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Topology

This document defines and explains several key topological concepts in 3 paragraphs or less: 1. A topological space is defined as a set X along with a collection r of subsets called open sets, which satisfy certain properties. A subset of X is closed if its complement is open. 2. Open sets, interior points, neighborhoods, and closure/boundary are defined. The closure of a set S is the smallest closed set containing S. A point is in the boundary of S if every neighborhood of it contains points of both S and its complement. 3. The interior of a set S is the largest open set contained in S. The exterior of S is the interior of the complement of S. A set is

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249 views4 pages

Topology

This document defines and explains several key topological concepts in 3 paragraphs or less: 1. A topological space is defined as a set X along with a collection r of subsets called open sets, which satisfy certain properties. A subset of X is closed if its complement is open. 2. Open sets, interior points, neighborhoods, and closure/boundary are defined. The closure of a set S is the smallest closed set containing S. A point is in the boundary of S if every neighborhood of it contains points of both S and its complement. 3. The interior of a set S is the largest open set contained in S. The exterior of S is the interior of the complement of S. A set is

Uploaded by

rajawaqas
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topology

Topological spaces

Definition 58
,let X be a non-empty set, a collection... of subsets of X is called a topology if

.and X are in r ... .1


.Finite intersection of the members of r is again in r .2
.Union of any number of members of r is again in r .3

Then the set X with topology r on it is called topological space and is denoted by(X, r).if r is a
topology on X then X together with r is called a topological space. ALL sets in r are called
open sets. In general not all subsets of x need to be in r.A subset of X is said to be closed if its
.complement is in r (i.e., it is open).a subset of X may be open, closed, both, or neither

Example 59
{let X = {... ,{a},{c},{a,c},X
is a topology on X

Definition 60
Given a set X the discrete topology on X is defined by letting every subset of X be open and
.X is a discrete topological space if it is equipped with its discrete topology

Definition 61
If X is a topological space and p is a point in X, a neighborhood of p is a set V which
.contains an open set U containing i.e p ... U...V

Remarks 62
A set which is a neighborhood of each of its points is open since it can be expressed as the
union of open sets containing each of its points. The collection of all neighborhoods of a point
.is called the neighborhood system at the point

Example 63
let X = {a,b,c} and T = {.... {a},{b},{a,b},X} then
{a},{a,b},{a.c}X}} = ....

Definition 64
for S subset of a Euclidean space x is a point of clouser of S if every open ball centered at x
contains a point of S (this point may be x itself).the clouser of a set S is the set of all points of
.... clouser of S.The clouser of S is denoted by cl(S),Cl(S) or

Remarks 65
.The clouser of a set has the following properties

.cl(S) is a closed superset of S.1


.cl(S) is intersection of all closed sets containing S.2
.cl(S) is the smallest closed set containing S .3
.(A set S is closed if and only if S = cl(S .4
.(if S is a subset of T then cl(S) is a subset of cl(T .5
.(If A is a closed set then A contains S if and only if A contain cl(S .6

Example 66
.{Let X = {a , b ,c} and A={b} and let T ={...{a},{b},{a,b},X} then cl(A) = {b,c

Definition 67
If S is a subset of a Euclidean space then x is an interior point of S if there exists an open ball
centered at x which is contained in S.The interior of set S is the set of all interior points of S.
… the interior of S is denoted int(S) ,int(S) or

Example 68
let X = {a,b,c} and let T ={…{b},{a,b},{b,c},X} be a topology on X.let
…=… A={a,c} then

Remarks 69
.The interioi of set has the following properties

.int(S) is an open subset of S.1


.int(S)is the union of all open set contained in S.2
.int(S) is the largest open set contained in S.3
.(A set S is open if and only if S=int(S.4
.(int(int(S))=int(S.5
.(if Sis a subset of T,then int(S) is a subset of int(T .6
.(if A is an open set, then A is a subset os S if and only if A is subset of int(S.7
in any discrete space,since every set is open,every set is equal to its interior.8
.in any space ,the interior of the empty set is the empty set.9
in any indiscrete space X,since the only open sets are the empty set and X itself,we have.10
.int(X)=X and for every proper subset A of X,int(A) is the empty set
.…(A U B).…………………11
(A… B)=…………………12

Dfination 70
The exterior of a subset S of a topological space X,denoted ext(S) or Ext(S),is the interior
.int(X \ S) of its relative complement

Remarks 71
.The exterior of a set has the following properties

.ext(S) is an open set that is disjoint with S.1


.ext (S) is the union of all open sets that are disjoint with S.2
.ext(S) is the largest open set that is disjoint with S.3
.(IF S is a subset of T then ext(S) is a superset of ext(T.4
.(ext(ext(S)) is superset of int(S.5
.the boundary of a set is closed.6
the boundary of a set is the boundary of the complement of set i.e;..S=…… here p is a.7
boundary point of set if and only if every neighborhood of p complement at least one point in
.the set at least one point not in the set
A set is closed if and only if it contains its boundary and open if and only if it is disjoint.8
.from its boundary
.the clouser of set equals the union of the set with its boundary.i.e; S=S….S.9
the boundary of a set empty if and only if the set is both closed and open ( that is ,a clopen .10
.(set

Definition 72
in topology, the boundary (frontier) of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points
which can be approached both from S and from the outside of S.more formally it is the set of
points in the closure of S not belonging to the interiorof S. An element of the boundary of S is
called a bounmdary point of S.notation used for boundary of a set S include bd(S),fr(S) and
.…S
Example 73
consider the real line R with the usual topology(i.e the topology whose basis sets are open
intervals).one has

{0,5}=[0,5)…=(0,5)…=(0,5).…1
…=.……2
.Q=R.…3

Remarks 74
.the boundary of a set has the following properties

the boundary of set is closed .1


.(…)…=The boundary of a set is the boundary of the complement of the set i.e;…S .2

Hence p is a boundary point of a set if and only if every neighborhood of p contains at least
.one point in the set and at least one point not in set
A set is closed if and only if it contains its boundary and and open if and only if it is disjoint.3
.from its boundary
.the clouser of a set equals the union of the set with its boundary.i.e; S=S U…S.4
The boundary of a set is empty if and only if the set is both closed and open ( that is a.5
.(clopen set

Definition 75
Let S is a subset of a topological space X.we say that a point x in X is a limit point of S if
every open set containing x also contains a point of S other than x itself.this is equivalent to
.requiring thet every neighbourhood of x contains a point of S other than x itself

Example 76
Let X={a,b,c} and let T ={…,{a},{c},{a,b},{a,c},X] and A = {a,c] then
{L(A){b=…

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