ABSTRACT

This is the design and construction of a remote controlled car jack system with dc

battery to be used in lifting cars from under beneath the car so that maintenance

can be done on those cars, this system makes use of remote to control the pulley

system of the jack when it is in use.

This system has a mechanical system which is derived by a DC motor and

controlled by a motor transistor driver which drives the motor bidirectional, now

the microcontroller receives pulse signal from the remote in form of serial data

transmission and used the receives code to execute a command which can move

the motor by the microcontroller sending logic signals to the motor driver in what

direction to take.

This system is now found in modern devices to help make work easy and faster

with a safety purpose and better control.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background study

Automation and control has limited a lot of risk in the world of technology,

due to the invention of technological equipment things has being made easy

and faster for user and other forms of using system application and control.

Manual jacks which are hand held operation are easy to damage at the spot of

usage and during this time the user might be injured while trying to pull off

from the environment where it is installed, due to the risk involve which can

take life or cause permanent damage to the user automated design was made

to replace manual system due to its ways of making works easy and safer

during operation.

The remote system helps to control the motor movement when a key button

control is pressed from the remote transmitter. This also helps and protect

user form staying close to the car unless the raised car is now stable and ready

to operate on.

Mechanical automation and control

Automation[1] or automatic control, is the use of various control systems for

operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat

treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of

ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human

intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.

The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor; however, it is also used to

save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.

The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from

automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when General Motors established

an automation department.[1] It was during this time that industry was rapidly

adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the 1930s.[2]

Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic,

pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination.

Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use

all these combined techniques.

1.2 Statement of problem

Life security, speed and precision are of the reason for robotics designs, using

RF signals to control them makes it more safe and easy to control form a

distances.
 The design and construction of remote controlled car jack control with dc

battery is a very outstanding technology, this is because of the easy job it

helps to deliver and also protects user form injuries while operating on a car

using jacks.

1.3 Aim and objectives

The aim of this project includes:

a. To design and construct a remote controlled car jack with battery power

supply.

b. To implement an automated mechatronics system which can lift a car when

switched on by a remote

c. To implement a dc motor controlled bidirectional rotating dc for lifting

things up and down without stress or injuries.

Objectives:

To design and construct a remote controlled car jack with dc battery.

1.4 Scope of the project

In this project, we designed a remote controlled car jack system which can

carry a maximum weight of 20kg as a prototype of the real system, with a

12volts dc battery that can last for 45minits at a constant dc voltage drain.
 The remote control can be functional at a distance of 50m with a frequency of

486KHz using infrared design, this is reliable because it makes use of line of

sight and the data transferred can be secured from other user.

1.5 Project limitations

a. Maximum weight of 20kg

b. Voltage must be up to 12Volts

c. It is limited to 50m away from the remote

1.6 Significance of the project

a. It saves time

b. It saves energy

c. It controls and prevents workshop accident

1.7 Project report organizations

Chapter one carries the introduction, aim and objective, scope of study, limitation

of the work, significance and the project report organization of the work. Chapter

two carries the literature review of the work along with other reviews of the

project. Chapter three carries the project design methodology and steps which
lead to the construction of the project. Chapter four testing the project design,

observation and Bill of engineering. Chapter five carries summary and conclusion.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIWE

2.1 Origin of the project

History

The earliest feedback control mechanism was used to tent the sails of windmills.

It was patented by Edmund Lee in 1745.[6]

The centrifugal governor, which dates to the last quarter of the 18th century, was

used to adjust the gap between millstones.[7] The centrifugal governor was also

used in the automatic flour mill developed by Oliver Evans in 1785, making it the

first completely automated industrial process. The governor was adopted by

James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watts partner Boulton saw

one at a flour mill Boulton& Watt were building.[6]

The governor could not actually hold a set speed; the engine would assume a new

constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle

smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler.

Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As

a consequence, engines equipped with this governor were not suitable for

operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.[6]

Several improvements to the governor, plus improvements to valve cut-off timing

on the steam engine, made the engine suitable for most industrial uses before the

end of the 19th century. Advances in the steam engine stayed well ahead of

science, both thermodynamics and control theory.[6]

The governor received relatively little scientific attention until James Clerk

Maxwell published a paper that established the beginning of a theoretical basis

for understanding control theory. Development of the electronic amplifier during

the 1920s, which was important for long distance telephony, required a higher

signal to noise ratio, which was solved by negative feedback noise cancellation.

This and other telephony applications contributed to control theory. Military

applications during the Second World War that contributed to and benefited from

control theory were fire-control systems and aircraft controls. The word

"automation" itself was coined in the 1940s by General Electric.[8] The so-called

classical theoretical treatment of control theory dates to the 1940s and 1950s.[3]

Relay logic was introduced with factory electrification, which underwent rapid

adaption from 1900 though the 1920s. Central electric power stations were also

undergoing rapid growth and operation of new high pressure boilers, steam
turbines and electrical substations created a large demand for instruments and

controls.

Central control rooms became common in the 1920s, but as late as the early

1930s, most process control was on-off. Operators typically monitored charts

drawn by recorders that plotted data from instruments. To make corrections,

operators manually opened or closed valves or turned switches on or off. Control

rooms also used color coded lights to send signals to workers in the plant to

manually make certain changes.[9]

Controllers, which were able to make calculated changes in response to

deviations from a set point rather than on-off control, began being introduced the

1930s. Controllers allowed manufacturing to continue showing productivity gains

to offset the declining influence of factory electrification.[10]

Factory productivity was greatly increased by electrification in the 1920s.

Manufacturing productivity growth fell from 5.2%/yr 1919-29 to 2.76%/yr 1929-

41. Field notes that spending on non-medical instruments increased significantly

from 192933 and remained strong thereafter.

In 1959 Texacos Port Arthur refinery became the first chemical plant to use

digital control.[11] Conversion of factories to digital control began to spread rapidly

in the 1970s as the price of computer hardware fell.

2.2 Types of automation

Control system

Discrete control (on/off)

One of the simplest types of control is on-off control. An example is the

thermostats used on household appliances. Electromechanical thermostats used

in HVAC may only have provision for on/off control of heating or cooling systems.

Electronic controllers may add multiple stages of heating and variable fan speed

control.

Sequence control, in which a programmed sequence of discrete operations is

performed, often based on system logic that involves system states. An elevator

control system is an example of sequence control.

Continuous control

The advanced type of automation that revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft,

communications and other industries, is feedback control, which is usually

continuous and involves taking measurements using a sensor and making

calculated adjustments to keep the measured variable within a set range.

Moreover, it can be understood as the relation of two variables, one for the "x"

axis and a second for the "y" axis. If the value of "y" increases, then the value on

the "x" axis will also increase, and vice versa.[3]

Open and closed loop

All the elements constituting the measurement and control of a single variable

are called a control loop. Control that uses a measured signal, feeds the signal

back and compares it to a set point, calculates and sends a return signal to make a

correction, is called closed loop control. If the controller does not incorporate

feedback to make a correction then it is open loop.

Loop control is normally accomplished with a controller. The theoretical basis of

open and closed loop automation is control theory.

Seq

uen
This state diagram shows how UML can be used for designing a door system
tial
that can only be opened and closed
cont

rol

and logical sequence or system state control

Sequential control may be either to a fixed sequence or to a logical one that will

perform different actions depending on various system states. An example of an

adjustable but otherwise fixed sequence is a timer on a lawn sprinkler.

States refer to the various conditions that can occur in a use or sequence scenario

of the system. An example is an elevator, which uses logic based on the system
state to perform certain actions in response to its state and operator input. For

example, if the operator presses the floor n button, the system will respond

depending on whether the elevator is stopped or moving, going up or down, or if

the door is open or closed, and other conditions.[4]

An early development of sequential control was relay logic, by which electrical

relays engage electrical contacts which either start or interrupt power to a device.

Relays were first used in telegraph networks before being developed for

controlling other devices, such as when starting and stopping industrial-sized

electric motors or opening and closing solenoid valves. Using relays for control

purposes allowed event-driven control, where actions could be triggered out of

sequence, in response to external events. These were more flexible in their

response than the rigid single-sequence cam timers. More complicated examples

involved maintaining safe sequences for devices such as swing bridge controls,

where a lock bolt needed to be disengaged before the bridge could be moved,

and the lock bolt could not be released until the safety gates had already been

closed.

The total number of relays, cam timers and drum sequencers can number into the

hundreds or even thousands in some factories. Early programming techniques

and languages were needed to make such systems manageable, one of the first

being ladder logic, where diagrams of the interconnected relays resembled the

rungs of a ladder. Special computers called programmable logic controllers were

later designed to replace these collections of hardware with a single, more easily

re-programmed unit.

In a typical hard wired motor start and stop circuit (called a control circuit) a

motor is started by pushing a "Start" or "Run" button that activates a pair of

electrical relays. The "lock-in" relay locks in contacts that keep the control circuit

energized when the push button is released. (The start button is a normally open

contact and the stop button is normally closed contact.) Another relay energizes a

switch that powers the device that throws the motor starter switch (three sets of

contacts for three phase industrial power) in the main power circuit. Large motors

use high voltage and experience high in-rush current, making speed important in

making and breaking contact. This can be dangerous for personnel and property

with manual switches. The "lock in" contacts in the start circuit and the main

power contacts for the motor are held engaged by their respective

electromagnets until a "stop" or "off" button is pressed, which de-energizes the

lock in relay.[5]
Commonly interlocks are added to a control circuit. Suppose that the motor in the

example is powering machinery that has a critical need for lubrication. In this case

an interlock could be added to insure that the oil pump is running before the

motor starts. Timers, limit switches and electric eyes are other common elements

in control circuits.

Solenoid valves are widely used on compressed air or hydraulic fluid for powering

actuators on mechanical components. While motors are used to supply

continuous rotary motion, actuators are typically a better choice for

intermittently creating a limited range of movement for a mechanical component,

such as moving various mechanical arms, opening or closing valves, raising heavy

press rolls, applying pressure to presses.

Computer control

Computers can perform both sequential control and feedback control, and

typically a single computer will do both in an industrial application. Programmable

logic controllers (PLCs) are a type of special purpose microprocessor that replaced

many hardware components such as timers and drum sequencers used in relay

logic type systems. General purpose process control computers have increasingly

replaced stand alone controllers, with a single computer able to perform the
operations of hundreds of controllers. Process control computers can process

data from a network of PLCs, instruments and controllers in order to implement

typical (such as PID) control of many individual variables or, in some cases, to

implement complex control algorithms using multiple inputs and mathematical

manipulations. They can also analyze data and create real time graphical displays

for operators and run reports for operators, engineers and management.

Control of an automated teller machine (ATM) is an example of an interactive

process in which a computer will perform a logic derived response to a user

selection based on information retrieved from a networked database. The ATM

process has similarities with other online transaction processes. The different

logical responses are called scenarios. Such processes are typically designed with

the aid of use cases and flowcharts, which guide the writing of the software code.

2.3 Comparison with the already existing on

In the new system

a. it is more easier to use than the old system

 b. it is more fascinating

c. It prevents injuries.

d. Increased throughput or productivity.

e. Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.

f. Improved robustness (consistency), of processes or product.

g. Increased consistency of output.

h. Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses.

2.4 How it works

When power using a dc battery, the system is activated to function when it blinks

a red light and later lives the green on, now the user can control it through the

remote from a distance to lift load or to drop load depending on the initial state.
CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project specification

In this project we are to design and implement an automated car jack with

remote control, which as we speak we are designing a device that if inserted

below a car will automatically lift up a car when a remote is pressed, so from this

will are to use a microcontroller, a motor driver which will be driving the motor

bidirectional, and also a remote sensor that receives the signal.

3.2 Concept review

From the already existing system, the motor was attached to manually controlled

head and is welded using a welding machine to attach a motor rotor head to the

car jack so that the motor will drive the jack when receive it signal from the

electronic circuit when a motor is pressed.

3.3 Analysis of operations

The circuit is controlled using a microcontroller ATmel89s52 which is programmed

to control the flow of operation, when the devices is powered using a 12volts dc

battery the circuit will activate and get ready for the command so if the sensor
sense a logic voltage from the sensor it will trigger the jack to rise continuously it

the car is lifted, but when it reaches the max point it will stop automatically, so if

it senses the another logic signal it will automatically return to normal till it

reaches its minimum point.

3.4 Block diagram of the project

3.4.1 Functions of each block

a) infrared sensor receives the signal from the remote transmitter

b) transistor buffer amplifiers the signal and feeds it to the microcontroller

 c) the microcontroller is programmed to control the entire circuit when it

receives signal from the microcontroller

d) the Mosfet driver controls the movement of the motor bidirectional when

it receives signal from the microcontroller

e) the mechanical system is the motor and the jack system which when signal

rise and fall to lift up a car

3.5 Design Program flow chart

program flow chart
CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 Design procedures

4.1.1 Information gathering

The knowledge of how to design an automated car jack system with remote

control did not just came from anywhere even due a lot of information came

through inspirations of different ways (bio devices: Magxim Electronics journal on

Electronics & psychological effects 3 Edition 2012 for things to be down there is a

source of information via knowledge which is not only on teachings but also with

metal physical inspiration). Different sources where visited in other to get the

clear view of how to design an automated system like this, this ways include

internet sites where a lot of information of different designs can be archived.

Come to school premises where the knowledge is being passed from teachers to

students. Others include pea groups and book reading etc.

4.1.2 Project resource centers

This includes:

a. internet resource centers

b. experimental aids and observation

 c. Teachers and lectures

d. And digital electronics by J.K Mehta

4.1.1 Choice of Materials

The materials I used were from the information I got from the internet and I have

to develop the work through the source I found online that is treating the same

case.

4.2 Circuit diagram of the design

Fig 4.1 Circuit diagram of the project

4.2.1 Circuit diagram analysis

When the device is power, the power supply unit supplies voltage and current to

the entire circuit which initialized every component in the circuit to it working

state, then the microcontroller will be active to receive signals from the infrared

in other to control the motor movement.

4.3 Design implementation steps

Here, we are to show the various steps took while trying to archive a working

system (prototype system) of an automated car jack with remote control.

4.3.1 Component listing

a. Microcontroller (Atmel89s52)

b. Voltage regulator (7805)

c. Resistors(1k,10k,4k7,5k6)

d. Transistor (c1815, Mosfet irf3205)

e. diode (1n5408)

f. Infrared receiver

4.4 Component analysis and descriptions

Here, the whole components is discussed.The choice of component was obtained

from the circuit diagram analysis which visually illustrates the various component

connection between each other, from there the components used was named

and given values form the parameters and so from there we obtained our choice

of components. This is feather analysis in the circuit diagram analysis.

4.4.1 Diode

A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction

with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in

modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode

technologies exist. Semiconductor diodes are symbolized in schematic diagrams

such as Figure below. The term diode is customarily reserved for small signal

devices, I 1 A. The term rectifier is used for power devices, I > 1 A.

Fig 4.1 Semiconductor diode schematic symbol: Arrows indicate the direction of

electron current flow.

When placed in a simple battery-lamp circuit, the diode will either allow or

prevent current through the lamp, depending on the polarity of the applied

voltage. (Figure below)

Fig 4.2 Diode operation: (a) Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased.

(b) Current flow is prohibited; the diode is reversed biased.

When the polarity of the battery is such that electrons are allowed to flow

through the diode, the diode is said to be forward-biased. Conversely, when the

battery is backward and the diode blocks current, the diode is said to be

reverse-biased. A diode may be thought of as like a switch: closed when

forward-biased and open when reverse-biased.

Oddly enough, the direction of the diode symbol's arrowhead points against the

direction of electron flow. This is because the diode symbol was invented by

engineers, who predominantly use conventional flow notation in their schematics,

showing current as a flow of charge from the positive (+) side of the voltage

source to the negative (-). This convention holds true for all semiconductor

symbols possessing arrowheads: the arrow points in the permitted direction of

conventional flow, and against the permitted direction of electron flow.

The essential difference between forward-bias and reverse-bias is the polarity of

the voltage dropped across the diode. Let's take a closer look at the simple

battery-diode-lamp circuit shown earlier, this time investigating voltage drops

across the various components in Figure below.

Fig 4.4 Diode circuit voltage measurements: (a) Forward biased. (b) Reverse

biased.

A forward-biased diode conducts current and drops a small voltage across it,

leaving most of the battery voltage dropped across the lamp. If the battery's

polarity is reversed, the diode becomes reverse-biased, and drops all of the

battery's voltage leaving none for the lamp. If we consider the diode to be a self-

actuating switch (closed in the forward-bias mode and open in the reverse-bias

mode), this behavior makes sense. The most substantial difference is that the

diode drops a lot more voltage when conducting than the average mechanical

switch (0.7 volts versus tens of millivolts).

This forward-bias voltage drop exhibited by the diode is due to the action of the

depletion region formed by the P-N junction under the influence of an applied

voltage. If no voltage applied is across a semiconductor diode, a thin depletion

region exists around the region of the P-N junction, preventing current flow.

(Figure below (a)) The depletion region is almost devoid of available charge

carriers, and acts as an insulator:

Fig 4.5 Diode representations: PN-junction model, schematic symbol, physical

part.

The schematic symbol of the diode is shown in Figure above (b) such that the

anode (pointing end) corresponds to the P-type semiconductor at (a). The

cathode bar, non-pointing end, at (b) corresponds to the N-type material at (a).

Also note that the cathode stripe on the physical part (c) corresponds to the

cathode on the symbol.

If a reverse-biasing voltage is applied across the P-N junction, this depletion

region expands, further resisting any current through it. (Figure below)

Fig 4.6 Depletion region expands with reverse bias.

Conversely, if a forward-biasing voltage is applied across the P-N junction, the

depletion region collapses becoming thinner. The diode becomes less resistive to

current through it. In order for a sustained current to go through the diode;

though, the depletion region must be fully collapsed by the applied voltage. This

takes a certain minimum voltage to accomplish, called the forward voltage as

illustrated in Figure below.

Fig 4.7Inceasing forward bias from (a) to (b) decreases depletion region thickness.

For silicon diodes, the typical forward voltage is 0.7 volts, nominal. For

germanium diodes, the forward voltage is only 0.3 volts. The chemical

constituency of the P-N junction comprising the diode accounts for its nominal

forward voltage figure, which is why silicon and germanium diodes have such

different forward voltages. Forward voltage drop remains approximately constant

for a wide range of diode currents, meaning that diode voltage drop is not like

that of a resistor or even a normal (closed) switch. For most simplified circuit

analysis, the voltage drop across a conducting diode may be considered constant

at the nominal figure and not related to the amount of current.

4.4.2 Transistors

Fig 4.13 Transistor images

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switchelectronic

signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at

least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current

applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through

another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher

than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some

transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in

integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and

is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in 1947 by

American physicistsJohn Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the

transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller

and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The

transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and the inventors were

jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.

Simplified operation

Fig 4.14 a simple circuit diagrams to show the labels of a npn bipolar transistor.

(C1815)

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal

applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at

another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger

output signal, a voltage or current, that is proportional to a weaker input signal;

that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn
current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount

of current is determined by other circuit elements.

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are

used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and

emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base

and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the

collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are

labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current

between source and drain.

The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge

will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the

base. Because internally the base and emitter connections behave like a

semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while

the base current exists. The amount of this voltage depends on the material the

transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE.

Types
 PNP P-channel

NPN N-channel

BJT JFET

BJT and JFET symbols

P-channel

N-channel

JFET MOSFET enh MOSFET dep

JFET and IGFET symbols

Fig 4.15 Transistors are categorized by

Semiconductor material (date first used): the metalloidsgermanium (1947) and

silicon (1954) in amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline form; the

 compoundsgallium arsenide (1966) and silicon carbide (1997), the alloysilicon-

germanium (1989), the allotrope of carbongraphene (research ongoing since

2004), etc.see Semiconductor material

Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), insulated-gate bipolar transistor, "other

types"

Electrical polarity (positive and negative): npn, pnp (BJTs); n-channel, p-

channel (FETs)

Maximum power rating: low, medium, high

Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio (RF), microwave

frequency (the maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the

term , an abbreviation for transition frequencythe frequency of transition is

the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain)

Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched

pair

Physical packaging: through-hole metal, through-hole plastic, surface mount, ball

grid array, power modulessee Packaging

Amplification factor hfe, F (transistor beta)[33] or gm (transconductance).

Thus, a particular transistor may be described as silicon, surface-mount, BJT, np

n, low-power, high-frequency switch.

4.4.3 Infrared Sensor

Fig 4.16 infrared transmitter receiver image

Detecting Obstacle with IR (Infrared) Sensor

The basic concept of IR (infrared) obstacle detection is to transmit the IR signal

(radiation) in a direction and a signal is received at the IR receiver when the IR

radiation bounces back from a surface of the object.

Here in the figure the object can be any thing which has certain shape and size,
the IR LED transmits the IR signal on to the object and the signal is reflected back

from the surface of the object. The reflected signals is received by an IR receiver.

The IR receiver can be a photodiode / phototransistor or a ready made module

which decodes the signal.

In order to implement the IR obstacle detection, we need to understand the

following

We need to understand how to transmit IR signal using commercially available

electronic components. Same way we also need to understand the IR receiver.

My main focus in this document is to explain the implementation of IR based

obstacle detection in detail.

IR Transmitter

In general, the basic building block of any IR transmitter is modulation of the

information signal with carrier signal, because the receiver modules which are

available off-the-shelf are made for a particular carrier frequency. So it is clear

that when you chose a particular IR receiver module, you also need to transmit

the the modulated wave with the same carrier frequency of that of a IR receiver
module.

Modulating a 38 Khz carrier signal

ON state = 10ms

OFF state = 90ms

The figure above explains the modulation process, this is similar to OOK(ON-OFF

Keying) modulation, where the carrier signal is ON for certain period of time.

When transmitting a signal for obstacle detection, it is necessary that the carrier

signal is transmitted for a short while and remains OFF for longer period of time.

If the transmission of the carrier signal is prolonged, in other words, instead of

having a short transmission period(10 milliseconds in our case, as explained in

the figure) of carrier signal, if we have it for a long period of time then the

receiver module will treat it as a noise and ignores receiving the transmitted

signal.
4.4.4 Battery Power Supply and Lm7805

Fig 4.16 a sample circuit of a power supply using 7805 voltage regulator

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices due

to the semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as

well as voltage. The device may get damaged if there is any deviation from the

fixed rate. The AC power supply gets converted into constant DC by this circuit. By

the help of a voltage regulator DC, unregulated output will be fixed to a constant

voltage. The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with

capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes. From giving an

unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output reaches

uninterrupted to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated

efficient signal conveyal.

Description:
As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device that

mechanized on DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a fixed

voltage all the time although if there is a significant alteration in the DC input

voltage.

ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact voltage which is

followed by the power supply. A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor

connected in parallel to the input terminal and the output terminal of the IC

regulator. For the checking of gigantic alterations in the input as well as in the

output filter, capacitors are used. While the bypass capacitors are used to check

the small period spikes on the input and output level. Bypass capacitors are

mainly of small values that are used to bypass the small period pulses straightly

into the Earth.

A circuit diagram having regulator IC and all the above discussed components

arrangement revealed in the figure below.

Regulated Power Supply Circuit

4.4.5 Microcontroller (Atmel89s52)

The AT89s52 is a low power, high performance cmos 8-bit microcomputer with

8Kbytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). The

device is manufactured using Atmel`s high density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set

and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed

in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a

versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89s52 is a

powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective

solution to many embedded control application.

The AT89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency

and support two software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops

the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system

to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the RAM contents but

freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware

reset
 Fig4.17 Pin configuration of AT89S52

Features of AT89S52

Programmable serial channel

Compatible with MCS-51TM product

8Kbytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory - Endurance: 1,000

write/Erase cycles

Fully static operation:0Hz to 12MHz

Three-level program memory lock

256x 32-bit external RAM

32 programmable I/O lines

Two 16-bit timer/counters

Six interrupt sources

Low-power idle and power-down modes.

Fig 4.18: Block diagram of AT89s52 internal circuitry

Pin description

Vcc

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin

can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used

as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed

low order

Address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this

mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash

programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External

pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they

are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port

1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the

internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port

2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the

internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from

external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses

16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-

ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit

addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function

Register.

Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during

Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they

are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of

the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the

AT89S51 as listed below.

Alternate functions of port 3

Table 4.1: port 3 pin functions

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is

running resets the device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)

during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate

of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking

purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to

external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0
of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC

instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit

has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the

AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated

twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during

each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device

to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to

FFFFH.

Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on

reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin

also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash

programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit.

4.4.6 DC motor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fig 4.19 Dc Motor

Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and

permanent magnet stator. "N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside axis

faces of the magnets; the outside faces have opposite polarities. The + and - signs

show where the DC current is applied to the commutator which supplies current

to the armature coils

Electromagnetism
 Electricity

Magnetism

Electrostatics[show]

Magnetostatics[show]

Electrodynamics[show]

Electrical network[show]

Covariant formulation[show]

Scientists[show]

e
The Pennsylvania Railroad's class DD1 locomotive running gear was a semi-

permanently coupled pair of third rail direct current electric locomotive motors

built for the railroad's initial New York-area electrification when steam

locomotives were banned in the city (locomotive cab removed here).

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the

forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some

internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically

change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce

rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight

line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from

existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed

can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by

changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in
tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but

is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC

motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives

for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of

DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

Controlling a DC Motor

Now we will look at practical MOSFET H-bridge circuits. Check the above links if

not familiar with transistor switching circuits.

Figure 2

In this example we use four power MOSFETs and this circuit operates in an

identical manner as the two switches in figure 1. Q1 and Q3 operate as NC

contacts while Q2 and Q4 act as NO contacts. The two transistors Q5, Q6 can

switched on-off with a micro-controller. As is with no input Q1, Q3 are always on

switched to ground.
Parts list:

Q2, Q4, P-channel MOSFET IRF9630

Q1, Q3, N-channel MOSFET IRFZ44N

Q5, Q6, C1815A NPN bipolar transistor.

Figure 3 Q2, Q4 turned on both side of motor switched to Vcc - doesn't run.
Figure 4 Q2, Q3 turned on motor runs in forward direction.
Figure 5 Q1, Q4 turned on motor runs in reverse.
Figure 6. Here we have 4 TTL level inputs - does the same thing as above.
Figure 7

In this case I've used opto-isolators to switch the MOSFETs on/off. This circuit is

fully functional and will operate from any modern micro-controller.

The above can be used in the same manner as Arduino with the TA8050 Motor

Controller project. The opto-couplers isolate the microprocessor from motor

noise and the higher voltage.

4.4.7Resistors

Resistance is the property of a component which restricts the flow of electric

current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current

through it and this energy appears as heat in the component.

Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega .

1 is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in k and M .

1 k = 1000 1 M = 1000000 .

Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 or as high as 10

M .

Resistors connected in Series

Fig 4.20 Resistor connected in series

 When resistors are connected in series their combined resistance is equal to the

individual resistances added together. For example if resistors R1 and R2 are

Combined resistance in series: R = R1 + R2

This can be extended for more resistors: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ...

Note that the combined resistance in series will always be greater than any of the

individual resistances.

connected in series Combined resistance of their combined

R=
resistance, R, is two resistors in parallel: R1 R2 given by:

R1 + R2

Resistors connected in Parallel

Fig 4.21 Resistors connected in parallel

 When resistors are connected in parallel their combined resistance is less than

any of the individual resistances. There is a special equation for the combined

resistance of two resistors R1 and R2:

For more than two resistors connected in parallel a more difficult equation must

be used. This adds up the reciprocal ("one over") of each resistance to give the

reciprocal of the combined resistance, R:

1/R=1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

The simpler equation for two resistors in parallel is much easier to use!

Note that the combined resistance in parallel will always be less than any of the

individual resistances.

How to read Resistor Colour Codes

Table 4.2 Resistor color code

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The mnemonic

Bad Boys Ravish Only Young Girls But Violet Gives Willingly

Black is also easy to remember as zero because of the nothingness common to

both.

Fig4.22 Resistor color code representation

First find the tolerance band, it will typically be gold ( 5%) and sometimes silver

(10%). Starting from the other end, identify the first band - write down the

number associated with that color; in this case Blue is 6. Now 'read' the next

color, here it is red so write down a '2' next to the six (you should have '62' so far.)

Now read the third or 'multiplier' band and write down that number of zeros.
In this example it is two so we get '6200' or '6,200'. If the 'multiplier' band is Black

(for zero) don't write any zeros down. If the 'multiplier' band is Gold move the

decimal point one to the left. If the 'multiplier' band is Silver move the decimal

point two places to the left. If the resistor has one more band past the tolerance

band it is a quality band.

Read the number as the '% Failure rate per 1000 hour' this is rated assuming full

wattage being applied to the resistors. (To get better failure rates, resistors are

typically specified to have twice the needed wattage dissipation that the circuit

produces) 1% resistors have three bands to read digits to the left of the multiplier.

They have a different temperature coefficient in order to provide the 1%

tolerance.

At 1% most error is in the temperature coefficient - i.e. 20ppm.

4.4 Component gathering

The list of the component used was given so I have to go to the market to porches

some of them alongside with the sensor which is to be used for the design

4.4.1 Component testing

Before the design and implementation phase, the system built has to be tested

for Durability, Efficiency, and Effectiveness and also ascertain if there is need to
modify this design. The system was first assembled using a breadboard. All

components were properly inserted into the breadboard from whence some tests

were carried out at various stages.

Similar components like resistors were packed together. Other components

includes capacitor, preset switches, transformer, diodes (rectifier) LED, transistor,

voltage regulator etc

Reference was made to resistor color code data sheet to ascertain the expected

values of resistors used. Each resistor was tested and the value read and

recorded. Also for transistor test the DMM was switched to the diode range with

the symbol

The collector, base and emitter junctions were tested in the following order. The

collector, emitter and base pins were gotten from the data analysis on power

transistor.

To ensure proper functioning of components expected data, the components

were tested using a digital multimeter (DMM). Resistors were tested to ensure

that they were within the tolerance value. Faulty resistors were discarded .The

78LS05 voltage regulator was also tested, the resulting output was 5.02v which is
just a deviation of 0.20v from the expected result of 5.00v.The LEDs were tested

to ensure that they were all working properly.

TRANSFORMER TEST (STEP-DOWN)

Expectedly, the transformer was rated 240v/15v, 2000mA. From the mains power

supply, the primary coil received 220v input; the output was measured to be

17.75v using a DMM.

Test data on transformer has it that the resistance of the primary windings for

step down transformer is higher than that of the secondary side. This was

ascertained.

4.5 Design Steps

This are the various steps we took on the design of this project

4.5.1 Component placing and wiring

Here, the whole components were place into the vero board according to its

position in the circuit diagram, the legs were bend to avoid living its space and to

avoid it from failing off.

4.5.2 Component soldering

The components were solder using a soft thick lead oxide and the component

connections was done with a tiny flexible wire we got from a networking cable to

join one component to the other according to the circuit diagram.

4.6 Embedded software integration

After the design of the circuit the microcontroller was programmed to control the

whole circuit with the software program running inside of it.

Software Development Process

In writing the software for this project a modular approach was employed.

This made it easier to check for errors and debug the program. Three major tools

were used in the development process; the keil C51 compiler was used to

translate from the source code into the object code. The SDCC was employed to

link the program while the PACKIHX did the conversion from binary to hex.

Choice of Programming Language

My implementation programming language for this project is ANSI C

programming language, reason being the fact that it combines the elements of

high level languages with the functionalism of assembly language. C allows the

manipulation of bits, bytes and addresses. Also C codes are portable which means

that it is possible to adapt software written for one type of computer to another.
 Nevertheless, a special feature of ANSI C is that it allows the direct

manipulation of bits, bytes, words and pointers. This suits it to system-level

programming, where these operations are common.

4.6.1 Programming language

This is an executable written commands which a computer can understand when

translated to binary format by a compiler.

4.6.2 Programming steps

Program Entry and Editing

After the design of the software, a text editor is employed to enter the source

code into the disk file. As noted earlier, the text editor also functions to correct

error in the program. The text editor used is KEIL C51 compiler and text editor.

4.6.3 Design program source code

4.6.4 Compilation of the source code (Language-assembly-hexadecimal or

machine code)
After writing the program in the editors environment, the software was use to

compiler the entire program to generate a hex file which will be burn into the

microcontroller.

4.6.7 Burning of the hex file into the microcontrollers

In burning the hex into the microcontroller, we have to use an in system

programmer known as ISP programmer which will now read and verifier the

microcontroller design nomenclature and then will copy the hex codes into the

microcontroller.

4.6.8 Inserting the microcontroller into the hardware design

Then after that the microcontroller will now be inserted into the circuit for

testing.

4.7 Circuit test

After the implementation of the circuit diagram it has to be powered and checked

for accurate functionality before coupling and packaging.

The design makes use of 15V transformer which was converter to dc using a diode

rectifier and a capacitor filter to get an accurate dc from the voltage supply unit.
4.8 Packaging

As a prototype design, we have to copy an existing system for our packaging, but

as a prototype we made it using a wooden stick covered with line sticker for

beatification.

4.9 Design test and error corrections

After the packaging some errors was discovered due to wrong packaging which

affected the metal detector unit but was corrected by tighten the panels to

different location inside the wooden box.

4.10 Final test

The final test was undergone for proper function and design usage.
CHAPTER FIVE: RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

This section of this project report forms the concluding part of the write up and

takes a look at some of the problems encountered during the progressive job on

the system and also brings in suggestions for further improvement and/or

enhancement for the system design.

The design and development of this project has really been challenging, as I have

been faced with choices far beyond what I expected. But in the long run the result

paid off.

After the complete design of the system, the deviation between the expected

result and the actual result was very close. The performance and efficiency was

beyond expectation and from every ramification, the design of the project was a

success.

5.2 Problem encounter

During the course of the design of this system, there were series of problems

which came in the way of achieving the design goals of this project, most of them

where over come via share troubleshooting, in some cases some parts require

redesigning and the software debugging also created a bit of a problem.

One major setback of this project is the availability of components required to

build the hardware of the system. In most cases I had to look through electrical

catalogs to obtain replacements of some of the components which are not

available in the market.

After developing the software for the microcontroller, it was very difficult to find

a firm/individual to help program the chip (burning the embedded software on to

the chip). This posed serious problem as it brought about delay in the design time

and it was also costly, this also affected the overall cost of the system.

The final packaging of the design was also another trouble, as this actually caused

problems on the circuit board. Such problems include partial contact within the

circuit board, between components and also with the wiring. This was actually

one of the most challenging aspects of the circuit implementation phase. Due to

this fact, there was a lot of soldering and de-soldering to ensure that the circuit

was well implemented.

5.3 Recommendation

a. Avoid water spillage onto of the design.

b. Supply the necessary voltage to the system by12volts

c. Ensure proper placement before running the design.

5.5 Conclusion

Going through the planning, flow process, design and software implementation

the system had really been a tough one; but on the whole it has been a chance to

show case a little bit of craftsmanship.

Reference

(1). Belone Schilling, Electronic Circuits: Discrete and Integrated, McGraw-Hill,

New York,1979.

(2). B.L Theraja and A.K Theraja, A Textbook on Electrical Technology, 2003, 23rd

Edition, Pp 1887 Pp 1888.

(3). Paul Horowitz and Windfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 1989, 2nd Edition, Pp

7- Pp 8, Pp 55 Pp 58, Pp 614 Pp 622.

(4). Atmel Corporation Data Sheet on AT89C51, 0285D-B-12/97

(5). NTE Electronics Inc., ECG Data Book, January 2002, 10th Edition.

(6). Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles of Electrical Engineering, 2003, 3rd Edition,

(7). Ronald .J Tocci, Digital Systems, Arentice Hall. Inc. USA, 1988.

(8). Mark Burgess, C programming tutorial, (K & R version 4).