1.

3 Conditionals and Loops

Introduction to Programming in Java: An Interdisciplinary Approach Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne Copyright 20022010 2/6/11 12:44 PM!
 A Foundation for Programming

any program you might want to write

objects

functions and modules

graphics, sound, and image I/O

arrays

conditionals and loops

Math text I/O

last lecture:
equivalent
primitive data types assignment statements to a calculator

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 A Foundation for Programming

any program you might want to write

objects

functions and modules

graphics, sound, and image I/O

arrays

to infinity
conditionals and loops and beyond!

Math text I/O

primitive data types assignment statements

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 Control Flow

Control flow.
!Sequence of statements that are actually executed in a program.
!Conditionals and loops: enable us to choreograph control flow.

boolean 1
statement 1

true false

statement 2

statement 1
true
boolean 2 statement 2
statement 3

false
statement 4

statement 3

straight-line control flow control flow with conditionals and loops

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Conditionals
 If Statement

The if statement. A common branching structure.

!Evaluate a boolean expression.
!If true, execute some statements.
!If false, execute other statements.

if (boolean expression) { boolean expression

statement T;
} can be any sequence
of statements true false
else {
statement F;
}
statement T statement F

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 If Statement

The if statement. A common branching structure.

!Evaluate a boolean expression.
!If true, execute some statements.
!If false, execute other statements.

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 If Statement

Ex. Take different action depending on value of variable.

public class Flip {

public static void main(String[] args) {
if (Math.random() < 0.5) System.out.println("Heads");
elseMath.random() < 0.5) System.out.println("Tails");
}
}
% java Flip
Heads

% java Flip
Heads

% java Flip
Tails

% java Flip
Heads

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If Statement Examples

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The While Loop

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 While Loop

The while loop. A common repetition structure.

Evaluate a boolean expression.
!

If true, execute some statements.

!

Repeat.
!

loop continuation condition

statement 2
while (boolean expression) {
statement 1;
loop body
statement 2; true
} boolean expression statement 1

false

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 While Loop: Powers of Two

Ex. Print powers of 2 that are ! 2N.

!Increment i from 0 to N.
!Double v each time.
i v i <= N

0 1 true 0 1
1 2
int i = 0; 1 2 true 2 4
int v = 1; 3 8
2 4 true
while (i <= N) { 4 16
System.out.println(i + " " + v); 3 8 true 5 32
i = i + 1; 6 64
v = 2 * v; 4 16 true
} 5 32 true

6 64 true

7 128 false

N = 6

Click for demo

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 Powers of Two

public class PowersOfTwo { % java PowersOfTwo 3

public static void main(String[] args) { 0 1
1 2
2 4
// last power of two to print
3 8
int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
% java PowersOfTwo 6
int i = 0; // loop control counter 0 1
int v = 1; // current power of two 1 2
while (i <= N) { 2 4
System.out.println(i + " " + v); 3 8
4 16
i = i + 1;
5 32
v = 2 * v; 6 64
} print i and ith power of two
}
}

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 While Loop Challenge

Q. Anything wrong with the following code for printing powers of 2?

int i = 0;
int v = 1;
while (i <= N)
System.out.println(i + " " + v);
i = i + 1;
v = 2 * v;

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 While Loops: Square Root

Goal. Implement Math.sqrt(). % java Sqrt 2.0

1.414213562373095

Newton-Raphson method to compute the square root of c:

15 decimal digits of
!Initialize t0 = c. accuracy in 5 iterations
!Repeat until ti = c / ti, up to desired precision:
set ti+1 to be the average of ti and c / ti.

t0 = 2.0
t1 = 1 (t0 + 2 ) = 1.5
2 t0
t2 = 1 (t1 + 2 ) = 1.416666666666665
2 t1
t3 = 1 (t2 + 2 ) = 1.4142156862745097
2 t2
t4 = 1 (t3 + 2 ) = 1.4142135623746899
2 t3
t5 = 1 (t4 + 2 ) = 1.414213562373095
2 t4

computing the square root of 2 Copyright 2004, Sidney Harris

http://www.sciencecartoonsplus.com

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 While Loops: Square Root

Goal. Implement Math.sqrt(). % java Sqrt 2.0

1.414213562373095

Newton-Raphson method to compute the square root of c:

15 decimal digits of
!Initialize t0 = c. accuracy in 5 iterations
!Repeat until ti = c / ti, up to desired precision:
set ti+1 to be the average of ti and c / ti.

public class Sqrt {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double epsilon = 1e-15;
double c = Double.parseDouble(args[0]);
double t = c;
while (Math.abs(t - c/t) > t*epsilon) {
t = (c/t + t) / 2.0;
}
relative error
System.out.println(t); tolerance
}
}
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 Newton-Raphson Method

Square root method explained.

!Goal: find root of any function f(x).
!Start with estimate t0. f(x) = x2 - c to compute "c

!Draw line tangent to curve at x= ti.

!Set ti+1 to be x-coordinate where line hits x-axis.
!Repeat until desired precision.

Technical conditions. f(x) must be smooth; t0 must be good estimate.

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 The For Loop

Copyright 2004, FoxTrot by Bill Amend

www.ucomics.com/foxtrot/2003/10/03

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 For Loops

The for loop. Another common repetition structure.

Execute initialization statement.
!

Evaluate a boolean expression.

!

If true, execute some statements.

!

And then the increment statement.

!

Repeat.
!

loop continuation condition

init
increment
for (init; boolean expression; increment) {
statement 1;
statement 2; statement 2
body
}
true
boolean expression statement 1

false

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 Anatomy of a For Loop

Q. What does it print?

A.

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 For Loops: Subdivisions of a Ruler

Create subdivision of a ruler.

!Initialize ruler to " ".
!For each value i from 1 to N:
sandwich two copies of ruler on either side of i.

i ruler
public class RulerN {
public static void main(String[] args) { " "
int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
1 " 1 "
String ruler = " ";
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) { 2 " 1 2 1 "
ruler = ruler + i + ruler;
3 " 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 "
}
System.out.println(ruler);
}
}

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 For Loops: Subdivisions of a Ruler

% java RulerN 1
1

% java RulerN 2
1 2 1

% java RulerN 3
1 2 1 3 1 2 1

% java RulerN 4
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1

% java RulerN 5
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1

% java RulerN 100

Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError

Observation. Loops can produce a huge amount of output!

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Loop Examples

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Nesting

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 Nested If Statements

Ex. Pay a certain tax rate depending on income level.

Income Rate

0 - 47,450 22%

47,450 114,650 25%

5 mutually exclusive
114,650 174,700 28% alternatives

174,700 311,950 33%

311,950 - 35%

double rate;
if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22;
else if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
else if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28;
else if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;
else if (income < 311950) rate = 0.35;

graduated income tax calculation

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 Nested If Statements

Use nested if statements to handle multiple alternatives.

if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22;

else {
if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
else {
if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28;
else {
if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;
else rate = 0.35;
}
}
}

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 Nested If Statements

Need all those braces? Not always.

if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22;

else if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
else if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28;
else if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;
else rate = 0.35;

is shorthand for
if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22;
else {
if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
else {
if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28;
else {
if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;
else rate = 0.35;
}
}
}

but be careful when nesting if-else statements. [See Q+A on p. 75.]

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 Nested If Statement Challenge

Q. What's wrong with the following for income tax calculation?

Income Rate

0 - 47,450 22%

47,450 114,650 25%

114,650 174,700 28%

174,700 311,950 33%

311,950 - 35%

double rate = 0.35;

if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22;
if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28;
if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;

wrong graduated income tax calculation

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Monte Carlo Simulation

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 Gambler's Ruin

Gambler's ruin. Gambler starts with $stake and places $1 fair bets
until going broke or reaching $goal.
!What are the chances of winning?
!How many bets will it take?

One approach. Monte Carlo simulation.

Flip digital coins and see what happens.
!

Repeat and compute statistics.

!

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 Gambler's Ruin

public class Gambler {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int stake = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int goal = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
int T = Integer.parseInt(args[2]);
int wins = 0;
// repeat experiment T times
for (int t = 0; t < T; t++) {
// do one gambler's ruin experiment
int cash = stake;
while (cash > 0 && cash < goal) {
// flip coin and update
if (Math.random() < 0.5) cash++;
else cash--;
}
if (cash == goal) wins++;
}
System.out.println(wins + " wins of " + T);
}
}

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 Digression: Simulation and Analysis

stake goal T

% java Gambler 5 25 1000

191 wins of 1000

% java Gambler 5 25 1000

203 wins of 1000

% java Gambler 500 2500 1000 after a substantial wait.

197 wins of 1000

Fact. [see ORF 309] Probability of winning = stake goal.

Fact. [see ORF 309] Expected number of bets = stake # desired gain.
Ex. 20% chance of turning $500 into $2500, 500/2500 = 20%
but expect to make one million $1 bets. 500 * (2500 - 500) = 1 million

Remark. Both facts can be proved mathematically; for more complex

scenarios, computer simulation is often the best (only) plan of attack.

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 Control Flow Summary

Control flow.
!Sequence of statements that are actually executed in a program.
!Conditionals and loops: enable us to choreograph the control flow.

Control Flow Description Examples

straight-line all statements are

programs executed in the order given

certain statements are

if
conditionals executed depending on the
if-else
values of certain variables

certain statements are while

loops executed repeatedly until for
certain conditions are met do-while

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