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Recap - Chapter 1
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1. Introduction to concepts of basic variables in an

electric circuit >> current, voltage & power.

2. Distinguished between power absorbed (p=+Vi) and

power supplied (p=-Vi).

EEEB113
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I

Chapter 2
Basic Laws
Materials from Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Alexander & Sadiku 4e, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Basic Laws - Chapter 2

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2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Ohms Law.
2.3 Nodes, Branches & Loops.
2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws.
2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division.
2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division.
2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations.

2.1 Introduction
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How to determine values of the basic variables in an electric

circuit? What are the Basic Laws?
Fundamental laws that govern the electric circuit.

Basic Laws

Ohms Law Kirchhoffs Law

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2.2 Ohms Law (1)

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Ohms Law
The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to
the current, i flowing through the resistor.

v i
Ohm further defined: The constant of proportionality
for a resistor to be the resistance, R.

v iR

2.2 Ohms Law (2)

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Thus, the resistance, R is the ability of an element to resist the

flow of electric current; measured in ohms

v
R
i
1V
1
1A

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2.2 Ohms Law (3)

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Passive sign convention;

a) v = iR >> current from hi pot. to lo pot.

b) v= -iR >> current from lo pot. to hi pot.

2.2 Ohms Law (4)

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Extreme cases: As R can vary from 0 to , it is important that

we consider these two extreme possible values of R.

R=0 >> short circuit (ideal circuit)

However, in practice, a short circuit is usually

a connecting wire, assumed to be a perfect
conductor.

A short circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with

resistance approaching 0.

v iR 0 R 0 ; v 0; i x

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2.2 Ohms Law (5)

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R= >> open circuit

A open circuit is a circuit that has circuit

element with resistance approaching .

v
i lim 0 R ; i 0; v x
R
R

2.2 Ohms Law (6)

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Resistors
Two types Fixed : resistance remains constant.
Variable : have adjustable resistance.
However, throughout
Not all resistors obey Ohms Law. the course, ALL
resistors are
a) Linear resistors obey. assumed
(e.g. normal resistors) LINEAR.

b) Non-linear resistors do not obey. (e.g. diode)

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2.2 Ohms Law (7)

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Conductance

v
if R resist current,
i

1 i
then conduct current.
R v

This special quantity, 1 is known as conductance of an element, G.

R

2.2 Ohms Law (8)

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Conductance is a measurement of how well an element will

conduct electric current.

It is measured in mhos ( ) or siemens (S).

A
1S 1 1
V

In this course, we will use the SI unit of siemens (S).

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2.2 Ohms Law (9)

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Power in Resistor & Conductor

2 v v2
Resistor : p vi (iR)i iR v
R R

2 i i2
Conductor : p vi v(vG) vG i
G G
Note that R and G are always positive. As is i2 and v2.
Power dissipated in or absorbed by the resistor is
always positive. Confirms theory - resistor is a
passive element, cannot generate energy.

2.2 Ohms Law (10)

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Practice Problem 2.1

The essential component of a toaster is an electrical
element (a resistor) that converts electrical energy to
heat energy. How much current is drawn by a toaster
with resistance 10 at 110V?

Solution
i = V/R = 110/10 = 11 A

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2.2 Ohms Law (11)

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Practice Problem 2.2

For the circuit shown below, calculate the voltage v, the
conductance G, and the power p.

Solution
(a) v = iR = 2 mA x 10 k = 20 V

(b) G = 1/R = 1/10 k = 100 S

(c) p = vi = 20 volts x 2 mA = 40 mW

2.2 Ohms Law (12)

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Practice Problem 2.3

A resistor absorbs an instantaneous power of 20 cos2(t) mW
when connected to a voltage source v = 10 cos(t) V. Find i
and R.

Solution
p = vi thus, i = p/v = [20 cos2 (t) mW]/[10cos (t) V]
= 2 cos (t) mA

R = v/i = [10cos (t) V]/[2cos (t) mA]

= 5 k

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2.3 Nodes, Branches & Loops (1)

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A branch represents a single element (voltage source,

current source or resistor).
A node is the point of connection between 2 or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

2.3 Nodes, Branches & Loops (2)

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A network with b branches, n nodes, and l

independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:

b l n 1

2 elements are in series if they exclusively share a

single node.

2 elements are in parallel if they are connected to

the same 2 nodes.

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2.4 Nodes, Branches & Loops (3)

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Example 1

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

2.4 Nodes, Branches & Loops (4)

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Solution 1

Original circuit Equivalent circuit

5 branches, 3 nodes and 3 loops

b l n 1 5 3 3 1

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2.3 Nodes, Branches & Loops (5)

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Example 2 Should we consider it as one

branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

2.3 Nodes, Branches & Loops (6)

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Solution 2 Consider as two branches,

as there are 2 elements.

7 branches, 4 nodes and 4 loops

b l n 1 7 4 4 1

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (1)

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Kirchhoffs Laws

Kirchhoffs Current Kirchhoffs Voltage

Law (KCL) Law (KVL)

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (2)

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KCL : the algebraic sum of currents entering a

node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
N
in 0
n 1

N = no. of branches connected to the node;

in = nth current entering the node.

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (3)

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Alternatively, the sum of currents entering a node

equals the sum of currents leaving a node.

iin iout

Example:
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0
or
i1 i3 i4 i2 i5

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (4)

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KCL can be applied to obtain the combined current,

when current sources are connected in parallel.

Original circuit Equivalent circuit

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (5)

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Example 3

Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure

below. -I 4 + (-3) +2 = 0

I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A

This indicates that

the actual current
for I is flowing
in the opposite
We can consider the direction.
whole enclosed area as
one node.

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (6)

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KVL : the algebraic sum of all voltages around a

closed path (or loop) is zero.

M
vm 0
m 1

M = no. of voltages (or no. of branches) in a loop;

vm = mth voltage.

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (7)

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Alternatively, the sum of voltage drops equals the

sum of voltage rise.
vdrop vrise

Example:
v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 0
or
v2 v3 v5 v1 v4

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (8)

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KVL can be applied to obtain the combined voltage,

when voltage sources are connected in series.

Equivalent circuit

Original circuit

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (9)

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Practice Problem 2.5

Find v1 and v2 in the circuit given below.

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (10)

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Solution to Practice Prob. 2.5

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (11)

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Practice Problem 2.6

Find vx and vo in the circuit given below.

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (12)

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Solution to Practice Prob. 2.6

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (13)

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Practice Problem 2.7

Find vo and io in the circuit given below.

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (14)

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Solution to Practice Prob. 2.7

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (15)

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Practice Problem 2.8

Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in
the circuit given below.

2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (16)

Solution to Practice Prob. 2.8
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KCL

KVL

KVL

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2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (17)

cont. Solution to Practice Prob. 2.8
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2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division (1)

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What is Series?
Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively
share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors

connected in a series is the sum of the individual
resistances.
N
Req R1 R2 RN Rn
n 1

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2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division (2)

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Apply KVL (clockwise dir.)

v v1 v2 0
Apply Ohms Law

v iR1 iR2 0
Original circuit
i( R1 R2 ) v
v v
i
R1 R2 Req

Req R1 R2
Equivalent circuit

2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division (3)

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To determine the voltage across each resistor;

Ohms Law

v1 iR1 , v2 iR2

v v
Substitute: i
Req R1 R2

R1 R2
v1 v, v2 v
R1 R2 R1 R2

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2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division (4)

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Note that source voltage v is divided among the

resistors in direct proportion to their resistances.
principle of voltage division

In general, if a voltage supply has N resistors in series

with the source voltage v, the nth resistor (Rn) can be
expressed as:
Rn
vn v
R1 R2 RN

2.5 Series Resistors & Voltage Division (5)

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Example 4

10V and 5
are in series

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (1)

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What is Parallel?
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them.

The equivalent resistance of 2 parallel resistors is

equal to the product of their resistances divided by
their sum.
R1 R2
Req
R1 R2

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (2)

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Apply KCL at node a

i i1 i2
Apply Ohms Law

v v 1 1 v
i v
R1 R2 R1 R2 Req
1 1 1
Req R1 R2

R1 R2
Req
R1 R2

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (3)

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The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors

in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 RN

The equivalent conductance of a circuit with N

resistors in parallel is the sum of their individual
conductance:
Geq G1 G2 GN

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (4)

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To determine the current through each resistor;

Ohms Law
v v
i1 , i2
R1 R2
iR1 R2
Substitute: v iReq
R1 R2

iR2 iR1
i1 , i2
R1 R2 R1 R2

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (5)

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Note that the total current i is shared by the resistors in

inverse proportion to their resistances.
principle of current division

Extreme cases:

When R2=0, the entire

current i bypasses R1 and
flows through the short
circuit R2=0, the path of
least resistance.
shorted circuit

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (6)

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cont. Extreme cases:

When R2= , the entire

current i bypasses open
circuited R2 and flows
through R1, the path of
least resistance.
open circuit

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (7)

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Example 5

2 , 3 and 2A
are in parallel

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (8)

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Practice Problem 2.9

By combining the resistors in the circuit below, find Req

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (9)

Soln to Practice Prob 2.9
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Combining the 4 , 5 and 3

resistors in series gives 4+5+3
= 12
Then, 4 //12 gives
[4x12]/[4+12] = 3

Equivalent circuit:

Thus, Req = 1 + 2 + 6//6

=6

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (10)

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Practice Problem 2.10

Find Rab for the circuit shown below.

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (11)

Soln to Practice Prob 2.10
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Combining 18 // 9 gives
[9x18]/[9+18] = 6
Then, 5 //20 gives
[5x20]/[5+20] = 4
Equivalent circuit:

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (12)

cont. Soln to Practice Prob 2.10
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Combine 4 and 1 , get 5 .

Then 5//20 gives 4 .

Equivalent circuit: Combine 4 and 2 , get 6 .

Then 6//6 gives 3 .

Thus, Req = 8 + 3
= 11

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (13)

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Practice Problem 2.11

Calculate Geq for the circuit shown below.

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (14)

Soln to Practice Prob 2.11
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8//4 = 8+4 = 12 S

6 in series with 12 =
[6x12][6+12] = 4 S

4//2 = 4+2 = 6 S
Equivalent circuit:
12 in series with 6 =
[12x6][12+6] = 4 S

Thus, Geq = 4 S

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (15)

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Practice Problem 2.12

Find v1 and v2 for the circuit shown below. Also
calculate i1 and i2 and the power dissipated in the 12
and 40 resistors.

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (16)

Soln to Practice Prob 2.12
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12//6 = [6x12][6+12] = 4

10//40 = [10x40][10+40] = 8

Equivalent circuit:

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (17)

cont. Soln to Practice Prob 2.12
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Use voltage division,

v1 = [4/(4+8)](15) = 5V
v2 = [8/(4+8)](15) = 10V

i1 = v1/12 = 5/12 = 416.7mA

i2 = v2/40 = 10/40 = 250mA

p1 = v1i1 = 5x(5/12) = 2.083W

p2 = v2i2 = 10x(0.25) = 2.5W

2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (18)

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Practice Problem 2.12

For the circuit given below, find: (a) v1 and v2 , (b) the
power dissipated in the 3k and 20k resistors, and (c)
the power supplied by the current source.

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2.6 Parallel Resistors & Current Division (19)

Soln to Practice Prob 2.13
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Use current division,

i1 = i2 = 10mA[4/(4+4)] = 5mA
Ohms Law
v1 = 5mA x 3k = 15V
v2 = 5mA x 4k = 20V

Simplify circuit, to get: p3k = v1i1 = 15 x 5mA = 75mW

p20k = v22/20k = 400/20k = 20mW

Power supplied, po= voio

vo= 4k x i1 = 4k x i2 = 20V
po= 20V x10mA = 200mW

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (1)

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Why Transform?
Often, in circuit analysis, the resistors are NOT in
parallel nor series.

Example:

The equivalent resistance is found by simplifying

circuits using three-terminal equivalent networks.

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (2)

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Three-terminal network equivalents

(i) wye (Y) or tee (T)

(ii) delta ( ) or pi ()

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (3)

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Superposition of Y and networks

Used as an aid in transforming

one to the other.

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (4)

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Delta to Wye Conversion

Each resistor in the Y network is a product of the
resistors in adjacent branches, divided by the sum of
the three resistors.
Rb Rc
R1
( Ra Rb Rc )
Rc Ra
R2
( Ra Rb Rc )
Ra Rb
R3
( Ra Rb Rc )

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (5)

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Wye to Delta Conversion

Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible
products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the
opposite Y resistor.
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Ra
R1
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rb
R2
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rc
R3

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (6)

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Practice Problem 2.14

Transform the wye network, in the figure shown below, to
a delta network.

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (7)

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Solution for P.P. 2.14

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (8)

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Practice Problem 2.15

For the bridge network in the figure below, find Rab and i.

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (9)

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Solution for P.P. 2.15

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2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations (10)

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cont. Solution for P.P. 2.15

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