Traffic Signs

Manual

__________

To be purchased directly from:

NRA PUBLICATIONS, NATIONAL ROADS AUTHORITY,

ST. MARTINS HOUSE, WATERLOO ROAD, DUBLIN 4

Price: 100
__________

Or downloaded from:

www.transport.ie

November 2010
 Acknowledgements

The Department of Transport gratefully acknowledges the technical assistance of

the following in the preparation of this manual:

National Roads Authority

County and City Managers Association

Roughan & ODonovan AECOM

 PREFACE

This Traffic Signs Manual is published as ten chapters in two volumes, as follows:

Volume 1:
Chapter 1: Introduction and Sign Location
Chapter 2: Directional Information Signs
Chapter 3: Variable Message Signs
Chapter 4: Other Information Signs
Chapter 5: Regulatory Signs
Volume 2:
Chapter 6: Warning Signs
Chapter 7: Road Markings
Chapter 8: Temporary Traffic Measures and Signs for Roadworks
Chapter 9: Traffic Signals
Chapter 10: Typical Applications for Traffic Signs and Road Markings

Chapter 8 is also available as a separately bound document.

The Manual is current at the time of printing. It is published in loose-leaf form so that revisions and
amendments can be inserted. Users should ensure that they have the latest revisions to hand.
Details of any revisions and amendments are available on the Department of Transports website
www.transport.ie.

The Manual replaces the 1996 Traffic Signs Manual, published by the Department of the Environment.

Chapter 8 of this Manual contains some modifications from the Chapter 8 published in October 2008.

Where an Irish or British Standard is referred to but has been superseded by a Harmonised European
Standard or a European Standard, then the Harmonised European Standard or European Standard
shall be substituted for the Irish or British Standard.

This Manual, published by the Department of Transport, constitutes a Direction given by the Minister
of Transport to Road Authorities under Section 95(16) of the Road Traffic Act 1961 in relation to the
provision of traffic signs.

November 2010 i
November 2010 ii
 Traffic Signs Manual

Chapters

1. Introduction and Sign Location

2. Directional Information Signs

3. Variable Message Signs

4. Other Information Signs

5. Regulatory Signs

6. Warning Signs

7. Road Markings

8. Temporary Traffic Measures and Signs for Roadworks

9. Traffic Signals

10. Typical Applications for Traffic Signs and Road Markings

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November 2010 iv
1. Introduction and Sign Location

CHAPTER 1
 Traffic Signs Manual

Chapter 1 Introduction and Sign Location

Contents
Page
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1/3
General .............................................................................................. 1/3
Legal Framework ............................................................................... 1/5
General Responsibilities .................................................................... 1/6
Classification Of Signs ....................................................................... 1/7
Use Of Irish On Traffic Signs ........................................................... 1/13
1.2 Sign Sizes ....................................................................................... 1/15
Legibility ........................................................................................... 1/15
Information Signs ............................................................................. 1/16
Regulatory And Warning Signs ........................................................ 1/17
1.3 Sign Location ................................................................................. 1/18
General Principles ............................................................................ 1/18
Siting ................................................................................................ 1/19
Placement ........................................................................................ 1/21
Mounting Height ............................................................................... 1/22
Orientation ........................................................................................ 1/23
Safety ............................................................................................... 1/24
Surroundings .................................................................................... 1/25
1.4 Gantries and Variable Message Signs ......................................... 1/32
Gantries ............................................................................................ 1/32
Variable Message Signs .................................................................. 1/33
1.5 Sign Construction and Mounting ................................................. 1/34
Design Of Signs ............................................................................... 1/34
Backing Boards ................................................................................ 1/34
Assemblies Of Signs ........................................................................ 1/35
Speed Limits For Specific Lanes ..................................................... 1/37
Back-To-Back Signs ........................................................................ 1/37
Sign Construction ............................................................................. 1/37
Posts For Signs ................................................................................ 1/38
Illumination ....................................................................................... 1/39
Bollards ............................................................................................ 1/40
Hazard Marker Posts ....................................................................... 1/40
1.6 Maintenance ................................................................................... 1/41
Inspection Of Signs .......................................................................... 1/42
Maintenance Of Signs ...................................................................... 1/43
Road Markings ................................................................................. 1/44
Road Studs ...................................................................................... 1/44
Traffic Signals .................................................................................. 1/45

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November 2010 1/2
1.1 Introduction

GENERAL

1.1.1 Clear and effective traffic signs are essential for the
efficient operation of the road network, for the
enforcement of traffic regulations and for road
safety. This Traffic Signs Manual provides details of
the traffic signs which may be used on roads in
Ireland, including their layout and symbols, the
circumstances in which each sign may be used and
rules for positioning them.

1.1.2 The Manual also provides guidance on the

temporary traffic measures required at roadworks.

1.1.3 It has become necessary to revise and extend the

Road Traffic (Signs) Regulations and the Traffic
Signs Manual due to developments in Irelands road
network since 1996. The programme for the
construction of many new roads, especially
motorways and dual carriageways with complex
grade-separated junctions, has highlighted the need
for new types of signs and more comprehensive
design guidance. Similarly developments in urban
areas, such as bus and cycle lanes, traffic calming,
street-running light rail vehicles and traffic
management schemes all require appropriate
signing.

1.1.4 This Manual supersedes the Traffic Signs Manual

published by the Department of the Environment in
1996. It introduces a number of new regulatory and
warning signs, road markings and traffic signals, and
revises the designs of others. The Manual has been
extended to cover recent developments in signing
and to reflect best international practice in areas
such as the use of overhead gantries and Variable
Message Signs. It also includes typical applications.
Detailed designs for symbols and many of the signs
are available on the Department of Transports
website www.transport.ie.

1.1.5 In reviewing the sign designs, the intention has been

to improve clarity, provide signs suitable for most
situations and reduce the need for supplementary
text. The opportunity has also been taken to give
more comprehensive guidance on temporary traffic
management at roadworks.

1.1.6 For the purposes of this Manual, the term traffic

signs includes upright signs on posts, road
markings, traffic signals, temporary signs, gantry
signs, variable message signs, and associated items
such as hazard marker posts and bollards.

November 2010 1/3

1.1.7 Traffic signs (including road markings) are divided
into three broad types:
Information signs which give directions and
distances to destinations or which provide other
information that may be relevant to road users;
Regulatory signs which give instructions,
prohibitions or restrictions which road users
must obey;
Warning signs which warn of hazards on the
road ahead.

1.1.8 To be effective, traffic signs must be readily

recognised as such and must:
Have messages which can quickly be read and
understood;
Be co-ordinated with the geometric road layout
so they are conspicuous by day and night; and
Be located far enough in advance of the
situation to give sufficient time for the road user
to take the appropriate action.

1.1.9 To help achieve these goals, a combination of

consistent message, distinctive shape and colour is
used. The message may be a legend, a symbol or
both. Standardisation of design, colour, shape, size
and location helps to ensure that drivers will
recognise the various classes of sign.

1.1.10 Signs should only be erected where there is a

demonstrable need, because unnecessary, incorrect
or inconsistent signs detract from the effectiveness
of those that are required and tend to lead to
disrespect for all signs.

1.1.11 Any references to Chapter numbers indicate

references to the other Chapters of the Traffic Signs
Manual, while references to a Section or Paragraph
refer to a section or paragraph in this Chapter.

1.1.12 For the purposes of this Manual:

Shall or must indicates that a particular
requirement is mandatory;
Should indicates a recommendation; and
May indicates an option.

1.1.13 For the purpose of this Manual overseeing

organisation is defined as either the National Roads
Authority (NRA) for national roads or the
Department of Transport (DoT) for regional and local
roads.

November 2010 1/4

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

1.1.14 A full and comprehensive guide to the legal aspects

of traffic signs is outside the scope of this Manual.
Legal matters are dealt with only briefly in this
section.

1.1.15 The legal framework for traffic signage is contained

in a number of Acts and Regulations. These include
the Road Traffic Acts, the Road Traffic (Signs)
Regulations and the Road Traffic (Traffic and
Parking) Regulations.

1.1.16 Regulations concerning traffic signs may be made

from time to time, so users of this Manual should
ensure that they are aware of all the current
Regulations. The most up to date information on
Acts, Regulations and other publications is available
on the Department of Transport website
www.transport.ie.

1.1.17 The Regulations, which are made under Section 95

1
of the Road Traffic Act 1961 , define the regulatory
signs and road markings to be used and the
significance to be attached to them. They also set
out the mandatory requirements for regulatory signs.
This Manual provides guidance on the use of
regulatory signs, but nothing in the Manual can
override the Regulations.

1.1.18 The traffic sign Regulations refer only to regulatory

signs and not to other categories such as
information or warning signs. Those signs are
subject of directions by the Minister under Section
95 of the Road Traffic Act 1961. Accordingly, this
Traffic Signs Manual together with the
corresponding Circular Letter constitute such a
direction for the design, provision and use of all
traffic signs referred to in the Manual other than
regulatory signs.

1.1.19 Only traffic signs which are in accordance with

this Manual or associated Regulations shall be
provided on public roads.

1
Road Traffic Act 1961 (No. 24 of 1961).

November 2010 1/5

GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES

1.1.20 Legal responsibility for public roads is vested in the

County Councils, City Councils, Borough Councils
and Town Councils. These local authorities, in
discharging their road functions, are referred to as
Road Authorities. The statutory duty of the Road
Authorities includes responsibility for the
specification, construction and maintenance of road
signs and markings.

1.1.21 The National Roads Authority has overall

responsibility for the planning and supervision of
works, including signposting, on the national road
network. The functions of the Authority in relation to
national roads include preparing, or arranging for the
preparation of, designs for construction or
improvement works, programmes for maintenance
works, and schemes for the provision of traffic signs.

1.1.22 It is necessary to consult with the Gardai before

installing any regulatory sign or marking.

1.1.23 The minimum amount of signage consistent with the

use of the road should be provided in any situation.
Road Authorities should avoid sign clutter and
should remove all unnecessary or unauthorised
signage from the roadside. The removal of
unauthorised signage from outside the road
curtilage may entail action under the Planning Acts.

1.1.24 Variable message signage should only be used for

traffic management and information purposes. It
should never be used for any form of advertising or
promotion.

1.1.25 It is recommended that Road Authorities undertake

a periodic review of the signs within their jurisdiction.
The review should be comprehensive, considering
the need for signs, their design and location, and
also consistency in signing. It should note existing
signs which need to be replaced or removed, and
whether new signs are required where there are
none at present. Based on the reviews, Road
Authorities should develop programmes for the
replacement of incorrect signs as well as
replacement of signs which have deteriorated.

November 2010 1/6

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNS

1.1.26 As noted in Paragraph 1.1.7, traffic signs are divided

into three broad categories: information, regulatory
and warning. Special types of signs, which fall into
one of the above categories, are required on
overhead gantries, on Variable Message Signs and
at roadworks. Other types of signs are road
markings, hazard marker posts and traffic signals.

1.1.27 The categorisation of traffic signs is illustrated in

Table 1.1 and further explained in the following
paragraphs.

Table 1.1: Categories of Traffic Signs

Principal Sub- Further Examples Relevant

Categories Categories Subdivision Chapters
Traffic Signs Information Directional Advance Stack Type ADS 2 and 10
on Posts Signs Information Direction Signs Map Type ADS
Signs Direction Signs
Route
Confirmatory
Signs
Other Town Name Signs 4 and 10
Information Car Park Signs
Signs Tourist Facility Signs
Regulatory Mandatory Keep Left 5 and 10
Signs Signs
Stop and Yield Stop
Signs Yield
Restrictive Weight Limit
Signs Speed Limit
Prohibitory No Right Turn
Signs
Warning Road Narrows 6 and 10
Signs
Roadworks Warning Roadworks Ahead 8
Signs
Overhead Directional Advance Direction 2 and 10
Gantry Signs Information Signs
Regulatory Speed Limit 2, 5 and 10
Variable Regulatory Periodic Speed Limit 3 and 5
Message Warning Lane Closure 3
Signs Information Text message
Traffic Regulatory Red/Amber/Green 9
Signals Signals
Warning Flashing Amber 6 and 9
Signals
Road Regulatory Solid White Line 7 and 10
Markings Warning Speed Roundels
Hazard Hazard Marker Posts 6
Markers Bollards 1, 5 and 10

November 2010 1/7

Information Signs

1.1.28 Information signs are subdivided into two principal

types: directional information signs, which show the
directions and distances to places on the road
ahead or on intersecting roads, and other
information signs, which provide road users with a
wide variety of information. Most information signs
are rectangular.

1.1.29 Directional information signs are further subdivided

into:
Advance Direction Signs which are located
on the approaches to a junction to give
information about the destinations reached from
that junction. They may be in the form of a map,
showing the junction layout diagrammatically, or a) Stack Type Advance Direction
as a stack of panels listing destinations. Sign
Direction Signs which give route information
at a road junction. The sign may show
destinations, road numbers and, in some
instances, distances. Direction signs have a
chevron at one end to show the direction to the
named destination.
Route Confirmatory Signs which are placed
after a junction to confirm the road number, or
the destinations which can be reached along
that road and the distances to each.

1.1.30 A system of colouring is used on directional

information signs to indicate the type of road:
Signs for motorways have white lettering,
symbols and borders on a blue background;
Signs indicating national roads have white b) Map Type Advance Direction
lettering, symbols and borders on a green Sign
background, with yellow lettering for route
numbers; Figure 1.1: Advance Direction
Signs indicating all other roads have black Signs (Information)
lettering, symbols and borders on a white
background.

Figure 1.2: Direction Sign (Information) Figure 1.3: Route Confirmatory

Sign (Information)

1.1.31 Other information signs

November 2010 1/8

 cover a wide variety of uses, but generally fall into
the following classifications:
Signs displaying civic or geographical
information, such as the name of a town, county
or river;
Signs indicating facilities ahead that are of
interest to road users, such as car parking or a
ferry; Figure 1.4: Town Sign
Signs indicating traffic calming measures; (Information)
Signs indicating particular road layouts, such as
lane gain and diverge, cul-de-sac, etc.;
Signs indicating alternative routes;
Service area signs;
Toll road signs;
Tunnel information signs, such as tunnel name
and length and emergency facilities;
Miscellaneous information signs; and
Signs to tourist attractions. These signs, which
have white lettering, symbols and borders on a Figure 1.5: Cul-de-sac Sign
brown background, are often in the form of
directional signs but are included with other
information signs.

1.1.32 Examples of information signs are shown in Figures

1.1 to 1.7. Detailed requirements for the design and
use of information signs are given in Chapters 2 and
4. The designs of some standard information signs
are set out on the Department of Transports
Figure 1.6: Car Park Sign
website www.transport.ie.
(Information)

Figure 1.7: Tourist Facility Sign

(Information)

November 2010 1/9

Regulatory Signs

1.1.33 Regulatory signs indicate the existence of a Road

Traffic Regulation or implement such a Regulation,
or both. They may also indicate the existence of a
provision in an enactment relating to road traffic.
Regulatory signs are mandatory, restrictive or
prohibitory, with their type indicated by colour and
shape: Figure 1.8: Mandatory Sign
Mandatory signs indicate that a road user must (Regulatory)
take a certain action: for example Keep Left.
They generally have white symbols on solid blue
discs, although bus lane signs are rectangular;
Stop (RUS 027) and Yield (RUS 026) signs are
special types of mandatory signs with distinctive
shapes;
Restrictive signs indicate that a limit must not
be exceeded: for example 50km/h or Weight
Limit 7.5t. They have black symbols and text Figure 1.9: Stop and Yield Signs
on a white disc with a red border; (Regulatory)
Prohibitory signs indicate something which
must not be done: for example No Right Turn
or No Parking. They generally have black
symbols and text on a white disc with a red
border and a red diagonal bar.

1.1.34 Examples of regulatory signs are shown in Figures

1.8 to 1.11. Detailed requirements for the use of
Figure 1.10: Restrictive Signs
such signs are given in Chapter 5 and the designs of
(Regulatory)
each sign are set out on the Department of
Transports website www.transport.ie.

Figure 1.11: Prohibitive Signs

(Regulatory)

November 2010 1/10

Warning Signs

1.1.35 Warning signs are used to alert drivers to danger or

potential danger ahead. They indicate the need for
special caution and may require a consequent
manoeuvre or reduction in speed. Examples are
Crossroads Ahead and Road Narrows. Most
warning signs have a black symbol on a diamond-
shaped yellow background. The sign is edged with
a narrow black border. Figure 1.12: Warning Signs

1.1.36 Examples of warning signs are shown in Figure

1.12. Detailed requirements for the use of such
signs are given in Chapter 6 and the designs of
each sign are set out on the Department of
Transports website www.transport.ie.

Roadworks Signs

1.1.37 A special series of warning signs is used to warn

road users that roadworks and temporary traffic
management measures are in progress. The signs
indicate that special care is needed and also warn of
hazards such as deviations or lane closures.
Roadworks signs generally have orange
backgrounds; the majority are diamond shaped with
black symbols and borders, similar to warning signs
but with an orange instead of a yellow background. Figure 1.13: Roadworks Signs
Traffic cones are also a form of roadworks sign.

1.1.38 Examples of roadworks signs are shown in Figure

1.13. Guidance on the use of roadworks signs, and
the design of temporary traffic measures for
roadworks and for other occasions when part of the
carriageway may be blocked temporarily is given in
Chapter 8. Detailed requirements for the design of
the relevant signs are set out on the Department of
Transports website www.transport.ie.

Gantry Signs

1.1.39 Gantries are required to carry signs on multi-lane

roads, where the provision of a sign on the road
verge or central reserve may not be adequate. They
usually carry directional signs, but may also carry
regulatory signs, such as speed limits, traffic signals
or Variable Message Signs.

1.1.40 An example of a gantry sign is illustrated in Figure

1.14. Guidance on the use of gantries and the
design of signs for gantries is given in Chapter 2 and Figure 1.14: Gantry Sign
in the other Chapters relevant to the type of sign to
be carried.

November 2010 1/11

Variable Message Signs

1.1.41 Variable Message Signs (VMS) are signs which can

show different messages at different times. The
simplest form of VMS are signs such as Variable
Speed Limit signs, which can show one of a range
of speed limits, dependent upon the circumstances
or be turned off to show a blank face. However,
most Variable Message Signs have a sign face in On Off
the form of a screen on which a wide range of
pictograms, symbols or messages can be displayed. a) Variable Speed Limit Sign
The larger Variable Message Signs can provide
detailed information in text form, such as Accident
after Junction 6. The message displayed may be
regulatory, a warning or for information.

1.1.42 Examples of Variable Message Signs are shown in

Figure 1.15. Guidance on the requirements for
Variable Message Signs is given in Chapter 3.

Road Markings
b) VMS with Text Message
1.1.43 Road markings provide information for the road user
in the form of lines, diagrams or text marked on the Figure 1.15: Variable Message
road pavement. Studs may also be used to Signs
supplement road markings, or as markings in
themselves. Many road markings, such as Stop
Lines and Continuous White Lines, are regulatory,
as an offence is committed if they are contravened.
For example, a vehicle crossing a lane marking
must yield to other vehicles. Details of the
requirements for road markings are given in Chapter
7.

Hazard Markers, Bollards, and Junction Definition Posts.

1.1.44 Some traffic signs are in the form of posts or

bollards. For example, Hazard Marker Posts are red
or white reflectors mounted on low posts, which are
used to indicate the edge of a hazard, such as the
edge of carriageway on a sharp bend (see Figure
1.16). Similarly, Junction Definition Posts are
circular green and white posts used to indicate the Figure 1.16: Hazard Marker Post
location of a side road (see Figure 1.17). Hazard and Bollard
Marker Posts are described in Chapter 6 and
Junction Definition Posts in Chapter 4.

1.1.45 Bollards are low posts usually placed on the ends of

traffic islands and similar locations to help define the
island. They usually contain a small regulatory sign
(e.g. Keep Left, Pass Either Side or No Entry).
Traditionally they were internally illuminated, but
designs are available in which the bollard is a wide
flexible post. Bollards are described in Section 1.5
of this Chapter.

Figure 1.17: Junction Definition

Posts

November 2010 1/12

Traffic Signals

1.1.46 Traffic signals are a particular form of regulatory

sign (see Figure 1.18). They are generally used to
control priority at junctions or roadworks. However,
a form of traffic signal may also be used on gantries
or tunnel soffits to indicate which lanes vehicles may
travel in.

1.1.47 Details of the different forms of traffic signal are

described in Chapter 9. That Chapter provides Figure 1.18: Traffic Signal Head
general guidance on the design of traffic signal
layouts, but not on the geometric design of traffic
signal junctions.

USE OF IRISH ON TRAFFIC SIGNS

Place Names on Information Signs

1.1.48 It is a statutory requirement that place names on

information signs be in both Irish and English,
except:
For names of destinations in Gaeltacht areas,
where the names of places in such areas are in
Irish only; and
Where the spelling of a place name is similar in
both languages, in which case only the Irish
form of the name should be shown.

Forms and Spelling of Place Names

1.1.49 It should be ensured that the correct forms and

spelling of place names are used on traffic signs. In
this regard, the following approach should be
adopted:
Road Authorities should consult the relevant
Place-names Orders published as Statutory
Instruments;
If the place name is not included in a Place-
names Orders, the Gazetteer of Ireland (The
Placenames Branch of the Ordnance Survey) or
www.logainm.ie should be consulted; or
In determining the correct Irish form of a place
name which is not provided in the above
sources, Road Authorities should consult with,
and obtain advice from, An Coimisin
Logainmneacha (The Place Names Commis-
sion). Before consulting with An Coimisin,
Road Authorities may wish to ascertain through
local consultation whether specific place names
have a particular local significance or what
traditional local usage may exist.

November 2010 1/13

Signs Not Depicting Place Names

1.1.50 All other fixed information and warning signs,

including supplementary plates, containing text shall
be bilingual .

1.1.51 Where a considerable amount of text is required,

such that there is a danger that the impact of the
message may be diluted, separate Irish and English
signs should be used.

1.1.52 It should be noted that abbreviations such as m,

km and km/h are Systme International units and,
as such, are not in any particular language.
Similarly STOP is recognised as an international
word which does not require translation.

Format of Text

1.1.53 All Irish text should be in italic print, in lower case

lettering with initial letters in capitals. Irish script
should be inclined at 15 degrees to the vertical. For
details see Chapter 2. The Irish text shall be placed
above the corresponding English.

1.1.54 All English text should be in upper case Roman

alphabet. For details see Chapter 2.

November 2010 1/14

1.2 Sign Sizes

LEGIBILITY

1.2.1 A sign must be capable of transmitting its message

clearly and at the right time to road users travelling
at the normal speed for the road during day and
night. To achieve this, a sign must have correct
legibility distance, appropriate target value, simple
content and layout, and effective reflectorisation.
Signs must also be adequate in design and
construction.

1.2.2 The legibility of signs is of prime importance; it is

determined by the size of the symbol or lettering
used. Contributory factors include the use of
adequate colour contrast between the symbols or
lettering and the background and the type of any
alphabet used.

1.2.3 Target value is an assessment of how well a road

user can identify that there is a road sign ahead. It
depends on both the colour and size of the sign: a
large sign will have adequate target value whatever
its colour. However, difficulties can occur with
smaller signs in urban areas, where busy
backgrounds can make it difficult to distinguish the
sign. This aspect is considered further in Section
1.3.

1.2.4 The use of a symbol to represent a message is most

effective in achieving legibility, together with simple
content and layout. Most of the regulatory and
warning signs in this Manual are, therefore, intended
to be used without text. Where lettering has to be
used, it is important to condense the message into
as few words as possible without impairing
comprehension.

1.2.5 As size is the most important factor determining sign

cost, signs should be designed to meet the required
legibility without wasting space.

1.2.6 The factors which determine the distance over which

a sign message is legible include:
The size of symbol or text;
The number of messages to be scanned;
The lateral distance of the sign from the edge of
carriageway; and
The speed of the approaching vehicle.

November 2010 1/15

1.2.7 As a result of these considerations, different sizes of
signs are used to suit different operating speeds.
On signs with symbols, the size of the sign is
proportional to the speed of approaching traffic.

1.2.8 The recommendations for sign size (and also for

siting distance and visibility see Section 1.3)
depend upon the speed of the road. For this
purpose, the speed is determined from:
The Design Speed, or
The speed limit, or
th
The 85 percentile approach speed.

1.2.9 When designing sign layouts for new or improved

roads, the Design Speed of the road should be
used. This should be calculated in accordance with
2
the method set out in NRA Standard NRA TD 9 .

1.2.10 On existing roads, the Design Speed may be

calculated using the same method, or the speed
value may be assumed to be the statutory speed
limit for the length of road.

1.2.11 In some cases, the statutory speed limit can be a

poor indicator of actual approach speeds.
Therefore, where it is considered that the approach
speed of traffic is significantly different from the
speed limit, the size and siting of signs may be
based on the 85-percentile approach speed of
private cars. This is the speed which is exceeded
by only 15% of cars in dry weather and may be
measured by normal speed survey methods.

1.2.12 If the 85-percentile approach speed is to be

measured, speeds should usually be surveyed at a
point about 200 to 300m in advance of the proposed
position for the sign. The actual position of the
survey will depend on the horizontal and vertical
alignment of the road, the presence and frequency
of side roads and the likely visibility of the sign.

INFORMATION SIGNS

1.2.13 The sizes of information signs containing text are

determined by the size of text required. This is
defined in terms of the height of a lower case x and
is referred to as the x-height. The rules for
determining the x-height and, hence, the size of the
sign are set out in Chapters 2 and 4; faster roads
require larger text. The sizes of information signs
without text are also specified in those Chapters.

2
National Roads Authority. NRA TD 9, Road Link Design. Part of
the NRA Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. NRA, Dublin.

November 2010 1/16

REGULATORY AND WARNING SIGNS

1.2.14 Full details of the sizes of regulatory signs are set

out in Chapter 5 and of warning signs in Chapter 6.
Circular regulatory sign sizes vary from 450mm
diameter up to 1500mm diameter, with smaller sizes
of 270mm or 300mm diameter used in bollards and
traffic signal heads. Diamond shaped warning signs
are made in four standard sizes, with the length of a
side varying from 600mm to 1200mm.

1.2.15 Chapters 5 and 6 provide guidance on where to use

each size of sign. The size depends primarily on the
approach speed of traffic, as noted in Paragraphs
1.2.7 to 1.2.12. Signs on dual carriageways tend to
be larger and should be positioned on both sides of
the carriageway, not only because of higher speeds
but also to allow improved legibility amongst multiple
lanes of traffic. Larger than normal sign sizes and
signs on both sides of the carriageway may be
required in some locations on other roads to provide
greater emphasis or to improve legibility where the
background is cluttered.

November 2010 1/17

1.3 Sign Location

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1.3.1 In order to perform the function for which it is

intended, a sign must be capable of transmitting its
message clearly and in good time. The clarity of the
message is dependent on the design of the sign
this should be achieved by following the guidance in
this Manual. However, the sign must also be
positioned correctly so it can be read in good time.

1.3.2 There are six aspects to be considered when

positioning a sign:
Its siting in relation to the junction, hazard or
other feature to which it applies;
Its placement in relation to the edge of the
carriageway and other features of the road
cross-section;
Its height above the road;
Its orientation;
safety; and
Its relationship with other signs and the
environment in general.
These factors are discussed in turn below.

1.3.3 The advice in this section should be followed where

possible without compromising safe and clear
signage. If a conflict does occur, then the overriding
concern must be the safety of road users. Signage
should not be omitted or moved to an ineffective
location to cater for aesthetics at the expense of
safety.

1.3.4 Signs should be sited by an experienced engineer or

technician who has undertaken a site visit and is
aware of all the site constraints including
underground services.

1.3.5 Some signs, especially directional information signs,

are large so that difficulties can be experienced in
providing adequate width to accommodate the sign
at the required location. Other signs, such as the
direction signs positioned on roundabout splitter
islands, need to be sited in locations with little room
and many conflicting constraints. When designing a
new or improved road layout, therefore, it is
essential to consider the traffic signs which will be
needed so that adequate provision may be made at
an early stage. If signs are not considered until
later, problems may occur.

November 2010 1/18

SITING

1.3.6 Drivers must be able to read and understand a sign

in sufficient time for them to react safely to its
message. In order to achieve this, signs should be
sited at the correct distances before the junction,
hazard or other feature to which they relate. It is
also essential to ensure that signs are visible from
these distances and are not obscured by intervening
obstructions.

1.3.7 The siting and visibility distances for the different

types of sign are given in tables in the relevant
Chapters. The recommendations are classified
according to the speed value for the stretch of road
on which the sign is to be located, as explained in
Section 1.2 above.

1.3.8 It is important that siting distances for signs be

consistent, so that similar reaction times will apply.
In siting signs, the guidance given in individual
Chapters should, therefore, be followed closely,
although it will not always be possible to adhere
precisely to these standards due to site limitations.
Variations from the standard siting distance of up to
10% are generally acceptable. However, variations
greater than this reduce the effectiveness of the
signs and should only be used in cases of extreme
difficulty.

1.3.9 On steep downhill gradients, it will generally be

appropriate to adjust the siting distances to allow for
longer braking distances. It is recommended that
the distances given in individual chapters be
increased by 10% where there is a descending
gradient (between the sign and the feature for which
the sign is required) of 6% or steeper. Adjustment
of the siting distances is less important where there
is an uphill gradient: however, the siting distance
may be reduced by 10% where there is an
ascending gradient of 10% or steeper.

1.3.10 Permanent features which cannot be altered, such

as bends, hill crests, narrow verges and buildings,
will necessitate the special positioning of signs. It is
preferable to increase the standard distance
between the sign and the hazard rather than reduce
it.

November 2010 1/19

1.3.11 The siting of regulatory signs depends on the
particular sign. Most are located at the point at
which the sign must be obeyed: for example, a Keep
Left sign at the start of a central reserve, and a No
Entry sign at the end of a one-way street. Some
signs, such as Speed Limit signs, must be
positioned at the location specified in the relevant
bye-law or Managers Order. As the signs must be
obeyed they should be placed in a position of good
visibility. It follows, therefore, that the lengths of
restrictions themselves may be influenced by the
best sign positions; before bye-laws or Managers
Orders are made, due consideration should be given
to the precise siting of terminal signs. However, this
should not result in appreciable lengths of
unnecessary restrictions. Information on the siting
of regulatory signs is given in Chapter 5.

1.3.12 Drivers are accustomed to signs being on the left-

hand side and such positioning should be the norm.
However, siting on the right-hand side is appropriate Figure 1.19: Bend Sign Mounted
in certain circumstances: for example, where there on Opposite Verge
are difficulties in siting on the left, or where (New Zealand)
worthwhile economies can be made, such as at T-
junctions where a double sided sign may suffice
instead of separate signs on the left for each
approach. At sharp left-hand bends siting on the
right may not only be appropriate but preferable. An
example from New Zealand of a sign on the right-
hand verge is shown in Figure 1.19.

1.3.13 The right-hand siting of signs is also appropriate

where signs need to be erected on both sides of the
carriageway. Examples include one-way streets
and dual carriageways, where duplication of
regulatory and warning signs is recommended.

1.3.14 Other methods of siting are sometimes required.

For example, directional signs should be offset to
the right at the head of a T-junction so that the sign
will be visible to queuing traffic on the stem (see
example in Chapter 10). At underpasses overhead
signs may be more appropriate. Signs on
roundabouts are also specially sited. Full details of
siting requirements for individual signs and in
particular applications are given in the relevant
Chapters of this Manual.

November 2010 1/20

PLACEMENT

1.3.15 The placement of a sign is its position on the cross-

section of the road. A sign should be placed so as
to maintain a clearance between itself and the traffic
on the carriageway.

1.3.16 A horizontal clearance between the edge of the sign

and the edge of the pavement (including any hard
strip or hard shoulder) of 1200mm is recommended.
However, where space is limited, or there are other
obstructions or constraints, the clearance may be
reduced to 450m in urban areas and 600mm in rural
areas.

1.3.17 In urban areas the obstruction caused by posts

located in narrow pedestrian footways should be
minimised. Every effort should be made to ensure
that the poles do not impede the free movement of
vision or mobility impaired people, the elderly,
people with pushchairs or small children, or
wheelchair users. The following guidelines apply:
Street furniture should be carefully and
consistently located so as not to impede the
walking area. Supports should be at the back of
the footway or as close to the kerb as
practicable (see Figure 1.20); Figure 1.20: Footway to be
Kept Clear
Street furniture should be kept to a minimum;
Street furniture should have rounded edges;
When at low level street furniture should be
detectable to assist long cane users;
Where difficulties in placement arise, the local
authority should liaise with affected local parties.

1.3.18 Signs supported by a single post should be used

where possible; the post may be offset from the
centre of the sign (see Figure 1.20). In urban areas,
it is often preferable for large signs to be
cantilevered from a post at the back of footway,
using H-frames where necessary (see Figure 1.21).
Alternatively it may be possible to attach signs to
existing structures such as walls, fences and
buildings. If signs can be mounted in this way, they
should have a clearance from the edge of the sign to
the edge of road pavement of not more than Figure 1.21: Cantilever Sign
2000mm. With H-Frame

1.3.19 Where build-outs, projections from the footway, are

provided for the control of parking or as a traffic
calming measure, it may be helpful to use these for
the erection of signs.

November 2010 1/21

1.3.20 When designing and locating signage for cycle
facilities, the designer should refer to any guidelines
for cycling facilities issued by the Department of
Transport.

MOUNTING HEIGHT

1.3.21 Signs in rural areas should normally be erected with

the lower edge of the sign or supplementary plate at
the greater of 1500mm above the level of the
adjacent paved surface and 1000mm above ground
level below the sign. Signs should be mounted clear
of any vegetation.

1.3.22 In urban areas or locations where pedestrians are

likely to walk under the sign, the desirable mounting
height is 2300mm. Where cyclists are likely to pass
under the sign, the desirable mounting height is
2500mm. See Figure 1.22.

1.3.23 Low-level direction signs at roundabouts and

junctions may be mounted at lower heights, but not
less than 750mm above ground level. However,
care must be taken to ensure that the signs do not
obstruct sight lines.

1.3.24 In city centres where congested conditions prevail,

higher mounting heights may be required if standing
vehicles consistently prevent signs from being seen.
Alternatively cantilever signs or gantries may need
to be considered.

1.3.25 If signs are erected on structures, mounting heights

less than 2300mm may be used, provided that the Figure 1.22: General Mounting
signs can still be seen, do not obstruct pedestrians Heights for Signs
and are out of the range of spray thrown up by
passing vehicles.

November 2010 1/22

ORIENTATION

1.3.26 Sign orientation is important, as signs need to be

sited so as to avoid specular reflection caused by
the headlights of approaching vehicles. Specular
reflection can be particularly troublesome where
drivers need to use headlights on full beam.

1.3.27 To eliminate or minimise the effects of specular

reflection, signs should be set at an angle to the
direction of approaching vehicles.

1.3.28 On a straight carriageway, the horizontal axis of a

0
sign should be set at an angle of 95 away from the
general alignment of the left-hand side of the Figure 1.23: Orientation of Sign
carriageway on the approach side. This is illustrated on a Straight Road
in Figure 1.23.

1.3.29 On right-hand bends it will generally be adequate for

0
a sign to be set at an angle of 90 to a line tangential
to the left-hand edge of carriageway at the point
where the sign is erected (see Figure 1.24).

1.3.30 Signs erected on left-hand bends should be oriented

0
at 95 from a line joining the edge of carriageway at
the sign with a point on the same edge of
carriageway 200m in advance of the sign (see
Figure 1.25). However, on some bends and
complicated winding alignments, compromise
solutions may have to be adopted.

1.3.31 Signs are normally to be set transverse to the line of

travel of approaching road users. The main Figure 1.24: Orientation of Sign
exceptions to these are signs and plates indicating on a Right-Hand Bend
parking restrictions and taxi ranks, which should be
set parallel to the kerb, and also some direction
signs, which need to point approximately in the
direction to be taken.
0
1.3.32 Overhead gantry signs are normally set at 90 to the
lane(s) which the sign extends over and with a
vertical face.

Figure 1.25: Orientation of Sign

on a Left-Hand Bend

November 2010 1/23

SAFETY

1.3.33 Large traffic signs, especially those with large posts,

erected on the road verge or central reserve are
potential hazards to errant vehicles leaving the
carriageway. Many large signs may, therefore,
require safety barriers to protect the occupants of
vehicles in case of impact. The requirements of the
National Roads Authoritys standard NRA TD 19,
3
Safety Barriers , should be followed where
appropriate.

1.3.34 NRA TD 19 defines the Clear Zone, which is an

area alongside the carriageway which should be
kept free from obstructions. Ideally, large signs
should be positioned outside the clear zone, but this
is rarely practicable, since the zone is generally too
wide (10m or more on a 120km/h road).

1.3.35 Where safety barriers are provided, either because

of the sign or for some other reason, the sign posts
must never be erected in front of or straddling the
safety barrier. Similarly, the sign face must not
project in front of the safety barrier. Posts behind
safety barriers should be sited clear of the working
width of the barrier (see NRA TD 19).

1.3.36 Frangible or lattice construction posts which are less

likely to cause serious injury or damage when struck
by vehicles are available and should be considered
for use in appropriate circumstances. The use of
such posts may avoid the need for a safety barrier in
front of the sign.

3
National Roads Authority. NRA TD 19, Safety Barriers. Part of
the NRA Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. NRA, Dublin.

November 2010 1/24

SURROUNDINGS

1.3.37 In determining the location of a sign, its relationship

with other signs and its surroundings in general
should be considered.

1.3.38 When considering a sign in relation to other signs in

the area, the following should be taken into account:
Is there a need for both the new sign and for all
the existing ones, or can one or more signs be
eliminated?
Does the message on the new sign conflict with
the messages on other signs?
Does the sign obstruct, or is it obstructed by,
other signs?
Can the sign be mounted together with another
sign? See Section 1.5.
The sign should be positioned such that the
approaching driver sees the sign and then the
feature to which it refers. Where possible, no
other signs should be mounted between the sign
and the feature to which it refers.
Care is needed to avoid confusion which may
arise, such as when a minor junction, possibly
unsigned, intervenes between a directional or
warning sign and the junction that it serves.

1.3.39 The sign should be clearly visible to road users:

steps should be taken to deal with any obstructions.
Overhanging trees and shrubs should be cut back to
allow approaching drivers to see the sign. In some
cases the vegetation may need to be removed
completely.

1.3.40 Standing vehicles that continually mask a sign may

have to be prohibited. Similarly, it may be
necessary to move bus stops. Subsequent building
development and other features such as shop signs
and blinds should not be allowed to obscure traffic
signs.

1.3.41 The sign should not block the sight line of any
vehicle, pedestrian or other road user. For example,
a vehicle waiting at the exit from a side road should
not have its sight line blocked by a sign on the
mainline.

1.3.42 It is preferable to mount signs in front of any

vegetation. The vegetation provides a background
for the sign and allows it to stand out from the
surrounding area. The vegetation also masks the
back of the sign (see Figure 1.26).

November 2010 1/25

1.3.43 Clutter of signs and other street furniture should be
avoided as far as possible. This may be achieved
by:
Reducing the number of signs as much as
possible, consistent with road safety;
Mounting signs together where appropriate (see
Section 1.5);
Attaching signs to existing structures such as
walls, fences, buildings, railings and lampposts;
Siting posts at the back of footways or close to
boundaries; and
Removing unnecessary and unauthorised signs.

1.3.44 Care should be taken to avoid the screening of

heritage buildings, monuments or buildings of
architectural significance where possible. Care
should also be taken to minimise the blanking out of
shop fronts and general streetscapes.

1.3.45 Signs may lose their effectiveness because of their

setting. Smaller signs may fail to stand out against
a background which is variegated and colourful and
others may be overpowered by a stronger
background. Advertisements behind or near signs
may prove distracting. Poor and distracting
backgrounds should be partially screened in an
appropriate manner: for example, by planting or the
provision of backing boards on signs.

1.3.46 Figures 1.26 to 1.30 illustrate some of the aspects of

the siting of signs.

November 2010 1/26

Sign sited against sky.

Sign sited against trees is preferred.

Trees mask the rear of the sign.

Figure 1.26: Use of Vegetation to Mask Signs

November 2010 1/27

A badly placed sign clutters the street and blocks the view

A sign sited against a house silhouette may be preferable.

Figure 1.27: Unobtrusive Siting of Sign in Urban Area

November 2010 1/28

Complicated arrangements are obtrusive.

Horizontal layouts are preferred.

Figure 1.28: Signs at T-Junction

November 2010 1/29

Sign too high. Preferred height.

Sign fixed to a wall: takes advantage of an existing structure and lessens the environmental
impact.

Figure 1.29: Adjustment of Sign Heights to Lessen Environmental Impact

November 2010 1/30

Signs in the same plane should be on the same level.
Signs in other planes should not obstruct the view of other sign faces.

Figure 1.30: Arrangement of Finger Post Signs

November 2010 1/31

1.4 Gantries and Variable Message Signs

1.4.1 The general principles for sign location described in

Section 1.3 apply also to gantries and Variable Message
Signs. However, the following additional aspects need to
be considered.

GANTRIES

1.4.2 Gantries should be provided to carry the directional signs

on the approaches to junctions on motorways and dual
carriageways where one of the following warrants is met: a) Portal Gantry
Where there are three or more traffic lanes in either
direction; or
Where the design year Annual Average Daily
Traffic (AADT) exceeds 50,000 vehicles; or
At motorway / National Primary intersections; and
At any other locations on motorways or dual
carriageways as directed or approved by the
National Roads Authority.

1.4.3 Gantries at the above locations will generally be portal

frame gantries, spanning the carriageway, or cantilever
gantries (see Figure 1.31).

1.4.4 Cantilever gantries (single posts in the verge carrying a

high level sign cantilevered towards the carriageway)
should be provided to carry the final Advance Direction
sign at exits from grade separated dual carriageways and
motorways with a speed limit of 80km/h or more. Such b) Cantilever Gantry
gantries should be provided at the start of the diverge
taper.

1.4.5 Portal gantries may also be required to carry speed limit

signs where different limits apply to different lanes, and
also to carry lane control signals, usually in the form of
Variable Message Signs over each lane.

1.4.6 Cantilever or portal gantries may also be required to

carry large Variable Message Signs (see Figure 1.15).

1.4.7 For the design of directional signs carried by gantries see

Chapter 2; for Variable Message Signs see Chapter 3;
and for Speed Limit signs see Chapter 5. c) Gantry Carrying
Directional Signs and
Casings for Lane Control
Signals, and VMS

Figure 1.31: Typical

Gantries

November 2010 1/32

1.4.8 The structural design of gantries shall be in accordance
4
with Standard BD 51 . Lateral clearances and headroom
shall be in accordance with National Roads Authority
5
Standard NRA TD 27 .

VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNS

1.4.9 Variable Message Signs (VMS) may be divided into two

broad types:
Regulatory VMS, providing a limited range of
regulatory instructions to drivers; and
Text/pictogram VMS, capable of providing a wide
range of warning and information messages.

1.4.10 A verge mounted Periodic Speed Limit sign is one of the

simplest forms of regulatory VMS. At certain times of
day, the sign is illuminated to show the required speed
limit, whereas at others the sign is turned off, showing a
blank black face (see Figure 1.32a).

1.4.11 On busy multi-lane roads there may be a need to vary a) Periodic Speed Limit
the speed limits, either in individual lanes, or across the VMS
whole carriageway. In such cases, gantries may be
erected at intervals across the carriageway, with a
Variable Speed Limit VMS mounted centrally over each
lane.

1.4.12 In similar circumstances there may be a need to provide

Lane Control Signals over each lane. These display a
green arrow or red cross and are frequently used at
tunnels.

1.4.13 Text VMS are generally large signs with a face divided
into a large number of pixels which can be illuminated as
required to display text or pictograms, in one or more
colours (see Figure 1.32b).

1.4.14 The locations of Variable Message Signs will be

determined by the particular requirements of each road
where they are to be deployed.

1.4.15 For details of the types of VMS available and their uses,
see Chapter 3.

b) Cantilever VMS
Displaying Text

Figure 1.32: Typical

Variable Message Signs

4
National Roads Authority. BD 51, Design Criteria for Portal and
Cantilever Sign/Signal Gantries. Part of the NRA Design Manual for
Roads and Bridges. NRA, Dublin.
5
National Roads Authority. NRA TD 27, Cross-Sections and Headroom.
Part of the NRA Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. NRA, Dublin.

November 2010 1/33

1.5 Sign Construction and Mounting

DESIGN OF SIGNS

1.5.1 Signs shall be designed in accordance with the

requirements of this Manual. For regulatory and warning
signs, only the standard designs illustrated in Chapters 5,
6 and 8 and detailed on the Department of Transports
website www.transport.ie shall be used. For directional
information signs and other signs requiring text or
combinations of text and symbols, the design rules set
out in Chapters 2 and 4 shall be followed. The detailed
designs of some information signs are also set out on the
Department of Transports website.

1.5.2 Signs shall not display logos, advertising or company

names on their faces. With the sole exception of County
Boundary Signs, traffic signs shall only display the
relevant symbols described in the Traffic Signs Manual.
County Boundary Signs (see Chapter 4) may display the
county crest.

BACKING BOARDS

1.5.3 Signs may be mounted on backing boards. A backing

board is any extension of a sign face beyond the
specified sign, or a board on which the sign is mounted:
see Figure 1.33. It may be used for the following
purposes:
To help a sign stand out from a complex, distracting
or dark background (see Section 1.3);
To emphasise a sign;
For mounting assemblies of signs. Figure 1.33: Backing
Board
1.5.4 A backing board can also make for a neater assembly,
for example when a sign requires a supplementary plate
or when two signs are mounted on the same post. It also
eliminates the risk of a supplementary plate becoming
misaligned.

1.5.5 Backing boards shall be coloured grey. Yellow boards

have been used in the past. Except for speed limits for
specific lanes (see Paragraph 1.5.20 and Figure 1.38),
no colour other than grey is permitted without specific
approval from the overseeing organisation. Backing
boards shall normally be rectangular in shape, but a grey
board may be non-rectangular, for example to enable a
diamond shaped sign to be bracketed off a lamp column.
The backing board must not be provided with an
additional black border and no legend may be attached
directly to the board.

November 2010 1/34

1.5.6 There are, however, potential disadvantages to the use
of backing boards. A board can deprive diamond shaped
and circular signs of a primary recognition aid: their
distinctive silhouettes. A better way of increasing a
signs conspicuity may simply be to provide a standard
sign of larger size. Not only will this be more noticeable
than a smaller size, but it will also improve legibility and
hence reading distance, which a backing board cannot
do.

1.5.7 Where it seems that a sign is not being noticed by drivers

despite the use of a grey backing board, it should be
checked to ensue that it is well sited, not obscured by
foliage or other obstructions, of the appropriate size and
in good condition. Only then should the use of a yellow
backing board be considered and an application for its
use submitted to the National Roads Authority (for
national roads) or the Department of Transport (for other
roads).

1.5.8 Grey backing boards may be used to mount an assembly

of signs, as described below. The minimum width of
backing board around a sign should normally be 0.13
times the diameter of a circular sign or 0.10 times the
length of a side of a diamond sign (see Figures 1.34 and
1.35). Rules for the design of information signs are given
in Chapters 2 and 4.

1.5.9 Stop Signs (RUS 027) and Yield Signs (RUS 026) shall
not be mounted on backing boards, as backing boards
would reduce the distinctiveness of the shapes of these
signs.

ASSEMBLIES OF SIGNS

1.5.10 There can be advantages in combining more than one

sign into one assembly and mounting them together.
This reduces clutter and also mounting and foundation
costs. Assemblies of two or more directional information
signs are described in Chapter 2 (see also an example in
Figure 1.33), so the following guidance applies to other
types of sign (regulatory, warning, other information and
roadworks).

1.5.11 Research has shown that the greater the number of

signs which drivers are presented with simultaneously,
the greater the difficulty they are likely to have in
assimilating the information. This problem in dealing with
information overload increases with age, so older drivers Figure 1.34: Backing
suffer disproportionately. Generally, therefore, not more Board for Warning Sign
than two signs should be mounted on one post (or as
one assembly on two or more posts). When a sign is
accompanied by a supplementary plate, the assembly of
sign and plate should be regarded as one sign for this
purpose.

November 2010 1/35

1.5.12 Exceptionally, three signs may be mounted on one post,
provided none requires a supplementary plate.

1.5.13 No other signs facing in the same direction shall be

mounted on the same post as a Stop Sign (RUS 027) or
Yield Sign (RUS 026).

1.5.14 When mounted with other types of sign, the diamond

shaped warning sign shall be mounted at the top. Where
two or more warning signs are mounted together, the
sign relating to the hazard first encountered shall be
placed uppermost. When a new sign is added to an
existing post, it is important to ensure that the correct
order is maintained, if necessary adjusting the position of
the existing signs, and also that the correct clearance to
the edge of carriageway and ground level is maintained.

1.5.15 Generally no assembly should exceed a height of 4m

above ground level. High-mounted signs may receive Figure 1.35: Spacing of
little light from vehicle headlamps, particularly on dipped Sign Assemblies
beam. Where such signs are not directly lit but rely on
reflectorisation, they are likely to be less legible.

1.5.16 In urban areas it is preferable to mount signs as

assemblies, ideally on a backing board, rather than as
individual messages mounted separately.

1.5.17 The space between a sign and its associated

supplementary plate should normally be equal to 0.05
times the nominal size of sign (the diameter of a
regulatory sign or the length of a side of a warning sign).
The same space should be provided between two signs
on the same post; where the signs are of different types
or sizes the space should be based on the larger sign.

1.5.18 A special case for the spacing of an assembly of signs

occurs when one of the signs requires an End plate to
indicate the end of a prohibition or restriction. In order to
avoid ambiguity, the sign to which the End plate refers
must be the lower sign and shall have the plate butted
directly up to its lower edge. A space equal to twice the
normal spacing shall be left between the upper and lower
signs.

November 2010 1/36

1.5.19 Assemblies of signs may be used with effect at the
entrance to traffic calming schemes. Thus, a Speed
Limit sign (e.g. RUS 043) may be mounted as an
assembly with the town name and a Barrier Board (W
183): see Figure 1.36. Also, as a special case, the Road
Narrows sign (W 071) may be mounted as an assembly
with the Traffic Calming supplementary plate (P 063), but
with Irish text above the sign and English at the bottom:
see Figure 1.37. For further information, see Chapter 4
6
and the NRA Guidelines on Traffic Calming .

SPEED LIMITS FOR SPECIFIC LANES

1.5.20 Special speed limits may be applied to specific lanes or

parts of a road, rather than the whole width of the road.
One method of displaying the speed limits is to mount the Figure 1.36: Traffic
speed limit signs on special backing boards: see Figure Calming Gateway Sign
1.38. For details see Chapter 5.

BACK-TO-BACK SIGNS

1.5.21 Signs may sometimes be mounted back-to-back on the

same post. Where the signs are of the same size and
shape, they should be erected in line with each other, so
the back of one is covered by the other. However, where
the signs are of different sizes or shapes, they should
both be mounted on rectangular grey backing boards of
the same size and the boards aligned.

1.5.22 Signs shall not be mounted on the back of a Stop Sign

(RUS 027) or a Yield Sign (RUS 026) unless the sign is
small enough to fit entirely within the outline of the Stop
or Yield Sign. This is to ensure that the distinctive
shapes of these signs are not obscured.
Figure 1.37: Road Narrows
Sign at Traffic Calming
SIGN CONSTRUCTION

1.5.23 Signs shall be constructed in accordance with the

Guidelines, Certification Scheme and Specification for
7
the Construction of Traffic Signs, TS4 .

Figure 1.38: Typical Sign

Assembly for Speed
Limits for Specific Lanes

6
National Roads Authority. Guidelines on Traffic Calming for Towns and
Villages on National Roads. NRA, Dublin.
7
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. TS4,
Guidelines, Certification Scheme and Specification for the Construction
of Road Traffic Signs. DoEHLG, Dublin.

November 2010 1/37

POSTS FOR SIGNS

1.5.24 In urban areas signs should be mounted using as few

posts as practicable. A proliferation of posts can present
unnecessary hazards for those with vision or mobility
impairments and create obstructions for those with
pushchairs or wheelchairs (see Section 1.3).

1.5.25 Sign posts should be designed to accommodate the total

area of signs attached to them. The attachment of larger
or additional signs to existing posts should only be
undertaken after checking the adequacy of the posts,
taking account of any reduction in strength due to
corrosion.

1.5.26 Purpose-made metal posts are normally circular tubular

cross-section and of uniform diameter along their length.
The post should be fitted with a pole cap and should not
protrude above the sign (see Figure 1.39). Where
enlargement of a post is needed to house control Figure 1.39: Post Should
equipment, it should be provided at the base of the post. Not Protrude Above Sign

1.5.27 The use of passively safe posts should be considered,

especially for large signs. Mounting a large sign on
passively safe posts may avoid the need for a safety
barrier in front of the sign. However, such posts (other
than bollards) should not be used in the central reserve,
since an impact could cause the sign to fall into the
opposing carriageway. Where passively safe posts are
8
used, they shall comply with IS EN 12767 . Information
on the use of passively safe posts is given in the National
9
Roads Authority Standard TD 89 .

1.5.28 Direction signs on roundabout splitter islands should be

constructed with retention sockets in the foundations so
that the signposts can be replaced easily. Similar
consideration should be given to any signs in locations
where they are liable to be struck: for example, exit signs
at diverges on motorways and dual carriageways.

1.5.29 Posts for signs may be of any single colour, although

distinctive bands of colour may be added to posts on
footways or in other pedestrian areas, to make it easier
for them to be seen by those with vision impairment.

8
National Standards Authority of Ireland. IS EN 12767: Passive Safety
of Support Structures for Road Equipment Requirements and Test
Methods. NSAI, Dublin.
9
National Roads Authority. TD 89, Use of Passively Safe Signposts,
Lighting Columns and Traffic Signal Posts to BS EN 12767. Part of the
NRA Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. NRA, Dublin.

November 2010 1/38

1.5.30 The backs of signs and bracing should be grey or black,
as should the fixing clips where these are painted.
However, it may be appropriate for the backs of some
signs to be a different colour in order to reduce their
visual impact (see Section 1.3).

1.5.31 Where signs are to be mounted on single posts, the

posts should be drilled through near the bottom and a pin
inserted to prevent rotation in the ground. The use of
rectangular posts also helps prevent rotation. Where
possible, the mounting should allow angular movement
for adjustment before the sign is locked in its final
position.

1.5.32 It is important that signs mounted on single posts be

fixed securely to avoid rotation. The use of rectangular
posts assists this, but makes it difficult to achieve the
precise orientation for the sign. Fixing clips for mounting
signs on single circular posts should have anti-rotational
grooving. Alternatively, they may be provided with a
tapped hole to facilitate the insertion of a screw to fix the
orientation of the sign. Only the clip size specific to the
post diameter should be used.

1.5.33 Should a sign be subjected to extreme wind loading,

beyond the design value, it is safer for the posts to bend
rather than the fixings to fail. Therefore, the design of
posts and mountings should be such that, at ultimate limit
state, the posts would fail before the mountings.

1.5.34 On embankments where signs are mounted on the side

slope, it may be appropriate to extend the bank out to
accommodate the sign base. This avoids the need for a
stepped or deeply set base with longer posts.

ILLUMINATION

1.5.35 The requirements for the illumination of traffic signals are

described in Chapter 9 and for Variable Message Signs
in Chapter 3.

1.5.36 Pedestrian Crossing Beacons (part of RPC 001) shall be

internally illuminated with a flashing light, flashing at
between 35 and 45 flashes per minute (see Chapters 7
and 9).

1.5.37 Other traffic signs do not normally require illumination.

However, if signs are to be lit, externally illuminated
retroreflective signs should be used in preference to
internally illuminated signs, as they are likely to be less
expensive, require less maintenance and be more legible
in the event of a lighting failure. The exception to this
recommendation is transilluminated bollards.

November 2010 1/39

BOLLARDS

1.5.38 Bollards are frequently used to indicate the ends of traffic

islands and central reserves. Bollards normally display a
regulatory sign such as Keep Left or Pass Either Side
(RUS 001 or RUS 003) (see Figure 1.40). The sign face
may be 270mm, 300mm or 600mm diameter, the size
being chosen to suit the speed of traffic and the nature of
the road. On major roads, 600mm diameter sign faces
are preferred.

1.5.39 Bollards may be either transilluminated (i.e. internally

illuminated) or retroreflective.

1.5.40 Transilluminated bollards shall be Type 1

Transilluminated Traffic Bollards in accordance with IS
10
EN 12899-2 . Under impact, the bollard shall be either
break away, spring back or be deformable, in accordance
with that standard. With such bollards, the electrical
equipment is all mounted below ground level, so that it is
not damaged in an impact.

1.5.41 Retroreflective bollards shall conform either to IS EN

12767, or to IS EN 12899-2 except that they shall be Figure 1.40: Typical
retroreflective instead of transilluminated. The mountings Bollard (Transilluminated
shall either break-away, spring-back or be deformable in or Retroreflective)
accordance with those standards.

HAZARD MARKER POSTS

1.5.42 Hazard marker posts shall be in accordance with the

requirements for delineator posts in IS EN 12899-3 (see
Chapter 6).

10
National Standards Authority of Ireland. IS EN 12899: Fixed, Vertical
Road Traffic Signs: IS EN 12899-2: Part 2: Transilluminated Traffic
Bollards; IS EN 12899-3: Part 3: Delineator Posts and Retroreflectors.
NSAI, Dublin.

November 2010 1/40

1.6 Maintenance

1.6.1 Signs, road markings and traffic signals should be

maintained to preserve their effectiveness and general
condition. Signs become less effective when characters
or colouring deteriorate, when obscured by vegetation or
other obstructions, when external illumination fails or
when damaged by accident or vandalism. Similarly, road
markings and studs deteriorate over time. Also, sign and
signal supports will deteriorate.

Signs

1.6.2 In general it is recommended that a Road Authority

arrange for the following inspection and maintenance of
its signs:
A programme of regular inspection, cleaning and
maintenance on all signs encompassing:
a) Inspection of each sign and recording of
substantial defects;
b) Thorough cleaning of each sign;
c) All minor repairs not requiring sign face or post
replacement; and
d) Trimming and removal of vegetation to ensure
adequate visibility.
More frequent cursory inspection and maintenance
encompassing:
a) Cleaning and minor repairs; and
b) Recording of substantial defects or damage.
Non-routine repair and replacement.
Creating and maintaining an inventory of signage.

Road Safety

1.6.3 Inspection and maintenance personnel should be

suitably trained and qualified, and should operate the
applicable safety regulations and procedures for any
activity.

1.6.4 Whenever inspection or maintenance of traffic signs or

road markings is likely to interfere with the free flow of
traffic, the applicable traffic management measures shall
be installed, in accordance with the requirements of
Chapter 8.

November 2010 1/41

INSPECTION OF SIGNS

1.6.5 Periodic inspections of signs should be carried out to

ensure prompt repair or replacement. Illuminated or
retroreflective signs should also be inspected regularly
after dark. Similarly, night-time inspections of road
markings, hazard marker posts and studs should be
carried out, particularly in wet weather.

1.6.6 Inspections of signs should check the following aspects:

Visual performance:
a) Obscuration of the sign by foliage or other
obstructions (including by other signs);
b) Correct orientation of the sign;
c) Obscuration of the sign face by dirt or graffiti;
d) Loss of sign face material; and
e) Sign face degradation.
Structural Integrity:
a) Condition of the sign plate;
b) Condition of clips, rails or other fixings; and
c) Condition of the sign posts or other supporting
structure and of the pole caps.
Electrical safety and operation.

1.6.7 Signs are frequently obscured by vegetation. It is,

therefore, essential that signs be inspected regularly
during the growing season and that any encroaching
vegetation be cut back.

1.6.8 In urban areas, care should be taken to ensure that signs

do not become obscured by subsequent building
development or other features, such as shop blinds. The
erection of new or relocated street furniture, such as
lighting columns or bus stops, may also obscure signs.
Furthermore, changes to the background, such as new
buildings or advertising, behind a sign may render the
sign less noticeable.

1.6.9 The electrical safety and operation of lit signs should be

checked at intervals. This should include:
General condition and safety;
Operation of luminaries;
Alignment of luminaries; and
Operational effectiveness.

1.6.10 For lit signs, night-time patrols should also be carried out
to check for poor lantern alignment, bulb outages and
lighting failures.

November 2010 1/42

MAINTENANCE OF SIGNS

Cleaning

1.6.11 All signs require regular cleaning. No firm advice on the

frequency of cleaning can be given, since dirt deposition
varies with the location, the weather and the time of year.
Low level signs, such as bollards and follow-on direction
signs at roundabouts are likely to require cleaning at
particularly short intervals.

1.6.12 Sign faces can be damaged by inappropriate cleaning

with abrasives or aggressive power washers. Sign face
materials should, therefore, be cleaned in accordance
with guidelines issued by the manufacturers of the sign
materials concerned.

Visibility

1.6.13 Signs should remain clearly visible for the appropriate

approach distances. The clear distances recommended
in the relevant Chapters should be restored when
practicable, for example by cutting back overhanging
foliage. If a reasonable minimum distance cannot be
restored, alternative action such as relocating the sign,
should be considered.

1.6.14 Where trees or shrubs persistently obscure a sign,

consideration should be given to relocation of the sign or
removal of the trees or shrubs.

Sign Posts

1.6.15 Sign posts should be repaired or replaced as soon as

practicable once structural or mechanical defects have
been reported.

1.6.16 Painted steel posts should be repainted in accordance

with an agreed schedule, or when inspection proves it
necessary. All paint should be compatible with the
existing protective coating. Galvanised or plastic coated
steel posts do not normally need painting.

Electrical Safety

1.6.17 All lighting units, feeder pillars and cabling systems

should be inspected and tested at regular intervals, in
accordance with the relevant codes of practice.

November 2010 1/43

ROAD MARKINGS

1.6.18 Road markings should be inspected at intervals to

identify when deterioration is such that safety could be
impaired. Many markings (e.g. Yellow Lines prohibiting
parking) give effect to certain Regulations and the legal
status may be affected by deterioration.

1.6.19 Inspections of road markings should be carried out at

intervals to check the following aspects:
Retroreflectivity;
Wear; and
Luminance factor.

ROAD STUDS

1.6.20 Retroreflecting road studs should be inspected at

intervals to identify when deterioration is such that safety
could be impaired.

1.6.21 Single carriageway roads should be inspected for defects

in both directions where bi-directional studs have been
installed. It is recommended that inspections be
undertaken in the spring, to identify any defects occurring
during the winter, and that maintenance be completed by
the end of September, before the winter season.

1.6.22 Inspections of road studs should be carried out to check

for the following defects:
Wear, corrosion or damage;
Loose or missing studs or lenses;
Loss or damage to retroreflective lenses;
Punching when surface mounted studs are pushed
down into the road surface. This may be due to
insufficient strength of the road surfacing, often in
very heavily trafficked areas;
Settlement when embedded studs have settled
below the intended level within the cavity into which
they were set. This may be due to inadequate
support from the layer of asphalt compound under
the stud or incorrect installation;
Detritus on lenses;
Integrity and security of the casings (housings) of
embedded studs;
Loss of adhesion or breaking up of surface mounted
studs under traffic loading; and
Misalignment with other road markings.

November 2010 1/44

1.6.23 Inspection of all road studs for looseness is a time-
consuming and costly operation, particularly on heavily
trafficked roads. Therefore, detailed inspections for
looseness should, whenever possible, be carried out
when lane closures are required for other purposes.
However, displacement or looseness of significant
groupings of studs may be indicative of a general fault
which would warrant a specific lane closure.

1.6.24 Inspections should also be undertaken at night to check

on the reflective conspicuity of retroreflecting road studs.

TRAFFIC SIGNALS

1.6.25 Regular maintenance of traffic signals is clearly important

because any failure can cause considerable uncertainty
and confusion to drivers with consequent accident risk.
Consideration should be given to the importance of a
junction and the impact should a serious fault occur.

Remote Monitoring

1.6.26 Either Remote Monitoring Systems (RMS) or Urban

Traffic Control (UTC) systems can monitor some
operational functions remotely. Where such monitoring
is provided, the fault log should be checked regularly.
This will ensure that faults occurring on the monitored
functions are identified quickly, so a repair can be
effected without delay.

Inspection

1.6.27 A complete site inspection of each installation should be

carried out at intervals. Where signals can be obscured
by trees or other vegetation, the site should be inspected
at least twice between March and October.

1.6.28 Where reliance is placed on fault reporting by third

parties (e.g. Garda or the general public), consideration
should be given to the display of a fault reporting
telephone number near the signals.

November 2010 1/45

Routine Maintenance

1.6.29 A maintenance service should be available to repair

signal malfunctions at short notice.

1.6.30 Signal maintenance is a specialist area and should only

be undertaken by suitably qualified and experienced
staff. If an authority does not have this facility then an
arrangement with a specialist contractor should be
considered. The following issues should be examined
11
(see the DoT Traffic Management Guidelines ):
A fault reporting and logging system;
A priority rating system for different types of fault;
Agreed times for attending faults of different
priorities;
A method of monitoring attendance times;
Temporary arrangements if the lights are out of
commission or have to be switched off for repair;
An agreed method for dealing with problems that
require longer to correct;
An annual or six-month inspection of the condition of
the signal equipment condition; and
A programme of routine maintenance.

1.6.31 Electro-mechanical parts including relays should be

inspected and replaced at regular intervals. Back up
batteries should be replaced in accordance with the
manufacturers schedules.

1.6.32 Lamps should be bulk changed before they have

exceeded their normal specified life. Signal lenses and
regulatory signs should be cleaned regularly.

11
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government,
Dublin Transportation Office and Department of Transport. Traffic
Management Guidelines. DoT, Dublin.

November 2010 1/46