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2. As the owner of shares of common stock in a corporation, you have various rights,
including the right to vote to elect corporate directors. Voting in corporate elections
can be either cumulative or straight. Most voting is actually done by proxy, and a
proxy battle breaks out when competing sides try to gain enough votes to have their
candidates for the board elected.
3. In addition to common stock, some corporations have issued preferred stock. The
name stems from the fact that preferred stockholders must be paid first, before
common stockholders can receive anything. Preferred stock has a fixed dividend.
4. The two biggest stock markets in the United States are the NYSE and the Nasdaq.
We discussed the organization and operation of these two markets, and we saw how
stock price information is reported in the financial press.
This chapter completes Part 3 of our book. By now, you should have a good grasp of
what we mean by present value. You should also be familiar with how to calculate pres-
ent values, loan payments, and so on. In Part 4, we cover capital budgeting decisions. As
you will see, the techniques you learned in Chapters 58 form the basis for our approach
to evaluating business investment decisions.

C h a p t e r R e v i e w a n d S e l f - Te s t P r o b l e m s
8.1 Dividend Growth and Stock Valuation The Brigapenski Co. has just paid a
cash dividend of $2 per share. Investors require a 16 percent return from invest-
ments such as this. If the dividend is expected to grow at a steady 8 percent per
year, what is the current value of the stock? What will the stock be worth in five
years?
8.2 More Dividend Growth and Stock Valuation In Self-Test Problem 8.1, what
would the stock sell for today if the dividend was expected to grow at 20 percent
per year for the next three years and then settle down to 8 percent per year,
indefinitely?

A n s w e r s t o C h a p t e r R e v i e w a n d S e l f - Te s t P r o b l e m s
8.1 The last dividend, D0, was $2. The dividend is expected to grow steadily at
8 percent. The required return is 16 percent. Based on the dividend growth
model, we can say that the current price is:
P0 D1/(R g) D0 (1 g)/(R g)
$2 1.08/(.16 .08)
$2.16/.08
$27
We could calculate the price in five years by calculating the dividend in five
years and then using the growth model again. Alternatively, we could recognize
that the stock price will increase by 8 percent per year and calculate the future
price directly. Well do both. First, the dividend in five years will be:
D5 D0 (1 g)5
$2 1.085
$2.9387
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266 PART THREE Valuation of Future Cash Flows

The price in five years would therefore be:

P5 D5 (1 g)/(R g)
$2.9387 1.08/.08
$3.1738/.08
$39.67
Once we understand the dividend model, however, its easier to notice that:
P5 P0 (1 g)5
$27 1.085
$27 1.4693
$39.67
Notice that both approaches yield the same price in five years.
8.2 In this scenario, we have supernormal growth for the next three years. Well
need to calculate the dividends during the rapid-growth period and the stock
price in three years. The dividends are:
D1 $2.00 1.20 $2.400
D2 $2.40 1.20 $2.880
D3 $2.88 1.20 $3.456
After three years, the growth rate falls to 8 percent indefinitely. The price at that
time, P3, is thus:
P3 D3 (1 g)/(R g)
$3.456 1.08/(.16 .08)
$3.7325/.08
$46.656
To complete the calculation of the stocks present value, we have to determine
the present value of the three dividends and the future price:
D1 D2 D3 P3
P0
(1 R)1
(1 R)2
(1 R)3
(1 R)3
$2.40 2.88 3.456 46.656
2

1.16 1.16 1.163 1.163
$2.07 2.14 2.21 29.89
$36.31

Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions

1. Stock Valuation Why does the value of a share of stock depend on dividends?
2. Stock Valuation A substantial percentage of the companies listed on the
NYSE and the Nasdaq dont pay dividends, but investors are nonetheless will-
ing to buy shares in them. How is this possible given your answer to the previ-
ous question?
3. Dividend Policy Referring to the previous questions, under what circum-
stances might a company choose not to pay dividends?
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CHAPTER 8 Stock Valuation 267

4. Dividend Growth Model Under what two assumptions can we use the divi-
dend growth model presented in the chapter to determine the value of a share of
stock? Comment on the reasonableness of these assumptions.
5. Common versus Preferred Stock Suppose a company has a preferred stock
issue and a common stock issue. Both have just paid a $2 dividend. Which
do you think will have a higher price, a share of the preferred or a share of
the common?
6. Dividend Growth Model Based on the dividend growth model, what are the
two components of the total return on a share of stock? Which do you think is
typically larger?
7. Growth Rate In the context of the dividend growth model, is it true that the
growth rate in dividends and the growth rate in the price of the stock are identical?
8. Voting Rights When it comes to voting in elections, what are the differences
between U.S. political democracy and U.S. corporate democracy?
9. Corporate Ethics Is it unfair or unethical for corporations to create classes of
stock with unequal voting rights?
10. Voting Rights Some companies, such as Readers Digest, have created classes
of stock with no voting rights at all. Why would investors buy such stock?
11. Stock Valuation Evaluate the following statement: Managers should not focus
on the current stock value because doing so will lead to an overemphasis on
short-term profits at the expense of long-term profits.

Questions and Problems

1. Stock Values Heard, Inc., just paid a dividend of $1.75 per share on its stock. Basic
The dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 6 percent per year, in- (Questions 18)
definitely. If investors require a 12 percent return on Heard stock, what is the
current price? What will the price be in three years? In 15 years?
2. Stock Values The next dividend payment by SAF, Inc., will be $2.50 per
share. The dividends are anticipated to maintain a 5 percent growth rate, forever.
If SAF stock currently sells for $48.00 per share, what is the required return?
3. Stock Values For the company in the previous problem, what is the dividend
yield? What is the expected capital gains yield?
4. Stock Values Cannone Corporation will pay a $4.00 per share dividend next
year. The company pledges to increase its dividend by 4 percent per year, indef-
initely. If you require a 13 percent return on your investment, how much will you
pay for the companys stock today?
5. Stock Valuation Shocking Co. is expected to maintain a constant 7 percent
growth rate in its dividends, indefinitely. If the company has a dividend yield of
4.2 percent, what is the required return on the power companys stock?
6. Stock Valuation Suppose you know that a companys stock currently sells for
$60 per share and the required return on the stock is 14 percent. You also know
that the total return on the stock is evenly divided between a capital gains yield
and a dividend yield. If its the companys policy to always maintain a constant
growth rate in its dividends, what is the current dividend per share?
7. Stock Valuation Kiessling Corp. pays a constant $9 dividend on its stock. The
company will maintain this dividend for the next eight years and will then cease
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268 PART THREE Valuation of Future Cash Flows

Basic paying dividends forever. If the required return on this stock is 11 percent, what
(continued ) is the current share price?
8. Valuing Preferred Stock Sowell, Inc., has an issue of preferred stock out-
standing that pays an $8.50 dividend every year, in perpetuity. If this issue cur-
rently sells for $124 per share, what is the required return?
Intermediate 9. Stock Valuation Smashed Pumpkin Farms (SPF) just paid a dividend of $3.00
(Questions 918) on its stock. The growth rate in dividends is expected to be a constant 7.5 per-
cent per year, indefinitely. Investors require an 18 percent return on the stock for
the first three years, a 12 percent return for the next three years, and then a 13
percent return, thereafter. What is the current share price for SPF stock?
10. Nonconstant Growth Metallica Bearings, Inc., is a young start-up company.
No dividends will be paid on the stock over the next nine years, because the firm
needs to plow back its earnings to fuel growth. The company will pay a $7 per
share dividend in 10 years and will increase the dividend by 6 percent per year,
thereafter. If the required return on this stock is 14 percent, what is the current
share price?
11. Nonconstant Dividends Corn, Inc., has an odd dividend policy. The company
has just paid a dividend of $6 per share and has announced that it will increase
the dividend by $2 per share for each of the next four years, and then never pay
another dividend. If you require an 11 percent return on the companys stock,
how much will you pay for a share today?
12. Nonconstant Dividends South Side Corporation is expected to pay the follow-
ing dividends over the next four years: $6.50, $5, $3, and $2. Afterwards, the com-
pany pledges to maintain a constant 5 percent growth rate in dividends, forever. If
the required return on the stock is 16 percent, what is the current share price?
13. Supernormal Growth Super Growth Co. is growing quickly. Dividends are
expected to grow at a 32 percent rate for the next three years, with the growth
rate falling off to a constant 7 percent thereafter. If the required return is 15 per-
cent and the company just paid a $2.25 dividend, what is the current share price?
14. Supernormal Growth Janicek Corp. is experiencing rapid growth. Dividends
are expected to grow at 25 percent per year during the next three years, 18 per-
cent over the following year, and then 8 percent per year, indefinitely. The re-
quired return on this stock is 15 percent, and the stock currently sells for $60.00
per share. What is the projected dividend for the coming year?
15. Negative Growth Antiques R Us is a mature manufacturing firm. The com-
pany just paid a $9 dividend, but management expects to reduce the payout by
8 percent per year, indefinitely. If you require a 14 percent return on this stock,
what will you pay for a share today?
16. Finding the Dividend Fernandez Corporation stock currently sells for $45 per
share. The market requires a 12 percent return on the firms stock. If the com-
pany maintains a constant 8 percent growth rate in dividends, what was the most
recent dividend per share paid on the stock?
17. Valuing Preferred Stock Bruin Bank just issued some new preferred stock.
The issue will pay an $8 annual dividend in perpetuity, beginning six years from
now. If the market requires a 6 percent return on this investment, how much does
a share of preferred stock cost today?
18. Using Stock Quotes You have found the following stock quote for RJW En-
terprises, Inc., in the financial pages of todays newspaper. What was the closing
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CHAPTER 8 Stock Valuation 269

price for this stock that appeared in yesterdays paper? If the company currently Intermediate
has two million shares of stock outstanding, what was net income for the most (continued )
recent four quarters?

YTD % 52 Weeks Yld Vol Net

Chg Hi Lo Stock Sym Div % PE 100s Last Chg

34.2 38.12 19.92 RJW RJW .48 1.3 51 10918 ?? 0.95

19. Capital Gains versus Income Consider four different stocks, all of which Challenge
have a required return of 20 percent and a most recent dividend of $4.50 per (Questions 1922)
share. Stocks W, X, and Y are expected to maintain constant growth rates in div-
idends for the foreseeable future of 10 percent, 0 percent, and 5 percent per
year, respectively. Stock Z is a growth stock that will increase its dividend by
20 percent for the next two years and then maintain a constant 12 percent growth
rate, thereafter. What is the dividend yield for each of these four stocks? What is
the expected capital gains yield? Discuss the relationship among the various re-
turns that you find for each of these stocks.
20. Stock Valuation Most corporations pay quarterly dividends on their common
stock rather than annual dividends. Barring any unusual circumstances during the
year, the board raises, lowers, or maintains the current dividend once a year and
then pays this dividend out in equal quarterly installments to its shareholders.
a. Suppose a company currently pays a $2.50 annual dividend on its common
stock in a single annual installment, and management plans on raising this
dividend by 8 percent per year, indefinitely. If the required return on this
stock is 14 percent, what is the current share price?
b. Now suppose that the company in (a) actually pays its annual dividend in
equal quarterly installments; thus, this company has just paid a $.625 divi-
dend per share, as it has for the previous three quarters. What is your value
for the current share price now? (Hint: Find the equivalent annual end-of-
year dividend for each year.) Comment on whether or not you think that this
model of stock valuation is appropriate.
21. Nonconstant Growth Warf Co. just paid a dividend of $4.00 per share. The
company will increase its dividend by 20 percent next year and will then reduce
its dividend growth rate by 5 percentage points per year until it reaches the in-
dustry average of 5 percent, after which the company will keep a constant
growth rate, forever. If the required return on Warf stock is 13 percent, what will
a share of stock sell for today?
22. Nonconstant Growth This ones a little harder. Suppose the current share
price for the firm in the previous problem is $104.05 and all the dividend infor-
mation remains the same. What required return must investors be demanding on
Warf stock? (Hint: Set up the valuation formula with all the relevant cash flows,
and use trial and error to find the unknown rate of return.)

S & P Problems
1. Calculating Required Return A drawback of the dividend growth model is
the need to estimate the growth rate of dividends. One way to estimate this
growth rate is to use the sustainable growth rate. Look back at Chapter 4 and
find the formula for the sustainable growth rate. Using the annual income
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270 PART THREE Valuation of Future Cash Flows

statement and balance sheet, calculate the sustainable growth rate for the Kel-
logg Company (K). Find the most recent closing monthly stock price under the
Mthly. Adj. Prices link. Using the growth rate you calculated, the most recent
dividend per share, and the most recent stock price, calculate the required return
for Kelloggs shareholders. Does this number make sense? Why or why not?
2. Calculating Growth Rates Coca-Cola (KO) is a dividend-paying company.
Recently, dividends for Coca-Cola have increased at about 5.5 percent per year.
Find the most recent closing monthly stock price under the Mthly. Adj. Prices
link. Locate the most recent annual dividend for KO and calculate the dividend
yield. Using your answer and the 5.5 percent dividend growth rate, what is the
required return for shareholders? Suppose instead that you know that the re-
quired return is 13 percent. What price should Coca-Cola stock sell for now?
What if the required return is 15 percent?

Whats On 8.1 Dividend Discount Model According to the 2001 Value Line Investment Sur-
the Web? vey, the dividend growth for Phillips Petroleum (P) is 2.5 percent. Find the cur-
rent price quote and dividend information at finance.yahoo.com. If the growth
rate given in the Value Line Investment Survey is correct, what is the required re-
turn for Phillips Petroleum? Does this number make sense to you?
8.2 Dividend Discount Model Go to www.dividenddiscountmodel.com and enter
ONE (for Bank One) as the ticker symbol. You can enter a required return in the
Discount Rate box and the site will calculate the stock price using the dividend
discount model. If you want an 11 percent return, what price should you be will-
ing to pay for the stock? At what required return does the current stock price
make sense? You will need to enter different required returns until you arrive at
the current stock price. Does this required return make sense? Using this market
required return for Bank One, how does the price change if the required return
increases by 1 percent? What does this tell you about the sensitivity of the divi-
dend discount model to the inputs of the equation?
8.3 Stock Quotes What is the most expensive publicly traded stock in the United
States? Go to finance.yahoo.com and enter BRKA (for Berkshire Hathaway
Class A) and select Detailed on the pull down menu. What is the current price
per share? What is the 52-week high and low? How many shares trade on an av-
erage day? How many shares have traded today?
8.4 Supernormal Growth You are interested in buying stock in Coca-Cola (KO).
You believe that the dividends will grow at 15 percent for the next four years and
level off at 6 percent thereafter. Using the most recent dividend on finance.
yahoo.com, if you want a 12 percent return, how much should you be willing to
pay for a share of stock?
8.5 Market Operations How does a stock trade take place? Go to www.nyse.com,
click on The Trading Floor and Anatomy of a Trade. Describe the process of
a trade on the NYSE.
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