Project IN Science: Submitted By: Julian Allen B. Balingbing (Gr.V-1)

This document is a student's science project submission consisting of two sections about classifying animals and distinguishing between plant types. The first section explains that animals are mainly divided into vertebrates and invertebrates, with vertebrates having backbones and invertebrates lacking them. The second section outlines the key differences between bryophytes and tracheophytes, with tracheophytes having vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant versus bryophytes lacking this system and relying on individual cells. Examples are provided for each group of plants and animals.

Uploaded by

OpsOlavario

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

65 views10 pages

Project IN Science: Submitted By: Julian Allen B. Balingbing (Gr.V-1)

Uploaded by

OpsOlavario

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 10

PROJECT

IN
SCIENCE

SUBMITTED BY:
Julian Allen B. Balingbing
(Gr.V-1)

SUBMITTED TO:
Mrs. Imelda B. Balleta
(Subject Teacher)
VERTEBRATES & INVERTEBRATES
Groups of Animals

Because there are so many different types of animals in the world biologists have sorted
them into groups. This is called classifying. The two main groups of animals are
vertebrates and invertebrates.

Vertebrates are all animals with a backbone. Humans have a backbone which is part of
their skeleton. A skeleton gives the body support and shape.

Invertebrates are all animals without a backbone. These animals do not have a bony
skeleton. All insects are invertebrates. They do have a skeleton but it is on the outside
of their bodies and is not made of bone.

These two main groups have been divided into smaller groups. This is called sub-
dividing the group.
BRYOPHYTES & TRACHEOPHYTES

There have been many attempts for classification of plant species but fail on account of
common features. The most basic classification of plant species is between Bryophytes
and Tracheophytes. Every plant found on earth is either a tracheophyte or a bryophyte.
There are many botany students who fail to understand the difference between plant
types. This article will explain the two categories of plants by highlighting their features.

Tracheophytes

Tracheophytes are also referred to as higher plants because of the presence of a

vascular system. These are plants having special tissues called xylem that perform the
function of transporting water and nutrients from roots to leaves. They also have phloem
that performs the function of transporting the carbohydrates made by plants through the
process of photosynthesis in the leaves to all other parts of the plant. These
carbohydrates are carried in the form of a sap. All ferns shrubs, grasses, bramble, cacti,
bushes, scrubs and trees are thus tracheophytes because of a well developed vascular
system.

Bryophytes

On the other hand, there is a lack of vascular system in bryophytes. They are
characterized by an absence of this complex transport system performed by specialized
complex tissues and cells. Though some of the bryophytes show presence of rhizomes,
none of them have roots. The result is that every cells in bryophytes has to fend for itself
and absorb nutrients and water on its own rather than depending upon a special
transport system for nutritional needs. There is no transference of nutritional products
from one plant part to another in bryophytes. This means that bryophytes can prosper
only when they are in close proximity to water or at least are in areas where humidity is
high. Bryophytes have adapted to dry and warm climates by becoming dormant. They
survive hot and dry climates by going dormant. In sharp contrast, tracheophytes rarely
go dormant but when they do, it is to survive hostile cold weather.
What is the difference between Bryophytes and Tracheophytes?

In the absence of tissues for transportation of water and nutrients, bryophytes have no
option but to grow horizontally rather than growing vertically as is the case with
tracheophytes. This ensures that all plant parts remain near to resources. In
comparison, most of the tracheophytes become tall, thus becoming more able to carry
out photosynthesis. Some very tall trees are perfect examples of this ability of plants.

Some examples of bryophytes are mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Scientists believe
that bryophytes are the earliest plant forms and tracheophytes evolved gradually from
these bryophytes.

Bryophytes vs Tracheophytes