measuring instruments-deflecting, controlling and damping systems, ammeters

and voltmeters, PMMC,MI and MC instruments, Expression for the deflecting torque and control
torque. Expression for the deflecting torque and control torque, Errors and compensation and
extension of range using shunts and series resistance, Electrostatic voltmeters-electrometer type
and attracted disc type. Extension of range of electrostatic voltmeters
Unit-II
Introduction to CT & PT- Design considerations, Ratio and phase angle errors, Types of P.F
meters-dynamometer and moving iron type, I ph and 3 ph meters, Frequency meters- resonance
type and Weston type, Synchroscopes
Unit-III
Single phase dynamometer wattmeter-LPF & UPF, Double element and three element
dynamometer wattmeter, Expression for deflecting and controlling torques and extension of
range of wattmeter using instrument transformers, Measurement of active in balanced systems,
Measurement of reactive powers in unbalanced systems.
Unit-IV
Single phase induction type energy meter- driving and braking torques, Errors and compensation,
Testing of energy meter by phantom loading using RSS meter, Three phase energy meter-Tri-
vector meter, Maximum demand meters.
Unit-V
Principle and operation of D.C Cromptons potentiometer, Standardization, Measurement of

unknown resistance, current, voltage, AC Potentiometers polar and coordinate type,
Standardization- applications.
Unit-VI
Method of measuring low, medium and high resistances, Sensitivity of wheat stones bridge,
Carey Foster bridge for measuring low resistance, Kelvins double bridge for measuring low
resistance, Measurement of high resistance- loss of charge method.
Unit-VII
Measurement of inductance and quality factor using Maxwells bridge and Hays bridge,
Andersons bridge, Owens bridge, Measurement of capacitance and loss angle using Desautys
bridge, Wiens bridge, Schering bridge.
Unit-VIII
Ballistic galvanometer- equation of motion and flux meter, Constructional details and
comparison of flux meter with ballistic galvanometer, Determination of B-H loop methods of
reversals six point method, AC testing- iron loss of bar samples, Core loss measurements by
bridges and potentiometers.
Text books:-
1. Electrical measurements and measuring instruments by E.W Golding ad F.C Widdis fifth
edition.
2. Electrical and electronic measurement and instruments by A.K Sawhney Dhanpat Rai and co
3. Electrical measuring instruments by R.K Raj put.

Reference Text Books:-
1. Electrical measurements and measuring instruments by Bakshi-Technical publications
Vision of the Department
To provide excellent Electrical and electronics education by building strong teaching and
research environment
Mission of the Department
1. To offer high quality graduate program in Electrical and Electronics education and to
prepare students for professional career or higher studies.
2. The department promotes excellence in teaching, research, collaborative activities and
positive contributions to society
Programme Educational Objectives (EEE)
PEO 1. Graduates will excel in professional career and/or higher education by acquiring
knowledge in Mathematics, Science, Engineering principles and Computational skills.
PEO 2. Graduates will analyze real life problems, design Electrical systems appropriate to the
requirement that are technically sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable.
PEO 3.Graduates will exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skills, team
work in their profession, adapt to current trends by engaging in lifelong learning and participate
in Research & Development.
Programme Outcomes (EEE)
PO 1. An ability to apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering in Electrical

and Electronics Engineering.
PO 2. An ability to design and conduct experiments pertaining to Electrical and Electronics

Engineering.
PO 3. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams
PO 4. An ability to simulate and determine the parameters such as nominal voltage current,
power and associated attributes.
PO 5. An ability to identify, formulate and solve problems in the areas of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering.
PO 6. An ability to use appropriate network theorems to solve electrical engineering problems.
PO 7. An ability to communicate effectively.
PO 8. An ability to visualize the impact of electrical engineering solutions in global, economic

and societal context.
PO 9. Recognition of the need and an ability to engage in life-long learning.
PO 10. An ability to understand contemporary issues related to alternate energy sources.

PO 11. An ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for
Electrical Engineering Practice.
PO 12. An ability to simulate and determine the parameters like voltage profile and current
ratings of transmission lines in Power Systems.
PO 13. An ability to understand and determine the performance of electrical machines namely
speed, torque, efficiency etc.
PO 14.An ability to apply electrical engineering and management principles to Power Projects.
Course objectives
1. Recognize the importance of testing and measurements in electric circuits. Appreciate the
essential devices comprising an analogue instrument.
2. Explain the operation of an attraction and a repulsion type of moving-iron instruments.
3. Explain the operation of a moving-coil rectifier instruments. Compare moving-coil,

moving-iron and moving coil rectifier instruments.
4. Calculate values of shunts for ammeters and multipliers for voltmeters.
5. Understand the operation of an ohmmeter/megger & Appreciate the operation of

multimeters/voltmeters
6. Understand Appreciate the operation of a wattmeter & instrument loading effects
7. Understand null methods of measurement for a Wheatstone bridge and d.c. potentiometers.
8. Understand the operation of a.c. bridges & the operation of a Q-meter. Appreciate the most
likely source of errors in measurements.
Course outcomes:
1. Graduates will have a good overview of the test, display and analysis equipment used, as
well as suitable data acquisition systems.
2. Graduates will be aware of various types of measurements; requirement of calibrations,
instruments used errors in measurement etc.
3. Graduates will be able to perform accurate measurements and measuring instrument for any
engineering system.
4. This knowledge helps the graduates to build, assemble and use the instruments & Devices for
the relevant measurement.
5. Graduates will be able to choose the size of an electrical machine with a time varying load
(torque).
6. Graduates will be able to calculate the speed, torque, power, current and voltage in different
parts of an electrical motor drive (consisting of mechanical load, electric machine and drive),
at constant speed.
7. Graduates will be able to estimate deviations in measurements due to the influence of the
instrument on the measurement object and due to the accuracy of the instrument.
8. Graduates will show the ability to participate and try to succeed in competitive examinations.
Importance of the course
Measurement skills are very important for science. Accuracy of measurement is one of the
main parameter in industrial development because ability to control depends upon ability to
measure.
Various electrical quantities are required to be measured for testing commissioning,
operation, maintenance and fault finding of electrical equipment and installations.
Measurements are also necessary for safety requirements.
Many non-electrical quantities (pressure, temperature and flow.) are required for process
control in process industry
The result of any measurement is interpreted according to the method of measurement and
specification of instrument used
Objectives of the course:
Basic principles of all measuring instruments.

Measurement of R L C parameters voltage, current, power factor.
Measurement of Power & energy.
Magnetic Measurements.
Prerequisites
1. Electrical machines-I,II,III
2. Network theory
3. Power electronics.
Instructional Learning Outcomes

Unit-1: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Students can identify the applications
Students learn about different types of measuring instruments
Students can identify the importance of use of measuring instruments.
Students learn about how to operate measuring instruments.
Students learn about various rotational variables.
Unit-2: INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS.

Students will be able to learn working principle of Instrument Transformers.
Students will be able to know operation of Current Transformer & Potential Transformer.
Students will be able to identify the different types of instruments.
Students will be able to know the operation of wattmeter.
Students will be able to know the operation of 1-phase and 3-phase frequency meters.
Unit-3: MEASUREMENT OF POWER
Students will be able to learn about Different types of measurement of power.

Students will be able to find mathematical equations.
Students will be able to identify the different types of power.
Students will be able find measurement of active and reactive power.
Students will be able to find advantages of balanced systems.
Unit-4: MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY.

Students will be able to identify the different types of energy measurements.
Students will be able to identify single phase induction type energy meter.
Students will be able to identify the behavior of the systems.
Students will be able to find testing of energy meter by phantom loading using RSS
meter.
Students will be able to find concept of Trivector meter, maximum demand meters.
Unit-5: POTENTIOMETERS
Students will be able to know how to operate DC potentiometers.
Students will be able to use while solving the numerical.
Students will be able to know how to operate AC potentiometers.
Students will be able to know the concept of polar and coordinate types standardization..
Students will be able to determine different real time applications.
Unit-6: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS.
Students will be able to find methods for measuring different types of resistances.
Students will be able to use while solving the numerical.
Students will be able to know how to find resistances levels.
Students will be able to find low resistances
Students will be able to determine the value of high resistances by loss of charge
method
Unit-7: A.C.BRIDGES
Students will be able to identify the controlling of the systems.

Students will be able to find behavior of the system.
Students will be able to find measurement of capacitance and loss angle..
Students will be able to find measurement of inductance and loss angle
Students will be able to find the advantages and disadvantages of bridges.
Unit-8: MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

Students will be able to identify the definitions.
Students will be able to find operations of ballistic galvanometer.
Students will be able to identify how to operate flux meter
Students will be able to find constructional details.
Students will be able to find the comparison with different galvanometer.
COURSE MAPPING WITH PEOS AND POS
Mapping of Course with Programme Educational Objectives

S.No Course code course Semester PEO 1 PEO 2 PEO 3
component
Professional
1 EM II
Core
Mapping of Course outcomes with Programme outcomes:

When the course outcome weightage is < 40%, it will be given as moderately
correlated(1)
When the course outcome weightage is >40%, it will be given as strongly correlated (2).
POS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
EHV AC
CO1: Student will have a 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

good overview of the test,
display and analysis
equipment used, as well as
suitable data acquisition
systems.
CO2: Student will be aware 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
of various types of
measurements, requirement of
calibrations, instruments used
errors in measurement etc.
CO3: Student will be able to 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
perform accurate
measurements and measuring
instrument for any
engineering system.
CO4: This knowledge helps 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

them to build, assemble and
use the instruments & Devices
for the relevant measurement
CO5: Student will be able to 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

choose the size of an electrical
machine with a time varying
load (torque).
CO6: Student will be able 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
to calculate the speed, torque,
power, current and voltage in
different parts of an electrical
motor drive (consisting of
mechanical load, electric
machine and drive), at
constant speed.
CO7: Student will be able 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
to estimate deviations in
measurements due to the
influence of the instrument on
the measurement object and
due to the accuracy of the
instrument.
CO8: Graduates will show 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
the ability to participate and
try to succeed in competitive
examinations.
INDIVIDUAL TIME TABLE

CLASS TIME TABLE
Lecture schedule
S. Unit Topics to be covered Total no of Teaching aids
L No Periods
no
1 1 Classification of measuring instruments-deflecting, 2 BB
controlling and damping systems, ammeters and
voltmeters
PMMC, MI and MC instruments 2 BB
Expression for the deflecting torque and control 1 BB
torque
Errors and compensation and extension of range 1 BB
using shunts and series resistance
Electrostatic voltmeters-electrometer type and 1 BB
attracted disc type, Extension of range of
electrostatic voltmeters
Tutorial-1 1 BB
2 2 Introduction to CT & PT- Design considerations 1 BB
Ratio and phase angle errors 1 BB
Types of P.F meters-dynamometer and moving iron 1 BB
type,
I ph and 3 ph meters 1 BB
Frequency meters- resonance type and Weston type 1 BB
Synchroscopes 1 BB
Additional Topic-1 1 LCD
Tutorial-2 1 BB
Solve University Question Papers 1 BB
Assignment Test-I 1
3 3 Single phase dynamometer wattmeter-LPF & UPF 1 BB
Double element and three element dynamometer 1 BB
wattmeter
Expression for deflecting and controlling torques 1 BB
and extension of range of wattmeter using
instrument transformers
Measurement of active in balanced systems 1 BB
Measurement of reactive powers in unbalanced 1 BB
systems
Tutorial-3 1 BB
4 4 Single phase induction type energy meter- driving 1 BB
and braking torques
Errors and compensation 1 BB
Testing of energy meter by phantom loading using 1 BB
RSS meter
Three phase energy meter-Tri-vector meter 1 BB
Maximum demand meters. 1 BB
Tutorial-4 1 BB
Assignment Test-II 1
Mid Test-I 1
5 5 Principle and operation of D.C Cromptons 1 BB

potentiometer
Standardization 1 BB
Measurement of unknown resistance, current, 1 BB
voltage
AC Potentiometers polar and coordinate type 1 BB
Standardization- applications 1 BB
Tutorial-5 1
6 6 Method of measuring low, medium and high 1 BB
resistances
Sensitivity of wheatstones bridge 1 BB
Carey Foster bridge for measuring low resistance 1 BB
Kelvins double bridge for measuring low resistance 1 BB
Measurement of high resistance- loss of charge 1 BB
method
Tutorial-6 1 BB
Assignment Test-III 1
7 7 Measurement of inductance and quality factor using 1 BB

Maxwells bridge and Hays bridge
Andersons bridge, Owens bridge 1 BB
Measurement of capacitance and loss angle using 1 BB
Desautys bridge
Wiens bridge 1 BB
Schering bridge 1 BB
Tutorial-7 1 BB
8 8 Ballistic galvanometer- equation of motion and flux 1 BB
meter
Constructional details and comparison of flux meter 2 BB
with ballistic galvanometer
Determination of B-H loop methods of reversals six 2 BB
point method
AC testing- iron loss of bar samples 2 BB
Core loss measurements by bridges and 2 BB
potentiometers.
Tutorial-8 1 BB
Assignment Test-IV 1
Mid Test-II 1
Total No of classes required 69

1.6 Micro Plan:-
SL Period Unit Date Topic to be covered in One lecture Reg/Additi Teaching Rema
. No No onal aids used rks
No LCD/OHP/
BB
1 1 1 29,30/12 Classification of measuring instruments- Regular LCD/ BB
deflecting, controlling and damping systems,
ammeters and voltmeters
31/12, PMMC, MI and MC instruments Regular LCD/ BB
01/01
02/01 Expression for the deflecting torque and Regular LCD/ BB
control torque
05/01 Errors and compensation and extension of Regular LCD/ BB
range using shunts and series resistance
06/01 Electrostatic voltmeters-electrometer type and Regular LCD/ BB
attracted disc type, Extension of range of
electrostatic voltmeters
07/01 Tutorial-1 BB
1 2 08,09/01 Introduction to CT & PT- Design Regular LCD/ BB
considerations, Ratio and phase angle errors
12/01 Types of P.F meters-dynamometer and moving Regular LCD/ BB
iron type,
13/01 I ph and 3 ph meters Regular LCD/ BB
16/01 Frequency meters- resonance type and Weston Regular LCD/ BB
type
19/01 Synchroscopes Regular LCD/ BB
20/01 SPEED DETECTION CAMERA Additional LCD/ BB
21/01 Tutorial-2 BB
22/01 Solve University Question Papers BB
23/01 Assignment Test-I
1 3 27/01 Single phase dynamometer wattmeter-LPF & Regular LCD/ BB
UPF
28/01 Double element and three element Regular LCD/ BB
dynamometer wattmeter
29/01 Expression for deflecting and controlling Regular LCD/ BB
torques and extension of range of wattmeter
using instrument transformers
30/01 Measurement of active in balanced systems Regular LCD/ BB
02/02 Measurement of reactive powers in unbalanced Regular LCD/ BB
systems
03/02 Tutorial-3 BB
1 4 04/02 Single phase induction type energy meter- Regular LCD/ BB
driving and braking torques
05/02 Errors and compensation Regular LCD/ BB
06/02 Testing of energy meter by phantom loading Regular LCD/ BB
using RSS meter
09/02 Three phase energy meter-Tri-vector meter Regular LCD/ BB
10/02 Maximum demand meters. Regular LCD/ BB
11/02 GYROSCOPE Additional LCD/ BB
12/02 Tutorial-4 BB
16/02 Assignment Test-II
18/02 Mid Test-I
1 5 24/02 Principle and operation of D.C Cromptons Regular LCD/ BB
potentiometer
25/02 Standardization Regular LCD/ BB
26/02 Measurement of unknown resistance, current, Regular LCD/ BB
voltage
27/02 AC Potentiometers polar and coordinate type Regular LCD/ BB
02/03 Standardization- applications Regular LCD/ BB
03/03 Tutorial-5
1 6 04/03 Method of measuring low, medium and high Regular LCD/ BB
resistances
06/03 Sensitivity of wheat stones bridge Regular LCD/ BB
09/03 Carey Foster bridge for measuring low Regular LCD/ BB
resistance
10/03 Kelvins double bridge for measuring low Regular LCD/ BB
resistance
11/03 Measurement of high resistance- loss of charge Regular LCD/ BB
method
12/03 Additional Topic-3 Additional LCD/ BB
13/03 Tutorial-6 BB
17/3 ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE
1 7 18, 19/3 Measurement of inductance and quality factor Regular LCD/ BB
using Maxwells bridge and Hays bridge
20/3 Andersons bridge, Owens bridge Regular LCD/ BB
23/3 Measurement of capacitance and loss angle Regular LCD/ BB
using Desautys bridge
24/3 Wiens bridge Regular LCD/ BB
25/3 Schering bridge Regular LCD/ BB
26/3 Tutorial-7 BB
1 8 27/3 Ballistic galvanometer- equation of motion and Regular LCD/ BB
flux meter
30,31/03 Constructional details and comparison of flux Regular LCD/ BB
meter with ballistic galvanometer
01, 02/04 Determination of B-H loop methods of Regular LCD/ BB
reversals six point method
06, 07/04 AC testing- iron loss of bar samples Regular LCD/ BB
08, 09/04 Core loss measurements by bridges and Regular LCD/ BB
potentiometers.
10/04 MEMRISTOR Additional LCD/ BB
13/04 Tutorial-8 BB
16/04 Assignment Test-IV
17/04 Mid Test-II
Total No of classes required 69
DETAILED NOTES
University Question
papers of previous
years
QUESTION BANK
UNIT-1
1. Give the classification of measuring instruments and list the basic essential
requirements? Discuss in detail about eddy current damping
2. Discuss in detail about PMMC derive the torque equation and list its merits and
demerits?
3. Discuss in detail about MI instruments and derive the torque equation?
4. Explain the heterostatic connection of electrostatic voltmeter and derive an expression

for torque.
5. Explain in detail about capacitance multiplier method in detail.
UNIT-2
1. Derive an expression for actual ratio and phase angle for a potential transformer?
2. Give the remedies for reduction of errors in an instrument transformer?
3. Discuss in detail with neat diagram NALDAR-LIPMAN power factor meter?
4. Give the classification of frequency meters and discuss in detail about electrical
resonance type frequency meter?
5. Explain about Weston frequency meter.

UNIT-3
1. List the errors in a wattmeter and discuss in detail about error produced due to pressure
coil inductance.
2. Explain the necessity of LPF wattmeter and discuss about LPF wattmeter in detail.
3. State and prove BLONDELs theorem.
4. Derive an expression for power factor () and reactive power using two wattmeter
method?
5. Explain about three phase wattmeter?
UNIT-4
1. Give the construction of energy meter and explain its principle of operation with neat
diagram?
2. Derive the torque equation for a single phase energy meter?
3. List the errors in a energy meter? Discus in detail about lag adjustment?
4. What is creeping and discuss the compensation for creeping error?
UNIT- 5
1a).Explain the operation of a basic dc slide wire potentiometer in detail.
b). A basic slide wire potentiometer has a working battery voltage of 3v with negligible
internal resistance. The resistance of slide wire is 400 and its length is 200cm. A 200 cm
scale is placed along the slide wire. The slide wire has 1 mm scale divisions and is possible
to read up to 1/5 th of a division. The instrument is standardized with 1.018v standard cell
with sliding contact at 101.8 cm mark on scale. Calculate: 1) working current 2) resistance
of series rheostat 3) measurement range. 4) Resolution of the instrument.
2a). What is standardization and explain about Cromptons dc potentiometer.

b). A single range potentiometer has 18 step dial switch where each step represents 0.1v.
The dial resistors are 10. The slide wire of potentiometer is circular and has 11 turns and
resistance of 11 . The slide wire has 100 divisions and interpolation can be done to to 1/4th
of division. The working battery has a voltage of 6v and negligible internal resistance.
Calculate.1) The measuring range of potentiometer 2) The resolution 3) Working current
4) Setting of the rheostat.
3a). Explain in detail about dry dale Tinsley potentiometer.

b). Measurement for the determination of the impedance of a coli were made on a
coordinate potentiometer are as follows.
i) Voltage across 1 standard resistance in series with the coil is (0.952-j0.34) Volts.
ii) Voltage across a 10:1 potential divider connected to the terminals of the coil is
(1.35+j1.28) volts.
Calculate the resistance and reactance of the coil.
4a). Explain in detail about gal Tinsley potentiometer.

b) Calculate the inductance of the coil from the following measurements on an ac
potentiometer
i) Voltage drop across a 0.1 standard resistance connected in series with the coil
=0.613<1206volts
ii) Voltage across test coil through 100:1 voltage ratio box =0.781<50048volts
Frequency is 50 Hz.
5a). Give the applications of ac potentiometers in detail.

b) In the measurement of power by a polar potentiometer the following readings were
obtained.
i) Voltage across 0.2 standard resistance in series with load =1.46<320 Volts.
ii) Voltage across 200:1 potential divider across the line =1.37<560
Estimate the current, voltage, power and power factor of the load.
UNIT-6
1 a) Discuss in detail about sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge.
b) A Kelvin double bridge is balanced with the following constants:
Outer ratio arm=100 and 1000 ,
Inner ratio arm= 99.92 and 1000.6 ,
Resistance of the link=0.1 ,
Standard resistance =0.00377 ,
Calculate the value of unknown resistance.
2a) Discuss the operation of Wheatstone bridge under small unbalance condition its
limitations.
b) A highly sensitive galvanometer can detect a current as low as 0.1nA. This galvanometer
is used in Wheatstone bridge as a detector. The resistance of the galvanometer is negligible.
Each arm of the bridge has a resistance of 1k. The input voltage applied to the bridge is
20v. Calculate the smallest change in the resistance which can be detected.
3a) Discuss in detail about Carey foster slide Wire Bridge with necessary equations.
b) In a Carey foster bridge a resistance of 1.0125 is compared with a standard resistance
of 1.0000 , the slide wire has a resistance of 0.250 in 100 divisions. The ratio arms
normally each of 10 , are actually 10.05 and 9.95 respectively. How far (in scale
divisions) are the balance positions from those which would obtain of ration arms were true
to their normal value? The slide wire is 100cm long.
4a) What are the practical difficulties for the measurement of high resistances.
b) In a laboratory voltmeter of 200 resistances and an ammeter of 0.02 resistance are
available. Calculate the value of resistance that can be measured by ammeter voltmeter
method for which the two different circuit arrangements give equal errors.
5a) What are the various methods used for the measurement of high resistance and discuss
in detail about loss of charge method.
b) The length of the cable is tested for insulation by loss of charge method. An electrostatic
voltmeter of infinite resistance is connected between the cable conductor and earth,
forming there with a joint capacitance of 600pf. It is observed that after charging the
voltage falls from 250v to 92 v in 1 minute. Calculate the insulation resistance of the cable.
UNIT-7
1a) Explain in detail about Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge with relevant
derivations and list its advantages and disadvantages.
b) The four arms of a-b-c-d has following impedances.
Arm ab Z1=200<600 arm ad Z2=400<-600 arm bc Z3=300<00 arm cd Z4=600<300
Determine whether it is possible to balance the bridge under above conditions.
2a) Explain in detail about Andersons bridge with relevant derivations and list its
advantages and disadvantages.
b) The four arms of the bridge are as follows:
Arm ab: an imperfect capacitor C1 with an equivalent series resistance of r1
Arm bc: a non-inductive resistance R3
Arm cd: a non-inductive resistance R4
Arm da: an imperfect capacitor C2 with an equivalent resistance of r2 in series with
resistance R2.
A supply at 450 hz is connected between terminals a and c the detector is connected
between b and d. At the balance condition:
R2=4.8 , R3=200 R4=2850 and C2=0.5f, r2=0.4
Calculate values of C1 and r1 and also the dissipating factor for the capacitor.
3a) Explain in detail about Hays bridge with relevant derivations and list its advantages
and disadvantages
b) The four arms of Hays Bridge are arranged as follows:
AB: coil of unknown impedance.
BC: non-reactive resistance of 100
CD: non-reactive resistance of 833 in series with 0.38 f capacitor.
DA: non-reactive resistor of 16800
If the supply frequency is 50 Hz determine the resistance and inductance at the balance
condition.
4a) Explain in detail about De sauty bridge with relevant derivations.

b) In a heavy side Campbell bridge used for the measurement of a self inductance Lx with
the equal ratio ieR3=R4, the following results were obtained. With switch open M-15.8mH,
r=25.7 with switch closed M=0.2mH and r= 1.2 . Find the resistance and self
inductance of the coil.
5a) Explain in detail about Owens bridge with relevant derivations and list its advantages
and disadvantages
b) An ac bridge circuit is used to measure the properties of sample sheet steel at 2 kHz. At
balance arm ab is test specimen. Arm bc is 100 . Arm cd is 0.1f capacitor and branch da
is 834 is series with 0.124f capacitor. Calculate the effective impedance of the specimen
under test conditions.
UNIT-8:
1. Explain in detail about ballistic galvanometer with a neat diagram.

2. Explain in detail about fluxmeter with a neat diagram.
3. Derive an equation for motion.
4. Give the comparison between fluxmeter and ballistic galvanometer.
Assignment Questions
UNIT-1
1. Give the classification of measuring instruments and list the basic essential requirements?
Discuss in detail about eddy current damping
2. Discuss in detail about PMMC derive the torque equation and list its merits and demerits?
3. Discuss in detail about MI instruments and derive the torque equation?
4. Explain the heterostatic connection of electrostatic voltmeter and derive an expression for
torque.
5. Explain in detail about capacitance multiplier method in detail.
UNIT-2
1. Derive an expression for actual ratio and phase angle for a potential transformer?
2. Give the remedies for reduction of errors in an instrument transformer?
3. Discuss in detail with neat diagram NALDAR-LIPMAN power factor meter?
4. Give the classification of frequency meters and discuss in detail about electrical resonance
type frequency meter?
5. Explain about Weston frequency meter.
UNIT-3
1. List the errors in a wattmeter and discuss in detail about error produced due to pressure coil
inductance.
2. Explain the necessity of LPF wattmeter and discuss about LPF wattmeter in detail.
3. State and prove BLONDELs theorem.
4. Derive an expression for power factor () and reactive power using two wattmeter method?
5. Explain about three phase wattmeter?
UNIT-4
1. Give the construction of energy meter and explain its principle of operation with neat
diagram?
2. Derive the torque equation for a single phase energy meter?
3. List the errors in a energy meter? Discus in detail about lag adjustment?
4. What is creeping and discuss the compensation for creeping error?
UNIT- 5
1a).Explain the operation of a basic dc slide wire potentiometer in detail.
b). A basic slide wire potentiometer has a working battery voltage of 3v with negligible internal
resistance. The resistance of slide wire is 400 and its length is 200cm. A 200 cm scale is placed
along the slide wire. The slide wire has 1 mm scale divisions and is possible to read up to 1/5 th
of a division. The instrument is standardized with 1.018v standard cell with sliding contact at
101.8 cm mark on scale. Calculate: 1) working current 2) resistance of series rheostat 3)
measurement range. 4) Resolution of the instrument.
2a). What is standardization and explain about Cromptons dc potentiometer.

b). A single range potentiometer has 18 step dial switch where each step represents 0.1v. The
dial resistors are 10. The slide wire of potentiometer is circular and has 11 turns and resistance
of 11 . The slide wire has 100 divisions and interpolation can be done to to 1/4th of division.
The working battery has a voltage of 6v and negligible internal resistance. Calculate.1) The
measuring range of potentiometer 2) The resolution 3) Working current 4) Setting of the
rheostat.
3a). Explain in detail about dry dale Tinsley potentiometer.
b). Measurement for the determination of the impedance of a coli were made on a coordinate
potentiometer are as follows.
i) Voltage across 1 standard resistance in series with the coil is (0.952-j0.34) Volts.
ii) Voltage across a 10:1 potential divider connected to the terminals of the coil is (1.35+j1.28)
volts.
Calculate the resistance and reactance of the coil.
4a). Explain in detail about gal Tinsley potentiometer.

b) Calculate the inductance of the coil from the following measurements on an ac potentiometer
i) Voltage drop across a 0.1 standard resistance connected in series with the coil
=0.613<1206volts
ii) Voltage across test coil through 100:1 voltage ratio box =0.781<50048volts
Frequency is 50 Hz.
5a). Give the applications of ac potentiometers in detail.

b) In the measurement of power by a polar potentiometer the following readings were obtained.
i) Voltage across 0.2 standard resistance in series with load =1.46<320 Volts.
ii) Voltage across 200:1 potential divider across the line =1.37<560
Estimate the current, voltage, power and power factor of the load.
UNIT-6
1 a) Discuss in detail about sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge.
b) A Kelvin double bridge is balanced with the following constants:
Outer ratio arm=100 and 1000 ,
Inner ratio arm= 99.92 and 1000.6 ,
Resistance of the link=0.1 ,
Standard resistance =0.00377 ,
Calculate the value of unknown resistance.
2a) Discuss the operation of Wheatstone bridge under small unbalance condition its limitations.
b) A highly sensitive galvanometer can detect a current as low as 0.1nA. This galvanometer is
used in Wheatstone bridge as a detector. The resistance of the galvanometer is negligible. Each
arm of the bridge has a resistance of 1k. The input voltage applied to the bridge is 20v.
Calculate the smallest change in the resistance which can be detected.
3a) Discuss in detail about Carey foster slide Wire Bridge with necessary equations.
b) In a Carey foster bridge a resistance of 1.0125 is compared with a standard resistance of
1.0000 , the slide wire has a resistance of 0.250 in 100 divisions. The ratio arms normally
each of 10 , are actually 10.05 and 9.95 respectively. How far (in scale divisions) are the
balance positions from those which would obtain of ration arms were true to their normal value?
The slide wire is 100cm long.
4a) What are the practical difficulties for the measurement of high resistances.
b) In a laboratory voltmeter of 200 resistances and an ammeter of 0.02 resistance are
available. Calculate the value of resistance that can be measured by ammeter voltmeter method
for which the two different circuit arrangements give equal errors.
5a) What are the various methods used for the measurement of high resistance and discuss in
detail about loss of charge method.
b) The length of the cable is tested for insulation by loss of charge method. An electrostatic
voltmeter of infinite resistance is connected between the cable conductor and earth, forming
there with a joint capacitance of 600pf. It is observed that after charging the voltage falls from
250v to 92 v in 1 minute. Calculate the insulation resistance of the cable.
UNIT-7
1a) Explain in detail about Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge with relevant derivations
and list its advantages and disadvantages.
b) The four arms of a-b-c-d has following impedances.
Arm ab Z1=200<600 arm ad Z2=400<-600 arm bc Z3=300<00 arm cd Z4=600<300
Determine whether it is possible to balance the bridge under above conditions.
2a) Explain in detail about Andersons bridge with relevant derivations and list its advantages
and disadvantages.
b) The four arms of the bridge are as follows:
Arm ab: an imperfect capacitor C1 with an equivalent series resistance of r1
Arm bc: a non-inductive resistance R3
Arm cd: a non-inductive resistance R4
Arm da: an imperfect capacitor C2 with an equivalent resistance of r2 in series with resistance R2.
A supply at 450 hz is connected between terminals a and c the detector is connected between b
and d. At the balance condition:
R2=4.8 , R3=200 R4=2850 and C2=0.5f, r2=0.4
Calculate values of C1 and r1 and also the dissipating factor for the capacitor.
3a) Explain in detail about Hays bridge with relevant derivations and list its advantages and
disadvantages
b) The four arms of Hays Bridge are arranged as follows:
AB: coil of unknown impedance.
BC: non-reactive resistance of 100
CD: non-reactive resistance of 833 in series with 0.38 f capacitor.
DA: non-reactive resistor of 16800
If the supply frequency is 50 Hz determine the resistance and inductance at the balance
condition.
4a) Explain in detail about De sauty bridge with relevant derivations.

b) In a heavy side Campbell bridge used for the measurement of a self inductance Lx with the
equal ratio ieR3=R4, the following results were obtained. With switch open M-15.8mH, r=25.7
with switch closed M=0.2mH and r= 1.2 . Find the resistance and self inductance of the coil.
5a) Explain in detail about Owens bridge with relevant derivations and list its advantages and
disadvantages
b) An ac bridge circuit is used to measure the properties of sample sheet steel at 2 kHz. At
balance arm ab is test specimen. Arm bc is 100 . Arm cd is 0.1f capacitor and branch da is
834 is series with 0.124f capacitor. Calculate the effective impedance of the specimen under
test conditions.
UNIT-8:
1. Explain in detail about ballistic galvanometer with a neat diagram.

2. Explain in detail about fluxmeter with a neat diagram.
3. Derive an equation for motion.
4. Give the comparison between fluxmeter and ballistic galvanometer.
UNIT WISE QUIZ QUESTIONS AND LONG QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions
Unit 1
1. In dArsonal galvonometer, an iron core is usually used between the permanant magnet pole faces.
This is used so that
a) Flux density in the air gap becomes high thereby a large deflecting torque is produced.
b) The effect of stray magnetic fields is reduced
c) Moment of inertia of moving parts becomes smaller
d) None of the above
Ans : ( a )
2. If the damping in a dArsonval galvonometer is only due to electromagnetic effects, the resistance
required for critical damping is:
a) G2 / CJ
b) G / CJ
c) G / 2 CJ
d) G2 / : CJ
Ans : ( d )
3. Ayrton shunt is used in d Arsonval Galvanometers so as to limit the current in the galvanometer
coil to its maximum permissible value. The relative value of current through the galvonometer coil
and the shunt.
a) Depends upon the value of resistance of galvonometer coil only
b) Depends upon the value of resistance of galvonometer coil and the shunt.
c) Does not depends upon the value of resistance of galvanometer coil.
d) Non of the above.
Ans : ( C )
4. Electronic type instruments are primarily used as
a) Ammeter
b) Waltmeter
c) Voltmeter
d) Ohm meter
Ans : ( c )
5. The range of the electronic voltmeter can be extended by using

a) A capacitor in series with the voltmeter whose capacitance is grater than the capacitance of the
voltmeter
b) A capacitor in series with the voltmeter whose capacitance is smaller than the capacitance of
the voltmeter
c) A resistor in series with the voltmeter
d) An inductor in series with the voltmeter
Ans : ( b )
6. The high torque to weight ratio in an anolog indicationg instrument indicates
a) High friction loss
b) Low friction loss
c) Nothing regards friction loss
Ans : ( b )
7. Which meter has the highest accuracy in the prescribed limit of frequency range:
a) PMMC
b) Moving iron
c) Electrodynomometer
d) Rectifier
Ans : ( c )
8.Which instrument is the cheapest disregarding the accuracy?
a) PMMC
b) Moving iron
c) Electrodynomometer
d) Rectifier
Ans : ( b )
9. Which instrument has the highest frequency range with accuracy with in reasonable limits?
a) Moving iron
b) Electrodynomometer
c) Thermocouple
d) Rectifier
Ans : ( c )
10. Swamping resistance is connected
a) In series with the shunt to reduce temperature error in shunted ammeter.
b) In series with the ammeter to reduce errors on account of friction.
c) In series with meter and have a high resistance of temperature co-efficient in order to reduce
temperature errors in ammeters.
d) In series with the meter and have a negligible resistance co-efficient in order to reduce
temperature error in shunted ammeters.
Ans : ( d )
11. A quardrant type dectostatic instruments uses two types of connections (i) Heterostatic and (ii)
Idiostatic. An external battery is used.
a) For idiostatic connection
b) For heterostatic connection
c) For both idiostatic and heterostatic connections
d) None of the above.
Ans : ( b )
12. Horizontally mounted moving iron instruments use.
a) Eddy curent damping
b) Electromagnetinc clamping
c) Fluid friction damping
d) Air friction damping
Ans : ( d )
13. The eddy current damping cannot be used in moving iron instruments due to:
a) They have a strong operating magnetic feild
b) They are not normally used in vertical position
c) They need a large damping force which can only be provided by air friction.
d) They have a very weak operating magnetic feild and introduction of a permanant magnet
required for eddy current damping would distort the operating magnetic field.
Ans : ( d )
14. An electrostatic voltmeter draws a small value of current on d.c
a) Under steady state condition respective of the applied voltage
b) When switched on irrespective of the applied voltage
c) When measuring low voltages
d) When measuring high voltages
Ans : ( a )
15. Why are multimeters provided with separate scale for low a.c voltages ?
a) To improve the readability of the scale
b) To have high accuracy
c) To take in to account the high value of resistance of rectifier at low voltages (and current ) and
also the fact that at low voltages (an current) the value of rectifier resistance ifs not constant but
varies considerably even for small change in voltages ( or Current)
Ans : ( c )
16. A voltmeter has resistance of 2000 . when it is connect accross a d.c circuit its power
consumption is 2mw Suppose this voltmeter is replaced by a voltmeter of 4000 resistance, the
power consumption will be.
a) 4mw
b) I mw
c) 2 mw
Ans : ( b )
17. A 1mA dArsonval movement has a resistance of 100. It is to be converted to a 10 v voltmeter. The
value of multipliers resistance is.
a) 900
b) 9999
c) 9900
d) 990
Ans : ( c )
18. A dArsonval movement is rated at 50A. Its sesitivity is
a) 20000 /v
b) 200000 /v
c) 200 /v
d) Cannot be determined
Ans : ( a )
19. In order that an electrodynamometer type of instrument exhibits a pure square law response, the
meter range should be limited to :
a) -45 to +45 about the position for zero mutual inductance between fixed and mousing coils.
b) -45 to +45 about the position for maximum mutual inductance between fixed and moving coil
c) -22.5 to 22.5 about the position for zero inductance between fixed and moving coils
d) -90 to 90 about the position for maximum mutual inductance between fixed and moving coils
Ans : ( a )
20. Moving iron type of instrument can be used as
a) Standard instruments for calibration of other instruments
b) Transfer type instrument
c) Indicator type instrument as on pands
d) All of the above
Ans : ( c )
21. Moving iron instruments when measuring voltages are currents
a) Indicate the same values of the measurement for both ascending and descending values.
b) Indicate higher value of measurement for both ascending values.
c) Indicate higher value of measurement and for descending values
Ans : ( c )
22. An electrodynomometer type of instruments finds its major use as

a) Standard instruments only
b) Transfer instruments only
c) Both as standard and transfer instrument
d) An indicator type of instrument
Ans : ( b )
23. The power consumption of PMMC instruments is typically about.
a) 0.25 w to 2w
b) 0.25 mw to 2 mw
c) 25 w to 200 w
Ans : ( c )
24. The frequency range of moving iron instrument is
a) Audio frequency band 20Hz to 20 KHz
b) Very low frequency band 10Hz to 30 KHz
c) Low frequency band 30Hz to 300 KHz
d) Power frequency 0 to 125 Hz
Ans : ( d )
25. Spring controlled moving iron instruments exhibit a square law response resulting in non-linear
scale, the shape of the scale can be made almost linear by.
a) Reducing rate of change of inductance, L, with deflection, , as constant.
b) Keeping 1/, dl/d as constant
c) Keeping 1/k as constant where k is the spring constant
d) Keeping o, dl/d as constant.
Ans : ( d )
26. A megger is used for measurement of
a) Low valued resistance
b) Medium value resistance
c) High value resistance, particularly insulation resistance

d) All the above
Ans : ( d )
27. A make before break switch is provided to disconnect the battery when the meter is not in use is
a) Both series and shunt type ohmmeters
b) Only series type ohmmeters
c) Only in shunt type ohmmeters
Ans : ( c )
28. A moving iron instrument can be used for current and voltage measurments.
a) In a.c circuits only
b) In d.c circuits only
c) In both a.c and d.c circuits for any value of frequency ( in case of a.c circuits )
d) In both a.c and d.c circuits for any frequency upto about 125Hz ( in case of a.c circuits )
Ans : ( d )
29. In spring control measuring instruments, the scale is
a) Uniform
b) Cramped at the lower end and expanded at the upper end
c) Expanded at the lower end and cramped at the upper end
d) Cramped both at the lower and upper ands.
Ans : ( b)
30. The moving iron voltmeter indicates
a) The same value of d.c and a.c voltages
b) Lower values for a.c voltage than for corresponding d.c voltages
c) Higher values for a.c voltage than for corresponding d.c voltages
Ans : ( b )
31. A moving iron voltmeter reacts low for a.c voltmeter than for corresponding values of d.c voltages.
The meters can be made to read equally for both a.c and d.c voltages.
a) If the resistance of the multiplier is made very high
b) If the induction of the coil is made small
c) The resistance of the coil made very large.
d) If the multiplier resistance is shunted by a capacitor of appropriate value to make the circuit
non-inductive
Ans : ( d )
Unit 2:
1. The ratio of transformation in the case of potential transformers.
a) Increases with the incresase in power factor of secondary burden
b) Remains constant irrespective of the power factor of secondary burden
c) Decreases increase in power factor of secondary burden
Ans ( C )
2.In case of potential transformers
a) The phase angle error is always positive
b) The phase angle error is always negetive
c) The phase angle error is usually zero.
d) The phase angle error is always positive when the secondary winding voltage reversed leads
the primary winding voltage and is negative when the secondary winding voltage reversed
logs behind the primary winding voltage.
Ans ( d )
3.The disadvantages of using multipliers with voltmeters at high voltages are :
a) The power consumption of multipliers becomes large at large voltages.
b) The multipliers at high voltages have to be shieled in order to present capacitive currents.
c) The metering circuit is not electrically isolated from the power circuit.
d) All the above.
Ans ( b )
4. The nominal ratio of current transformer is
a) Primary windingcurrent / secondary winding current
b) Rated Primary winding current / Rated secondary winding current
c) Number of Primary winding turns / number of secondary winding turns
d) All the above
Ans ( b )
5.The error in the current transformers can be reduced by designing them with
a) High permeability and low loss core materials, avoiding any joints in the core and also keeping
the flux density to a low value.
b) Using primary and secondary winding as close to each other as possible
c) Using a large cross section for both primary and secondary winding conductiors
d) All the above
Ans ( a )
6. Capacitive potential tranformers are used
a) For primary wing phase voltage above 100 KV
b) For keeping the value of transformation ratio constant irrespective of the burden by making
certain adjustment
c) Because they are cheper than the electromagnetic transformers above a certain voltage range
d) All the above
Ans ( a )
7. The size of potential transformers
a) Is the same as power transformers of the same VA rating
b) Is much greater than that of power transformers of the same VA ratings because they are
designed for low ratio and phase angle errors which require large sized cores and winding
conductors
c) Is smaller than that of power transformers of the seme VA rating
d) Non of the above
Ans ( b )
8. The transformation ratio in the case of a potential transformer is defined as ratio of

a) Primary winding voltage / secondary winding voltage
b) Rated primary winding voltage / rated secondary winding voltage
c) Number of turns of primary winding / number of turns of secondary windings
d) All the above
Ans ( a )
9.The burden of current transformers is expressed in terms of
a) Secondary winding current
b) VA rating of transformers
c) Voltage, current and power factor of secondary winding circuit
Ans ( b )
10. The current in the primary winding of a current transformer depends upon
a) Burden of the secondary winding of transformer
b) Load connect to the system in which the C.T is installed
c) Both burderns of the transformers secondary winding and load connected to the system
d) Non of the above
Ans ( b )
11. Turns compensation is used in current transformers primarily for reduction of
a) Phase angle error
b) Both ratio and phase angle errors
c) Rato error reduction in phase angle error is incidental
d) Non of the above
Ans ( b )
12. The advantages of instruments transformers are:
a) The readings of instruments used in conjuction with then do not depend upon their
resistance, inductance etc.
b) The rating of instrument transformers have been standarized and the rating of instruments
used in conjuction with them also get standardized. Therefore is reduction of cost and case in
replacement
c) The metering circuit is electrically isolated from the power circuit there by providing safly to
operating personnel
d) All the above
Ans ( d )
13. The disadvantages of shunts for use at high currents are :
a) It is difficult to achieve good accuracy with shunts
b) Power consumption of the shunts is large
c) The metering circuit is not electrically isolated from the power circuit.
d) All the above.
Ans ( d )
14. When the secondary winding of a current transformer is open circuited with the primary winding
energized
a) The whole of the primary current produces large value of flux in the core ( limited to only
saturation ) there by producing a large voltage in the secondary winding.
b) The large voltage may act as safety hezard for the operators and may even ruptured the
insulation
c) When the large magnetizing force is taken off its leaves a large value of residual magnetism
d) All the above.
Ans ( d )
15. A short circuiting link is provided on the secondary side of a current transformer because.
a) When the secondary winding of the CT is short circuited by the link with the primary winding
energized and very high current of flows on the primary side.
b) When the secondary winding of the CT is short circuited by the link with the primary winding
energized, it is possible to make any adjustments in the secondary winding circuits like
replacing a faculty ammeter.
c) When sort circuiting link is opened with the secondary winding open circuited , the current on
the primary side falls to almost zero.
d) All the above.

Ans ( b )
16. When the secondary winding of a potential transformer is suddenly open circuited with primary
winding excited.
a) Large voltages are produced in the secondary winding which may be a safety hazard to
operating personal
b) The large voltagees so produced may rupture the insulation.
c) The primary winding draws only the no load current.
Ans ( c )
17. The ratio and phase angle errors in potential transformers may be reduced by.
a) Increasing in the exciting current
b) Increasing the resistance and leekage reactance in the transformer.
c) Not employing turns compensation
Ans ( d )
18. R.C.F = -----------
a) Kact / Knom
b) Knom / Kact
c) Kt / Knom
d) Knom / Kt
Ans ( a )
19. -------- methode is employed for the reduction of magneting and loss components of instrument
transformers
a) Using meterial of high permeability
b) Keeping flux density in the core to low value
c) Choosing low reactent score
d) All the above.
Ans ( d )
20. A Potential transformer is a ----------transformer used along with a low range voltmeter for
measuring a high voltage
a) Step up transformer
b) Step down transformer
c) Auto transformer
d) Two winding transformer
Ans ( b )
21. Rotating field type moving iron power factor meter is also called as.
a) D arsonval galvanometer
b) Naldar Lipman P.F meter
c) Westing House P.F Meter
d) Ferozlianemic P.F meter
Ans ( c )
22. Alternating field type M.I P.F meter is also called as ---------
a) D arsonval galvanometer
b) Nelder lipman P.F meter
c) Westing house P.F meter
d) Ferodianemic P.F meter
Ans ( b )
23. Machanical Resistance type frequency meter is also called as
a) Fero dianemic
b) Naldor Lipmon
c) P.H.H.C
d) Vibrating read
e) Ans ( d )
Unit-3
1. The power in a dc circuit is measured with the help of ammeter and a voltmeter . The voltmeter is
connected on the load side. The power indicated by the product of readings of the two instruments
(VI) is :
a) The power consumed by the load
b) The sum of the power consumed by the load and the voltmeter
c) The sum of the power consumed by the load and the ammeter
Ans:b
2. In an electrodynamometer type wattmeter:
a) The current coil is made fixed
b) The pressure coil is fixed
c) Any of the two coils is fixed
d) Both coils should be movable
Ans:a
3. In electrodynamometer type wattmeters, current coils are designed for carrying heavy currents use
stranded wire or laminated conductors:
a) To reduce iron losses
b) To reduce hysteresis losses
c) To reduce eddy current and hysteresis losses
d) All the above
Ans: c
4. In a electrodynamometer type wattmeters, the inductance of the pressure coil circuit produces
error:
a) Which is constant irrespective of the power factor of the load
b) Which is higher at low powe factors
c) Which is lower at low power factors
Ans: b
5. A capacitor is connected across a portion of resistance of the multiplier in order to make the
pressure coil circuit non-inductive. The value of the resistance is r while the total resistance and
inductances of pressure circuit are respectively Rp and L. The value of capacitance C is :
a) 0.41L/r2
b) 0.41L/R2p
c) L/R2p
d) L/r2
Ans: d
6. When measuring the power with an electrodynamometer type wattmeter in a circuit where the
load current is small:
a) The current coil should be connected on the load side
b) The pressure coil should be connected on the load side
c) It is immaterial whether current coil or pressure coil is connected on the load side
Ans: a
7. When measuring power with an electrodynamometer watmeter in a circuit where the load voltage
is large:
a) The current coil is connected on the load side
b) The pressure col is connected on the load side
c) The pressure coil is connected on the supply side
d) It is immaterial whether the pressure coil or current coil is on the load side
Ans: b
8. When measuring the power with an electrodynamometer wattmeter in a circuit having a low
power factor:
a) The current coil should be connected to the load side
b) The current coil should be connected to the supply side
c) The pressure coil should be connected to the load side
d) A compensated wattmeter with pressure coil connected on the load side should be used
Ans: d
9. BLONDELS Theorem signifies:
a) Single wattmeter method
b) Three wattmeter method
c) Four wattmeter method
d) No of wattmeters used for the measuement of power in a n-phase system
Ans: d
10. Major diadvantage of single wattmeter mehod for star/delta connected load:
a) Non-availability of neutral point for star connected load
b) Insertion of current coil in one of the phases of the star connected load
c) Both a and b
Ans: c
11.Blondels theorem is applicable to:
a) 3 and 3 wire system
b) 3 and 4 wire system
c) 1 and 2 wire system
d) 2 and 3 wire system
Ans: b
12. Blondels theorem is not applicable to:
a) 3 and 3 wire system
b) 3 and 4 wire system
c) Both a and b
Ans: a
13.If W1 and W2 are the two wattmeter readings obtained by two wattmeters method then power
factor cos is given by the formula: 3Tan-1[ (W1-W2)/(W1+W2)
14. The power in a three phase four wire system can be measured by using :
a) 2 wattmeters
b) 4 wattmeters
c) 3 wattmeters
d) 1 wattmeter
Ans:c
15. the power in a 3 phase circuit is measured with the help of 2 wattmeters. The readings of one
wattmeter is positive and that of the other is negative. The magnitude fo readings are different. It can
be concluded that the power factor of the circuit is:
a) unity
b) Zero (lagging)
c) 0.5(lagging)
d) less than 0.5 (lagging)
Ans:d
Unit-4
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. A merz- price maximum demand indicator indicates:
a) Maximum demand
b) Average maximum demand over a specified period of time
c) Maximum energy consumption
d) All the above
Ans: b
2. Creeping in a single phase induction type energy meter may be due to:
a) Over compensation for friction
b) Over voltage
c) Vibrations
d) All the above.

Ans: d
3.VAh metering can be done by using
a) A ball and disc friction gearing
b) Trivector meter
c) Bridge connected rectifier
d) All the above
Ans: d
4. In a single phase induction type energy meter, in order to obtain true value of
energy, the shunt magnet flux should lag behind the applied voltage by:
a) 900
b) 00
c) 450
Ans: a
5. In an induction type meter, maximum torque is obtained when the phase angle
between the two fluxes is :
a) 00
b) 450
c) 600
d) 900
Ans: d
6. In an induction type energy meter, maximum torque is obtained when the
parameters of rotating disc are:
a) R=0
b) X=0
c) R=X
Ans:b
7. In a single phase induction type energy meter the lag adjustment is done :
a) To make the curret coil flux to lag 900 behind the applied voltage.
b) To make the pressure coil flux to lag 900 behind the applied voltage
c) To bring the pressure coil flux in phase with the applied voltage
Ans: b
8. In a circuit of a single phase induction type energy meter the pressure coil lags the
voltage by 880, the errors while measuring power in two circuits having power factors
of unity and 0.5 lagging are respectively are:
a) -0.061% + 6.1%
b) +0.061% -6.1%
c) -0.061%-6.1%
d) -6.1%-6.1%
Ans: c
9. The reason why the eddy current damping cannot be used in moving iron
instrument is :
a) They have a strong operating magnetic field
b) They are not normally used in vertical position
c) They need a large damping force which can only be provided by air-friction
damping
d) They have very weak operating magnetic field and introduction of a permanent
magnet required for eddy current damping would distort the operating magnetic field.
Ans: d
10. Phantom loading for testing of energy meters is used :
a) To isolate the current and potential circuits
b) To reduce power loss during testing
c) For meters have low power rating
d) They test meters having a large current rating for which loads may not be available
in the laboratory this also reduces power losses during testing.
Ans: d
11. In a house hold single phase induction type energy wattmeter, the meter can be
reversed by:
a) Reversing the supply terminals
b) Reversing the load terminals
c) Opening the meter connections and reversing the connections of both current and
potential coil circuits.
Ans:c
12. The errors due to voltage variations are:
a) Linear magnetic characteristics of the shunt magnet core
b) Linear magnetic characteristics of the series magnet core

c) Self braking torque
d) Driving torque.
Ans: a and c
13.Compensation for variation in supply voltage is provided by:
a) Saturable magnetic shunt
b) Swamping resistors
c) Series resistors
d) Shunt resistors
Ans:a
14. The phase error can be compensated by the means of
a) Lag adjustment
b) Lead adjustment
c) Shuntresistor
d) Adjustable copper bands
Ans:b
15. To overcome creeping error:
a) Three holes are drilled
b) Four holes are drilled
c) Two holes are drilled
Ans:c
16. The braking torque is prportional to:
a) Square of the speed
b) Square if the load current
c) Speed
d) load current
Ans:b
17. Energy in three phase four wire system can be meacured by:
a) Two wattmeter method
b) Three element wattmeter
c) Three element energy meter
d) Two element energy meter.
Ans:c
18. Energy in three phase three wire system can be measured by:
a) Two wattmeter method
b) Three element wattmeter
c) Three element enrgy meter
d) Two element energy meter.
Ans:d
19. A Trivector meter directly reads :
a) KVA and KVAR
b) KVA and KW
c) KWHr and KVA
d) All the above
Ans:c
20. The main functioning of msgnetic shunt is :
a) To aid series magnetic flux
b) Nullify series magnetic flux
c) Divert the series mgnetic flux
Ans:c
Unit-5
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1)Potentiometer is a
a. device for measuring voltage while presenting a very high impedance to the voltage under test.
b. device for measuring voltage while presenting a very low impedance to the voltage under test.
c. Device for measuring current while presenting a very high impedance to the current under test.
d. Device for measuring current while presenting a very low impedance to the current under test.
ANS: a
2) Slide wires are made of manganin. This is because maganin has

a. high stability
b. low stability
c. high temperature
d. low resisitivity
ANS: a
3) Potentiometer is a device used to measure
a. known voltage by comparing unknown voltage
b. unknown voltage by comparing known voltage
c. unknown voltage
d. flux
ANS: b
4) A potentiometer is basically a
a. deflection as well as null type instrument
b. null type instrument
c. deflection type instrument
d. digital instrument
ANS: a
5) For measurement of emf of a standard cell we use

a. galvanometer
b. electro-dynamic voltmeter
c. potentiometer
d. zener reference
ANS: c
6) The potentiometer wire should be of

a. high resisitivity and low temperature coefficient
b. low resisitivity and high temperature coefficient
c. high resisitivity and high temperature coefficient
d. low resisitivity and low temperature coefficient
ANS: a
7) After standardizing, the position of the rheostat, R in the battery circuit

a. should not be changed
b. should be changed
c. kept in maximum position
d. kept in minimum position
ANS: a
8) Voltbox is basically a device used for

a. extending the voltage range of the potenetiometer
b. measuring the current
c. measuring the voltage
d. measuring the power
ANS: a
9) The power drawn by a potentiometer from the source, whose voltage is under measurement ,
under null condition is
a. ideally zero
b. small
c. high
d. very high
ANS: a
10) The standardization of ac potentiometers is done by

a. directly using ac standard voltage sources.
b. using dc standard sources and trAnsfer instruments.
c. using dc standard sources and d Arsonval galvanometer
d. using ac standard sources and trAnsfer instruments.
ANS: b
11) Different type of potentiometers are

wire wound potentiometer
carbon film potentiometer
plastic film potentiometer
12) Standardization of potentiometer is done in order that, they becomes

a. accurate and direct reading
b. precise
c. accurate
d. accurate and precise.
ANS: a
13) consider the following statements:

DC potentiometers is the best meAns available for measurement of dc voltages because
i) The precision in measurement is independent of the type of detector used
ii) It is based on null balance technique
iii) It is possible to standardize before a measurement is undertaken.
iv) It is possible to measure dc voltages ranging in value from mV to hundreds of volts
Of these statements
a. 2 and 4 are correct

b. 1 and 4 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. 3 and 4 are correct
ANS: a
14) A direct current can be measured by

a. a D.C. potentiometer in conjunction with a standard resistance
b. a D.C potentiometer directly
c. a D.C potentiometer in conjunction with a Volt ratio box
d. a D.C potentiometer in conjunction with a voltmeter
ANS: a
15) Phase angle in polar type potentiometer is measured from the position of .
phase shifter
16) The sensitivity of a potentiometer can be improved by

a. reducing the current flowing through the potentiometer wire
b. reducing the length of potentiometer wire
c. increasing the length of potentiometer wire
d. reducing the resistance of the rheostat connected in series with the battery
ANS: c
17) How does D.C. potentiometer differ from A.C. potentiometer

difference between working of the two instruments is that in D.C. potentiometer only the
unknown emf is balanced against a known potential drop, where as in case of A.C. potentiometer
these two voltages are balanced in magnitude as well as phase.
18) The potentiometer method of measurement of resistance is suitable for measurement of

a. low resistances only
b. high resistances only
c. medium resistances only
d. very low resistances only
ANS: a
19) In coordinate type potentiometer , if and are the two measured values from the two
potentiometers, then the phase angle of the unknown voltage is given by
a. tan-1(v1/v2)
b. tan-1(v2/v1)
c. tan-1(v1)
d. tan-1(v2)
ANS: b
20) A phase shifting trAnsformer is used in conjunction with a

a. Drysdale potentiometer
b. as coordinate potentiometer
c. Crompton potentiometer
d. simple Larsen potentiometer
ANS: a
21) The most commonly used detector in ac potentiometer work is

a. vibration galvanometer
b. ballistic galvanometer
c. ear phone
d. D'Arsonval galvanometer
ANS: a
22) A trAnsfer instrument employed in the standardization of a polar type a.c potentiometer is
a. a thermal instrument
b. an electrostatic instrument
c. a dynamometer instrument
d. a moving coil instrument
ANS: a
23) In drysdale a.c potentiometor, the two phase supply for the stator is obtained from a single phase
supply by employing a phase splitting device consisting of a
a. capacitor and a resistor
b. inductor and a capacitor
c. resistor and a inductor
d. inductance only
ANS: a
24) For measuring an ac voltage by an ac potentiometer, it is desirable that the supply for the
potentiometer is taken from
a. a source other than the source of unknown voltage
b. capacitor
c. the same source as the unknown voltage
d. a battery
ANS: d
25) The stator of the phase shifting trAnsformer for use in conjunction with an ac potentiometer
usually has _ _ _ _ _ _ _ winding
a. single phase
b. two phase
c. three phase
d. six phase
ANS: c
26) For standardization of Drysdale ac potentiometer the instrument used is

a. thermo-couple instrument
b. rectifier ammeter
c. Precision type electro-dynamometer ammeter
d. PMMC ammeter
ANS: b
27) In a.c ammeter calibration, the current is given by

a. (voltage drop across standard resistor) / (Resistance of the standard)
b. (Resistance of the standard) / (voltage drop across standard resistor)
c. voltage drop across standard resistor
d. Resistance of the standard
ANS: c
28) The method of calibration of a.c voltmeter is similar to that adopted for calibration of
a. d.c ammeter with d.c potentiometer
b. wattmeter with d.c potentiometer
c. d.c voltmeter with d.c potentiometer
d. p.f meter with d.c poteniometer
ANS: a
29) The main difference between a simple potentiometer and vernier potentiometer is
a. uses two measuring dials
b. uses three measuring dials
c. uses four measuring dials
d. uses no measuring dials
ANS: c
30) The actual voltage measured using potentiometer is given by

Vact = (potentiometer reading)/(V.R.box ratio)
31) A.C potentiometers are broadly classified as

polar type ac potentiometer and coordinate type potentiometer
32) In standardization of A.C. potentiometer, the D.C. standardization is done first by replacing
vibration galvanometer by DArsonval galavanometer
33) Applications of A.C. potentiometers are

calibration of voltmeter
calibration of ammeter
testing of energy meter and wattmeter
measurement of self reactance of coil
34) Potentiometer is a three terminal device
35) If a polar A.C. potentiometer is used , give the equations for self reactance of the coil
X = Z sin(c-s) = (RsVc/Vs) sin(c-s)
36) Continuously changing voltage can be measured by

Brooks deflectional potentiometer
37) The voltage along the slide wire at any point is proportional to the
length of the slide wire where the point is obtained by moving sliding contact along the wire to get
null deflection in the galvanometer for any battery whose EMF is to be measured
38) In potentiometer with true zero the typical range of slide wire is from
-0.005 volts to + 0.15 volts
39) Suppose a length of resistive material (such as nichrome wire) had three points of electrical
contact: one at each end (points 1 and 3), plus a movable metal "wiper" making contact at some point
between the two ends (point 2):
Describe what happens to the amount of electrical resistance between the following points, as the
wiper is moved toward the left end of the resistive element (toward point 1)? State your Answers in
terms of increase," "decrease," or "remains the same,"
Between points 1 and 2, resistance . . .Between points 2 and 3, resistance . . .Between points 1
and 3, resistance . . .
As the wiper moves to the left (toward point 1):
Between points 1 and 2, resistance decreases
Between points 2 and 3, resistance increases
Between points 1 and 3, resistance remains the same
Unit-6
1) Which instrument has the lowest resistance ?
a. Ammeter
b. Voltmeter
c. Frequency meter
d. Megger
Ans: a
2) Which bridge is used for the measurement of low resistance

a. Kelvin
b. Wheatstone
c. Hay's
d. Wagner ground bridge
Ans: a
3) Which bridge is used for the measurement of medium resistance

a. Wheat stone bridge
b. Hay`s bridge
c. Wagner ground bridge
d. Anderson's bridge
Ans: a
4) Medium resistances in the range from

a. 1 to 0.1M
b. 1 to 0.5 M
c. 1 to 0.1k
d. 1. to 0.01M
Ans: a
5) A Wheatstone bridge cannot be used for precision measurements because errors are introduced
into an account of
a. Stray losses
b. magnetic field
c. Galvanometer
d. Resistance of connecting leads
Ans: d
6) The Wheatstone bridge is said to be balanced when the potential difference across the
galvanometer is
a. 1 volt
b. 2 volts
c. 0 volts
d. 4 volts
Ans: c
7) The sensitivity of a Wheatstone bridge depends upon
a. connecting wires
b. galvanometer current sensitivity
c. parameters of the bridge
d. contact resistances
Ans: b
8) R1 and R4 are the opposite arms of a wheat stone bridge as the R3 and R2. The source voltage is
applied across R1 and R3. Under balanced conditions which are of the following is true.
a. R1=(R2R3)/R4
b. R1=(R3R4)/R2
c. R1=(R2R4)/R3
d. R1=R2+R3+R4
Ans: a
9) Carey Fosters bridge is used for determining the difference between

a. the standard S and unknown resistance R
b. ratio arms P and Q
c. the resistance P and unknown resistance R
d. the resistance Q and unknown resistance R
Ans: a
10) In Carey Fosters bridge resistance P and Q are first adjusted so that the ratio P/Q is approximately
equal to the ratio
a. S/R
b. Q/P
c. R/S
d. R
Ans: c
11) Carey Fosters bridge is used to determine

a. very low resistances
b. low resistances
c. medium resistances
d. high resistances
Ans: b
12) In a Carey Fosters bridge supply voltage is

a. fixed
b. variable
c. not required
d. first variable and then fixed
Ans: a
13) Carey Fosters bridge is a modification of
a. Wheatstone bridge
b. Kelvins double bridge
c. Andersons bridge
d. Hays bridge
Ans: a
14) Carey Fosters bridge method gives a direct comparison between S and R
a. in terms of lengths only
b. in terms of P and Q
c. in terms of galvanometer reading
d. in terms of contact resistance
Ans: a
15) In Carey Fosters bridge a slide wire of length 'L' is included between
a. ratio arms P and Q
b. the resistance P and unknown resistance R
c. the resistance Q and unknown resistance R
d. unknown resistance R and the standard S
Ans: d
16) In Carey Fosters bridge the sliding contact is being connected to the
a. Galvanometer
b. Unknown resistance R
c. Standard resistance S
d. ratio arm P
Ans: a
17) Balancing of the Carey Fosters bridge is obtained by varying the

a. Standard resistance S
b. Sliding contact on the slide wire
c. Ratio arm P
d. Ratio arm Q
Ans: b
18) A Kelvin's double bridge is best suited for the measurement of

a. Capacitance
b. Low resistance
c. High resistance
d. inductance
Ans: b
19) The Kelvin bridge is a modification of the wheat stone bridge and provides greatly increased
accuracy in the measurement of
a. medium values
b. high values
c. low values
d. very low values
Ans: c
20) In measurement of low resistance by Kelvin's double bridge two sets of readings are taken. One
with the current in one direction and the other with direction of current reversed. This is done to
eliminate the effect of
a. thermo-electric emf
b. stray magnetic fields
c. accuracy
d. constant supply
Ans: a
21) The measurement of resistance of earth connection is carried out by

a. loss of charge method
b. potential fall method
c. ohmmeter
d. volt ammeter method
Ans: b
22) Megger is essentially a

a. dynamometer
b. series type ohm meter
c. shunt type ohmmeter
d. megohmmeter
Ans: d
23) The effect of leakage paths on the measurement are usually removed by some form of
a. guard circuit
b. capacitors
c. resistance
d. Inductors
Ans: a
24) The loss of charge method is used for

a. High R
b. Low R
c. Low L
d. High L
Ans: a
25) Guard circuit is used in measurement of high resistance in order to

a. eliminate the error owing to leakage current over insulation
b. eliminate the capacitive effect
c. guard the resistance against stray electrostatic field
d. avoid damage caused by high voltage used in measurement
Ans: a
Unit-7
1)The bridge circuits use the _____________ methods and operate on ___________ principle.
Ans:- comparison measurement, null-indication
2) In a bridge circuit when no current flows through the null detector which is generally galvanometer
,the bridge is said to be __________
Ans:- Balanced
3) In an ac.bridge for high frequencies __________ are used as a source.
Ans:- oscillators
4) Electronic oscillators They are used as a source of supply universely because

A) The output waveform is very close to sine wave.
B) The output frequency is very stable
C) The output power is sufficient to drive the bridge circuits.
D) All the above
Ans:- D
5) Which of the following detectors can be used effectively below 200Hz with greater sensitivity
A) Headphones
B) Vibration galvanometers
c) Tuneable amplifier detectors
D) Any of the above
Ans:-B
6) Which of the following bridges is also called as Maxwells Wien bridge?

A) Maxwells capacitance bridge
B) Andersons bridge
C) Maxwells inductance capacitance bridge
D) Hays bridge
Ans:- C
7) The advantage (s) of anderson bridge are

A) can be used for accurate measurement of capacitance interms of inductance
B) the bridge is easy to balance from convergence point of view compared to maxwells bridge in case
of low values of Q
C) other bridges require variable capacitor but a fixed capacitor can be used for Andersons bridge
D) all the above
Ans:-D
8) what is the main disadvantage of
de sauty bridge
A) it is suitable only for the capacitors with high dielectric losses
B) when the capacitors are with dielectric losses, then it is highly impossible to achieve balance
condition
C) construction is very complicated
D) all the above
Ans:-B
9)Which of the following bridges can be used for high Q values

A) Maxwells inductance bridge
B) Wiens bridge
C) Andersons bridge
D) Heys bridge
Ans:- D
10) Which of the following is used for measuring incremental inductance

A) Hays bridge
B) Andersons bridge
C) Maxwells bridge
D) Owens bridge
Ans:- D
11) The detector used in high voltage Schering bridge is

A) Headphones
B) Vibration galvanometer
C) Tuneable amplifier
D) Any of the above
Ans:- B
12) The bridge used for testing small capacitances at low voltages with very high precision and less
losses is
A) Schering bridge
B) High voltage schering bridge
C) De sauty bridge
D) Modified De Sauty bridge
Ans:- B
13) The advantage(s) of owens bridge is

A) The balance equations are of simple form
B) The balance equations are independent of the frequency
C) It is possible to use this bridge over a wide range of inductances values
D) All the above
Ans:- D
14) A capacitance comparison bridge is used to measure the capacitive impedance at a frequency of
3kHz. The bridge constants at bridge balance are
C3=10uF,
R1=1.2kohms,
R2=100kohms &
R3=120kohms
find the equivalent series circuit of the unknown impedance. (Rx ,Cx )
A) 10Mohms,0.12uF B)12mohms,0.16uF
C)14Mohms,0.14uF D)13Mohms,0.10uF
Ans:- A
15) Lx value for Maxwell inductance bridge is
A)R2R3C1 B)R3L3/R1
C)R1L2/R2 D)R3L2/R2
Ans:- B
16) Cx value for Schering bridge is
A)R4C2/R3 B)R2C2/R4
C)R4C2/R2 D)R3C2/R4
Ans:-A
17)For a series combination of Rx & Cx ,the angle between the voltage across the series combination
and voltage across the capacitor Cx, is called _________
Ans:- Loss angle
18)Lx value for hays bridge is
A)R2R3C1 B)R1R3C1
C)(R2/R3)C1 D)(R1/R3)C1
Ans:- A
19) Lx value for inductance bridge is
A)R2R3C1 B)R3R1C1
C)(R3/R2)C1 D)(R3/R1)C1
Ans:- A
20)In Maxwell inductance bridge Q=
A)wR1C1 B)wR2C3
C)wR2/C3 D)wR1/C1
Ans:- A
Unit-8
MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
1. In case of ballistic galvanometer time period should be

a. very large
b. small
c. medium
d. large
2. Ballistic tests are used in magnetic measurements for determination of

a. flux density B, magnetic force H and B-H curve and hysteresis loop of the specimen
b. iron losses in the specimen
c. B-H curve of the specimen
d. Hysteresis loop of the specimen
3. The ballistic galvanometer is usually lightly damped so that

a. it may oscillate
b. it may remain stable
c. amplitude of first swing is large
d. amplitude of first swing is small
4. A Ballistic galvanometer is used to measure

a. charge
b. current
c. voltage
d. frequency
5. In a ballistic galvanometer, the inertia of the moving system is large so that

a. it is accelerating fast as soon as the coil is energized
b. it is practically stationary during the period the electricity is passing through the coil
c. the amplitude of oscillations is small
d. the frequency of oscillation is large
6. Ballistic galvanometer, can be calibrated by which of these one method?

a. standard solenoid
b. standard resistor
c. Diode
d. BJT
7. The construction of a ballistic galvanometer is similar to a
a. MI meter
b. vibration galvanometer
c. PMMC meter
d. D'Arsonval galvanometer
8. In magnetic measurements this galvanometer is usually connected across a _ _ _ _ _ _

a. search coil
b. emf
c. resistor
d. inductor
9. Flux meter has

a. high electro magnetic damping
b. eddy current damping
c. air friction damping
d. fluid friction damping
10. An advantage of flux meter is

a. The industrial form of flux meter is very large
b. Its scale is calibrated in weber directly
c. The deflection is dependent of the time taken by the flux change
d. Its scale is calibrated in Weber-turns directly
11. Which of the following measures the magnetic flux density?

a. Grassot flux meter
b. Ballistic galvanometer
c. Permeameter
d. ammeter
12. A PMMC instrument can be used as a flux meter by

a. removing the control springs
b. using a low resistance shunt
c. making the control springs of large moment of inertia
d. using a high series resistance
13. The flux meter is a special type of ballistic galvanometer provided with
a. large controlling torque damping ratio
b. heavy electro-magnetic damping and large controlling torque
c. small electro-magnetic damping and small controlling torque
d. heavy electro-magnetic damping and very small controlling torque
14. Flux meter is _ _ _

a. portable
b. not portable
c. more sensitive
d. not accurate
15. The flux meter is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ than ballistic galvanometer

a. less sensitive
b. more sensitive
c. not accurate
d. not portable
16. The flux meter is accurate than the

a. Ballistic galvanometer
b. Vibration galvanometer
c. D'Arsonval meter
d. PMMC meter
17. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ factor is the ratio of the total flux to the useful flux.
a. Leakage
b. Form
c. Utility
d. Dispersion
18. B-H curve can be used for determination of
a. eddy current losses
b. iron losses
c. Hysteresis losses
d. stray losses
19. The method available for the determination of BH curve of a specimen is

a. step by step method
b. flux meter
c. Ballistic galvanometer
d. A.C. Potentiometer
20. In step by step method (BH curve determinations) , the specimen must be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
before the test is started.
a. demagnetized
b. magnetized
c. heated
d. cool
21. In determination of BH curve ,the magnetising winding is supplied from a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

supply in step by step method
a. d.c
b. a.c
c. full rectified voltage
d. half rectified voltage
22. In determination of BH curve by method of reversals, a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ specimen is first wound with a

search coil.
a. ring
b. square
c. rectangular
d. triangular
23. In determination of BH curve by method of reversals , after demagnetization the test is started by
setting the magnetising current at its
a. lowest test value
b. highest test value
c. zero value
d. infinite value
24. In a Lloyd Fisher square used for determination of iron loss in a specimen of iron laminations, the
current coil of the wattmeter is connected in the primary winding circuit, while the pressure coil
is connected in the secondary winding circuit. This is done so that
a. the I2R losses in the current coil are not included in wattmeter reading
b. the I2R losses in the pressure coil circuit are not included in the wattmeter reading
c. the I2R losses both in current coil and pressure coil circuit are not included in the wattmeter reading
d. the wattmeter reads only the iron losses in the specimen of laminations
25. The method for iron loss measurement is

a. Ammeter method
b.Wattmeter method
c. Voltmeter method
d. energy meter method
26. In an Epstein square, used for finding the iron loss in a stack of laminations, the laminations are so
arranged that
a. plane of each lamination is parallel to the plane of the square
b. plane of each lamination is perpendicular to the plane of the square
c. the plane of laminations may be either parallel or perpendicular to the plane of the square
d. the plane of laminations may be at any angle to the plane of square
27. Lloyd Fisher magnetic square method , the bundles of strips are placed inside four similar
magnetising coils of heavy wire, connected in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to form the primary winding.
a. series
b. parallel
c. cascade
d. series-parallel
28. Electrical energy is consumed in alternating current circuits, due to presence of iron, in the form of _
______
a. iron losses
b. copper losses
c. stray losses
d. rotational losses
29. The strips in L loyd Fisher magnetic square method are built up into
a. one bundles
b. three bundles
c. two bundles
d. four bundles
30. Lloyd Fisher magnetic square method , strips used are usually
a. 25 cm long and 5 to 6 cm wide
b. 100 cm long and 25 to 50 cm wide
c. 1 cm long and 1 to 2 cm wide
d. 100 cm long and 100 to 200 cm wide
31. In the measurement of iron loss by a.c bridge , the test is to be carried out at
a. Nyquist frequency
b. radio frequencies
c. resonant frequency
d. audio frequencies
32. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a.c bridge network , can be used for the measurement of iron loss.
a. Maxwell bridge
b. Andersons bridge
c. Hays bridge
d. Owens bridge
33. The type of potentiometer which is used to measure iron loss is

a. Gall-Tinsley
b. rectangular type
c. cromptons
d. slide wire
34. Campbell bridge is used to measure

a. Iron losses
b. stray losses
c. copper losses
d. rotational losses
35. In A.C. Potentiometer method for the measurement of iron loss, a variable resistor and a
standard resistor are connected in series with
a. primary winding
b. secondary winding
c. Tertiary winding
d. Three phase winding
36. Maxwells bridge is applied to

a. Iron loss and permeability measurements
b. Copper loss
c. Stray loss
d. Rotational loss
37. In measurement of iron loss by a.c potentiometer method, the ring specimen carries
a. two windings
b. one winding
c. three windings
d. four windings
38. Iron losses in a specimen of iron are determined by using a co-ordinate type of potentiometer
The loss component of no load current is read by
a. Inphase potentiometer
b. Quadrature potentiometer
c. polyphase potentiometer
d. d.c potentiometer
Tutorial Problems
Unit-1
Unit-2
Unit-3
Unit-4
Unit-5
Unit-6
Unit-7
Unit-8
Known Gaps if any
Known gaps: No gaps
Action taken:
DISCUSSION TOPICS IF ANY (GROUP WISE TOPICS)
S.No Group Topic
1 I Electrostatic voltmeters
2 II Power factor meters

3 III Frequency meters
4 IV LPF Wattmeters
5 V Errors in energy meters
6 VI Applications of AC,DC potentiometers
7 VII Kelvins bridge and its modifications
8 VIII Bridges used for measuring inductance
9 IX Bridges used for measuring capacitance
10 X Ballistic galvanometer, fluxmeter
REFERENCES, JOURNALS, WEBSITES AND E-LINKS

TEXT BOOKS:-
1. Electrical measurements and measuring instruments by E.W Golding ad F.C Widdis fifth
edition.
2. Electrical and electronic measurement and instruments by A.K Sawhney Dhanpat Rai and co
3. Electrical measuring instruments by R.K Raj put.
REFERENCE TEXT BOOKS:-

1. Electrical measurements and measuring instruments by Bakshi-Technical publications
WEBSITES:-
1. www.iitm.ac.in/resources/nptel/electrical
2. www.iitk.ac.in/electrical
JOURNALS:-
1. Mobile Data Communications Systems. - Peter Wong and David Britland Artech House Inc.
2. DATA. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. Dr.S.S.Riaz Ahamed.
3. "Future Tactical Military Communications Systems" from the IEEE Communications Society
QUALITY MEASUREMENT SHEETS

A. COURSE END SURVEY
B. TEACHING EVALUATION
Student List
S.No Roll no Student name

1 12R11A0201 A AKHILA
2 12R11A0202 ADICHERLA MAHESH
3 12R11A0203 B KALYAN CHAKRAVARTHY
4 12R11A0204 BALLA RAVI TEJA
5 12R11A0205 BANDARU MANIRATHNAM
6 12R11A0206 BANDIKATLA CHARAN
7 12R11A0207 BANOTHU VIJAY
8 12R11A0208 BASVAPATHRUNI VIJAY KUMAR
9 12R11A0209 BHAMIDIPATI SRI HARSHA
10 12R11A0210 CHINNAPAGA SRINIVAS
11 12R11A0211 D V S KRISHNA DATTA
12 12R11A0212 DANDEM GIRIDHAR
13 12R11A0213 DAYALWAR ARCHANA
14 12R11A0214 G MADHAVI
15 12R11A0215 GONDHI SHRUTHI
16 12R11A0216 GORTHY YESASWINI
17 12R11A0217 GOSANGI PRASANTH BABU
18 12R11A0218 GUGULOTH KAVITHA
19 12R11A0220 GUNDLA BHARGAVI
20 12R11A0221 IREDDY ASHOK
21 12R11A0222 K AKASH BABU
22 12R11A0223 KARRE SHRUTHI

23 12R11A0224 KASULA SREENIJA
24 12R11A0225 KODIMALA SAI PRASANTHI
25 12R11A0226 KRUTHI VENTI NAGA SAI

VARUN
26 12R11A0227 MACHARLA RAJU
27 12R11A0228 MARELLA N V S S SATYA

SRIVATHSA
28 12R11A0230 MITTA KAVYA GOUD
29 12R11A0231 MOLUGURAM DEVI VARA

PRASAD
30 12R11A0232 MUDAM PRASHANTH KUMAR
31 12R11A0233 NEERAJ RANJAN
32 12R11A0234 PABBATHI UMAKANTH
33 12R11A0235 PARTIBHAN ROHIT
34 12R11A0236 PASAM KUMARASWAMY
35 12R11A0237 PUJARI RAMYA KEERTHI
36 12R11A0238 RAIPALLI PRAVEEN KUMAR
37 12R11A0239 RODDA MEGHA HARSHINI
38 12R11A0241 SHAIK KARIMULLAH ARAFAT
39 12R11A0242 SHAIK NISAR AHMED
40 12R11A0243 T SAI RAHUL REDDY
41 12R11A0244 THAKUR NITHIN SINGH
42 12R11A0245 TUMMA SAIKRISHNA
43 12R11A0246 VADDEPALLI RAJANI
44 12R11A0247 VADDEPALLY SAICHANDRA
45 12R11A0248 VATTIMALLA GOUTHAM
46 12R11A0249 VENKAT RAJU V

47 12R11A0250 YANADI KARTHIK
48 12R11A0251 THANGALLAPALLY SURYA

VAMSHI
49 12R11A0252 KODEBOYINA VIJAY SAI

PHANEENDRA
50 12R11A0253 VADEGHAR RAKESH KUMAR
51 12R11A0255 K SAI KIRAN
52 13R15A0201 KONDIPARTHI SAI KUMAR
53 13R15A0202 CHAKILAM SAI KIRAN
54 13R15A0203 MADHIREDDY SRIKANTH

REDDY
55 13R15A0204 ANUSANDHANAM SANTHOSH

KUMAR
56 13R15A0205 NARSINGA DEVENDER
57 13R15A0206 CHIKKA NAGENDRA BABU
58 13R15A0207 MD AZHARUDDIN
59 13R15A0208 CHIGILIPALLI SAI SANKAR
60 13R15A0209 N PRABHAKAR
61 13R15A0210 MALOTH SANTHOSH
62 13R15A0211 PUDARIE RAHUL GOUD
63 13R15A0212 GANDAM PRAVEENKUMAR
Total: 63 Males: 49 Females: 14

GROUP-WISE STUDENTS LIST FOR DISCUSSION TOPICS
Group 1
12R11A0201 A AKHILA
12R11A0202 ADICHERLA MAHESH
12R11A0203 B KALYAN CHAKRAVARTHY
12R11A0204 BALLA RAVI TEJA
12R11A0205 BANDARU MANIRATHNAM
12R11A0206 BANDIKATLA CHARAN
Group 2
12R11A0207 BANOTHU VIJAY
12R11A0208 BASVAPATHRUNI VIJAY KUMAR
12R11A0209 BHAMIDIPATI SRI HARSHA
12R11A0210 CHINNAPAGA SRINIVAS
12R11A0211 D V S KRISHNA DATTA
12R11A0212 DANDEM GIRIDHAR
Group 3
12R11A0213 DAYALWAR ARCHANA
12R11A0214 G MADHAVI
12R11A0215 GONDHI SHRUTHI
12R11A0216 GORTHY YESASWINI
12R11A0217 GOSANGI PRASANTH BABU
12R11A0218 GUGULOTH KAVITHA
Group 4
12R11A0220 GUNDLA BHARGAVI
12R11A0221 IREDDY ASHOK
12R11A0222 K AKASH BABU
12R11A0223 KARRE SHRUTHI
12R11A0224 KASULA SREENIJA
12R11A0225 KODIMALA SAI PRASANTHI
Group 5
12R11A0226 KRUTHI VENTI NAGA SAI
VARUN
12R11A0227 MACHARLA RAJU
12R11A0228 MARELLA N V S S SATYA

SRIVATHSA
12R11A0230 MITTA KAVYA GOUD
12R11A0231 MOLUGURAM DEVI VARA

PRASAD
12R11A0232 MUDAM PRASHANTH KUMAR
Group 6
12R11A0233 NEERAJ RANJAN
12R11A0234 PABBATHI UMAKANTH
12R11A0235 PARTIBHAN ROHIT
12R11A0236 PASAM KUMARASWAMY
12R11A0237 PUJARI RAMYA KEERTHI
12R11A0238 RAIPALLI PRAVEEN KUMAR
Group 7
12R11A0239 RODDA MEGHA HARSHINI
12R11A0241 SHAIK KARIMULLAH ARAFAT
12R11A0242 SHAIK NISAR AHMED
12R11A0243 T SAI RAHUL REDDY
12R11A0244 THAKUR NITHIN SINGH
12R11A0245 TUMMA SAIKRISHNA
Group 8
12R11A0246 VADDEPALLI RAJANI
12R11A0247 VADDEPALLY SAICHANDRA
12R11A0248 VATTIMALLA GOUTHAM
12R11A0249 VENKAT RAJU V
12R11A0250 YANADI KARTHIK
12R11A0251 THANGALLAPALLY SURYA

VAMSHI
12R11A0252 KODEBOYINA VIJAY SAI

PHANEENDRA
Group 9
12R11A0253 VADEGHAR RAKESH KUMAR
12R11A0255 K SAI KIRAN
13R15A0201 KONDIPARTHI SAI KUMAR
13R15A0202 CHAKILAM SAI KIRAN
13R15A0203 MADHIREDDY SRIKANTH

REDDY
13R15A0204 ANUSANDHANAM SANTHOSH

KUMAR
13R15A0205 NARSINGA DEVENDER
Group 10
13R15A0206 CHIKKA NAGENDRA BABU
13R15A0207 MD AZHARUDDIN
13R15A0208 CHIGILIPALLI SAI SANKAR
13R15A0209 N PRABHAKAR
13R15A0210 MALOTH SANTHOSH
13R15A0211 PUDARIE RAHUL GOUD
13R15A0212 GANDAM PRAVEENKUMAR

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ELECTRICAL

JNTU CODE : 56009 Programme : UG / PG

Branch: Electrical & Electronics Engineering Version No :

Year: III Updated on :27/12/2014

Semester: II No. of pages :

Classification status (Unrestricted / Restricted )

Prepared by : 1) Name : K.Mahender 1) Name :

3) Design : Associate Professor 3) Design :

4) Date : 27/12/2014 4) Date :

Verified by : 1) Name : * For Q.C Only.

Approved by : (HOD ) 1) Name : Dr. S.Radhika

III Year B.Tech EEE II-Semester

Classification of measuring instruments-deflecting, controlling and damping systems, ammeters

Principle and operation of D.C Cromptons potentiometer, Standardization, Measurement of

3. Electrical measuring instruments by R.K Raj put.

Vision of the Department

Mission of the Department

Programme Educational Objectives (EEE)

Programme Outcomes (EEE)

PO 1. An ability to apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering in Electrical

PO 2. An ability to design and conduct experiments pertaining to Electrical and Electronics

PO 3. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams

PO 6. An ability to use appropriate network theorems to solve electrical engineering problems.

PO 7. An ability to communicate effectively.

PO 8. An ability to visualize the impact of electrical engineering solutions in global, economic

PO 9. Recognition of the need and an ability to engage in life-long learning.

PO 10. An ability to understand contemporary issues related to alternate energy sources.

2. Explain the operation of an attraction and a repulsion type of moving-iron instruments.

3. Explain the operation of a moving-coil rectifier instruments. Compare moving-coil,

4. Calculate values of shunts for ammeters and multipliers for voltmeters.

5. Understand the operation of an ohmmeter/megger & Appreciate the operation of

6. Understand Appreciate the operation of a wattmeter & instrument loading effects

Importance of the course

Objectives of the course:

Basic principles of all measuring instruments.

Instructional Learning Outcomes

Unit-2: INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS.

Students will be able to learn about Different types of measurement of power.

Unit-4: MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY.

Unit-6: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS.

Students will be able to identify the controlling of the systems.

Unit-8: MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

COURSE MAPPING WITH PEOS AND POS

Mapping of Course with Programme Educational Objectives

Mapping of Course outcomes with Programme outcomes:

CO1: Student will have a 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

CO4: This knowledge helps 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

CO5: Student will be able to 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

INDIVIDUAL TIME TABLE

Solve University Question Papers 1 BB

Solve University Question Papers 1 BB

5 5 Principle and operation of D.C Cromptons 1 BB

Solve University Question Papers 1 BB

7 7 Measurement of inductance and quality factor using 1 BB

Solve University Question Papers 1 BB

Total No of classes required 69

3. Discuss in detail about MI instruments and derive the torque equation?

4. Explain the heterostatic connection of electrostatic voltmeter and derive an expression

5. Explain in detail about capacitance multiplier method in detail.