Deformations of Non-Nilpotent Complex 5-dimensional Associative

Algebras
Zachary Forster, Hengzhou Liu, Austin Riedl and Thao Tran
Faculty Mentor: Michael Penkava
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire

1. Constructing the algebras 2. Deforming the algebras 3. The miniversal deformation

The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Dimensional Associative Algebras says that if an associative Suppose that d is an algebra, and The miniversal deformation d can be computed as follows. Let h 1, . . . , ni be a prebasis of H 2,
algebra structure on a finite dimensional vector space V is non nilpotent, then there is an exact h1, . . . , r i be a prebasis of H 3, h 1, . . . , mi be a basis of the 3-coboundaries B 3, i C 2 be
sequence of algebras dt = d + 1t + 2t2 + ho chosen so that D( i) = 12 i, and h 1, . . . , si be a prebasis of B 4. With these choices, we set
0 M V W 0,
is a 1-parameter deformation of d, where ho stands for higher order terms in the variable t. This
where M is the maximal nilpotent ideal in V , and W is a semisimple algebra. Over the complex d = t i i + x i i ,
means that dt is a (possibly formal) power series in t, and the associativity condition is that
numbers, we have a stronger result, namely that V = M W , that is, V is a semidirect product
and then compute
of the maximal nilpotent ideal M and a semisimple subalgebra W . [dt, dt] = 0,
[d, d] = rii + si i + ui i.

Using this theorem, we constructed all non nilpotent 5-dimensional complex associative algebras, where [ , ] is the Gerstenhaber bracket. We want to solve for xi so that si = 0 for i = 1, . . . , m, and by direct computation, we discover
that
by using Wedderburns Theorem, which classifies all simple algebras, and previous constructions We say that dt is a jump deformation of d if there is some algebra given by d such that dt d
of moduli spaces of lower dimensional algebras to determine all possible nilpotent ideals, which si = xi + aj,k tj tk + bj,k tj xk + cj,k xj xk , for some numbers aj,k , bj,k , cj,k
for all t 6= 0 in some neighborhood of t = 0.
are given by nilpotent algebras of lower dimension than 5. which means that by the implicit function theorem, there is a unique solution for the x variables
We say that dt is a smooth deformation if dt dt for t 6= t in some neighborhood of t = 0.
as functions of the t variables in some nbd of the origin. Moreover, xi is given as a convergent
If h ii is a basis for H 2, then there is a deformation with multiple parameters ti, called a versal
We found that there are 285 complex 5-dimensional algebras, if you count certain 1-parameter power series in the t variables, with the lowest order terms being quadratic. However, in practice,
deformation, which encodes all of the deformations of d. The computability of a versal deformation
families as a single algebra. In fact, we determined that there are 16 such 1-parameter families, the variables x are given by rational expressions in the t variables, but these expressions may be
makes it possible to determine all jump and smooth deformations of an algebra at once. The versal
which are parameterized by the projective space CP1 or the projective orbifold CP1/2, where 2 several megabytes in length.
deformation d is of the form
is the permutation group on 2 elements acting on CP1 by interchanging the projective coordinates One can substitute the xs into the variables ri, and the relations on the base are given by the
d = d + iti + ho,
(p : q). For example, the algebra d44(p : q) is isomorphic to the algebra d44(q : p), so they solutions to ri = 0. Solving the relations is where the difficulty occurs, and for some of the
determine the same point in the moduli space. where we use the Einstein summation convention for repeated indices. algebras, the number of solutions is very large, and in other cases, the solutions are only partially
obtainable. This is where all our work lies.

4. Analyzing a Versal Deformation 5. A complicated versal deformation 6. Deformations of the Unital Algebras

The algebra d36 is given by The algebra d285 is given by The picture below represents the pattern of jump deformations of the unital algebras, that is,
4,4 5,5 3,3 3,1 5,5
d36 = 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 , d285 = 5 , those algebras which have a multiplicative identity.
13
which means that e4 e4 = e4, e5 e5 = e5, ee e3 = e3, e3 e1 = e1, and the products of any which is a very uncomplicated expression. The cohomology H 2 has dimension 64, so the expression
158 160
other pair of basis elements is equal to zero. Its versal deformation is given by for the versal deformation is too long to give here, but actually, it is of the form 53 67 58
24
140 8
4,4 5,5 3,3 3,1 1,2 2,2 5,5 23
d d = 5 + t1 1 + t64 64
69
36 = 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + t
1 1 + t
2 2
139
12
10
145 169 45.2
54 2
60 32
with relations on the base given by t21 t1t2 = 0, which has solutions t1 = 0 or t1 = t2.
9
for some cocycles i.
68
40 38
148 7 39
42
When t1 = 0 52
61
6
29
44.2 43
44.7

4,4 5,5 3,3 3,1 2,2 4,4 5,5 3,3 3,1 2,2 The real complexity arises because the cohomology H 3 has dimension 256, so there are 256 147 28 44.4
d
11
36 = 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + t
2 2 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 2 relations on the base, and they are too complicated to solve even using a computer algebra system
121
165 44.644.1
15
like Maple. What we can do is set some of the t variables equal to zero and solve the reduced
This is the algebra d4. So d36 has a deformation to d4, which is called a jump deformation, 44.3
system.
because whenever t2 6= 0, the deformed algebra is isomorphic to d4.
The second condition is t1 = t2. In this case: 129
70
Our approach is to solve several of these reduced systems, and with some luck, we may be able to 1 27
4,4 5,5 3,3 3,1 1,2 2,2
d
36 = 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + t1 + t2
determine all the algebras to which it deforms. In fact, we have not completed our study of this 56

algebra yet.
This algebra is isomorphic the algebra d6. Thus d36 has a jump deformation to d6. Every deformation of a unital algebra gives another unital algebra. The picture above is incomplete,
This completes the deformation pattern for the algebra d36. as some deformations have not yet been computed.

References Acknowledgments
[1] L. Brunshidle, A. Fialowski, J. Frinak, M. Penkava, and D. Wackwitz. Fundamental theorem of finite dimensional Support for this project came from student differential tuition through the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Summer Research Experiences
graded associative algebras. Communications in Algebra, 40(12), 2012. for Undergraduates and Student-Faculty Research Collaboration grants.
[2] A. Fialowski and M. Penkava. Deformation theory of infinity algebras. Journal of Algebra, 255(1):5988, 2002. The research for this project was conducted in the Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.
math.RT/0101097. We thank Learning and Technology Services for printing this poster.
[3] Z. Forster, H. Liu, M. Loper, M. Penkava, B. Picchiottino, A. Riedl, and T. Tran. The moduli space of 5-dimensional This document was typeset using LATEX.
non nilpotent complex associative algebras. In preparation, 2014.