When we consider a C++ program, it can be defined as a collection of

objects that communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now
briefly look into what do class, object, methods and Instance variables
mean.

Object Objects have Properties and Behaviors. Example: A dog has

Properties - color, name, breed as well as Behaviors - wagging, barking,
eating. An object is an instance of a class.

Class A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the

behaviors/states that object of its type support.

Methods A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many

methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated
and all the actions are executed.

Instance Variables Each object has its unique set of instance variables.
An object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance
variables.

C++ Program Structure:

Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// main() is where program execution begins.

int main() {
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

Let us look various parts of the above program:

The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is
either necessary or useful to your program. For this program, the
header <iostream> is needed.
 The line using namespace std; tells the compiler to use the std namespace.
Namespaces are a relatively recent addition to C++.

The next line // main() is where program execution begins. is a single-

line comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop
at the end of the line.

The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.

The next line cout << "This is my first C++ program."; causes the
message "This is my first C++ program" to be displayed on the screen.

The next line return 0; terminates main( )function and causes it to return
the value 0 to the calling process.

Compile & Execute C++ Program

Let's look at how to save the file, compile and run the program. Please
follow the steps given below:

Open a text editor and add the code as above.

Save the file as: hello.cpp

Open a command prompt and go to the directory where you saved the file.

Type 'g++ hello.cpp ' and press enter to compile your code. If there are no
errors in your code the command prompt will take you to the next line and
would generate a.out executable file.

Now, type ' a.out' to run your program.

You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.

$ g++ hello.cpp
$ ./a.out
Hello World

Make sure that g++ is in your path and that you are running it in the
directory containing file hello.cpp.

You can compile C/C++ programs using makefile. For more details, you
can check Makefile Tutorial.
Semicolons & Blocks in C++
In C++, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual
statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one
logical entity.

For example, following are three different statements

x = y;
y = y+1;
add(x, y);

A block is a set of logically connected statements that are surrounded by

opening and closing braces. For example:

{
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

C++ does not recognize the end of the line as a terminator. For this
reason, it does not matter where on a line you put a statement. For
example:

x = y;
y = y+1;
add(x, y);

is the same as

x = y; y = y+1; add(x, y);

C++ Identifiers
A C++ identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class,
module, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter
A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores, and digits (0 to 9).

C++ does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within

identifiers. C++ is a case-sensitive programming language.
Thus, Manpowerand manpower are two different identifiers in C++.
Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers

mohd zara abc move_name a_123

myname50 _temp j a23b9 retVal

C++ Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C++. These reserved
words may not be used as constant or variable or any other identifier
names.

asm else new this

auto enum operator throw

bool explicit private true

break export protected try

case extern public typedef

catch false register typeid

char float reinterpret_cast typename

class for return union

const friend short unsigned

const_cast goto signed using

continue if sizeof virtual

default inline static void

delete int static_cast volatile

do long struct wchar_t

double mutable switch while

dynamic_cast namespace template

Trigraphs
A few characters have an alternative representation, called a trigraph
sequence. A trigraph is a three-character sequence that represents a
single character and the sequence always starts with two question
marks.

Trigraphs are expanded anywhere they appear, including within string

literals and character literals, in comments, and in preprocessor
directives.

Following are most frequently used trigraph sequences

Trigraph Replacement

??= #

??/ \

??' ^

??( [

??) ]

??! |

??< {
??> }

??- ~

All the compilers do not support trigraphs and they are not advised to be
used because of their confusing nature.

Whitespace in C++
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as
a blank line, and C++ compiler totally ignores it.

Whitespace is the term used in C++ to describe blanks, tabs, newline

characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement
from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in
a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore,
in the statement,

int age;

there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space)

between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On
the other hand, in the statement

fruit = apples + oranges; // Get the total fruit

no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between

= and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish for
readability purpose.