Lecture22BiaxialColumns

Design
July30,2003
CVEN444

LectureGoals
ShortColumnBiaxialDesign
SlenderColumnDesign

BiaxialBendingandAxial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95

Unaxial bending
about y-axis

BiaxialBendingandAxial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95

The biaxial bending moments

Mx = P*ey
My = P*ex

ApproximateAnalysis
Methods
Use Reciprocal Failure
surface S2 (1/Pn,ex,ey)
The ordinate 1/Pn on the
surface S2 is
approximated by
ordinate 1/Pn on the
plane S2 (1/Pn ex,ey)
Plane S2 is defined by
points A,B, and C.

ApproximateAnalysis
Methods
P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
(corresponds to point C ) Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ey
(corresponds to point B ) Mnx = Pney
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ex
(corresponds to point A ) Mny = Pnex

ApproximateAnalysis
Methods
Design: Pu Muy, Mux Pu, Puex, Puey

ApproximateAnalysis
Methods
1 1 1 1 1
= +
Pn Pn P0x P0y P0
1
Pn
1 1 1
+
P0x P0y P0
Pn = Nominal axial load strength at eccentricities, ex
& ey Limited to cases when Pn 0.1 f c Ag

BiaxialBendinginShort
Columns
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers Formula:
1 1 1 1
+
Pn P0x P0y P0
Steps:
1) Calculate P0
2) Calculate P0y ( Pn for e = ex, ey = 0 )
3)Calculate P0x ( Pn for ex= 0, e = ey )

4) Calculate Pn (from Breslers

Formula )
BiaxialBendinginShort
Columns

Pu Pn
where, = 0 .6 5

BiaxialColumnExample
The section of a short tied
column is 16 x 24 in. and is
reinforced with 8 #10 bars as
shown. Determine the
allowable ultimate load on
the section Pn if its acts at
ex = 8 in. and ey = 12 in. Use
fc = 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

BiaxialColumnExample
Compute the P0 load, compression with no moments
Ast = 8 ( 1.27 in 2 ) = 10.16 in 2
P0 = 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast ) + Ast f y
= 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) ( ( 24.0 in.) ( 24.0 in.) 10.16 in 2 )
+ ( 10.16 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi )
= 2198.4 k
Pn0 = rP0 = 0.8 ( 2198.4 k ) = 1758.7 k

BiaxialColumnExample
Compute Pnx, by starting with ey term and assume
that compression controls. Check by
2 2
ey = 12 in. d = ( 21.5 in.) = 14.33 in.
3 3

Compute the nominal load, Pnx and assume second

compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 T

 BiaxialColumnExample
The components of the equilibrium equation are:

Cc = 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) ( 16 in.) ( 0.8c ) = 54.4 c

Cs1 = 3.81 in 2 ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) ) = 212.4 kips
T = 3.81 in 2
( fs )
d 21.5 in.
( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.003) =
f s = 1 ( 87 ksi )
1
c c
Use similar triangles to find the stress in the steel, fs

BiaxialColumnExample
Compute the moment about the tension steel:
1c
Pn e = Cc d + Cs1 ( d d )
2
where
eA= 9.5 in. + 12 in. = 21.5 in.
Pn ( 21.5 in.) = 54.4c ( 21.5 in. 0.4c )
+ 212.4 k ( 21.5 in. 2.5 in.)
The resulting equation is:

Pn = 54.4c 1.01c 2 + 187.7

BiaxialColumnExample
Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn = 54.4c + 212.4 3.81 f s

Pn = 54.4c 1.01c 2 + 187.7

Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs = 0.265c 2 + 6.483

and the definition: 21.5 in.

fs = 87 1

c
BiaxialColumnExample
Combine the two equations and solve for c using
an iterative technique
21.5 in.
87 1= 0.265c 2 + 6.483
c

You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
15 37.7 66.12819
10 100.05 32.99194
13 56.88462 51.28315
13.3 53.6391 53.37471
13.315 53.48066 53.48054

BiaxialColumnExample
Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
12 in. 12 in.
f s2 = 1 ( 87 ksi ) = 1
( 87 ksi )

c 13.315 in.
= 8.59 ksi
Cs2 = 2.54 in 2 ( 8.59 ksi 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) )
= 11.0 kips

This value is small relative to the others

BiaxialColumnExample
This Cs2 = 11 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is

Pn = 54.4c + 212.4 3.81 f s

= 54.4 ( 13.315 in.) + 212.4 k 3.81( 53.48 ksi )
= 733.0 k

So Pnx = 733.0 kips

BiaxialColumnExample
Start with ex term and assume that compression
controls.
2 2
ex = 8.0 in. d = ( 13.5 in.) = 9 in.
3 3
Compute the nominal load, Pny and assume second
compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 T

BiaxialColumnExample
The components of the equilibrium equation are:

Cc = 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) ( 24 in.) ( 0.8c ) = 81.6 c

Cs1 = 3.81 in 2 ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) ) = 212.4 kips
T = 3.81 in 2 ( f s )
d 13.5 in.

( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.003) =
f s = 1 ( 87 ksi )
1
c c

BiaxialColumnExample
Compute the moment about the tension steel:
1c
Pn e = Cc d + Cs1 ( d d )
2
where
eA= 5.5 in. + 8 in. = 13.5 in.
Pn ( 13.5 in.) = 81.6c ( 13.5 in. 0.4c )
+ 212.4 k ( 13.5 in. 2.5 in.)
The resulting equation is:
Pn = 81.6c 2.42c 2 + 173.07

BiaxialColumnExample
Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn = 81.6c + 212.4 3.81 fs

Pn = 81.6c 2.42c 2 + 173.07

Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs = 0.634c 2 + 10.324

and the definition: 13.5 in.

fs = 87 1

c
BiaxialColumnExample
Combine the two equations and solve for c using an
iterative technique
13.5 in.

87 1= 0.634c 2 + 10.324
c

You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
10 30.45 73.76371
8 59.8125 50.92531
8.5 51.17647 56.15911
8.3 54.50602 54.02753
8.31735 54.21084 54.21043

BiaxialColumnExample
Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
8 in.
fs2 = 1 ( 87 ksi )

8.317 in.
= 3.32 ksi
Cs2 = 2.54 in 2 ( 3.32 ksi 0.85 ( 5 ksi ) )
= 2.10 kips

This value is negative so it does not contribute

BiaxialColumnExample
This Cs2= - 2.1 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is

Pn = 81.6c + 212.4 3.81 f s

= 81.6 ( 8.317 in.) + 212.4 k 3.81( 54.21 ksi )
= 684.6 k

So Pnx = 684.6 kips

 BiaxialColumnExample
Compute the nominal load

1 1 1 1
= +
Pn Pnx Pny Pn0
1 1 1
= +
733.0 k 684.6 k 1758.7 k

Pn = 443.2 k Pu = Pn = 0.65 ( 443.2 k ) = 288.1 k

 BiaxialColumnExample
Note: the Pnx & Pny include the
corner steel bars in both
calculations a more
conservative solution would be
to use 1/2 the steel in each
direction so As= 2(1.27 in2)
which would reduce Pu .
(Remember fs can not be
greater than 60 ksi, so that Pnx
= 620.3 k and Pny= 578.4 k Pn =
360.7
k and Pu= 234.5 k )
 SlenderColumns

Columns
Slenderness ratio =
klu
r
Longwitharelativelyhighslendernessratio
wherelateralorshearwallsarerequired
Longwithamediumslendernessrationthat
willcauseareductioninstrength
Shortwheretheslendernessratioissmall

LongColumns
Slender Columns

Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

Column axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction 5%)

LongColumns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway
frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or
sway frames would be classified as slender
following ACI Code Procedure.

EffectiveLength
The effective length - klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns

KFactor

= EI / l of columns
u

EI / l of beams
u

A and B are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end is infinite or 10 and
for a fixed end is zero or 1

KFactor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

k = 0.70 + 0.05 ( A + 2B ) 1.0

k = smaller of
k = 0.85 + 0.05 min 1.0

A and B are the top and bottom factors of the

column.

KFactor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
20 m
if m = avg < 2.0 : k = 1 + m
20
if m 2.0 : k= 0.9 1+ m

b) One hinged or free end

k = 2.0 + 0.3
Non-sway frames: 0 A k 1.0
Sway frames:
1.0 A k ( typically k=1.5)
KFactor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time

GeneralFormulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec = 33w 1.5
fc

= 57000 f c
Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1)
I = 0.35 I g for a beam
I = 0.70 I g for a column

GeneralFormulation
Area
A = Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)
with sustain lateral loads

Max. factored sustain lateral load

d =
Max. factored axial load

KFactor
Use the values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.

LongColumn
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

Lateral deflection -
increases moment

M = P*( e + )

 LongColumn
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

o = first-order deflection due to Mo

a = second-order deflection due to Po

 LongColumn
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

OA - curve for end moment

OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)

LongColumns
From ACI Sec. 12.10.2 , the slenderness effects may
be neglected if
kLu M
= 34 12 1

r
M2
slenderness ratio

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

Non-sway frames 0.5 k 1.0
Sway frames 1. 0 k

LongColumnSlenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection

LongColumnSlenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection

LongColumnSlenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

LongColumnSlenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

LongColumn
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor

I
r= Radius of gyration =
A
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns
= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns

LongColumn
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)

M1 M1
>0 <0
M2 M2

singular curvature double curvature

LongColumns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends
where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range)
- single curvature
- double curvature
M1
= 0 .5
M2 is typically conservative

(non-sway frames)
and k = 1.0
Note Code (10.12.2) M1/M2 -0.5 non-sway frames

LongColumn

M1
= +0.5
M2 is typically conservative ( non - sway frames)
and k = 1.0
M1
Note: Code 10.12.2 0.5 (non-sway frames)
M2
klu
Possible range of = 22 to 40
r

MomentMagnificationin
NonswayFrames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.
M c = ns M 2
where
Cm
ns = 1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc

MomentMagnificationin
NonswayFrames

The components of the equation for an Euler bucking

load for pin-end column
EI 2
Pc =
( klu )
2

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

0.2 Ec I g + Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
EI =
EI =
1 + d conservatively 1 + d

MomentMagnificationin
NonswayFrames

A coefficient factor relating the actual moment

diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram.
For members without transverse loads
M 1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 0.4
M 2
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, Cm = 1.0

MomentMagnificationin
NonswayFrames

The minimum allowable value of M2 is

M 2,min = Pu ( 0.6 + 0.03h )

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text

on the components.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
ksi.

 DesignofLongColumnsExample
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 ( 200 k ) + 1.6 ( 350 k )
= 800 k
M 1u = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 ( 2500 k-in ) + 1.6 ( 0.8 ) ( 2500 k-in )
= 6200 k-in.
M 2u = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 ( 3500 k-in ) + 1.6 ( 0.8 ) ( 3500 k-in )
= 8680 k-in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k = 0.7 + 0.05 ( A + B ) = 0.7 + 0.05 ( 1.3 + 0.9 )
= 0.81 1.0
k = 0.85 + 0.05 min = 0.85 + 0.05 ( 0.9 )
= 0.895 1.0

Therefore, use k = 0.81

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an
inch for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.

kln 0.81( 25 ft ) ( 12 in./ft )

= = 32.4
r 0.3 ( 25 in.)
6200 k-in.
32.4 34 12 = 25.43
8680 k-in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s =0 Minimum M2

M 2,min = Pu ( 0.6 + 0.03h ) = 800 k ( 0.6 + 0.03 ( 25 in.) )

= 1080 k-in. M 2 = 8680 k-in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Compute components of concrete
f c = 33 ( 150 )
1.5
Ec = 33w 1.5
7000
= 5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi

The moment of inertia is

( 25 in.) ( 25 in.)
3 3
bh
Ig = =
12 12
= 32552 in 4

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Compute the stiffness

0.4 Ec I g 0.4 ( 5.07x103 ksi ) ( 32552 in 4 )

EI = =
1 + d 1 + 0.5
= 4.4x10 k-in 7 2

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The critical load is

EI2 2 ( 4.4x107 k-in 2 )

Pc = =
( klu ) 0.81 25 ft 12 in.
2 2

( )
ft
= 7354.3 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Compute the coefficient

M 1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
= 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample

The magnification factor

Cm 0.89
ns = =
Pu 800 k
1 1
0.75Pc 0.75 ( 7354.3 k )
= 1.04 1.0

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The design moment is

M c = ns M 2 = 1.04 ( 8680 k-in.) = 9027.2 k-in.

Therefore the design conditions are

Pc = 800 k & M c = 9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e = = 11.28 in.
800 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Assume that the = 2.0 % or 0.020

As = 0.02 ( 25 in.) = 12.5 in

2 2

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

As = 7.0 in 2

Acs = 7.0 in 2

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6

c = 0.6d = 0.6 ( 22.5 in.) = 13.5 in.

a = 1c = 0.7 ( 13.5 in.) = 9.45 in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample

Check the strain in the tension steel and compression

steel.

c d 13.5 in. 2.5 in.

s1 = cu = 0.003

c 13.5 in.
= 0.00244
f cs1 = Es s1 = ( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.00244 )
= 70.76 ksi f cs1 = 60 ksi

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The tension steel

d c 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

s = cu = 0.003 = 0.002

c 13.5 in.
fs = Es s = ( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.002 )
= 58 ksi

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Combined forces

Cc = 0.85 f cba = 0.85 ( 7 ksi ) ( 25 in.) ( 9.45 in.)

= 1405.7 k
Cs1 = Acs ( f cs 0.85 f c ) = ( 7 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 7 ksi ) )
= 378.35 k
T = As f s = ( 7 in 2 ) ( 58 ksi )
= 406.0 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Combined force

Pn = Cc + Cs1 T
= 1405.7 k + 378.35 k 406.0 k
= 1378.05 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Moment is
h a h h
M n = Cc + Cs1 d + T d
2 2 2 2
9.45 in.
= 1405.7 k 12.5 in.
2
+378.35 k ( 12.5 in. 2.5 in.)
+406.0 k ( 22.5 in. 12.5 in.)
= 18773 k-in

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The eccentricity is

M n 18773 k-in
e= =
Pn 1378.05 k
= 13.62 in.

Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will
want to match up the eccentricity with the design.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Check the values for c/d = 0.66

c = 0.66d = 0.66 ( 22.5 in.) = 14.85 in.

a = 1c = 0.7 ( 14.85 in.) = 10.395 in.

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d 14.85 in. 2.5 in.

s1 = cu = 0.003

c 14.85 in.
= 0.00249
f cs1 = Es s1 = ( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.00249 )
= 72.35 ksi f cs1 = 60 ksi

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The tension steel

d c 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

s = cu =
0.003

c 14.85 in.
= 0.00155
fs = Es s = ( 29000 ksi ) ( 0.00155 )
= 44.82 ksi

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Combined forces

Cc = 0.85 f cba = 0.85 ( 7 ksi ) ( 25 in.) ( 10.395 in.)

= 1545.26 k
Cs1 = Acs ( f cs 0.85 f c ) = ( 7 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 7 ksi ) )
= 378.35 k
T = As f s = ( 7 in 2 ) ( 44.82 ksi )
= 313.74 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Combined force

Pn = Cc + Cs1 T
= 1546.26 k + 378.35 k 313.74 k
= 1610.9 k

DesignofLongColumnsExample
Moment is
h a h h
M n = Cc + Cs1 d + T d
2 2 2 2
10.395 in.
= 1545.26 k 12.5 in.
2
+378.35 k ( 12.5 in. 2.5 in.)
+313.74 k ( 22.5 in. 12.5 in.)
= 18205.2 k-in

DesignofLongColumnsExample
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e= =
Pn 1610.9 k
= 11.30 in.

Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to

= 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.

DesignofLongColumnsExample

The design conditions are

Pu = Pn = 0.65 ( 1610.9 k )
= 1047.1 k > 800 k OK!
M u = M n = 0.65 ( 18205.2 k-in )
= 11833.4 k-in. > 9027.2 k-in. OK!

 DesignofLongColumnsExample
Design the ties
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:
48dstirrup = 48 ( 0.375 in.) = 18 in.
s = smallest 16d bar = 16 ( 1.128 in.) = 18 in. controls
h = 25 in.
Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.

UsingInteractionDiagrams
Determineeccentricity. Selectsteelsizes.
Estimatecolumnsize DesigntiesbyACI
requiredbaseonaxial code
load.
Designsketch
Determinee/hand
required Pn/Ag
Determinewhichchartto
use.