2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.

HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

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Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer
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Sitepages
Temperature:Temperatureisanintensivepropertythatindicatesthethermalstate
Currentcourse
ofasystemorabody.Temperatureisameasureofinternalenergypossessedbya
H&MT
systemandgivesthedirectioninwhichenergyintheformofheatwillflow.Itis
Participants
generallydenotedbyTandfollowingscalesareusedtomeasuretemperature
General
Module1.Basic Celsius or Centigrade Scale: According to this scale the freezing point of
Concepts,
ConductiveHeat
water is assigned a value of zero and boiling point value is 100. It is
Transfer... representedbyoC.
Lesson1.Heat
Transfer, KelvinScale:Accordingtothisscalethefreezingpointofwaterisassigned
Importanceof avalueof273andboilingpointvalueis373.ItisrepresentedbyK.
HeatTransf...
Lesson2. Fahrenheit Scale: According to this scale the freezing point of water is
Conduction
thermal
assignedavalueof32andboilingpointvalueis212.Itisrepresentedby
conductivityof o F.
mate...
Lesson3.One Therelationshipbetweenthesethreescalesoftemperaturemeasurementisgivenas:
dimensional
steadystate
conduction...
Lesson4.One
dimensional
steadystate
conduction...
Lesson5. Heat:Heatisaformofenergywhichistransientinnatureanditflowsfromonepointto
Electrical
analogyand anotherpoint.Whentwobodiesofdifferenttemperaturescomeincontactwitheachother,
Numerical the two temperatures approach each other and after some time become equal. This
Problem... equalization of temperature of the bodies is on account of flow of energy in the form of
Lesson6. heatfromonebodytoanother.Therefore,heatmaybedefinedasflowofenergyfromone
Numericalson
conduction bodytoanotherbodybyvirtueoftemperaturedifferencebetweenthem.Thenetflowof
Lesson7. energyalwaysoccursfromhightemperaturebodytowardslowtemperaturebodyandthis
Numericalson flowofheatstopsthemomenttemperatureofboththebodiesareequal.Thus,flowofheat
conduction
isanonmechanicaltransferofenergyoccurringduetoatemperaturedifferencebetween
Lesson8.
Insulation
twobodies.
materials,critical
thickness... Accordingtotheinternationalsystemofunits(S.I.),theunitofmeasurementofheat
Lesson9.Types isJoule.
ofFins,Fin
Applications, 1Joule=1Newtonmeter
HeatTr...
Lesson10. =Wattsecond
Specialcases:
Fininsulatedat 1kcal=4.182103Joule
theend...
Lesson11.Fin 1kWh=3600kJ
Efficiencyand
effectiveness, HeatTransferandThermodynamics:
Probl...
Module2. Thermodynamics and heat transfer are related to each other. The laws of
Convection thermodynamics form the basis of science of heat transfer. However, there are few
Module3.Radiation fundamentaldifferencesbetweenthermodynamicsandheattransferwhicharegivenin
Module4.Heat Table1.1:
Exchangers
Module5.Mass Table1:FundamentalDifferencesinThermodynamicsandHeatTransfer
Transfer
Courses Heattransferisanon
Thermodynamicsisasciencewhichdeals
equilibriumphenomenonasit
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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

1. withequilibriumstatesandthechanges occurswhenthermalequilibrium
fromonestatetoanotherduringaprocess. isdisturbed.

Heattransferisasciencethat
Thermodynamicsisasciencewhichdeals
dealswiththerateaswellas
2 withamountofheattransferredduringa
modeofheattransferduringa
process.
process.

Thermodynamicsisasciencewhichdeals Heattransferindicatesthe
3. withamountofworkdoneduringa temperaturedistributioninsidea
process. body.

ModesofHeatTransfer:
Heattransferisthestudyoftransmissionofthermalenergyfromahightemperature
region/bodytoalowtemperatureregion/bodyonaccountoftemperaturedifference.
Therateofheattransferisdirectlyproportionaltothetemperaturedifferencebetween
theheatexchangingregions/bodies.Oncetheprocessofheatenergyiscomplete,itis
storedinoneormoreformsofenergysuchaspotential,kineticandinternalenergy.It
is pertinent to mention that energy in transition as heat can never be measured
however, it is determined in terms of observed changes in other forms of energy.
Transferofheatbetweentworegions/bodiesmaintainedatdifferenttemperaturescan
occurinthreedifferentmodesnamely:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
In the conduction and convection modes, heat flows from high temperature to low
temperatureregion/bodywhereasinradiationmode,transferofheattakesplacefrom
boththebodiestowardseachother.However,nettransferofheatisalwaysfromhigh
temperaturebodytolowtemperaturebody.Mechanismofheattransferineachmode
isdifferentandcontrolledbydifferentlaws.
Conduction:
Conduction is a process of heat transfer from a high temperature region to a low
temperature region with in a body or between different bodies which are in direct
physical contact. In heat conduction, energy is transferred due to exchange of
molecular kinetic energy. According to kinetic theory, temperature of body is
proportional to the mean kinetic energy of its constituent molecules. As the
temperature in one region of a body increases, kinetic energy of molecules in that
regionalsoincreasesascomparedtothatofthemoleculesofadjacentlowtemperature
region. High energy molecules transfer a part of their energy by impact in case of
fluidsorbydiffusionincaseofmetalstolowenergymolecules,therebyresultingin
increase in their energy levels, hence temperature. Likewise, this process of energy
transferbymolecularactivitycontinuestilltemperaturealongtheentirelengthofthe
bodybecomesequalandhasbeendepictedinFigure1.
Heattransferbyconductioninsolids,liquidsandgasesisdeterminedbythethermal
conductivityandtemperaturedifference.Thebasiclawofheattransferbyconduction
was proposed by the French Scientist J. B. J. Fourier in 1822 and one dimensional
ConductionrateequationdescribedbytheFourierLawiswrittenas:

Where,QxHeatFlow,(W)

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

kThermalconductivityofthematerial,(W/(mK)

ACrosssectionalareainthedirectionofheatflow,(m2)
dT/dxTemperaturegradient,(K/m)

Figure1
Convection:
Heat transfer by convection occurs when a fluid (Liquid and gas) comes in contact
withasolidthroughdirectcontactandatemperaturedifferenceexistsbetweenthem.
HeattransferbyConvectionoccursunderthecombinedactionofheatconductionand
mixingmotion.
When a fluid comes in contact with a hot surface, energy in form of heat flows by
conduction from hot surface to the adjacent stagnant layer of fluid particles, thereby
increasing their temperature and internal energy. Due to increase in temperature,
density of the fluid particles decreases and they become lighter as compared to the
surrounding fluid particles. The lighter fluid particles move up to a region of lower
temperaturewithinthefluidwheretheymixandexchangeapartoftheirenergywith
colder fluid particles. Simultaneously, the cold fluid particles move downwards to
occupythespacevacatedbyhotfluidparticles.Thisupwardanddownwardmovement
of hot and cold fluid particles continues till temperature of the fluid and the surface
becomesequal.TheconvectionheattransferprocesshasbeenshowninFigure2.
Theupwardsmovementofhotfluidparticlesanddownwardmovementofcoldfluid
particles is called convectional currents. If the convectional currents are set up only
due to density differences, then the heat transfer process is termed as natural or free
convection.

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

Figure2
However, if the convectional currents are caused by some external means such as
blower,fan,pumpetc.thenheattransferprocessiscalledforcedconvection.
Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoobservepureheatconductioninafluidbecauseassoonas
atemperaturedifferenceisimposedinafluid,naturalconvectioncurrentswilloccur
duetoresultingdensitydifferences.
ConvectiveheattransferrateisgovernedbyNewtonslawofcoolingandisexpressed
as
Q=hAs(TsTf)(3)

Where,hisconvectiveheattransfercoefficientinW/(m2K)

Asisheattransferringarea,m2

TsandTfaretemperaturesofsurfaceandthefluidrespectively,K

Radiation:
Heatexchangedbetweentwobodiesormediums,whichareseparatedandarenotin
contactwitheachother,iscalledradiationheattransfer.Radiationheattransferdoes
notrequirepresenceofaninterveningmediumbetweenthetwobodiesasincaseof
conductionandconvectionandittakesplacemosteffectivelyinavacuum.Example
ofradiationheattransferistheenergyreceivedontheearthfromtheSunandhasbeen
showninFigure3.
Thermal radiation is the energy emitted by a body in the form of electromagnetic
waves due to changes in the electronic configuration of the constituent atoms or
molecules of the body. The electromagnetic waves travel through the intervening
mediumbetweentwobodieswithaspeedthatisrelatedtospeedoflightinvacuumby
thefollowingequation
c=co/n.(4)

Wherecisthespeedofpropagationinamedium,

Coisthespeedoflightinvacuumandisequalto3X108m/sec,

nisanindexofrefractionofamediumwhichisunityforairandmostofthegases,
1.5forglassand1.33forwater.
Whenelectromagneticwavescomeincontactwithabody,energyistransferredtothe
bodyasthermalenergywhichispartlyabsorbed,reflectedandtransmitted.
Energyemittedperunitareaasthermalradiationiscalledemissivepowerofabody
andthemaximumenergyemittedasradiationbyabodyataparticulartemperatureis
governedbyStefanBoltzmannlawwhichisexpressedas

Eb=AT4(5)

Where,Ebistheenergyemittedperunittime,W

Aisthesurfacearea,m2
Tistheabsolutetemperatureofthebody,K

isStefanBoltzmannconstantwhichisequalto5.67108W/(m2K4)
At a given temperature, maximum radiations are emitted by an ideal emitter called
blackbody.Theenergyemittedbynonblackbodiesarelessascomparedtothatofthe
idealbodywhenboththebodiesaremaintainedatsametemperature.Energyemitted
byanonblackbodymaintainedattemperatureTisgivenas

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

E=AT4(6)
Where, is called emissivity of nonblack bodyand is defined as ratio of emissive
powerofanonblackbodytothatofablackbody.Emissivityisaradiativeproperty
ofthebodyanditsvaluedependsuponsurfacecharacteristicsandtemperatureofthe
body.
All the bodies radiate energy and receive energy emitted by other bodies
simultaneously. Consider heat exchange between two black bodies maintained at
temperaturesT1andT2 respectivelyandbody1iscompletelyenclosedbybody2.
Thenetheattransferbyradiationfrombody1tobody2isgivenas

Q12=A1(T14T24)(7)

Figure3
SurfaceEnergyBalance:
ConsideracylindericalobjectofthicknessLwhichisbeingheatedfrominsideand
issurroundedbyafluidattemperatureTfandmovingatavelocityV.Heatisbeing
transferred from inner surface to outer surface by conduction and conducted heat is
transferred to surroundings by radiation and convection and has been depicted in
Figure4.
Theenergybalanceequationforthearrangementcanbeexpressedas

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

Q.1.1Twosurfacesofaplanewallof15cmthicknessand5m2areaaremaintained
at240Cand90Crespectively.Determinetheheattransferbetweenthesurfacesand
temperaturegradientacrossthewallifconductivityofthewallmaterialis18.5W/(m
K).
Solution:Given:T1=240C,T2=90C,Thicknessofwall,x=15cms.=0.15m,

Area,A=5m2,Thermalconducivity,k=18.5W/(mK)
Todetermine:i)Temperaturegradient,,
ii)Heattransferrate,,
i)Thetemperaturegradientinthedirectionofheatflowis
(b)HeatflowacrossthewallisgivenbyFouriersheatconductionequation

=92500Wor92.50kW
Example1.2Thebondbetweentwoplates,2.5cmand15cmthick,heatisuniformly
appliedthroughthethinnerplatebyaradiantheatsource.Thebondingepoxymust
beheldat320Kforashorttime.Whentheheatsourceisadjustedtohaveasteady
valueof43.5kW/m2,athermocoupleinstalledonthesideofthethinnerplatenextto
sourceindicatesatemperatureof345K.Calculatethetemperaturegradientforheat
conductionthroughthinnerplateandthermalconductivityofitsmaterial.
Solution:t1=345Kt2=320K

=2.5cm=0.025m

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

Temperaturegradient,

Example 1.3 A 120 W system is used to maintain a plate of 0.2m2 area at a

temperatureof60Cwhenthesurroundingsareat30Ctemperature.Whatfraction
of heat supplied is lost by natural convection? It may be presumed that convection
coefficientconformstotherelationh=2.5(T)0.2W/m2K.
Solution:Convectiveheattransfercoefficient,
Heatlostbyconvection=hAt
=4.9360.2(6030)=29.616W
Heatlostbyconvectionasfractionofheatsupplied,

Theremaining75.32%wouldbelosttothesurroundingsbyration.
Example 1.4 A cylindrical system,1 m long and 3 cm in diameter, is heated and
positioned in a vacuum furnace which has interior walls at 900 K
temperature.Current is passed through the rod and its surface is maintained at
1000K.Calculatethepowersuppliedtotheheatingrodifitssurfacehasanemissivity
of0.8.
Solution:Forsteadystateconditions,theelectricpowersuppliedtotherodequalsthe
radiant heat loss from it. Further, since the walls of the furnace completely enclose the
heatingrod,alltheradiantenergyemittedbythesurfaceoftherodisinterceptedbythe
furnacewalls.Thus

Thustherateofelectricalinputtotherodmustequal3452.513W.
Example1.5Asurfaceat300Closesheatbothbyconvectionandradiationtothe
surroundings at 150C. The convection coefficient is 75 W/m2K and the radiation
factorduetogeometriclocationandemissivityis0.85.Iftheheatisconductedtothe
surface through a solid material of thermal conductivity 15 W/mK, determine the
temperaturegradientatthesurfaceofthesolid.

Solution:Understeadystateconditions,
Heatconvected+heatradiated=heatconducted

Given:T1=300+273=573KandT2=150+273=423K

Consideringunitareaandsubstitutingtheappropriatevalues,weobtain

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson1.HeatTransfer,ImportanceofHeatTransfer,modesofHeatTransfer

Or
11250+3652.43=
Thus,thetemperaturegradientatthesurfaceofsolidis

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