WIRTGEN Soil-Treatment en

Soil Treatment
Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders

Soil Treatment
Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders

Wirtgen GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Strasse 2 53578 Windhagen Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 26 45/131-0

Fax: +49 (0) 26 45/131-242
.
Introduction
Soil Treatment and Base Layers with Hydraulic Our special thanks go to Holcim (Sddeutschland)
Binders is a manual intended as a useful tool to GmbH who have kindly provided us with the
support design engineers, executing companies entire contents of the manual on Soil Treatment
and supervisors in their daily work. and Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders.
The manual presents the different standards, This manual has been translated from German
specifications, directives, codes of practice and into English.
own knowledge in such a way that the contents
are made available, in readily understandable form,
in a single, application-based work.
The manual has been compiled based on the

German body of rules and regulations and on the
authors many years of experience. It makes no
claim to be complete or entirely free of errors.
Contents
1 Soil Treatment 11
1.1 Definition of terms 12

1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures
of trafficked surfaces (RStO 01) 12
1.1.2 Terms and body of rules and regulations for soil treatment 14
1.1.3 Correlating rules and regulations with the different layers 16
1.2 Definition of terms in soil treatment 18
1.2.1 Soil stabilization 18
1.2.2 Soil improvement 18
1.2.3 Qualified soil improvement 18
1.2.4 Base layers with hydraulic binders 18
1.3 Geotechnical investigations 19
1.3.1 General 19
1.3.2 Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1) 19
1.3.3 Soil classification according to DIN 18196 20
1.3.3.1 Soil groups 20
1.3.3.2 Principles of soil classification 21
1.3.3.3 Coarse-grained soils 22
1.3.3.4 Mixed-grained soils 22
1.3.3.5 Fine-grained soils 22
1.3.3.6 Organogenic and organic soils 22
1.3.3.7 Chart 23
1.3.3.8 Classifying soils according to their plastic properties 24
1.3.3.8.1 Determining consistency 24
1.3.3.8.2 Plasticity chart for classification of fine-grained soils 25
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196 26
1.4 Frost susceptibility of soils and rock of variable strength 30
1.4.1 Classifying soil groups in accordance with frost susceptibility 30
1.4.2 Frost susceptibility after soil improvement with binders 31
1.5 Application 32
1.5.1 Soil improvement 32
1.5.2 Qualified soil improvement 32
1.5.2.1 Reducing pavement thickness by means of qualified soil improvement 34
1.5.2.2 Requirements on qualified soil improvement at subgrade level 35
1.5.3 Soil stabilization 36
1.5.3.1 Soil stabilization not counting toward the pavement 36
1.5.3.2 Soil stabilization counting toward the pavement 37
1.5.3.3 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 1 38
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 2 40
1.6 Basic principles of earthworks 42
1.6.1 Compaction 42
1.6.2 Compaction requirements on subsoil and subgrade 42
1.6.3 Requirements on the subgrade 43
1.6.4 Deformation modulus on the subgrade (minimum 10 percentile) 44
1.6.5 Requirements on compaction characteristics 45
1.7 Quality assurance 46
1.7.1 Tests to be performed prior to construction 46
1.7.1.1 Tests to be performed by the client 46
1.7.1.2 Tests to be performed by the contractor 46
1.7.1.3 Testing specifications for mix designs 49
1.7.2 Tests to be performed during construction 50
1.7.2.1 Type and scope of tests to be performed in soil treatment operations 50
1.7.2.2 Testing methods and testing procedures 52
1.7.2.2.1 Testing methods for testing compaction characteristics 53
1.7.2.2.2 Testing procedures for determining compaction parameters 54
1.7.2.2.3 Testing deformation modulus, correct vertical and horizontal position
and evenness on the subgrade 57
1.8 Soils and mineral construction materials for soil treatment 58
1.8.1 Suitable soils (according to DIN 18196) 58
1.8.2 Soils (according to DIN 18196) and construction materials suitable to a limited extent 58
1.8.3 Non-suitable soils 58
1.8.4 Natural and artificial aggregates and recycled construction materials 59
1.8.5 Sulphate influence 59
1.9 Binders 60
1.9.1 General 60
Contents
1.9.2 Types of binder 60

1.9.3 Mode of binder action 60
1.9.3.1 Building limes 60
1.9.3.2 Cements 62
1.9.3.3 Mixed binders 62
1.9.4 Binders with special properties 63
1.9.4.1 Low-dust binders 63
1.9.4.2 Hydrophobic binders 63
1.9.5 Binder applications 64
1.9.6 Binder processing times 66
1.9.7 Binder reaction times 66
1.10 Water 68
1.11 Effects of weather 70
1.11.1 Precipitation 70
1.11.2 Wind 70
1.11.3 Temperature 71
1.12 Soil treatment Construction 72
1.12.1 Mixing procedures 72
1.12.2 Mixed-in-plant process 72
1.12.3 Mixed-in-place process 74
1.12.3.1 Principles of construction for the mixed-in-place process (all fields of soil treatment) 74
1.12.4 Requirements for soil treatment 80
1.12.4.1 Binder quantity 80
1.12.4.2 Compaction characteristics 80
1.12.4.3 Verification of binder quantity 82
1.12.4.4 Surface 82
1.12.4.5 Evenness 82
1.12.4.6 Paving thickness 82
1.13 Structural backfills 84
1.13.1 Terms 84
1.13.2 Construction materials 84
1.13.2.1 Drainage area 84
1.13.2.2 Backfill and cover fill areas 84
1.13.3 Compaction 85
1.14 Refilling utility trenches 86
1.14.1 General 86
1.14.2 Working in the binder 86
1.14.3 Compaction 86
2 Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders 91
2.1 General 91
2.2 Terminology 92
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the Additional technical
conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) and soil stabilization in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in
road construction (ZTV E-StB) 93
2.4 Principles of production 94
2.4.1 General 94
2.5 Tests Definitions 95
2.5.1 Initial testing (mix design) 95
2.5.2 Factory production control 95
2.5.3 Internal control testing 97
2.5.4 Compliance testing 97
2.6 Construction materials 98
2.6.1 Soils and aggregates for soil stabilization 98
2.6.2 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for hydraulically bound base layers 99
2.6.3 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for concrete base layers 102
2.6.4 Hydraulic binders 103
2.6.5 Water 104
2.6.6 Concrete admixtures/Concrete additives 104
2.7 Requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders 105
2.7.1 Design 105
2.7.2 Pavement layers with binders 105
Contents
2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses 105

2.7.3.1 Stabilized layers 105
2.7.3.2 Hydraulically bound base layers 105
2.7.3.3 Concrete base layers 106
2.7.4 Edge design of base layers 106
2.7.4.1 Details of edge design 107
2.7.5 Drainage of base layers 108
2.7.6 Execution at low/high temperatures and frost 108
2.7.7 Correct vertical and horizontal position 108
2.7.8 Evenness 108
2.7.9 Tolerances of paving thickness 109
2.7.10 Grooves or joints 109
2.7.11 Curing 110
2.7.11.1 Table: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction
of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) 112
2.8 Producing stabilized layers 114
2.8.1 Requirements on paving mixes for stabilized layers 114
2.8.2 Production 114
2.8.3 Mixed-in-place process 114
2.8.4 Mixed-in-plant process 115
2.8.5 Placing and compaction 116
2.8.6 Requirements on the degree of compaction 116
2.9 Producing hydraulically bound base layers 117
2.9.1 Requirements on the paving mix 117
2.9.2 Production, transport and placing 117
2.9.3 Requirements on the finished layer 118
2.10 Producing concrete base layers 118
2.11 Type and scope of testing 119
2.11.1 Initial testing for stabilized layers 119
2.11.2 Initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers 121
2.11.3 Initial testing for concrete base layers 122
2.11.4 Internal control and compliance testing for stabilized layers 122
2.11.5 Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers 124
2.11.6 Internal control and compliance testing for concrete base layers 125
2.12 Using reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
in base layers with hydraulic binders 126
2.12.1 General 126
2.12.2 Source materials Aggregates 126
2.12.3 Additives 126
2.12.4 Storing reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials 127
2.12.5 Construction material mixtures 127
2.12.6 Requirements 127
2.12.7 Initial testing 127
References128
Body of technical rules and regulations 129

1. Soil Treatment
General
Soil treatment with binders (soil improvement and The environmental responsibility to reduce CO2
soil stabilization) comprises a range of proven emissions has an additional impact on framework
construction methods which, from the mid-1950s, conditions in the construction industry.
gained increasing economic importance in earth- These developments require building in poor
works. weather conditions using the native soils, or the
The investigations carried out then were the basis environmentally compatible use of soils, aggre-
for developing the current body of rules and gates and recycled construction materials.
regulations and still form the basis of construction
today. Soil treatment offers just the right solutions and
ideal economic conditions to meet these chal-
The continued development in earthworks entailing lenges.
very short construction times, higher loads (heavy-
vehicle traffic, rapid-transit railway systems etc.) The soil-binder mixtures lead to a permanent
and the saving of resources whilst complying with increase in bearing capacity (even in the event of
the provisions of the Closed Substance Cycle and water ingress), significantly improve shear strength
Waste Management Act (Kreislaufwirtschafts- and considerably reduce settlement behaviour.
und Abfallgesetz [KrW-/AbfG]) has changed the These properties enable them to be used in many
boundary conditions of earthwork operations. areas of earthworks and road construction.
10 // 11
1.1 Definition of terms
1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the

superstructures of trafficked surfaces (RStO 01)
Pavement Concrete surfacing
Surfacing plus one or several base layers. Single-layer or dual-layer concrete surfacing.
Fully bound pavement Stone paving

Asphalt pavement: asphalt surfacing and base Paving blocks, paving bedding and jointing.
layer on subgrade.
Concrete pavement: concrete surfacing, fibre mat Slab paving
and base layer with hydraulic binder directly on Slabs, slab bedding and jointing.
subgrade.
Combined base and surface course
Single-layer asphalt course which has the dual
Asphalt surfacing function of surfacing and base layer.
Asphalt binder course plus overlying asphalt
surface course or asphalt surface course only.
Embankment Cut
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt base layer or base layer
with hydraulic binder
Gravel or crushed-stone base
Frost blanket
Subsoil/subgrade (possibly stabilized)
Subgrade
Pavement
Shoulder
Subgrade q 2.5% q 4.0% Subsoil

after soil treatment at crown
q 4.0%
for soils susceptible
to water
Base layer Subsoil
Base underlying the surfacing and, depending on Soil or rock lying immediately below the pavement
formulation, distinguished into: or subgrade.
ase layer without binder

B Subgrade
- Frost blanket Artificial earth structure between subsoil and
- Crushed-stone base pavement.
- Gravel base
ase layer with binder

B
- Stabilized layer with hydraulic binders
- Hydraulically bound base
- Concrete base
- Asphalt base
ase layer with special properties

B
- Roller-compacted concrete base
- Porous concrete base
12 // 13
1.1.2 Terms and body of rules and regulations for soil treatment
Area of application Subsoil / Subgrade
Generic term Soil treatment
Terms Soil improvement Qualified soil improvement
ZTV E-StB 1) ZTV E-StB 1)

Code of practice on soil Code of practice on soil
Correlation with improvement and soil stabiliza- improvement and soil stabiliza-
tion with binders (Merkblatt tion with binders (Merkblatt
rules and regulations ber Bodenverbesserungen ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln) Bindemitteln)
Increase of bearing capacity Increase of bearing capacity

of subgrade of subgrade
Application and
resulting reduction
Reduction of pavement
thickness by means of
qualified soil improvement
at subgrade level
F2 / F3 soil
1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction
2)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
3)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
Attribution of terms Pavement
Base layers with

hydraulic binders
Hydraulically bound Stabilized layer with

Soil stabilization
base layers hydraulic binders
F1 soil F2 / F3 soil
RStO 2) RStO 2) ZTV E-StB 1) RStO 2)

ZTV Beton-StB 3) Code of practice on soil ZTV Beton-StB 3)
improvement and soil stabiliza-
tion with binders (Merkblatt
ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln)
Increase of bearing Reduction of pavement

Reduction of layer thickness
capacity of coarse- thickness by means of
of asphalt pavement
grained soils; count- stabilizing the F2 / F3 soil
ing toward pavement
No reduction of pavement
thickness in case of fully
bound pavement
14 // 15
1.1.3 Correlating rules and regulations with the different layers
Surfacing (asphalt / concrete)
Asphalt base
and / or
Base layer with hydraulic binder
Gravel or crushed-stone base

and / or frost blanket or layer of
frost-resistant material
Subsoil / subgrade possibly stabilized

or qualified soil improvement
1)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for
the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements
ZTV Beton-StB 1)
2)
Technical delivery terms for asphalt mix for the construction of
paved traffic areas
3)
Technical delivery terms for construction materials and
construction material mixtures for base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements
TL Asphalt-StB 2) 4)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives
TL Beton-StB 3) for the construction of unbound granular layers in road
construction
5)
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction
6)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for
earthworks in road construction
7)
Technical delivery terms for soils and construction materials in
earthworks for road construction
8)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
ZTV Beton-StB 1) trafficked surfaces
TL Beton-StB 3)
RStO 8)
ZTV SoB-StB 4)
TL Gestein-StB 5)
ZTV E-StB 6)
TL BuB E-StB 7)
16 // 17
1.2 Definition of terms in soil treatment
Soil treatment is a generic term for processes in properties. It is distinguished into soil stabilization
which soils are modified to meet certain specified and soil improvement.
1.2.1 Soil stabilization
Soil stabilization comprises a range of processes traffic loading and climate, thus creating perma-
in which binders are added to the existing soil to nent bearing capacity and frost resistance.
increase its resistance to stresses caused by
1.2.2 Soil improvement
Soil improvement comprises a range of processes compactability of existing soils and facilitate the
which improve both the suitability for placing and execution of construction work.
1.2.3 Qualified soil improvement
Qualified soil improvement comprises a range of stringent requirements in terms of, for example,
soil improvement processes complying with more frost resistance and bearing capacity.
1.2.4 Base layers with hydraulic binders
Base layers with hydraulic binders comprise con- They count toward the overall pavement thickness.
crete base layers according to DIN EN 206-1 and
DIN 1045-2 and hydraulically bound base layers
The most important design parameter for base lay-
produced in-plant for use in the pavement, as well
ers is layer thickness. It is determined based on:
as stabilized base layers (hydraulically stabilized
base) produced either in-place or in-plant for use
in the pavement or on the subgrade in earthworks. t he traffic volume;
Hydraulic base layers transfer the static and dynamic the bearing capacity of the subgrade; and
loads acting on the surfacing into the subsoil or the requirements placed on frost resistance.
subgrade respectively.
1.3 Geotechnical investigations
1.3.1 General
The soil must be investigated and tested well in Soils reclaimable from excavations, side cuts and
advance with regard to borrow pits require testing for their possible use.
its properties;
its suitability as subsoil or construction material; This enables other investigations and tests re-
any fills; and quired during construction to be determined well
any contamination with harmful substances in advance.
so that the findings can be considered
Geotechnical investigations required for invitations
in the planning process; to tender have to be performed by the client.
for design-related conclusions; and
in the concept of construction and construction If the construction project is executed on the basis
sequence. of an alternative tender, feasibility and fitness for
purpose have to be verified in supplementary
investigations to be performed by the contractor.
1.3.2 Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1)
Inorganic soils are classified and designated Minor fractions are those fractions which do not
according to the standards specified in the follow- determine but may nevertheless influence the
ing table. properties of the soil.
For coarse-grained and mixed-grained soils, minor
fractions having
Soils composed of several particle size ranges are
also designated in accordance with this table. inor influence are characterized by the prefix
m
slightly; and
major influence are characterized by the prefix
Composite soils are designated by means of highly.
noun for the major fraction; and
a
one or several adjectives for the minor fractions. If two major determining fractions of approximately
equal proportions are present in coarse-grained
The following basic rules apply: soils, both are designated using the conjunction
and.
Major fraction is defined as
t he largest mass fraction; or
the fraction determining the properties of the
soil.
18 // 19
Letter symbol Letter symbol
Range / Designation Particle size range [mm]
DIN EN 14688 DIN 4022
Blocks Bo Y > 200 mm
Stones Co X from > 63 mm to 200 mm
Gravel Gr (Gravel) G from > 2 mm to 63 mm

Coarse Coarse gravel CGr gG from > 20.0 mm to 63.0 mm
aggregate Medium gravel MGr mG from > 6.3 mm to 20.0 mm
range Fine gravel FGr fG from > 2.0 mm to 6.3 mm
Sand Sa (Sand) S from > 0.06 mm to 2 mm

Coarse sand CSa gS from > 0.6 mm to 2.0 mm
Medium sand MSa mS from > 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm
Fine sand FSa fS from > 0.06 mm to 0.2 mm
Silt Si (Silt) U from > 0.002 mm to 0.06 mm

Coarse silt CSi gU from > 0.02 mm to 0.06 mm
Fine Medium silt MSi mU from > 0.006 mm to 0.02 mm
aggregate Fine silt FSi fU from > 0.002 mm to 0.006 mm
range
Clay
Cl (Clay) T < 0.002 mm
(ultra-fines)
1.3.3 Soil classification according to DIN 18196
1.3.3.1 Soil groups
For the purpose of describing the civil engineering main groups and into groups with approximately
properties and suitability according to DIN 18196, the same material composition and similar proper-
the different types of soil are classified into ties.
1.3.3.2 Principles of soil classification
For civil engineering purposes, soil is classified ac- Grading is designated as follows:
cording to its material composition based on: W = wide grading
article size range;
p E = narrow grading
plastic properties; and I = gap grading
organic constituents.
The plastic properties are designated as follows:
The different types of soil are designated by letter L = low plasticity
symbols, the first letter signifying the major con- M = medium plasticity
stituent and the second letter signifying the minor A = high plasticity
constituent, where
G = gravel O = organic matter
S = sand H = peat, humus
U = silt F = digested sludge
T = clay K = lime
Z = degraded peat
N = marginally degraded peat
20 // 21
1.3.3.3 Coarse-grained soils
Gravels and sands with a maximum content of

fines < 0.06 mm of 5% by mass constitute coarse-
grained soils.
1.3.3.4 Mixed-grained soils
Mixtures of gravel, sand, silt and clay with a con- mass and 40% by mass constitute mixed-grained
tent of fines < 0.06 mm ranging between 5% by soils.
1.3.3.5 Fine-grained soils
Fine-grained soils are classified according to their It is assessed based on the water content at the
plastic properties. liquid limit wL and plasticity index Ip.
Plasticity is the relevant criterion.
1.3.3.6 Organogenic and organic soils
Silts and clays: organogenic soils and soils con- Coarse-grained and mixed-grained soils: they are
taining organic matter are classified according to distinguished based on the type of matter con-
the plasticity chart. They are below the A-line. tained (humic, calcareous, siliceous).
1.3.3.7 Chart
Coarse-grained soils Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils Organic soils

Soil classification based Soil classification based on grading Soil classification based on plas-
on grading and plastic properties tic properties only (consistency
limits according to DIN 18122)
non-cohesive slightly cohesive cohesive highly cohesive cohesive-loose
Grain-to-grain contact Grain-to-grain contact No grain-to-grain Parallel Honeycomb Lump Fibrous structure
Fines < 0.063 mm: Fines < 0.063 mm: contact structure structure structure
< 5% by mass 5% to 15% by mass Coarse grain floats in Highly frost-susceptible
Frost-proof Slightly frost-susceptible fine-grained matrix
Low compressibility Low compressibility Fines < 0.063 mm:
15% to 40% by mass
Highly frost-susceptible
Properties of fine grain
are dominant Micropore
Macropore
Large pore spaces Large pore spaces Small pore spaces Small pore spaces Small pore spaces
High or relatively high High water permeability, Low water permeability, Very low water permeability, Very low water perme-
water permeability, low low water-binding medium water-binding high to very high water-binding ability and very high
water-binding capacity capacity capacity capacity water-binding capacity
Gravels and sands Clayey-silty gravels and sands Silts and clays Peat, humus,
digested sludge
Fines < 0.063 mm: Fines < 0.063 mm:

Fines < 0.063 mm: < 5% by mass
< 5% by mass > 40% by mass
Particle size fraction < 15% by mass > 15% by mass

< 2 mm
IP 4% or IP 7% or
> 40% by < 40% by Particle size fraction < 2 mm below the above the
mass mass A-line A-line
> 40% by mass < 40% by mass
GE SE
GU SU UL TL
GW SW GT ST
UM TM
GU* SU*
GI SI UA TA
GT* ST*
22 // 23
1.3.3.8 Classifying soils according to their plastic properties
1.3.3.8.1 Determining consistency
Consistency limits and consistency ranges
Consistency range Consistency range
liquid
Liquid Liquid limit wL
IC=0 limit wL Water content at the point
of transition from liquid to
plastic state
Soil creeps out between the fingers when
mushy
Plasticity range with plasticity index Ip

pressing together by making a fist
IC=0.50
Soil is easy to knead soft
IC=0.75
Soil is difficult to knead but can be rolled into

3 mm thick rolls by hand without tearing or stiff
crumbling
Plastic Plastic limit wP

IC=1.00 limit wP Water content at the point of
transition from plastic
Soil crumbles when trying to roll into 3 mm to semi-firm state
thick rolls but is moist enough for moulding semi-firm
into a lump
Shrinkage
IC=ws limit wS Shrinkage limit wS
Water content at the point
of transition from semi-firm
Soil can no longer be kneaded but can to firm state
only be crushed
firm
At the point of transition from the semi-firm to firm state,

the soil is in the optimum water content range, i.e., it is ideal
for placing and compacting.
1.3.3.8.2 Plasticity chart for classification of fine-grained soils
(according to DIN 18196, 10.88 edition)
50
40
Sand-silt Clays of high

mixtures SU plasticity TA
Plasticity index IP in %
30 0)
-2
L
(w
73
0.
=
Clays of medium
IP
plasticity TM
e
lin
A-
20
Clays of low Clays containing organic matter,

plasticity TL organogenic clays OT and silts of
high compressibility UA
10 Sand-clay
mixtures ST Silts contain-
ing organic
7 matter and
Intermediate range1) organogenic
4 silts OU and
Sand-silt silts of medium
mixtures SU plasticity UM
0 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80
Liquid limit wL in %
1)
Tests performed to determine the plasticity index of soils having a low liquid limit give inaccurate results. Soils in the intermediate range
must therefore be classified into the clay and silt ranges by means of other processes, for example, in accordance with DIN 4022,
Part 1, 09.87, section 8.5 to section 8.9.
24 // 25
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196
Soils are classified in accordance with their suitability for civil engineering purposes using DIN 18196.
Definition and designation
Particle size fraction Plasticity
Group symbol
Letter symbol
Main groups
index and Frost-

in % by mass
position susceptibility
Line
relative to class)
Particle size A-line
(see chart)
0.06 mm 2 mm
1 Narrow-graded gravels GE
Coarse-grained soils
2 60% Wide-graded gravel-sand mixtures GW
3 Gap-graded gravel-sand mixtures GI

< 5% F1
4 Narrow-graded sands SE
5 > 60% Wide-graded sand-gravel mixtures SW
6 Gap-graded sand-gravel mixtures SI
7 Gravel-silt mixtures GU
60%
8 Gravel-clay mixtures GT
5% to 15%
5 - 15% F2*)
by mass 0.06 mm
Mixed-grained soils
9 Sand-silt mixtures SU
> 60%
10 Sand-clay mixtures ST
11 Gravel-silt mixtures GU*

60%
12 Gravel-clay mixtures GT*
15% to 40%
15 - 40% F3
by mass 0.06 mm
13 Sand-silt mixtures SU*
> 60%
14 Sand-clay mixtures ST*
15 Silts of low plasticity wL < 35% UL

IP 4% or
16 below the Silts of medium plasticity 35% wL 50% UM
Fine-grained soils
A-line
17 Silts of high plasticity wL > 50% UA F3
> 40%
18 Clays of low plasticity wL < 35% TL
IP 7% and
19 above the Clays of medium plasticity 35% wL 50% TM
A-line
20 Clays of high plasticity wL > 50% TA F2
1)
In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
*) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content (d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines content
(d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as
F1 may be interpolated linearly (see chart).
Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples
Response to Plasticity in
Dry strength
vibration testing kneading test
Steep grading curve due to prevalence of one particle size range

River gravel and beach gravel
Terrace gravel
Continuous grading curve extending over several particle size ranges
Mostly staggered grading curve due to lack of one Volcanic slag
or several particle size ranges
Dune sand and drifting sand, quicksand, Berlin
sand, basin sand, tertiary sand
Moraine sand, terrace sand, granitic sand
silty
clayey Moraine gravel

Weathered gravel
Talus deposits
silty Boulder clay
Fines content is
Wide-graded clayey
or gap-graded
grading curve silty Tertiary sand
clayey Alluvial loam, sandy loess
silty Tertiary sand, creeping sand
clayey Boulder clay, glacial till
low quick none to low Loess, alluvial loam
low to medium slow low to medium Lacustrine clay, basin silt
high none to slow medium to high Volcanic soils, pumice soils
medium to high none to slow none to low Glacial till, varved clay
Loess loam, basin clay, saliferous clay,
high none none to low
lacustrine clay
very high none none to low Trass, Lauenburg clay, basin clay
26 // 27
1.3.3.9 Classifying soils according to DIN 18196
Soils are classified in accordance with their suitability for civil engineering purposes using DIN 18196.
Definition and designation
Plasticity
Group symbol
Particle size fraction
Letter symbol
Main groups
Frost-
in % by mass index and susceptibility
position
Line
class )
relative to
Particle size A-line
(see chart)
0.06 mm 2 mm
Silts containing organic

21 matter and organogenic 35% wL 50% OU F3
IP 7% silts
Organogenic soils and soils
> 40% and below

containing organic matter
the A-line Clays containing

or smoulderable
OT
not flammable
22 organic matter and wL > 50%

organogenic clays

)
Coarse-grained to
23 mixed-grained soils OH F2
containing humic matter
< 40%
Coarse-grained to
mixed-grained soils
24 OK
containing calcareous,
siliceous formations
Non-degraded to mod-
25 erately degraded peats HN
(humus)
or smoulderable
Organic soils
26 Degraded peats HZ
flammable
Muds as a collec-
tive term for digested
27 F
sludge, organic silt,
gyttja, dy, sapropel
) In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
) Soils formed as a result of microorganism action
*) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content (d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines content
(d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as F1 may be
interpolated linearly (see chart).
Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples
Response to Plasticity in
Dry strength
vibration testing kneading test
Lacustrine marl
medium slow to very quick medium Diatomaceous earth
Topsoil
Alluvial mud
high none high Tidal mud
Tertiary carboniferous clays
Contains organic matter, mostly dark in colour, musty smell, Topsoil

loss on ignition of up to approx. 20% by mass Palaeosol
Calcareous sand
Contains non-organic matter, mostly light in colour,
Tuffaceous sand
low weight, high porosity
Bog lime
Degree of degradation 1 to 5, fibrous,

rich in wood, light brown to brown in colour
Fen peat
Native humus
Raised bog peat
formations
Fen-wood peat
Degree of degradation 6 to 10, blackish-brown
to black
Underwater (sedimentary) muds consisting of organic matter, faeces

and microorganisms, frequently interspersed with sand, clay and lime, Organic silt
blue-black or greenish to yellow-brown, occasionally dark grey-brown to Digested sludge
blue-black, springy, soft-spongy
28 // 29
1.4 Frost susceptibility of soils and rock
of variable strength
In terms of frost susceptibility, the soil groups are The susceptibility to frost of the weathered prod-
distinguished in accordance with the classification uct is the relevant criterion for rock of variable
specified in the table below. strength.
1.4.1 Classifying soil groups in accordance with frost susceptibility
Frost Soil groups

susceptibility (DIN 18196)
ST*, GT*
SU*, GU*
TL, TM
not susceptible GW, GI, GE UL, UM, UA
F1 OU
Percentage d 0.063 mm (% by mass)
to frost SW, SI, SE

15
TA ST, GT
low to medium SU, GU
OT, OH, OK
F2 susceptibility to F2
}
ST, GT 1) TA
frost ST, GT OT, OH
SU, GU 10 OK
SU, GU
F1
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA 5
highly susceptible
F3 OU
to frost
ST*, GT*
GW, GI, GE
SU*, GU* F1
SW, SI, SE
0
1) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content 1 5 10 15
(d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines d60
content (d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass. Coefficient of uniformity U=
d10
Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm
permissible for classifying as F1 may be interpolated linearly
(see chart).
1.4.2 Frost susceptibility after soil improvement with binders
Soil groups TL, TM, UL, UM, UA, ST*, SU*, GU*
Re-classification leads to a reduction in design
are classified into frost-susceptibility class F2 if the
strength according to the Directives for the
requirements specified for qualified soil improve-
standardization of the superstructures of traf-
ment are complied with (see section 1.5 Applica-
ficked surfaces (RStO 01).
tion 1.5.2 Qualified soil improvement).
This is tantamount to substantial reductions in
the pavement cost.
30 // 31
1.5 Application
1.5.1 Soil improvement
In the construction of roads and traffic surfaces, Soil improvement with binders enables wet, insuffi-
soil improvement is used in earthworks at sub- ciently compactable soils:
grade or subsoil level. t o be turned into a condition suitable for placing
Examples: construction of embankments, em- and compacting;
bankment shoulders, backfills, refills, site transport to be given a higher bearing capacity; and
roads or similar. to be given improved weather resistance.
When used on subgrades, embankment shoulders

and other surfaces, soil improvement with binders
offers improved protection from exposure to ero-
sion and weather.
1.5.2 Qualified soil improvement
In the construction of roads and traffic surfaces,

Re-classification leads to a reduction in design
qualified soil improvement can be used in earth-
strength according to the Directives for the
works at subgrade or subsoil level.
standardization of the superstructures of traf-
Examples: construction of embankments, em- ficked surfaces (RStO 01).
bankment shoulders, backfills, subgrade area.
This is tantamount to substantial reductions in
Qualified soil improvement the pavement cost.
improves bearing capacity;

minimizes settlements and deformations;
improves shear strength; and
has a positive influence on the soils
susceptibility to frost.
Qualified soil improvement allows certain soils of

frost-susceptibility class F3 to achieve the proper-
ties required of soils of frost-susceptibility class
F2.
Road embankment with raised bridge abutment,
backfilled with improved soil.
Qualified soil improvement Bridge

Graded binder contents in the area of with raised abutments
the bridge abutments
Qualified soil
improvement
adding, for
example, 3% Qualified soil im-
by mass of provement adding,
binder for example, 5% by
mass of binder
Qualified soil improvement

adding, for example, 7%
by mass of binder
Stepped subsoil
Qualified soil improvement adding,
for example, 7% by mass of binder
Example of application of qualified soil improvement
32 // 33
1.5.2.1 Reducing pavement thickness by means of qualified soil improvement
Qualified soil improvement carried out at a the standardization of the superstructures of

minimum layer thickness of 25 cm enables the trafficked surfaces [RStO 01], Table 6) may be
subsoil or subgrade to be classified into frost- used as baseline values for designing the mini-
susceptibility class F2. mum thickness of a frost-resistant pavement if
The parameters specified for soils of frost- a deformation modulus of Ev2 70 MN/m has
susceptibility class F2 (see the Directives for been verified on the subgrade.
Directives for the standardization of the

superstructures of trafficked surfaces
(RStO 01), Table 6
Baseline values for determining the minimum
thickness of a frost-resistant pavement
Thickness in cm for construction class

Line Frost-susceptibility class
SV / I / II III / IV V / VI
1 F2 55 50 40
2 F3 65 60 50
Example: Reducing the thickness of a frost-resistant pavement by 10 cm in accordance with Table
6 of the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces (RStO 01),
Construction class III IV, by means of qualified soil improvement
Baseline values for determining the thickness of a frost-resistant pavement of construction class III / IV (Di-
rectives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces [RStO 01], Table 6)
Pavement thickness Pavement thickness Pavement thickness

50 cm 60 cm 50 cm
Reduction
by 10 cm
EV2 > 45 MN/m2 EV2 > 45 MN/m2 EV2 > 70 MN/m2

Subgrade
F2 soil EV2 > 45 MN/m2
F2 soil F3 soil
1.5.2.2 Requirements on qualified soil improvement at subgrade level
- Binder content 3% by mass. Alternatively:

- Unconfined compressive strength according to - CBR according to the Technical testing regu-
the Technical testing regulations for soil and lations for soil and rock in road construction
rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part (TP BF-StB), Part B 7.1, 40%; specimens
B 11.3, 0.5 N/mm; specimens stored for a stored for a period of 28 days.
period of 28 days. -T he loss in strength after soaking in water for
- The loss in strength after soaking in water for 24 hours must not exceed 50%.
24 hours must not exceed 50%. -T he test may also be performed after 7 days
and/or at other testing times.
34 // 35
1.5.3 Soil stabilization
Soil stabilization is performed in the upper part Examples of traffic surfaces: rural roads, bicycle
of the subgrade or subsoil of roads and traffic paths and footpaths, airfields, container storage
surfaces. Soil stabilization improves the bearing areas, industrial sites.
capacity and therefore traffickability of the pave-
ment, increasing its frost resistance.
1.5.3.1 Soil stabilization not counting toward the pavement
F2 and F3 soils: thickness of 15 cm in case of poor bearing capac-

Construction methods involving a fully bound ity and unfavourable water conditions.
pavement enable soil stabilization of the subsoil
or subgrade to be performed at a minimum layer This type of soil stabilization does not count
toward the overall pavement thickness.
1.5.3.2 Soil stabilization counting toward the pavement
F2 and F3 soils:
The thickness of the frost-resistant pavement may Choice of pavement in accordance
be reduced by 20 cm if: with RStO 2) as from top edge of
stabilized layer in:
t he upper zone of the subsoil or subgrade is sta- Chart 1, lines 2.2 and 2.3
bilized in accordance with the Additional tech- Chart 2, lines 1.2 and 1.3
nical conditions of contract and directives for
earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB). Stabilized layer in accordance with
ZTV Beton-StB1)
Thickness in accordance with
F1 soils: RStO2), Chart 1 or Chart 2:
If the subsoil or subgrade immediately underlying 15 to 25 cm
the pavement is an F1 soil (e.g. narrow-graded
sands) of limited bearing capacity or traffickability,
then:
t he frost blanket may be omitted if soil stabi-
lization is performed in accordance with the Subsoil / Subgrade
Additional technical conditions of contract and F1 soil of sufficient thickness
directives for the construction of base layers
with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
(ZTV Beton-StB).
The F1 soil must have a minimum thickness in this

design corresponding to that of the frost blanket This type of stabilized layer forms part of the pave-
overlying an F2 or F3 soil. ment of traffic areas and is dealt with in the Additional
technical conditions of contract and directives for the
Directives for the standardization of the super- construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and
structures of trafficked surfaces (RStO), concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB).
Figure 5: Construction methods on F1 soil
stabilized in accordance with the Additional
technical conditions of contract and direc-
tives for the construction of base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
(ZTV Beton-StB):
1)
dditional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
A
2)
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
36 // 37
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 1
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying an Construction class SV
asphalt surfacing
Equivalent 10-tonne axle loads
B
Line
in millions > 32
(Thickness in cm; Thickness of frost-resistant
55 65 75 85
Ev2 minimum values in MN/m2) pavement 1)
Asphalt base and base with hydraulic
Chart 1: Asphalt surfacing design for pave- Asphalt surface course 4

Asphalt binder course 8
ments on F2 and F3 subsoil / subgrade
Asphalt base 14
2.1 Hydraulically bound base

15
120
Frost blanket 41
45
Thickness of frost blanket 342) 44
Asphalt surface course 4

Asphalt base 14
Stabilized layer
2.2 Layer of frost-resistant material (F1) 15
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 - 45 45
Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material 104) 204) 30 40
Asphalt surface course 4

Asphalt base 18
Stabilized layer
2.3
1)
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frost- Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
resistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the 20
- narrow-graded in accordance with
difference.
DIN 18196 -
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally. 45 50
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally. Thickness of layer of
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be frost-resistant material 54) 154) 25 35
stabilized can be placed as a single layer.
I II III IV V VI
> 1.8 and 3.2 /
> 10 and 32 > 3.2 and 10 > 1.0 and 1.8 > 0.3 and 1.0 0.3 0.3
55 65 75 85 55 65 75 85 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 35 45 55 65 35 45 55 65
binder on top of frost blanket or layer of frost-resistant material
4 4 4 4 4 4
8 8 4
10 10 10
8
10 8
15 15 15 15
120 120 100 100
15 15
120
120
31 29 29 29
37 35
45 45 45 45 45 45
283) 38 48 302) 40 50 342) 44 263) 36 46 163) 26 36 163) 26 36
4 4 4 4 4 4
8 8 4
10 10 10
10
14 10
15 15 15
15
15
15
33 29 29 29
41 37
45 45 45 45 45 45
144) 24 34 44 184) 28 38 48 124) 22 32 42 164) 26 36 46 64) 164) 26 36 64) 164) 26 36
4 4 4 4 4 4
8 8 4
10 10 10
10
14 10
15 15 15
20
20
14
29 29 29
42 38
45 46 45 45 45 45 45
94) 194) 29 39 134) 23 33 43 74) 174) 27 37 164) 26 36 46 64) 164) 26 36 64) 164) 26 36
38 // 39
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 2
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying a Construction class SV
concrete surfacing
Equivalent 10-tonne axle
B
Line
loads in millions
> 32
(Thickness in cm; Thickness of frost-resistant
55 65 75 85
Ev2 minimum values in MN/m2) pavement 1)
Base with hydraulic binder on top of
Chart 2: Concrete surfacing design for pave-

ments on F2 and F3 subsoil / subgrade
Concrete surfacing 27
1.1
Hydraulically bound base
1)
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frost- 15
120
resistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the
difference. Frost blanket 42
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally. 45
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally.
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be
stabilized can be placed as a single layer. Thickness of frost blanket 332) 43
The additional conditions of contract for the Concrete surfacing 27

German States (Bundeslnder) have to be
complied with.
1.2 Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant 20
material (F1)
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 - 45 47
frost-resistant material 84) 184) 28 38
Soil treatment can be used as a safeguarding

Concrete surfacing 27
measure for soils of paving class 2.
Reference is made to the Code of practice on
the treatment of soils and construction materi-
1.3
als with binders to reduce the leachability of Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant material (F1) 25
environmentally relevant substances (Merkblatt
- narrow-graded in accordance with
ber die Behandlung von Bden und Baustoffen DIN 18196 -
45 52
mit Bindemitteln zur Reduzierung der Eluier-
barkeit umweltrelevanter Inhaltsstoffe). frost-resistant material 34) 134) 23 33
I II III IV V VI
> 1.8 and 3.2 /
> 10 and 32 > 3.2 and 10 > 1.0 and 1.8 > 0.3 and 1.0 0.3 0.3
55 65 75 85 55 65 75 85 45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75 35 45 55 65 35 45 55 65
frost blanket or layer of frost-resistant material
25 24 23
15 15
15
120 120
120
40 39 38
45 45 45
253) 35 48 263) 36 46 273) 37
25 24 23
15 15
15
40 39 38
45 45 45
154) 25 35 45 164) 26 36 46 74) 174) 27 37
25 24 23
20 20
20
45 44 43
45 45 45
104) 20 30 40 11 21 31 41 24) 124) 22 32
40 // 41
1.6 Basic principles of earthworks
1.6.1 Compaction
At the start of compaction, the contractor has to Special conditions for compaction or construction
complete a trial field to verify that the compaction apply to embankment shoulders. This may influ-
requirements will be met. ence the bulk width of an embankment in case of
soil stabilization or stabilization of the pavement.
The maximum bulk thickness (or maximum thick-
ness of the improved layer respectively) must be When placing weather-sensitive construction
such that the specified degree of compaction is materials, the bulk surfaces have to be built with a
achieved over the entire layer thickness. cross slope of no less than 6%.
1.6.2 Compaction requirements on subsoil and subgrade
The subsoil or subgrade of roads and paths has the degree of compaction DPr or the maximum
to be compacted so as to meet the following 10 percentile for the air voids ratio na respectively.
requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for
na in % by
Area Soil groups DPr in %
volume
Subgrade to a depth of 1.00 m for GW, GI, GE
embankments SW, SI, SE 100
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts GU, GT, SU, ST
GW, GI, GE
1.00 m below grade to embankment base SW, SI, SE 98
GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment base GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
97 122)
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts U, T, OU1), OT1)
1) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their 2) If the soils are not improved by means of soil stabilization or quali-
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately fied soil improvement, a requirement on the maximum
and determined in consultation with the client. 10 percentile for the air voids ratio is recommended as follows:
8 % by volume when placing water-sensitive mixed-grained or
fine-grained soils; and
6 % by volume when placing rock of variable strength.
This has to be indicated in the specification of works.
1.6.3 Requirements on the subgrade
The subgrade must comply with specifications in

Reducing the cross slope after soil
terms of correct vertical and horizontal position,
treatment results in huge potential savings in
evenness and bearing capacity.
pavement material.
Requirements on the correct vertical and horizon-
tal position:
Deviation: 3 cm from design level Example: qPavement = 2.5%
2 cm if the subgrade is to be qSubgrade = 4.0%
overlaid with a bound base layer Width of subgrade = 6.00 m
The subgrade must have the following cross slope: Savings: approx. 0.30 m3/m
4.0% for water-sensitive soils and construction

materials At the raised edge of the carriageway, the sub-
2.5% after soil treatment with binders grade has to be designed with a reverse gradient.
Shoulder Traffic lane Traffic lane Shoulder
2.5% 6%
12%
1.5
1:
When performing soil improvement operations at

subgrade level, the edge design of embankment
structures may require excess profiling due to the
production methods and equipment used.
42 // 43
1.6.4 Deformation modulus on the subgrade (minimum 10 percentile)
Being the foundation for the roads pavement, The static and dynamic deformation moduli can be
the subgrade must exhibit adequate bearing and inferred from the following table.
deformation behaviours.
Construction class SV, I to IV Construction class V to VI

Frost-resistant subsoil or subgrade
Ev2 120 MN/m2 Ev2 100 MN/m2
(F1 soil)
Evd 65 MN/m2 Evd 50 MN/m2
Frost-susceptible subsoil or subgrade Construction class SV, I to VI

(F2 and F3 soils) Ev2 45 MN/m2
Frost-susceptible subsoil or subgrade

(F2 and F3 soils) after qualified soil Ev2 70 MN/m2
improvement
If the specified deformation modulus on the sub-

grade cannot be achieved by compacting, one of
the following measures has to be taken:
improve or stabilize the subsoil or subgrade; or
increase the layer thickness of the granular
base.
1.6.5 Requirements on compaction characteristics
Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the degree of compaction DPr or maximum
10 percentile for the air voids ratio na when improving or stabilizing the subgrade
Cut
Requirements on Ev2
Subgrade 0.00m see separate table
Stabilized DPr 98%2)
subsoil immediately after completion of compaction
0.50m
Improved DPr 100% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
subsoil 1) DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Embankment
Requirements on Ev2
Subgrade 0.00m see separate table
0.50m
Stabilized DPr 98%2)

subgrade immediately after completion of compaction
1.00m
DPr 100% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Improved
subgrade1)
DPr 98% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Requirements according to structural Requirements according to structural

Improved subgrade*
soil analysis soil analysis
1) Including qualified soil improvement. 3) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their
2) Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the degree of suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately
compaction of the soil-binder mixture immediately after compac- and determined in consultation with the client.
tion has been completed. na air voids ratio
Higher requirements on compaction may be defined The edge design of embankments may require
in the specification of works for earth structures ex- excess profiling when performing soil improvement
posed to especially high levels of loading (including operations at subgrade level.
partial sections, such as structural backfills).
44 // 45
1.7 Quality assurance
1.7.1 Tests to be performed prior to construction
Soil treatment operations require mix designs. Mix designs, internal control testing and compli-
ance testing are performed in accordance with the
pertinent technical regulations in effect at the time.
1.7.1.1 Tests to be performed by the client
For a reliable assessment of the construction work These tests have to be arranged for by the client
to be tendered, the soil or construction material as part of soil investigation and within the para-
has to be tested to determine its bearing capacity, meters of the preconstruction phase.
re-usability as embankment fill and suitability for
soil treatment with binders.
1.7.1.2 Tests to be performed by the contractor
Mix designs have to be performed within the The following estimated periods of time are
parameters of construction. required for the mix design:
s oil stabilization approx. 5 weeks
The contractor is required to commission a test- qualified soil
ing laboratory experienced in and certified for improvement approx. 2 to 5 weeks
soil treatment, for example, a testing laboratory This period may be shorter if an assessment
approved in accordance with the Directives for based on 7-day strengths is also possible.
accreditation of test centres for building materials soil improvement approx. 1 to 2 weeks
and building material mixtures in road construc-
tion (RAP Stra), with performing the mix design. This period may be longer if additional testing is
required. These tests may include:
The amount of binder determined in the mix frost-resistance testing (freeze-thaw test / frost
design is specified by the contractor as it is his heaving test); and
responsibility to ensure that the construction work proof of compatibility with water-management
is completed free of any defects. requirements.
The mix designs provide information on the type The values given in the following table can be used
and amount of binder and water to be added, the to determine the amount of binder to be added in
amount of any additives to be used and the fitness the mix design.
for use of the soils and soil-binder mixtures.
46 // 47
Table: Soil-specific empirical values for binder quantities in soil stabilization, soil improvement
and qualified soil improvement
Binder content in % by mass

Soil group Fine lime Hydrated lime Cement Hydraulic soil Mixed
according to according to according to and road binder binders
DIN EN 459-1 DIN EN 459-1 DIN EN 197-1 according to
DIN-1164-10 DIN 18506
(GE, GW, GI, SE, 3-7 3-7 3-7
SW, SI)
Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST, 4-6+* 4-8* 4-12 4-12 4-12
Soil stabilization
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)
Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA, 4-6 4-8 7-16 7-16 4-16
TM, TA)
Artificial aggregates 5-12 5-12 5-12
Recycled construc-
4-10 4-10 4-10
tion materials
(GE, GW, GI, SE, 3-6 3-6 3-6
SW, SI)
Soil improvement**
Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST, 2 (3)-4 2 (3)-5 3-6 3-6 2 (3)-6
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)
Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA, 2 (3)-4 2 (3)-5 3-6 3-6 2 (3)-6
TM, TA)
* Only in case of sufficiently large fractions of reactive substances in the soil

** Values in parentheses relate to qualified soil improvement
1.7.1.3 Testing specifications for mix designs
Use of hydraulic binders Reaction times

or soil stabilization, the mix design is per-
F The reaction times between mixing and com-
formed in accordance with the Technical testing paction are determined in the Technical testing
regulations for soil and rock in road construc- regulations for soil and rock in road construction
tion (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1. (TP BF-StB) as a function of the binder used.
For soil improvement and qualified soil improve- Typical values are:
ment, the mix design is performed in accord- for hydraulic binders: 1 to 2 hours
ance with the Technical testing regulations for for mixed binders: 4 hours
soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), for building limes: 6 hours
Part B 11.3.
Use of building limes

or soil stabilization, soil improvement or quali-
F
fied soil improvement, the mix design is per-
formed in accordance with the Technical testing
regulations for soil and rock in road construc-
tion (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.3.
Use of mixed binders

or soil stabilization, the mix design is per-
F
formed in accordance with the Technical testing
regulations for soil and rock in road construc-
tion (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1 or Part B 11.3
depending on the composition of the various
constituents.
For soil improvement and qualified soil improve-
ment, the mix design is performed in accord-
ance with the Technical testing regulations for
soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB),
Part B 11.3.
48 // 49
1.7.2 Tests to be performed during construction
1.7.2.1 Type and scope of tests to be performed in soil treatment operations
The tests are performed for quality assurance purposes, taking into account the testing procedures and testing
methods according to the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construc-
tion (ZTV E-StB) and the pertinent Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB).
Soil stabilization
Parameter Internal control testing Compliance testing
Binders
Conformity of binder supplied with binder type each delivery random checks
and grade agreed (delivery note)
Soil
Grading every 250 m or 3,000 m
State variables as required
Organic constituents every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks
Water content as required
Proctor density and related water content
Soils intended for stabilization *

Degree of compaction 3 times every 20 m
Correct vertical and horizontal position every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks
Stabilized layer
Degree of compaction every 250 m or 3,000 m every 250 m or 3,000 m
at least once per day
Binder quantity as required every 1,000 m
Correct vertical and horizontal position 3 times every 20 m every 50 m
Evenness as required as required
Layer thickness
Layer thickness as required every 1,000 m2
Deformation modulus
on the subgrade
Deformation modulus Ev2
Deformation modulus Evd according to testing method M1 or M2
* The scope of testing depends on the testing method chosen (method M1, M2 or M3).
Type, scope and frequency of internal control and compliance testing for soil treatment operations:
Qualified soil improvement Soil improvement

Internal control testing Compliance testing Internal control testing Compliance testing
each delivery random checks each delivery random checks

(delivery note) (delivery note)
every 250 m or 3,000 m

as required
every 250 m or 3,000 m random checks
as required
-
every 250 m or 3,000 m every 250 m or 3,000 m

at least once per day
as required every 1,000 m
3 times every 20 m every 50 m
as required as required
according to testing method M1 or M2 according to testing method M1 or M2
50 // 51
Internal control tests and compliance tests for the Determining the unconfined compressive strength
stabilized layer are performed jointly by the con- on core samples or plate samples taken from the
tractor and the client immediately after compac- completed layer does not allow any conclusions
tion. to be drawn on compliance with the requirements
of the Additional technical conditions of contract
Internal control tests performed in the presence of and directives for earthworks in road construction
an agent appointed by the client may be acknowl- (ZTV E-StB).
edged as compliance tests.
Compressive strength testing of the completed
As the processing times of hydraulic binders are stabilized layer has therefore not been specified.
extremely short, internal control tests and compli- Due to the relatively low strength, it is only rarely
ance tests should be performed jointly by the con- possible to drill out suitable cores. In addition, the
tractor and the client immediately after completion shearing surfaces forming during compressive
of a soil treatment operation. strength testing are affected by hairline cracks
beginning to form and by larger single grains
Binder content, degree of compaction and bearing embedded in the layer.
capacity cannot be tested at a later date.
Compressive strength testing is performed as part
Performing these tests at a later date allows any of the mix design only to determine the appropri-
necessary adjustment of the operation or correc- ate binder quantity.
tion of the layer thickness, evenness or correct
vertical and horizontal position to be effected to a
limited extent only.
1.7.2.2 Testing methods and testing procedures
When performing the tests, a distinction is made Testing procedure: defines and determines the
between testing methods and testing procedures. test criteria. The testing procedures include spe-
cific work instructions to determine the compac-
Testing method: refers to the systematic ap- tion characteristics.
proach used to verify the intended quality in
accordance with the specified requirements on
compaction characteristics.
1.7.2.2.1 Testing methods for testing compaction characteristics
Method M1: approach in accordance with sta- Further information can be obtained from the Code
tistical testing schedule of practice on continuous dynamic procedures for
This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 1 testing compaction in earthworks (Merkblatt ber
of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock flchendeckende dynamische Verfahren zur Prfung
in road construction (TP BF-StB). der Verdichtung im Erdbau) and Code of practice
for the compaction of subsoil and subgrade in road
Method M1 determines the statistical distribution construction (Merkblatt fr die Verdichtung des
of the test criterion within an inspection lot on the Untergrundes und des Unterbaues im Straenbau).
basis of random checking. Based on the sampling
results, the decision is then made whether to accept Method M2 is recommended in particular:
or to reject the inspection lot (refer to the Code of for construction projects with high daily output
practice for the compaction of subsoil and subgrade rates and soils of largely uniform composition;
in road construction (Merkblatt fr die Verdichtung for inspection surfaces tested to assess the uni-
des Untergrundes und Unterbaues im Straenbau). formity of compaction; and
Method M1 can be used for all types of soil. where compaction is to be assessed as an integral
part of the operation.
Method M1 is recommended in particular:
for large inspection lots; Method M3: approach for monitoring the
for inspection lots tested to assess the uniform- working procedure
ity of compaction; and This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 3
for inspection lots tested using quick testing of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
procedures the results of which are available in road construction (TP BF-StB).
immediately.
Method M3 typically uses trial compaction to prove
Method M2: approach when applying the suitability of the compaction procedure used.
continuous dynamic measuring procedures A work instruction for compaction is then set up
This method proceeds in accordance with Part E 2 based on the results of the trial compaction. Com-
of the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock paction of the earth structure tendered is carried out
in road construction (TP BF-StB). in accordance with the work instruction. Adherence
to the work instruction must be documented.
Method M2 uses a measuring device installed at the
roller to continuously determine a dynamic measur- Further information can be obtained from the
ing value resulting from the interaction between roller Code of practice for the compaction of subsoil and
and soil and correlated with the soils stiffness and subgrade in road construction (Merkblatt fr die
degree of compaction. This method performs a full Verdichtung des Untergrundes und des Unterbaues
inspection of the compacted layer (= inspection im Straenbau).
surface) by means of an indirect testing procedure
(= dynamic measuring value) based on which a deci- Method M3 is recommended, for example, for
sion is then made whether to accept or reject the smaller construction projects and restricted space
inspection surface (= inspection lot). conditions.
52 // 53
1.7.2.2.2 Testing procedures for determining compaction parameters
Sampling and testing are carried out in accord-

ance with the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB).
1. Degree of compaction DPr

The degree of compaction DPr indicates the per-
centage of dry density d in the Proctor density Pr
(= 100%) of the soil sample to be tested.
d
D = x 100 [%]
hat. Pr
Pr
d
The Proctor density has to be determined for each Voids ratio n= 1- s [-]
soil sample from the field.
For soils and construction materials of uniform
composition, it is also possible to use the Proctor
d = particle density of the native soil
density determined in the mix design or during trial
compaction.
3. Air voids ratio na
The air voids ratio is calculated from the results of
2. Dry density d and voids ratio n
the density measurement and determination of the
The dry density d and voids ratio n may be de-
water content.
fined as substitute parameters for materials which
The air voids ratio may be defined as an additional
do not allow a reliable determination of the Proc-
characteristic for compaction.
tor density (e.g. rock of variable strength, stony
ground, recycled construction materials, certain
industrial by-products etc.).
The specification values have to be agreed be-

tween the client and contractor based on:
Air voids ratio na=
local experience; or d
investigations performed previously. 1 - w x d - s [-]
4. Indirect testing procedures for the degree of s tatic plate bearing test according to DIN 18134;
compaction and
For coarse-grained soils (GE, GW, GI, SE, SW, dynamic plate bearing test in accordance with
SI) and mixed-grained soils with a fines content Part B 8.3 of the Technical testing regulations
< 15% by mass (GU, GT, SU, ST), the following for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-
substitute procedures may be used to determine StB).
the degree of compaction:
Calibration tests must be performed to determine
the correlation between the indirect testing method
chosen and the degree of compaction.
Relation between DPr and Evd

100
90
80
70
60
Evd [MN/m2]
50
40
30
20
10
0
95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
DPr [%]
54 // 55
For coarse-grained soils, the following correlation applies according to the Additional technical condi-
tions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB):
Guideline values for correlating the static deformation modulus Ev2 and the ratio Ev2/Ev1 with the
degree of compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:
Soil group Static deformation Ratio Degree of compaction

modulus Ev2/Ev1 DPr in %
Ev2 in MN/m2
GW, GI 100 2.3 100

80 2.5 98
GE, SE, SW, SI 80 2.3 100

70 2.5 98
An even higher Ev2/Ev1 ratio is permissible if Ev1 reaches 60% of the Ev2 value specified.
Guideline values for correlating the dynamic deformation modulus Evd with the degree of
compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:
Soil group Dynamic deformation Degree of compaction

modulus DPr in %
Evd in MN/m2
GW, GI, GE 50 100

SW, SI, SE 40 98
1.7.2.2.3 Testing deformation modulus, correct vertical and horizontal position and
evenness on the subgrade
On the subgrade, the bearing and deformation
behaviour must be verified by means of the defor-
mation modulus Ev2 or the dynamic deformation
modulus Evd.
The following methods and procedures must be

used:
Testing method M1 (statistical testing schedule)
Testing is conducted by means of:
- the static plate bearing test according to
DIN 18134; and
- the dynamic plate bearing test according to
the Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part
B 8.3.
Testing method M2 (continuous dynamic meas-

uring procedure) to the extent that it is suitable
for use in terms of soil mechanics
The test results have to be calibrated to the
deformation modulus Ev2 or Evd respectively
(see Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
E 4).
Testing method M3 (monitoring the working pro-

cedure by means of single testing) according to
DIN 18134 or the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
(TP BF-StB), Part B 8.3.
56 // 57
1.8 Soils and mineral construction materials for
soil treatment
The suitability of soils for soil treatment (depend- The soils to be treated should be available in a
ing on the binder used) must be verified within the largely homogeneous quality.
scope of a mix design.
1.8.1 Suitable soils (according to DIN 18196)
oarse-grained soils with a maximum particle

C Fine-grained and mixed-grained soils
size of 63 mm SU, ST, GU, GT, SU*, ST*, GU*, GT*, UL, UM,
GE, GW, GI, SE, SW, SI UA, TL, TM
1.8.2 Soils (according to DIN 18196) and construction materials suitable to

a limited extent
lays of high plasticity to the extent that they

C Soils of varying composition or nature
are of soft to stiff consistency and can be Recycled and manufactured aggregates
sufficiently crushed Rocks of variable strength (siltstones and clay
TA stones) if they can be sufficiently crushed and
Mixed-grained soils containing stones larger have a sufficiently high water content to allow
than 63 mm to the extent that these can be compaction (reduction of air voids ratio)
removed or crushed if in weathered state
Soils containing organic matter and organogenic
soils
1.8.3 Non-suitable soils
Non-suitable soils include soils which cannot lays of high plasticity and semi-firm to firm
C
be substantially improved (suitability for placing, consistency TA
compactability) or sufficiently stabilized (bearing Rocks of variable strength (siltstones and clay
capacity, frost resistance) by adding high binder stones) if they cannot be sufficiently crushed
contents and using standard equipment. Organic soils
1.8.4 Natural and artificial aggregates and recycled construction materials
Natural aggregates are classified based on grading ible use of industrial by-products and recycled
in accordance with DIN 18196. construction materials in road construction
(RuA-StB), Directives for the environmentally
Artificial aggregates and recycled construction compatible use of reclaimed materials contain-
materials must comply with both environmentally ing tar-bound matter and for the use of reclaimed
relevant and water-management requirements. asphalt in road construction (RuVA-StB) and
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road
These requirements are stipulated, for example, construction (TL Gestein-StB).
in the Directives for the environmentally compat-
1.8.5 Sulphate influence
Heaving may destroy the structure as a result of A mineralogical analysis of the soil should always
chemical reactions of the sulphates and sulphides be performed on critical soil types in order to avoid
(pyrite) with the free calcium contained in the exposure of the structure to any risk.
lime or cement (or both substances when using a
mixed binder).
Ettringite or thaumasite reaction is, among other
In the process, volumetric strains ranging from
things, additionally influenced by the following
10% to 30% develop at swelling pressures of
factors:
up to 5 MPa caused by ettringite or thaumasite
growth. t emperature (reaction requires temperatures
< 15C);
Caution should generally be exercised with all dry-wet cycles;
sulphate-bearing soils or waters, pyrite, gypsum pore size of soil mixture (compaction);
and anhydrite in combination with free calcium at a sulphate type and solubility; and
pH value > 10.5. clay content of soil (clay content < 10%
unproblematic).
Criteria for assessing native soils
o risk: electrical conductivity of soil saturation
N
extract < 200 S/cm
Low risk: sulphate content between 3,000 ppm
and 5,000 ppm
Medium to high risk: sulphate content between
5,000 ppm and 8,000 ppm
Soil not suitable for soil treatment: sulphate Recycled construction materials intended for
content > 8,000 ppm use in soil treatment must always be tested for
sulphates!
58 // 59
1.9 Binders
1.9.1 General
The purpose of construction and goal of soil The mechanical properties of the treated soil
treatment should be defined prior to selecting the should be defined and determined to allow selec-
binder to be used. tion of the binder and mixing procedure to be
This requires an investigation of the native soil used.
and its properties and of the requirements on the The criteria to be determined include shear
structure in terms of soil analysis. strength, stiffness, swelling or shrinkage proper-
In the next step, tests have to be performed in ties and durability in order to obtain a sustainable
order to determine the means (soil improvement, structure.
qualified soil improvement) by which and degree The type, method and formula to be used for soil
to which the properties and soil characteristics can treatment can be determined by means of mineral-
be improved. ogical and soil-mechanical investigations.
1.9.2 Types of binder
The following binders may be used for soil treat- of contract and directives for earthworks in road
ment without requiring further agreement provided construction (ZTV E-StB).
they comply with the pertinent standards: ydraulic soil and road binders according
H
ements according to DIN 197-1 and DIN 197-4
C to DIN 18506
Cements according to DIN 1164-10 Mixed binders produced from standard hydraulic
Building limes according to DIN EN 459-1 binders or their major hydraulic constituents
In addition, these must comply with supplementa- Other binders may be used provided that their
ry requirements in terms of reactivity and grading suitability has been verified and their use has been
according to the Additional technical conditions agreed upon between the client and contractor.
1.9.3 Mode of binder action
1.9.3.1 Building limes
A distinction in the mode of action of fine limes is The long-term reaction commences after some
made between instantaneous and long-term reac- days and may continue for a period of several
tion. years.
The instantaneous reaction commences within min- Overall, there is only a moderate development of
utes after mixing and is complete after some days. strength.
Instantaneous reaction: Result:
Quick reduction of water content in the soil- Improved compactability
binder mixture resulting from Improved plastic properties and thus decreasing
- aeration during the mixing process susceptibility to water
- the chemical bond of water Proctor curve shifts to the wet side resulting in
- vaporization as a result of the heat generated a decrease of the dry density and simultaneous
during quicklime hydration increase of the optimum water content
Crumbling caused by incipient chemical reac- This results in an increase of the bearing
tions in the clay minerals and at their contact capacity
surfaces
Aggregation of fine-grained soils
Increase of plastic limit
This leads to an increase of consistency index
Ic and a reduction of plasticity index Ip.
1.85
1.80
Clayey soil (TM)
untreated
1.75
Dry density [t/m3]
97% DPr
treated with 2%
1.70 of binder
97% DPr
1.65 treated with

4% of binder
1.60
treated with
wPr wPr 6% of binder
1.55
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Water content w [%]
60 // 61
Long-term reaction: Result:
ozzolanic hardening (chemical conversion of
P olume stability, long-term increase in strength,
V
the clay minerals) permanent bearing capacity and frost resist-
Cation exchange ance build up over a period of some months to
Bridging several years.
Carbonation (with CO2)
Soil types ideal for treatment with lime:

clays of medium to high plasticity
1.9.3.2 Cements
Cement action is based on the binding effects of

Soil types ideal for treatment with cement:
the hardened cement paste.
coarse-grained soils with a very low silt content
The aggregate is coated and cured, and the reac-
tion takes place with the pore water.
Strength development is high caused by the for-

mation of the hardened cement paste.
1.9.3.3 Mixed binders
Mixed binder (lime-cement products) action is

Soil types ideal for treatment with mixed
based on the synergistic effects of fine lime and
binders:
cement, using all of the positive properties offered
clays of low to medium plasticity, mixed-
by both products.
grained soils (of low to medium plasticity),
waterlogged coarse-grained soils
As a result, mixed binders can be used for nearly
all types of soil if applied at the appropriate mixing
ratio.
1.9.4 Binders with special properties
1.9.4.1 Low-dust binders
Low-dust binders are used on projects requiring The binder is treated by means of a special,
lower dust levels than is normal for such applica- patented process which results in a significant
tions. This is the case in particular in the vicinity of reduction of dust development during spreading
residential areas, infrastructure facilities, light metal and milling.
facades, glazed surfaces or similar sensitive areas. Examples of products: all DOROSOL mixtures,
DOROPORT TB N
1.9.4.2 Hydrophobic binders
Hydrophobic binders are used on projects where The binders hydrophobic action is neutralized
the binders cannot be mixed in right after spread- by the milling operation, which extends the time
ing or if a soil treatment operation is scheduled in frame available for processing.
a season where rainfall tends to be higher.
62 // 63
1.9.5 Binder applications
During geotechnical investigations, the main crite- The areas of application of the different types of
ria for selecting the binder to be used are typically binders are shown in the grading chart.
grading or the plasticity and water content of the
soil.
a) In soil improvement operations, mixed binders

Fine aggregate range
work most effectively in mixed-grained soils and 100
in soils of low to medium plasticity. Ultra- Silt
The natural water content of soils suitable for fines fine medium
this type of treatment is reduced and the bear- 90
ing capacity improved in a single operation.
Mass fraction of grains < d in % of the total quantity
Based on the grading curve, the most suitable Non-suitable,

not crushable
binder can be selected in accordance with the 80
grading chart.
b) The strength of mixed-grained soils and soils 70

of low plasticity (TL, GU*) is determined by the
hydraulic proportion of the binder while the
60
overall binder content remains unchanged. The Fin
highest strengths are achieved using a mixed el
im
binder with a high content of cement or a road e
50
binder (cement).
Mixed binders produce the highest strengths
in clays of medium plasticity (TM). With clays 40 Type of soil: TA
in the transition zone from medium to high
plasticity and with clays of high plasticity (TA),
the highest strengths are achieved when using 30
mixed binders with a high lime proportion or
lime respectively.
20
c) Coarse-grained soils are treated using either
Type of soil: TM, TL, UM
mixed binders with a high content of cement or
road binders (cement). 10
d) Mixed binders with a higher content of lime are

used for soils with a high water content in order 0
to reduce the water content and obtain a soil- 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.01 0.02
binder mixture of ideal consistency for placing.
Coarse aggregate range
Sand Gravel
coarse fine medium coarse fine medium coarse Stones
Type of soil:
GU*, SU*
Type of soil: GU, SU
Mi
xe Type of soil: GW, GI
db
ind
er
s
Ro
ad
bin
de
rs
Non-suitable,
too coarse
0.06 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 2 6 10 20 60 100
Particle diameter d [mm]
64 // 65
1.9.6 Binder processing times
The processing time of a binder is the period of se of mixed binder: measured from com-
U
time passing between spreading of the binder mencement of spreading or addition of the
and compaction of the soil (with the exception of binder until completion of compaction
hydrophobic binders). - maximum 4.0 hours at temperatures of up to
20C
- maximum 3.0 hours at temperatures above
The following time intervals are permitted for pro-
20C
cessing the soil-binder mixture:
se of cement or road binder: measured from
U These times are based on the different reaction
commencement of spreading or addition of the behaviours of the binders.
binder until completion of compaction
ement and road binders react upon contact
C
- maximum 2.0 hours at temperatures of up
with the moist soil and have fairly short process-
to 20C
ing times.
-m aximum 1.5 hours at temperatures above
Hydrophobic cement and hydrophobic road
20C
binders react only when mixed into the soil.
Mixed binders react upon contact with the moist
se of hydrophobic cement or hydropho-
U
soil and have longer processing times than ce-
bic road binder: measured from mixing of the
ment.
binder and soil until completion of compaction
- maximum 2.0 hours at temperatures of up to
20C
- maximum 1.5 hours at temperatures above
20C
1.9.7 Binder reaction times
The reaction time of a binder is the period of time For all binders, extending the reaction time
passing between mixing-in of the binder and com- results in:
paction of the soil. n increase of the optimum water content;
a
a reduction of the Proctor density; and
Modification of the reaction time has a strong influ- a reduction in strength of the soil-binder mixture.
ence on Proctor density and strength.
Significant reductions in strength occur when ex- cal testing regulations for soil and rock in road
tending the reaction time of cement. The reaction construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.3, stipulat-
time of one hour specified for soil stabilization in ing a reaction time of six hours produce the most
the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock significant change in the Proctor curve. Factoring
in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1, in the development of strength, shorter reaction
should also be complied with for soil improve- times can be chosen also with a view to a way of
ment. This approach results in the highest bearing working that is more in line with practical require-
capacity and lowest sensitivity to water immersion ments.
of the soil-binder mixture.
The following time periods between working in the
Longer reaction times are required for white fine binder and compaction should be adhered to:
lime. The requirements specified in the Techni-
Cement Fine lime

Binder - Mixed binder
CEM I CL90Q
Reaction time h 1 3-5 >6
The reaction times of mixed binders depend on Where appropriate, the reaction time of mixed
their hydraulic proportion and have to be set to binders can be adjusted in accordance with their
between 3 and 5 hours. main binder components.
66 // 67
1.10 Water
The water content of the soil to be treated should The water must not contain any substances
be equivalent to the optimum water content for and/or impurities that would have a detrimental
placing and compacting. effect on the soil treatment process.
If the water content of a mixed-grained or fine-

If the water content of coarse-grained or mixed-
grained soil intended for soil treatment is signifi-
grained soils intended for soil treatment is too low,
cantly higher than the optimum water content, it
water should be added as follows:
must be reduced by appropriate measures.
ith fine-grained soils: early enough for the
w
moisture to have penetrated the soil completely Appropriate measures include, for example, the
and uniformly when the binder is mixed in; and use of mixed binders. The fine lime contained in
with mixed-grained or coarse-grained soils: mixed binders reduces the water content, resulting
shortly after spreading the binder. in optimum conditions for placing and compacting.
As an option, the water to be added can also be The natural water content of the soil has an influ-
injected into the milling and mixing chamber dur- ence on the quantity of binder to be added, as has
ing the milling operation. the Proctor density to be achieved.
Example:
97% DPr
Water content (% by weight)
100% DPr
Optimum
water content
Binder quantity
Binder quantity
at 100% DPr
at 97% DPr
1 2 3 4 5
Addition of binder (% by weight)
= Wnat > Wopt
= Wnat = Wopt
= Wnat < Wopt
Rule of thumb for reduction of the water content:

Cement:
water reduction by approx. 0.3% per 1% of binder
DOROSOL C 30 (example):
water reduction by approx. 0.5 1.0% per 1% of binder
DOROSOL C 50 (example):
Fine lime:
68 // 69
1.11 Effects of weather
1.11.1 Precipitation
An effective drainage system must be in place Hydrophobic cements or road binders are usually
during construction to prevent any damage from not prone to lump formation.
being caused by standing or running water.
If the water content specified as a requirement for
In case of light precipitation, a dry binder must be adequate compaction of the soil is exceeded as a
milled in sufficiently fast after spreading to avoid result of precipitation, meaning that the soil-binder
penetration of moisture and, as a result, caking of mixture cannot be sufficiently compacted, the
the binder. Should any lumps have formed none- operation has to be interrupted until the soil has
theless, they must be adequately crushed during dried to a sufficient degree.
milling.
1.11.2 Wind
Special binders (such as DOROSOL PRO C) can Spreading of the dry binder must be discontinued,
be used to reduce binder drifts. These binders however, if strong winds cause excessive binder
significantly reduce the development of dust. quantities to be blown away so that an unaccep-
table pollution of the environment occurs or the
safety of road users is put at risk.
1.11.3 Temperature
Soil stabilization and qualified soil improvement It is not permissible to perform soil treatment
operations should preferably not be carried out at operations on frozen ground.
ground and air temperatures below +5C.
If frost is to be expected, the drainage system
If soil treatment operations are scheduled at must be sufficiently effective to prevent the sta-
temperatures below +5C, the required protective bilized layer from freezing in the water-saturated
measures must be included in the specification of state.
works. Consideration also needs to be given to the
fact that, in the first three days and for the longest At air temperatures above 25C or in case of
possible period of time thereafter, the temperature exposure to intense sunlight, the water content
of the soil-binder mixture should not fall below has to be adjusted to ensure that the construction
+5C. Where appropriate, the next layer can be material mixture retains the optimum water content
placed as a protection for the previously treated for compaction.
layer.
70 // 71
1.12 Soil treatment Construction
1.12.1 Mixing procedures
A general distinction is made between two differ- The mixer travels on the layer prepared for treat-
ent procedures which can be used to produce a ment, working in the previously spread binder
soil-binder mixture. and, where appropriate, the required quantity of
water.
Mixed-in-plant process
Where the mixed-in-place process cannot be Variations in the sequence of the individual
used for technical reasons (due to, for exam- operational steps are possible depending on the
ple, existing manholes, gullies, road widenings, location of the excavation and paving sites.
structures, trenches etc.) or is uneconomical,
soil-binder mixtures produced using the mixed- Special process
in-plant process can be placed instead. Where the paving site does not allow for a mixer
In soil treatment operations, it is usually not to be used (in case of road widenings, refilling of
economically feasible to produce soil-binder utility trenches or structural backfills, or in areas
mixtures using the mixed-in-plant process. or locations where binder drifts must be avoided
etc.), the binder can be spread and mixed in at
the excavation site. The soil-binder mixture is
Mixed-in-place process then transported to the paving site, placed and
The mixed-in-place process is the standard compacted.
construction method used in soil treatment
operations.
1.12.2 Mixed-in-plant process
The soil, binder and required quantity of water The specified layer thickness must be complied
are mixed together in a central mixing plant. Both with.
batch mixers and continuous mixers can be used.
Mobile mixing plants are suitable for use in par- The subsoil or subgrade must be levelled off
ticular on larger construction projects. to enable the specified thickness and level to
be achieved after the stabilized layer has been
Mixing of the soil and binder needs to continue placed.
until a homogeneous mixture has been produced
(indicated by the uniform colour of the soil-binder The subgrade or subsoil must comply with the
mixture). The finished mixture must then be trans- specified degree of compaction.
ported to the paving site (preferably covered to
prevent dehydration) and placed.
72 // 73
1.12.3 Mixed-in-place process
1.12.3.1 Principles of construction for the mixed-in-place process

(all fields of soil treatment)
Qualified
Soil stabilization Soil improvement
soil improvement
Preparatory measures
Remove topsoil and organic matter. Soil improvement measures

Scarify and crush densely packed or semi-firm fine-grained or have to be performed so as to
mixed-grained soils as required. ensure that adequate compac-
Remove stones with a diameter > 63 mm. Profile and thickness tion and the correct vertical
of the stabilized layer have to be maintained. and horizontal position of the
Fine lime can be added to neutralize excessively acidic soils. completed layer are achieved.
A sufficient reaction time of several days has to be determined by The layer to be improved must
means of an extended mix design. be of uniform thickness, requir-
For mixed-grained or fine-grained soils of groups GU*, GT*, SU*, ing the soil to be levelled off
ST*, U, T, OU and OT, the water content has to be adjusted so prior to spreading the binder.
as not to exceed the maximum value (maximum 10 percentile) of
12% by volume for the air voids ratio of the compacted soil-binder
mixture (refer to the Additional technical conditions of contract
and directives for earthworks in road construction [ZTV E-StB]).
Prior to spreading the binding agent, the soil must be levelled off
and compacted in accordance with the Additional technical con-
ditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construc-
tion (ZTV E-StB).
The level of the pre-compacted subgrade has to be adjusted so
that, taking into account the degree of compaction in the stabi-
lized layer, the actual levels and layer thickness neither exceed nor
fall below the design levels and layer thickness.
The material-specific properties must be taken into account when
using artificial aggregates and recycled construction materials.
The codes of practice applicable in each case have to be com-
plied with.
Qualified soil
improvement
Preparatory measures
The binder must be spread evenly using appro- In soil improvement operations, dust develop-
priate machinery. ment caused by wind can be reduced by scari-
Even distribution of the binder is not guaranteed fying the surface prior to spreading the binder. In
when using fertilizer spreaders or blowing the addition, binders are available which cause less
binder from a silo transporter. dust during processing.
The latter is generally ruled out because of the Spreading of the binder and mixing should gen-
risk of accidents and pollution of the environ- erally be carried out in quick succession. Hydro-
ment associated with this method. The pertinent phobic cements enable longer processing times
EC safety data sheet has to be complied with because of their water-repellent properties; their
when working with hydraulic binder and building reaction time does not commence until they are
lime. mixed with the soil.
The quantity of binder applied must be verified
by means of test sheets placed on the ground
(see the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
B 11.2). For the mixed-in-place process, the
amount of binder is specified in kg/m; for the
mixed-in-plant process, it is specified in % by
mass relative to the dry density of the soil.
In areas where access is difficult, it is advisable
to place a soil-binder mixture produced off the
paving site.
Adequate protection against binder drifts must
be ensured during construction. The spread-
ers should be fitted with appropriate protective
equipment (such as low guards).
74 // 75
Qualified
soil improvement
Mixing
For soil stabilization, only high-performance machines (such as Cultivators, disc harrows and
soil stabilizers) may be used which enable proper homogenization bulldozers with suitable ancil-
of the soil-binder mixture. Mixing needs to continue until a uniform lary equipment have proven to
colouring, uniform water content and fine, crumbly soil structure be effective in stony soils. In
have been achieved over the entire specified layer thickness. this first machine pass, the soil
is loosened, and larger stones
(boulders) are removed.
Thorough mixing cannot be
achieved through the exclusive
use of graders, bulldozers with
rippers and excavators.
Mixing result after one milling Mixing result after two milling Mixing result after three milling
pass passes passes
76 // 77
Qualified
soil improvement
Grading and compacting
Different degrees of pre-compaction of the The specified degree of compaction has to be
milled soil and the wheel tracks caused by the ensured over the entire layer thickness and
weight of the soil stabilizer have to be removed across the entire cross-section including the
prior to grading and compacting. peripheral areas. The contractor has to perform
Stabilized soil should be graded in exceptional a trial compaction at the start of compaction to
cases and in selective areas only prior to com- verify that the specified requirements are met by
paction as otherwise continuous layer thick- the working procedures selected.
nesses cannot be guaranteed.
The following details for the working procedure
Information on compaction and the equipment have to be stipulated in a work instruction:
to be used can be obtained from the Code - the compaction equipment selected;
of practice for the compaction of subsoil and - the placing method;
subgrade in road construction (Merkblatt fr - the number of roller passes required; and
die Verdichtung des Untergrundes und des - the maximum bulk height of the individual lay-
Unterbaues im Straenbau). The equipment ers to be placed.
used must be tailored to the type of soil, layer
thickness and number of passes.
Qualified
soil improvement
Curing
Curing is meant to prevent premature drying of If site vehicles are to drive on the stabilized soil,
soil stabilized with hydraulic binders. the emulsion has to be protected by spreading
Stabilized layers need to be kept moist for a pe- chippings (e.g. of grade 1/3 mm or 2/5 mm)
riod of at least 3 days, for example, by spraying immediately after spraying.
a fine mist of water. Reference values for the spreading quantity are
As an option, a bitumen emulsion (U 60 K) can approx. 0.7 kg/m for fine-grained soils and ap-
be sprayed on the fully compacted, moist layer prox. 1.1 kg/m for coarse-grained soils.
until a thin, continuous film has formed. The Curing can be omitted if an additional layer is
quantity to be sprayed needs to be determined placed on top of the still fresh, compacted layer.
in preliminary tests on a case-by-case basis. Care must be taken, however, that the subsoil or
subgrade is neither disturbed nor squeezed.
Curing is generally not required when carrying
out soil treatment operations using building lime
or soil improvement operations using mixed
binders.
78 // 79
1.12.4 Requirements for soil treatment
Requirements on:
Soil stabilization
Coarse-grained soils:
1.12.4.1 Binder quantity The Additional technical conditions of contract and di-
rectives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
Hydraulic binders and mixed binders binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) apply.
Fine-grained or mixed-grained soils:
The binder quantity has to be selected to meet the
following requirements:
1)
he compressive strength is based on a specimen diameter of
T
10 cm. Soil groups Frost resist- Compressive
In special cases, the 7-day strength can be tested taking into ance (heaving strength) (af-
account the development of strength of the binder. Hydraulic of specimen) ter 28 days)
binders resulting in a slow development of strength in the soil-binder
mixture may require the compressive strength to be verified after a GU, GT, SU, ST2) I
1 6.0 N/mm2
period exceeding 28 days. I
2)
Compressive strength only is tested if the soil is classified into GU*, SU*, UL, UM I
1
frost-susceptibility class F1. Both tests are performed if the soil is GT*, ST*, TL, TM, TA I
classified into frost-susceptibility class F2.
Recycled and manu- I
1
I 6.0 N/mm2
factured aggregates
Fine lime and hydrated lime according to the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.5
Compressive cylinder strength after exposure to frost
> 0.2 N/mm, binder quantity > 4% by mass
1.12.4.2 Compaction characteristics Requirement on the layer to be stabilized

(mixed-in-place process only)
Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the

degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile
for the air voids ratio na
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE DPr> 100%
GU, GT, SU, ST
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST* DPr> 97%
U, T, OU1), OT1) and na< 12%
Requirements on the degree of compaction of the

stabilized layer immediately after completion of
compaction
1)
hese requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their
T
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately DPr > 98% of the Proctor density of
and determined in consultation with the client. the soil-binder mixture
Binder content 3% by mass
Qualified soil improvement of subgrade

The binder quantity has to be selected to meet the follow-
ing requirements:
Unconfined compressive strength after 28 days and test-
ing in accordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction (TP BF-StB),
Part B 11.3, 0.5 N/mm
The loss in strength after soaking in water for 24 hours
must not exceed 50%.
Alternatively: CBR after 28 days and testing in accordance
with the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in
road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 7.1, 40%
The loss in strength after soaking in water for 24 hours
must not exceed 50%.
The test may also be performed after 7 days and/or at
other testing times.
Qualified soil improvement for other applications

Determination of the binder quantity in accordance with
the structural soil analysis.
Requirements on compaction Requirements on compaction
Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the
degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile for degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile
the air voids ratio na for the air voids ratio na
Area Soil groups DPr na Area Soil groups DPr na
in % in % in % in %
Subgrade to a depth of GW, GI, GE Subgrade to a depth of GW, GI, GE
1.00 m for embankments SW, SI, SE >100 1.00 m for embankments SW, SI, SE >100
Subgrade to a depth of GU, GT, SU, ST Subgrade to a depth of GU, GT, SU, ST
0.50 m for cuts 0.50 m for cuts
1.00 m below grade to GW, GI, GE 1.00 m below grade to GW, GI, GE
embankment base SW, SI, SE >98 embankment base SW, SI, SE >98
GU, GT, SU, ST GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment GU*, GT*, SU*, ST* Subgrade to embankment GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
base U, T, OU1), OT1) >97 <12 base U, T, OU1), OT1) >97 <12
Subgrade to a depth of Subgrade to a depth of
0.50 m for cuts 0.50 m for cuts
80 // 81
Requirements on:
Soil stabilization
1.12.4.3 Verification of binder quantity Based on the results of the mix design, the con-
tractor specifies the binder quantity:
- in kg/m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process
The quantity of binder delivered for the construc-

tion lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 5%
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
Binder quantities determined individually (in ac-

cordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
[TP BF-StB], Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
1.12.4.4 Surface Max. deviation of the surface from the design

level: 2 cm
1.12.4.5 Evenness 2.0 cm over a measured length of 4 m if the

stabilized layer is the base immediately under-
lying the pavement
1.12.4.6 Paving thickness Max. deviation of the paving thickness from the
design value: 10%
Based on the results of the mix design, the con-

tractor specifies the binder quantity:
- in kg/m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process
The quantity of binder delivered for the construc-

tion lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
Binder quantities determined individually (in ac-

cordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB],
Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
Requirements determined by position within the Requirements determined by position within the
structure structure
structure structure
structure structure
82 // 83
1.13 Structural backfills
1.13.1 Terms
Backfill area Cover fill area

Drainage area (the drainage area is part of the
backfill area)
1.13.2 Construction materials
The materials used must be resistant to weather- The addition of binders enables the bearing ca
ing and must not contain any substances capable pacity of the backfill to be improved and the
of swelling, sensitive to disintegration or aggres- inherent settlement to be reduced.
sive to the pavement.
1.13.2.1 Drainage area
The drainage area has to be produced from

coarse-grained soil (DIN 18196).
1.13.2.2 Backfill and cover fill areas
oarse-grained soils (SW, SI, SE, GW, GI, GE)

C In addition, a soil-binder mixture can be placed
Mixed-grained soils (SU, ST, GU, GT) in backfill areas where access is difficult; and
Mixed-grained soils (SU*, ST*, GU*, GT*) and below the horizon underneath of which the
fine-grained soils (TL, TM, UM, UL) combined backfill cannot be drained due to a lack of runoff
with qualified soil improvement capability and nearly impermeable subsoil
Manufactured aggregates and recycled con- in order to ensure proper compaction and/or
struction materials prevent any accumulation of water.
Coal fly ash, coal host rock and recycled con- If mixed-grained soils are used, the structures
struction materials containing asphalt may be require a 1.0 m thick drainage layer.
used outside the drainage area only.
1.13.3 Compaction
The requirement on the minimum 10 percentile for In the backfill and cover fill areas, the construc-
the degree of compaction of tion material must be placed and compacted in
uniform layers of approx. 30 cm in thickness.
Construction of the embankment cones at the
DPr = 100% wings of the structure must proceed parallel to the
backfilling or cover-filling operation.
applies to the The backfill area must be tied-in with an embank-
ment or cutting slope in a stepped, interlocking
ackfill area;
b
pattern.
cover fill area; and
embankment shoulders at the wings of the
structure.
84 // 85
1.14 Refilling utility trenches
1.14.1 General
Previously excavated soil has to be used for refill- Excavated, excessively wet soil can be treated
ing as required and as appropriate. with binders to turn it into a condition suitable for
Appropriate measures have to be taken to main- placing.
tain the stockpiled soil in a condition suitable for
placing.
1.14.2 Working in the binder
The binder is worked in either next to the trench Binder drifts must be avoided when working in the
using a mixing shovel or on a stockyard using a immediate neighbourhood of residential areas.
soil stabilizer. Low-dust binders have to be used where appropri-
ate.
1.14.3 Compaction
The soil used to refill utility trenches in the body of 10 percentile for the degree of compaction DPr or
the road has to be compacted so as to meet the the maximum 10 percentile for the air voids ratio na
following requirements on the minimum respectively.
na in % by
Area Soil groups DPr in %
volume
Subgrade to a depth of 1.00 m for
GW, GI, GE, SW, SI,
embankments 100
SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts
GW, GI, GE, SW, SI,
1.00 m below grade to embankment base 98
SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
Subgrade to embankment base GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*
97 122)
Subgrade to a depth of 0.50 m for cuts U, T, OU1), OT1)
1) These requirements apply to soils of groups OU and OT only if their 2) If the soils are not improved by means of soil stabilization or
suitability and placing conditions have been investigated separately qualified soil improvement, a requirement on the maximum
and determined in consultation with the client. 10 percentile for the air voids ratio is recommended as follows:
8 % by volume when placing water-sensitive mixed-grained or
fine-grained soils; and
6 % by volume when placing rock of variable strength.
A requirement on the minimum 10 percentile for embedment of utility trenches in and outside of the
the degree of compaction of 97% applies for the road body.
86 // 87
Introduction
Today, base layers with hydraulic binders comprise In the 1960s, there was a growing recognition in
stabilized layers, hydraulically bound base layers Germany to manufacture cement-bound construc-
or concrete base layers. tion material mixtures for base layers in accord-
ance with the principles of soil mechanics.
Base layers form the lower part of the roads pave-
ment. The static and dynamic loads acting on the Technical and economic reasons have led to base
pavement are transferred through the base and layers with hydraulic binders being used to an
into the subsoil or subgrade. ever-increasing extent.
This manual addresses soil stabilization with In addition to the benefits of slab action, which
hydraulic binders and hydraulically bound base reduces the loads exerted on the subsoil or
layers. subgrade, and their insusceptibility to temperature
fluctuations, base layers with hydraulic binders
offer the following additional advantages:
Other types of base layers are cited for the pur-
pose of completeness only. low susceptibility to long-term load action; no
creeping;
no permanent deformation under load at high
The Romans were the first to successfully use temperatures;
hydraulic binders in road construction. suitable recycled construction materials and
Base layers consisting of lean concrete built at industrial by-products can be used; and
the turn of the century can be found under some high durability (service life) of the base layer.
of Munichs city-centre streets even today.
Hydraulic binders were used in the construction
of motorways and airport runways even prior to
World War II.
88 // 89
2. Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders
2.1 General
According to the Directives for the standardiza- Paving mixes are construction material mixtures
tion of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces with binder and water.
(RStO), a distinction is made between:
base layers without binders; The leaching behaviour of harmful substances
base layers with hydraulic binders; and must be determined when using construction ma-
base layers with special properties. terial mixtures containing recycled material.
Construction material mixtures are mixtures

consisting of aggregates with a defined grading
without binder and water.
90 // 91
2.2 Terminology
Depending on the technology, source material and - Mixed-in-plant process

mixing process used, base layers with hydraulic The soil or aggregate mixture is mixed with
binders are distinguished into: the specified binder and required quantity
of water (mixing water) in stationary mixing
Stabilized layers with hydraulic binders plants, transported to the construction site
Soil stabilization comprises a range of construc- and placed.
tion processes aiming at increasing the resist-
ance of granular base layers to stresses caused Hydraulically bound base layers
by traffic loading and climate. (produced using the mixed-in-plant process
The construction material mixture is compacted only)
after completion of the stabilizing operation. Hydraulically bound base layers consist of un-
In the process, hydraulic binders and water are crushed and / or crushed construction material
added to the soils and/or construction material mixtures and hydraulic binders.
mixtures using the mixed-in-place or mixed-in- Grading of the construction material mixture
plant process. must be within specified grading ranges. The
paving mix must be produced in mixing plants.
- Mixed-in-place process
The mixer travels on the layer prepared for Concrete base layers
soil stabilization, scarifying it and mixing in Concrete base layers are base layers of con-
the specified hydraulic binder and required crete in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and
quantity of water. DIN 1045-2.
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in accord-
ance with ZTV Beton-StB1) and soil stabiliza-
tion in accordance with ZTV E-StB2)
Position of the stabilized layer

Position of the base layer with hydraulic binders according
in the subsoil or subgrade
to ZTV Beton-StB1)
according to ZTV E-StB2)
Asphalt surfacing Asphalt surfacing

Concrete surfacing Stone paving Concrete pavement Concrete surfacing
Asphalt base Asphalt base
Frost-proof design
Frost-proof design
Frost-proof material Base layers with Stabilization of Subsoil Deformation modulus Degree of compaction
[frost blanket] hydraulic binders subsoil or subgrade (F2 / F3 soils) on subgrade of stabilized layer
(paved or native) Ev2 45 MN/mm DPr 98%
1)
dditional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
A
2)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction
92 // 93
2.4 Principles of production
2.4.1 General
Stabilized layers and hydraulically bound base lay- t he degree of compaction is determined from
ers are produced in line with the principles of soil the Proctor density and field density.
mechanics, meaning that:
t he Proctor density and corresponding optimum Concrete used for concrete base layers is pro-
water content are determined from the soil- duced in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and
binder mixture or construction material-binder DIN 1045-2.
mixture by means of the Proctor test; Compressive strength and frost resistance are
the required binder content is determined from tested on cubes.
the Proctor specimen by means of compressive
testing and frost testing; and
2.5 Tests Definitions
2.5.1 Initial testing (mix design)
Initial tests are tests that have to be performed by rial mixtures and paving mixes for the intended
the contractor. They have to be performed prior to paving conditions and intended use in accordance
first use in accordance with the Technical delivery with the requirements stipulated in the building
terms for construction materials and construction contract.
material mixtures for base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB) Verification has to be provided by submitting test
and Technical testing regulations for base layers certificates issued by a testing laboratory certified
with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements for the respective construction materials and con-
(TP Beton-StB). struction material mixtures.
Initial tests are performed to verify the suitability of

the construction materials, construction mate-
2.5.2 Factory production control

Factory production control is required for If the soils or the construction material mixtures
soils; and paving mixes are supplied or manufactured by
construction material mixtures; and the paving companies, factory production control
paving mixes is an integral part of internal control.
delivered by third-party suppliers.
The supplier is obliged to present the results of
factory production controls.
94 // 95
Initial testing and factory production control on stabilized layers and hydraulically bound base
layers:
Type of base layer Initial testing Factory production control
Binders
stabilized layer and hy- comparison of delivery

Binder type and grade
draulically bound base notes for each delivery
Soil or construction material mixture

stabilized layer and for every 2,500 tonnes or
Grading hydraulically bound in each instance part thereof of quantity deliv-
base ered, at least once per day
Fines content stabilized layer in each instance as required
as required, at least once
Water content stabilized layer in each instance
per day
Proctor density and

stabilized layer in each instance
optimum water content
hydraulically bound
Condition of aggregates in each instance visual inspection
base
Paving mix
stabilized layer and as required, at least once

Binder content in each instance
hydraulically bound base per day
stabilized layer and

Proctor density in each instance
hydraulically bound base

Water content in each instance at least twice per day
Compressive strength stabilized layer and

in each instance as required
tested on specimen hydraulically bound base
on soils or construc-
tion material mixtures
Frost resistance with a fines content
0.063 mm between
5% and 15% by mass
Condition of aggregates hydraulically bound base visual inspection
2.5.3 Internal control testing
Internal control tests are tests that have to be These tests are performed to check whether the
performed by the contractor. properties of
the construction materials;
the paving mixes; and
the finished work
comply with the contractual requirements.
2.5.4 Compliance testing
Compliance tests are tests that have to be per- An arbitration investigation is the repetition of a
formed by the client. compliance test in the proper execution of which
These tests are performed to check whether the the client or contractor have reasonable doubts.
properties of At the request of one of the contractual parties,
t he construction materials; it has to be performed by a testing laboratory
the construction material mixtures and paving approved by the contractor and client which has
mixes; and not performed the compliance test. The result of
the finished work the arbitration investigation replaces the original
test result. The costs are borne by the party to
comply with the contractual requirements.
whose disadvantage the result turns out to be.
Acceptance is based on the results of these tests.
96 // 97
2.6 Construction materials
2.6.1 Soils and aggregates for soil stabilization
The following soils and aggregates can be used for The quality of soils intended for soil stabilization
soil stabilization: is controlled in accordance with the Technical
oarse-grained soils according to DIN 18196
c delivery terms for construction material mixtures
mixed-grained soils of groups GU, SU, GT and and soils for the production of unbound granular
ST if they comply with the requirements of frost- layers in road construction, Part: Quality control
susceptibility class F1 (TL G SoB-StB).
aggregates complying with the requirements of
Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for ag- The use of reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-
gregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB). bound road construction materials is governed
in Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for
construction materials and construction material
mixtures for base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB).
In addition, compliance with the Directives for
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
ST*, GT* use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
SU*, GU* (RuVA-StB) is of particular importance.
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA
OU
Percentage d 0.063 mm (% by mass)
15
ST, GT
SU, GU
F2 TA
ST, GT OT, OH
10 OK
SU, GU
F1
GW, GI, GE
F1
SW, SI, SE
0
1 5 10 15 If the fines content < 0.063 mm ranges between 5% by mass and
15% by mass, adequate frost resistance of the hardened paving mix
d60 must be verified by means of frost testing as part of the mix design
Coefficient of uniformity U=
d10 (initial testing).
2.6.2 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for hydraulically
bound base layers
The following soils and aggregates can be used for r ecycled aggregates in accordance with the
hydraulically bound base layers: Code of practice for the reuse of concrete from
atural, crushed and uncrushed aggregates;
n pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederverwendung
aggregates and construction material mixtures von Beton aus Fahrbahndecken) without requir-
for base layers with hydraulic binders must ing additional verification provided they are
comply with the requirements of the Technical reclaimed from and placed on the same site.
delivery terms for aggregates in road construc-
tion (TL Gestein-StB). Their quality is controlled The use of reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-
in accordance with the Technical delivery terms bound road construction materials is governed
for construction material mixtures and soils for in Annex G of the Technical delivery terms for
the production of unbound granular layers in construction materials and construction material
road construction, Part: Quality control (TL G mixtures for base layers with hydraulic binders and
SoB-StB). concrete pavements (TL Beton-StB).
artificial aggregates (coal fly ash, blast-furnace In addition, compliance with the Directives for
slag, granulated blast-furnace slag, steel slag, the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
copper slag, foundry/cupola furnace slag, wet- materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
bottom boiler slag and volcanic slag) and coal fly use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
ash as an additive or addition to the construc- (RuVA-StB) is of particular importance.
tion material mixture. The areas of application
specified in the table on page 98 have to be
complied with when using manufactured or
recycled aggregates and volcanic slags.
98 // 99
Requirements on aggregates in base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB):
Hydraulically bound
Property Stabilized layer Concrete base
base
Material designation determination of petrographic attributes according to DIN EN 932-3
Fines content in aggregate
has to be specified; permissible fines f3
fractions 0/2 and 0/5
contents in the construction material
Fines content in aggregate mixture must not be exceeded f1
fractions 2/4 and 32/63
Particle shape of
SI50 (FI50)
coarse-grained aggregates
Grading
Aggregate fractions / GF80 for 0/5 GF85

aggregate product size GC80/20 for 5/11, 11/22, 22/32, 32/45 and 45/56
Aggregate fractions / GC85/20 for 2/4, 4/8, 8/16, 16/32 and 32/64
aggregate product size GC90/15 for 5/8, 8/11, 11/16 and 16/22
if D/d < 4: GTC20/15; if D/d 4: GTC20/17.5;
Combined aggregate fractions
for aggregates according to DIN EN 13242: GTNR
tolerances according to Table 4,
lines 1 + 2 of the Technical delivery
Grading tolerances GTANR
terms for aggregates in road
construction (TL Gestein-StB)
Apparent density to be specified
Absorption of water Wcm 0.5
Resistance to frost F4
Sunburn of basalt SBSZ (SBLA)
Organic impurities mLPC NR
Decay of dicalcium silicate in blast-fur-
none
nace slag or foundry/cupola-furnace slag
Decay of iron in blast-furnace slag or
none
foundry/cupola-furnace slag
Volume stability of steel slag V5 steel slag not suitable for use
compliance with the alkali guideline
Alkali-silica reaction issued by the German Committee for specify alkali-sensitivity classes
Reinforced Concrete (DAfStB)
Substances disturbing the setting and
have to be verified
hardening process
The requirements on environmentally relevant attributes have to be
Environmentally relevant attributes complied with when using manufactured aggregates and recycled
construction materials.
Areas of application for manufactured or recycled aggregates:
Blast-furnace slag,
granulated blast-
furnace slag, copper Recycled Domestic
Construction
Coal fly ash slag, foundry/cu- Steel slag construction waste incinera-
materials
pola-furnace slag, materials 1) tion ash
wet-bottom boiler
slag, volcanic slag
Construction class SV, I to VI SV, I to VI SV, I to VI SV, I to VI IV to VI
as an addition to to a limited
Stabilized layers as aggregate as aggregate as aggregate
the aggregate extent 2)
Hydraulically bound as an addition to

as aggregate as aggregate as aggregate 3)
base layers the aggregate
Concrete base
as additive as aggregate 3)
as aggregate 3)
layers
1)
ecycled aggregates in accordance with the Code of practice for
R 2)
In accordance with the Code of practice on the use of domestic
the reuse of concrete from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederver- waste incineration ash in road construction (Merkblatt ber die Ver
wendung von Beton aus Fahrbahndecken) can be used for base wertung von Hausmllverbrennungsasche im Straenbau - M HMV-A).
layers with hydraulic binders without requiring additional verification 3)
Not applicable.
provided they are reclaimed from and placed on the same site.
100 // 101
2.6.3 Aggregates and construction material mixtures for concrete base layers
Aggregates as described in section 2.6.2, as an addition to the aggregates but as an additive

Aggregates and construction material mixtures for only. The grading curves to be complied with are
hydraulically bound base layers, the only restric- based on the requirements of DIN EN 206-1 and
tion being that suitable coal fly ash cannot be used DIN 1045-2.
2.6.4 Hydraulic binders
Cements in accordance with DIN EN 197 or with DIN 18506 (strength classes 12.5 and 32.5)
DIN 1164-10 as shown in the table below or are used as binders.
hydraulic soil and road binders in accordance
Main types of cement Designation of cement types Main constituents
CEM I Portland cement
Portland blast-furnace slag cement A/B S Granulated blast-furnace slag
Portland silica fume cement A D Silica fume
Portland pozzolanic cement A/B P/Q Pozzolans

CEM II
Portland fly ash cement A V Fly ash
Portland burnt shale cement A/B T Shale
Portland limestone cement A LL Limestone
S-D, S-T, S-LL
S-P, S-V
D-T, D-LL, D-P
A D-V
T-LL
CEM II-M Portland composite cement
P-V, P-T, P-LL
V-T, V-LL
S-D, S-T, S-P
B D-T, D-P
P-T
A S
CEM III Blast-furnace slag cement
B S
CEM IV Pozzolanic cement B P1)
A
CEM V Composite cement S-P2)
B
1)
pplies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent of up to max. 40% by mass
A
2)
Applies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent
102 // 103
2.6.5 Water
Any naturally occurring water complying with the binders, residual water may be used in accordance
requirements of DIN EN 1008 is suitable for use as with the provisions specified in DIN EN 206-1, DIN
mixing water. For base layers with hydraulic EN 1008 and DIN 1045-2.
2.6.6 Concrete admixtures/Concrete additives
Concrete admixtures must comply with the re- or must be approved for use by the supervising
quirements of DIN EN 934-2 or must be approved authority. The provisions specified in DIN EN 206-1
for use by the supervising authority. DIN V 20000- and DIN 10545-2 have to be complied with.
100 has to be complied with when using concrete Soils can be improved in terms of grading by add-
admixtures in accordance with DIN EN 934-2. ing coal fly ash in accordance with the require-
Concrete additives must comply with the requirements of DIN EN 450-1.
ments of DIN EN 450 and DIN EN 12620 for fillers
2.7 Requirements on base layers with
hydraulic binders
2.7.1 Design
The type and thickness of base layers with hy- When building a base layer with hydraulic binders,
draulic binders which either underlie a concrete the asphalt base in construction classes SV, I to IV
or asphalt surfacing or are part of a fully bound is thinner by 8 cm to 4 cm according to the Direc-
pavement depend on the construction class and tives for the standardization of the superstructures
type of base layer to be built. of trafficked surfaces (RStO 01) than an asphalt
base built on top of a frost blanket.
2.7.2 Pavement layers with binders
The minimum paving thicknesses of base lay- directives for the construction of base layers with
ers with hydraulic binders are governed in the hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV
Additional technical conditions of contract and Beton-StB).
2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses
2.7.3.1 Stabilized layers
With stabilized layers, the minimum paving thick- Depending on the maximum particle size, sta-
nesses depend on the mixing process used and bilized layers must have the following minimum
the maximum particle size of the paving mix. paving thicknesses:
Stabilized layers must have the following minimum > 12 cm with paving mixes of
paving thicknesses: particle size 0/32 mm
> 12 cm when using the mixed-in-plant > 15 cm with paving mixes of
process particle size 0/45 mm
> 15 cm when using the mixed-in-place > 20 cm with paving mixes of
process particle size > 0/45 mm.
2.7.3.2 Hydraulically bound base layers
Each layer of a hydraulically bound base must > 12 cm with paving mixes of particle size
have the following minimum layer thickness after 0/32 mm
compaction: > 15 cm with paving mixes of particle size
0/45 mm
104 // 105
2.7.3.3 Concrete base layers
Each layer of a concrete base must have a mini-

mum thickness of 12 cm, or 15 cm when com-
pacted by means of internal vibrators.
2.7.4 Edge design of base layers
If built without edging, base layers have to be the excess width of the base layer must be at least
wider (by at least 50 cm) than the surfacing and as wide as the contact surface plus 10 cm.
must be sloped at the edges. Base layers with hydraulic binders require the
Widening of the base layer improves the structural lateral excess width at the raised edge of the car-
behaviour of the pavement in the peripheral area, riageway to be built with a reverse outside gradient
creating a stable base for formwork or for the in order to prevent the ingress of water into the
contact surface of a slipform paver. If the contact road structure from the side.
surface of the slipform paver is wider than 40 cm,
2.7.4.1 Details of edge design
Edge design of concrete surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders:
20 50 100
Concrete surfacing
4%
Fibre mat
5
Subgrade 1. Base layer with hydraulic binder
1:
Frost blanket
20
q4% q2.5%
Edge design of asphalt surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders (hydraulically bound base):
Asphalt surface course

20 10 100
Asphalt binder course (where appropriate)

:1
2
4% Asphalt base
Base layer with hydraulic binder
5 (hydraulically bound base)
1.
Subgrade 1:
Frost blanket
20
q4% q2.5%
Edge design of asphalt pavement on top of stabilized layer:

20 10 100 Asphalt surface course
Asphalt binder course (where appropriate)

:1
2
4% Asphalt base
.5 Base layer with hydraulic binder
Subgrade 1 :1
(stabilized layer)
20
Frost blanket
q4% q2.5%
106 // 107
2.7.5 Drainage of base layers
The reverse gradient must be designed so as to effective draining facilities must be in place which
extend under the road pavement by up to 1.0 m have to be adjusted and protected and the func-
measured from the edge of the pavement. Other- tion of which has to be maintained in accordance
wise, special measures must be taken. In addition, with the progress of construction.
2.7.6 Execution at low/high temperatures and frost
It is not permissible to build a base layer on frozen paved if the fresh concrete temperature is higher
subsoil or subgrade or to place frozen construction than 5C and lower than 30C. If the air temperatures
material mixtures and paving mixes. to be expected during the concreting operation are
Paving mixes for base layers with hydraulic binders lower than 5C or higher than 30C, special meas-
may only be processed at temperatures of > 5C. If ures have to be taken in accordance with the Addi-
frost is to be expected within the first 7 days after tional technical conditions of contract and directives
production of the base layer, the base layer must be for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
protected to ensure that no damage is caused. binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB).
Paving mixes for concrete base layers may only be
2.7.7 Correct vertical and horizontal position
The surface of base layers with hydraulic binders The surface of base layers with hydraulic binders
must not deviate from the design level by more underlying a concrete road pavement must not
than 1.5 cm. deviate from the design level by more than
+ 0.5 cm or -1.5 cm.
2.7.8 Evenness
The surface irregularities of stabilized layers and The surface irregularities of concrete base layers
hydraulically bound base layers must not exceed must not exceed 1.0 cm over a measured length
1.5 cm over a measured length of 4 m. of 4 m.
2.7.9 Tolerances of paving thickness
The paving mass (in kg/m2) for

a stabilized layer;
a hydraulically bound base layer; and
a concrete base layer
may be lower than the specified paving mass by
max. 10%.
Determination of the paving mass for each layer is

typically based on the paving mass for the entire
construction lot or, as a minimum, the output of
one working day.
The paving thickness (in cm) must not be lower

than the specified thickness by more than
.0 cm for a stabilized layer or hydraulic base
3
layer; and
2.5 cm for a concrete base layer.
Paving thickness is considered to be the arithmetic
mean of all single values for the respective layer
over the entire construction lot.
2.7.10 Grooves or joints
All base layers with binders must be separated ing (standard construction method) in order to
from permanent fixtures by means of an expansion prevent reflection cracking in the surfacing as well
joint. as erosion of the base layer. Alternatively, it is also
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying an possible to place an asphalt base.
asphalt surfacing must be grooved or divided into
sections by means of contraction joints. In special cases where no fibre mat is laid and the
The grooves or contraction joints are typically concrete surfacing is placed right on top of the
spaced at maximum intervals of 5 m. base layer, the joints and grooves to be cut into
the base are determined by the longitudinal com-
A fibre mat has to be laid between a base layer pression joints and transverse contraction joints of
with hydraulic binders and the concrete surfac- the concrete surfacing.
108 // 109
The grooves must have a minimum depth of 35%
of the specified paving thickness according to the
Additional technical conditions of contract and
directives for the construction of base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV
Beton-StB). In base layers underlying a concrete
surfacing, the grooves must be cut in accordance
with the joint pattern of the concrete surfacing.
Work sections and daily sections have to be

vertical in design over the entire paving thickness.
Working joints have to be designed as compres-
sion joints. Expansion joints have to be created Longitudinal and transverse joints prior to being over-
adjacent to structures or around fixtures. laid with an asphalt surfacing
Special regulations may be required for aircraft

movement areas due to the increased thickness of
the concrete surfacing.
2.7.11 Curing
The stabilized layer must be cured for a minimum The emulsion is sprayed at a quantity of approx.
period of 3 days unless the base is overlaid with 0.5 kg/m. A thin, continuous film should be cre-
an additional layer immediately after placing. ated. Before the bitumen emulsion breaks, the
Curing options: layer must have been gritted with chippings of
grain size 2/5 mm which have to be pressed down
wet curing;
gently by means of rollers.
spraying a bitumen emulsion; or
If the base layer is to be trafficked at an early
applying a water-retaining cover.
stage, there is the risk of winding or unwinding of
Wet curing requires the stabilized layer to be kept the continuous film.
slightly moist by spraying water for a period of
When applying a water-retaining cover, the com-
3 days after placing and compaction.
pacted, slightly damp, hydraulically bound base
layer has to be covered with a burlap or polyethyl-
When using a C60B1-S bitumen emulsion, the
ene film.
solvent-free emulsion has to be sprayed evenly on
the compacted base layer as soon as the layer has Concrete curing compounds are not suitable for
gone beyond the slightly moist state. curing hydraulic base layers.
Curing can be omitted if an asphalt mix is placed In addition, the hot mix has a positive effect on
on top of the still fresh, compacted layer. Care the development of strength in the base layer. A
must be taken, however, that the structure of the base layer with hydraulic binders overlaid with an
base layer with hydraulic binders is not disturbed asphalt base having a minimum thickness of 8 cm
in the process. can be opened to traffic immediately.
Wet curing of a finished hydraulic base layer
110 // 111
2.7.11.1 T
able: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with ZTV Beton-StBa)
1)
roctor density
P
2)
Standard requirement
3)
Higher requirement when underlying a concrete pavement
4)
When underlying an asphalt pavement
5)
No requirements when underlying a concrete pavement
6)
Paving thickness is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all Degree of compaction of the layer to be stabilized
single values of the paving thickness for the respective layer over the
entire construction lot. Degree of compaction of the stabilized layer
7)
Typically the mean value over the entire construction lot; however,
mean values may also be formed for partial sections which, as a
Deviation of surface from the design level
minimum, must equal the output of one working day.
(correct vertical and horizontal position)
8)
Tested on Proctor specimens with a height of 125 mm and diameter
of 150 mm; when testing on specimens with a height of 120 mm
and diameter of 100 mm, the compressive strength values deter- Evenness
mined have to be multiplied by 1.25 to be comparable with the
values indicated in the table. Permissible deviation of paving thickness 6)/
9)
Mean value from three related specimens the single values of which paving weight 7)
do not deviate from the mean value by more than 2.0 N/mm.
10)
Single value
Compressive strength within the parameters
11)
Mean value
of initial testing
12)
Binder quantity is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all single
values of the binder quantity in the stabilized layer over the entire
Compressive strength within the parameters
construction lot; excess quantities not exceeding the design value
of compliance testing
by more than 15% only may be taken into account for determina-
tion of the mean value.
13)
15 cm if compacted by internal vibrators Strength class
14)
The fines content < 0.063 mm determined during initial testing and
increased by the binder content must not be exceeded by more Frost resistance at a fines content < 0.063 mm
than 2.0% by mass. of between 5% and 15% by mass
Minimum binder quantity
Binder quantity within the parameters

of compliance testing 12)
Minimum thickness of each layer
Requirements on grading
Permissible deviation from grading determined in the

mix design (% by mass)
a)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
b)
Compressive strength
c)
Mean compressive strength
d)
Single compressive strength test results
Stabilized layer
Hydraulically bound base Concrete base
Mixed-in-place process Mixed-in-plant process
100%1)
98%1)
1.5 cm2)
+ 0.5 cm or -1.5 cm3)
1.5 cm / 4 m
single values 3.0 cm single values 2.5 cm

mean 10% mean 10%
7.0 N/mm2 4) 8) 9)
fckb)
15.0 N/mm2 3) 8) 9)
3.5 N/mm2 4) 10)

n = 1 6.0 N/mm2 3) 8) 10) fcid) fckb) - 4 N/mm2
n 8 8.0 N/mm2 3) 8) 11) fcmc) fckb) + 4 N/mm2
n 9 10.0 N/mm2 3) 8) 11)
C 12/15 to C 20/25
change of length 1
> 3.0 M.-%
mean -5 to +8% rel.

single values -10 to
+15% rel. 4) 5)
12 cm ( 0/32)
15 cm ( 0/45) 12 cm (0/32)
15 cm (0/45) 12 cm 13)
20 cm (> 0/45) 15 cm (0/45)
20 cm (> 0/45)
< 0.063 mm 15% by mass, according to

> 2 mm between 55% and 84% by mass, DIN 1045 or

coarsest fraction 10% by mass, DIN EN 206
oversize 10% by mass respectively
for 2 mm, 8 mm and 16 mm

8 < 0.063 mm 14)
112 // 113
2.8 Producing stabilized layers
2.8.1 Requirements on paving mixes for stabilized layers
The paving mix formula has to be determined by

means of initial testing.
2.8.2 Production
In soil stabilization, each layer must be produced Additional layers may be applied on top of the
so as to be of consistent quality and comply with freshly placed stabilized layer provided that the
the specified requirements. stabilized layer is not squeezed excessively and is
Work sections and daily sections have to be verti- not deprived of the water required for hardening.
cal in design over the entire paving thickness. Any Stabilized layers can be produced using the
loose material has to be removed prior to placing a mixed-in-place or mixed-in-plant process.
layer immediately adjacent to a previously placed,
already hardened stabilized layer.
2.8.3 Mixed-in-place process
In a first step, the layer intended for stabilization In the next work step, the binder is mixed into
has to be levelled off to the cross-section to be the soil using suitable high-performance milling
produced. At the same time, the layer has to be machines. Any additional water must be added no
compacted until the specified degree of compac- earlier than after the first mixing pass or during the
tion and required evenness have been achieved. mixing pass when using a single-pass stabilizer.
In the process, care needs to be taken that the The water is added via sprinkler trucks or a spray
optimum water content for the stabilized layer is bar installed in the milling rotor housing.
not exceeded and the degree of compaction is not Mixing of the soil intended for stabilization and the
lower than specified. specified binder quantity must be organized and
coordinated in such a way that the stabilized layer
In the mixed-in-place process, the compacted is produced rapidly in the time frame available for
soil or construction material mixture intended processing the paving mix over the entire cross-
for stabilization is mixed with the required binder section (processing time from adding standard ce-
quantity in-situ using a milling machine. A spreader ment to completion of compaction is max. 2 hours
with metering unit spreads the binder quantity at temperatures of up to 20C and max. 1.5 hours
determined during initial testing. if temperatures are higher).
Stabilized layers produced in single, adjacent cuts the new, adjacent cut at a minimum overlap width
have to be placed fresh-in-fresh. Each finished of 20 cm.
cut has to be milled and compacted together with
2.8.4 Mixed-in-plant process
In the mixed-in-plant process, a compulsory mixer homogeneous paving mix of uniform colour has
is used to mix the soil or construction material been produced.
mixture with the specified binder quantity and mix- The finished paving mix has to be protected from
ing water. It is not permitted to use gravity mixers. the effects of weather and transported to the con-
The source material is metered either by weight or struction site where it is typically placed by road
by volume. The mixing plants must have sufficient pavers. Prior to placing, the subsoil or subgrade
capacity to enable rapid placing and compaction. must be levelled off to the specified level and
Mixing of the binder, water and soil or construc- generally requires moistening in order to prevent
tion material mixture needs to continue until a dehydration of the paving mix to be placed.
114 // 115
The paving mix has to be placed evenly in order to layer thickness, surface evenness and degree of
prevent segregation and ensure that the specified compaction are achieved.
2.8.5 Placing and compaction
If the mixed-in-place process is used, the fresh, Fresh-in-fresh paving is the method of choice
compactable paving mix is produced in-situ on the to achieve a perfect bond between layers. A
paving site. The paving mixes produced in-plant compacted, yet still fresh base layer with hydraulic
are transported to the paving site in trucks. In case binders has to be roughened prior to applying the
of adverse weather or longer transport distances, next layer.
the mix needs to be covered with tarpaulins. The Removing or, even more importantly, applying
paving mix can be placed using road pavers, grad- fresh paving mixes to produce a surface of correct
ers or bulldozers. vertical and horizontal position should be avoided.
Depending on the maximum particle size and type
of paving mix, the minimum paving thickness for
The following compaction equipment (optional
each layer after compaction must be
or in combination) is used for compaction of the
12 cm for paving mixes of particle size paving mixes:
0/32 mm;
neumatic-tyred rollers, weight between
p
15 cm for paving mixes of particle size
15 t and 32 t
0/45 mm; and
single-drum compactors, weight between
20 cm for paving mixes of particle sizes
12 t and 25 t
> 0/45 mm.
large surface vibrators
Concrete base layers must have a minimum
thickness of 12 cm.
2.8.6 Requirements on the degree of compaction
Layers intended for stabilization using the mixed- The compacted, not yet hardened layer must have
in-place process must have a minimum degree of a minimum degree of compaction DPr of 98% of
compaction DPr of 100% of the Proctor density of the Proctor density of the paving mix.
the soil or construction material mixture.
2.9 Producing hydraulically bound base layers
2.9.1 Requirements on the paving mix
The optimal paving mix formula has to be deter- Compared with initial testing, the aggregate frac-
mined within the parameters of initial testing. tions in the paving mix larger than 2 mm, 8 mm
and 16 mm may be higher or lower by no more
When placing the paving mix, the optimum water than 8% by mass relative to the dry construction
content must not be exceeded and the degree of material mixture. The fines content < 0.063 mm of
compaction must not be lower than specified. the dry construction material mixture must not be
exceeded by more than 2.0% by mass.
2.9.2 Production, transport and placing
The paving mix for hydraulically bound base lay- The following compaction equipment (optional
ers is produced in-plant in accordance with initial or in combination) is used for compaction of the
testing. paving mixes:
The paving mix is transported to the paving site in neumatic-tyred rollers, weight between
p
trucks. In the event of adverse weather or longer 12 t and 25 t
transport distances, it needs to be covered with single-drum compactors, weight between
tarpaulins. 12 t and 18 t
The paving mix has to be conveyed and placed in large surface vibrators
such a way that no segregation occurs.
The paving mix is typically placed by road pavers.

If new cuts are produced adjacent to the existing
cuts of a hydraulically bound base layer, vertical
joints have to be created, and any loose material
having accumulated along the edges of the hard-
ened base layer has to be removed.
Additional layers may be applied on top of the
base layer provided that the paving process
does not cause any excessive squeezing in the
hardening base layer and that the base layer is not
deprived of the water required for hardening.
116 // 117
2.9.3 Requirements on the finished layer
A compacted hydraulically bound base layer that When underlying an asphalt surfacing, the com-
has not yet hardened must have a degree of compressive strength of a hydraulically bound base
paction of no less than 98%. layer must not be lower than
When underlying a concrete surfacing, the com- .5 N/mm for each single value; and
3
pressive strength of a hydraulically bound base 8.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from less
layer must not be lower than than 9 related single values; or
.0 N/mm for each single value; and
6 10.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from more
8.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from less than 8 related single values
than 9 related single values; or determined after 28 days within the parameters of
10.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from more compliance testing using specimens with a height
than 8 related single value of 125 mm and diameter of 150 mm.
determined after 28 days within the parameters of
compliance testing using specimens with a height
of 125 mm and diameter of 150 mm.
2.10 Producing concrete base layers
The concrete must comply with strength classes Where appropriate, the subsoil or subgrade below
C12/15 to C20/25 in accordance with DIN EN the concrete base layer has to be moistened if
206-1. there is a risk of dehydration of the concrete base
Concrete base layers have to be produced in layer. Additional layers may be applied on top of
accordance with DIN 1045-3 and have to be cured the base layer provided that it has hardened suf-
for a minimum period of 3 days. ficiently.
Road pavers are typically used to place the con-
crete uniformly, fully compacting it in the paving
process. Paper layers or polyethylene films under-
lying the concrete base layer may be omitted.
2.11 Type and scope of testing
2.11.1 Initial testing for stabilized layers
Soils and construction material mixtures with a The following requirements must be complied with
maximum particle size of up to 63 mm are suitable during initial testing:
for use in stabilized layers. The fines content he minimum binder quantity is 3.0% by mass of
T
< 0.063 mm must not exceed 15% by mass. the dry soil or construction material mixture.
If the fines content < 0.063 mm ranges between For a stabilized layer underlying an asphalt layer,
5% by mass and 15% by mass, adequate frost the mean compressive strength of three related
resistance of the hardened paving mix must be test specimens must be 7 N/mm. If the com-
verified as part of initial testing. Adequate frost re- pressive strength of 7 N/mm is exceeded at the
sistance has been achieved if the change of length minimum binder quantity of 3.0% by mass, the
of the hardened paving mix during frost resistance minimum binder content is applicable.
testing does not exceed 1. For a stabilized layer underlying a concrete
The binder quantity has to be selected to ensure surfacing, the mean compressive strength of three
that, during initial testing, the mean compressive related test specimens must not be lower than
strengths of three related test specimens (diameter 15 N/mm.
= 150 mm, height = 125 mm) are The single compressive strength values for each
binder quantity selected must not be higher or
7.0 N/mm when underlying an asphalt
lower than the related mean value by more than
surfacing; and
2.0 N/mm.
15.0 N/mm when underlying a concrete
The change of length determined during frost
surfacing.
resistance testing must not exceed 1. If a
higher binder quantity is determined as a result of
frost resistance testing, the higher binder quantity
is applicable.
Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing of paving mixes for
stabilized layers:
Type of soils and/or Frost resistance Compressive strength
construction material Change of length after 28 days
mixtures
under asphalt layers under concrete surfacings
[]
[N/mm2] [N/mm2]
Fines contents in soils
and/or construction

material mixtures
5% by mass
Fines contents in soils 7 15.0
and/or construction
material mixtures l 1.0
> 5% by mass and 15%
by mass
The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.
118 // 119
Flow chart for determining the minimum
binder quantity:
Soils or construction
Soils or construction
material mixtures
material mixtures
Fines content < 0.063 mm
Fines content < 0.063 mm
5% by mass
> 5% by mass and 15% by mass
Compressive strength after 28 days Compressive strength after 28 days
Asphalt design Concrete design Asphalt design Concrete design

7 N/mm 15 N/mm2 7 N/mm 15 N/mm2
Frost testing
l 1
Binder content from initial testing
3% by mass 3% by mass
(standard case) (special case)
Minimum binder
quantity
3.0% by mass
Binder content for construction

2.11.2 Initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers
Construction material mixtures with a maximum The following requirements must be complied with
particle size of up to 31.5 mm or 45 mm are suitable during initial testing:
for use in hydraulically bound base layers. The ag- he minimum binder quantity is 3.0% by mass
T
gregate fraction larger than the maximum particle of the dry construction material mixture.
size must not exceed 10% by mass, and the fines For a hydraulically bound base layer underlying
content 0.063 mm must not exceed 15% by mass. an asphalt layer, the mean compressive strength
In addition, the aggregate fraction 2 mm must be of three related specimens must be 7 N/mm.
between 16% by mass and 45% by mass, and the If the compressive strength of 7 N/mm is
aggregate fraction passing the next smaller sieve exceeded at the minimum binder quantity of
than the maximum particle size (22.4 mm or 3.0% by mass, the minimum binder content is
31.5 mm respectively) must be lower than 90% by applicable.
mass. The binder quantity must not be lower than For a hydraulically bound base layer underlying
3.0% by mass relative to the dry construction mate- a concrete surfacing, the mean compressive
rial mixture. strength of three related test specimens must
The binder quantity has to be determined by means not be lower than 15 N/mm.
of interpolation. If the fines content 0.063 mm The single compressive strength values for each
ranges between 5% by mass and 15% by mass, binder quantity selected must not be higher or
adequate frost resistance of the hardened paving lower than the related mean value by more than
mix must be verified as part of initial testing. 2.0 N/mm.
The change of length determined during frost
The binder quantity has to be selected to ensure resistance testing must not exceed 1. If a
that, during initial testing, the mean compressive higher binder quantity is determined as a result
strengths of three related test specimens of frost resistance testing, the higher binder
(diameter = 150 mm, height = 125 mm) are quantity is applicable.
7.0 N/mm when underlying an asphalt
surfacing; and
15.0 N/mm when underlying a concrete
surfacing.
120 // 121
Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers:
Type of soils and/or Frost resistance Frost resistance

construction material Change of length Change of length
mixtures
under asphalt layers under concrete

[] [N/mm] surfacings [N/mm2]
Fines contents in soils

and/or construction
material mixtures
5% by mass
Fines contents in soils 7 15.0
and/or construction
material mixtures
l 1.0
> 5% by mass and
15% by mass
The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.
2.11.3 Initial testing for concrete base layers
The concrete must comply with compressive testing, verifications have to be provided in ac-
strength classes C 12/15 to C 20/25. In initial cordance with DIN EN 206-1 and DIN 1045-2.
2.11.4 Internal control and compliance testing for stabilized layers
The process of paving base layers with hydraulic Type and scope of the tests to be performed can
binders has to be monitored by means of internal be inferred from the following table.
control and compliance testing.
1. Stabilized layer
Internal control testing Compliance testing
Paving mix
comparison of delivery notes

a) Conformity with initial testing or visual inspection for each
delivery
at least every 500 m or part

b) C
ompressive strength or
thereof, or every 6,000 m of
binder content
base layer
When overlaid with an asphalt

layer, the binder content may be
thereof, or every 1,000 m,
tested instead of compressive
but at least once per day
strength.
On the layer prepared for soil stabilization by means of the mixed-in-place method
every 250 m or part thereof, or
a) Degree of compaction
every 3,000 m or part thereof
b) C
orrect vertical and horizontal
as required
position
c) Binder quantity as required
On the stabilized layer

(immediately after compaction regardless of the construction method
used and type of overlying layer)

a) Layer thickness as required
thereof, or every 1,000 m
b) C
as required at intervals not exceeding 50 m
position and evenness

c) Degree of compaction thereof, or every 6,000 m, but at
thereof, or every 3,000 m
least once per day
122 // 123
2.11.5 Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers
2. Hydraulically bound base

On the paving mix or on the finished work
comparison of delivery notes or

a) Conformity with initial testing
visual inspection for each delivery
as required, at least every 6,000 m

b) Grading
of base layer or part thereof
c) Proctor density at least twice per day
d) Compressive strength tested on

as required, at least every 6,000 m
specimen (diameter D = 150 mm,
of base layer or part thereof
height H = 125 mm)
e) Condition of aggregate visual inspection
every 3,000 m or part thereof,

f) Water content
but at least twice per day
On the finished work
every 250 m or part thereof, at least every 100 m or part thereof,

a) Paving thickness / Paving weight
or every 3,000 m or part thereof or every 1,000 m
b) Correct vertical and horizontal

at intervals of less than 500 m, but

c) Degree of compaction as required, at least every 6,000 m
at least every 6,000 m
(of the not yet hardened layer) of base layer or part thereof
or part thereof
2.11.6 Internal control and compliance testing for concrete base layers
3. Concrete base
On the paving mix or on the finished work
comparison of delivery notes or

a) Conformity with initial testing
visual inspection for each delivery
b) Consistency and apparent density

at least every 3,000 m as required
of the fresh concrete
c) W
ater-cement ratio of the fresh
at least every 3,000 m
concrete
d) Compressive strength and ap-

parent density of the hardened at least every 3,000 m every 3,000 m or part thereof
concrete
e) Paving thickness at least every 3,000 m every 3,000 m or part thereof
f) C
124 // 125
2.12 Using reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed
tar-bound road construction materials in base
layers with hydraulic binders
2.12.1 General
This section provides additional details on the use of linien fr die umweltvertrgliche Verwertung von
construction material mixtures containing more than Ausbaustoffen mit pechhaltigen Bestandteilen sowie
30% by mass of reclaimed asphalt and on the use of die Verwertung von Ausbauasphalt im Straenbau
reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials in [RuVA-StB]).
base layers with hydraulic binders. They have to be complied with.
Reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials Reclaimed tar-bound road construction materi-
can be used for stabilized layers or hydraulically als have to be mixed with binder and water using
bound base layers because processing with hydrau- the in-plant mixing process in accordance with the
lic binders combined with proper paving and com- Code of practice for the use of reclaimed tar-bound
paction in accordance with requirements significantly road construction materials and reclaimed asphalt in
reduces the leachability of harmful substances from bituminous base layers by cold processing in mixing
the finished layer. This is based on the Directives for plants (Merkblatt fr die Verwertung von pechhalti-
the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed ma- gen Straenausbaustoffen und von Asphaltgranulat
terials containing tar-bound matter and for the use in bitumengebundenen Tragschichten durch Kaltauf-
of reclaimed asphalt in road construction (Richt bereitung in Mischanlagen [M VB-K]).
2.12.2 Source materials Aggregates
Mixing reclaimed tar-bound road construction A minimum quantity of 25% by mass of the aggre-
materials with non-tar-bound materials should be gate mixture used must pass the 2 mm sieve.
avoided. The maximum particle size is limited to 45 mm.
A maximum quantity of 15% by mass of new ag- An oversize percentage of 10% by mass is permissible
gregates in accordance with the Technical delivery for a particle size of up to 56 mm. Reclaimed asphalt
terms for aggregates in road construction (TL must comply with the Technical delivery terms for
Gestein-StB) relative to the dry aggregate mixture reclaimed asphalt (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr
and/or additives may be added to the tar-bound Asphaltgranulat [TL AG-StB]). It has to be reclaimed
materials in order to achieve an impermeable struc- and stocked in accordance with the Code of practice
ture of the highest possible density. Where appropri- for the use of reclaimed asphalt (Merkblatt fr die
ate, adequate frost resistance has to be verified. Verwertung von Asphaltgranulat [M VA-G]).
2.12.3 Additives
Suitable additives (filler) are filler aggregates in aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB)
accordance with the Technical delivery terms for or coal fly ash in accordance with DIN EN 450.
2.12.4 Storing reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
During (intermediate) storage, reclaimed tar-bound watertight surface with seepage water collection.
road construction materials must be protected They must be protected against the penetration of
from water ingress in order to prevent any leakage moisture by means of a watertight cover. The safe
of soluble harmful substances. If not stored under disposal of any seepage water has to be ensured.
cover, the materials may only be stockpiled on a
2.12.5 Construction material mixtures
In addition to the civil engineering requirements comply with the requirements of the Directives for
to be considered during initial testing, the use of the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed
reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials materials containing tar-bound matter and for the
requires the amount of hydraulic binder and/or use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction
the additives content to be selected so as to (RuVA-StB) in terms of the leachability of harmful
ensure that the structure is sufficiently dense to substances.
2.12.6 Requirements
When using reclaimed tar-bound road construction 8% by mass than the value specified in the mix
materials, the percentage < 2 mm of the aggregate design.
mixture must not be higher or lower by more than
2.12.7 Initial testing
If reclaimed asphalt or reclaimed tar-bound road struction (TP Gestein-StB) in order to verify the
construction materials recycled on a trial basis are reduction of harmful substances.
used for initial testing, grading has to be varied so The eluates are obtained from compacted Proc-
as to cover the full grading range possible during tor specimens after 28 days using the trough
the actual recycling process. method and are tested for polycyclic aromatic
In addition to these tests, the use of tar-bound hydrocarbons according to EPA. The phenol index
materials requires leaching tests to be performed is determined in accordance with the Technical
in accordance with Part 7.1.2 of the Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction
testing regulations for aggregates in road con- (TL Gestein-StB).
126 // 127
References
Eifert, H.; Vollpracht, A.; Hersei, O.: Kalk Kompendium, Bodenverbesserung,

Straenbau heute Betondecken, 2004 Bodenverfestigung mit Kalk
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland Bundesverband der Deutschen Kalkindustrie e.V.
GmbH, Erkrath www.kalk.de
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Dsseldorf
Die Reaktionsfhigkeit von Mischbindemitteln
Eifert, H.: im Vergleich zu Kalk und Zement
Straenbau heute Tragschichten, Planung und Hans-Werner Schade, Institut fr Materialprfung
Ausfhrung, 2006 Dr. Schellenberg, Leipheim
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland Lecture at the 3rd specialist conference of the
GmbH, Erkrath GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH denverbesserung in Stuttgart, 2008
Hersei, O.; Drrwang, R.; Hotz, C.: Bodenbehandlung im Straenbau

Zementstabilisierte Bden Anwendung, Planung, Oliver Kuhl, Hessisches Landesamt fr Straen-
Ausfhrung, 2007 und Verkehrswesen, Wiesbaden
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland Lecture at the 4th specialist conference of the
GmbH, Erkrath GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH denverbesserung in Walsrode, 2009
Gemische fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Erwnschte und unerwnschte Reaktions

Bindemitteln mechanismen bei der Bodenstabilisierung mit
Zement Merkblatt Straenbau p. 3, 6.2007 Bindemitteln
Helmut Eifert, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V., Karl-Josef Witt, Bauhaus-Universitt, Weimar
Dsseldorf www.vdz-online.de Lecture at the 4th specialist conference of the
GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bo-
Der Bau von Tragschichten mit hydraulischen denverbesserung in Walsrode, 2009
Bindemitteln
Zement Merkblatt Straenbau p. 3, 6.2007
Helmut Eifert, Verein Deutscher Zementwerke e.V.,
Dsseldorf www.vdz-online.de
Lohmeyer, G.; Ebeling, K.:

Betonbden fr Produktions- und Lagerhallen,
2006
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH, Dsseldorf
Body of technical rules and regulations
DIN 1)
Source: ) Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstr. 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 30 - 26 01-22 60; Fax: +49 (0) 30 - 26 01-12 60
E-mail: [email protected]; Internet: www.beuth.de
VOB/B German construction contract procedures - Part B: General conditions of contract relating to the
execution of construction work DIN 1961 (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil B:
Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen fr die Ausfhrung von Bauleistungen DIN 1961)
VOB/C German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertrags
bedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV])
DIN 1045 Concrete and reinforced concrete; design and execution (Beton und Stahlbeton; Bemessung und Aus-
fhrung)
DIN 1048 Testing concrete (Prfverfahren fr Beton)
DIN 1164 Special cement composition, requirements and conformity evaluation (Zement mit besonderen Eigen-
schaften Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen, bereinstimmungsnachweis)
DIN 4020 Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering purposes (Geotechnische Untersuchungen fr bautech-
nische Zwecke)
DIN 4030 Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete (Beurteilung betonangreifender
Wsser, Bden und Gase)
DIN 4123 Excavations, foundations and underpinnings in the area of existing buildings (Ausschachtungen, Grn-
dungen und Unterfangungen im Bereich bestehender Gebude)
DIN 4124 Excavations and trenches Slopes, planking and strutting breadths of working spaces (Baugruben und
Grben Bschungen, Verbau, Arbeitsraumbreiten)
DIN 4301 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical slag for civil engineering and building construction use (Eisenht-
tenschlacke und Metallschlacke im Bauwesen)
DIN 18121 Soil, investigation and testing Water content (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Wasserge-
halt)
DIN 18125 Soil, investigation and testing Determination of density of soil (Baugrund, Untersuchung von Bodenpro-
ben Bestimmung der Dichte des Bodens)
DIN 18127 Soil, investigation and testing Proctor test (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Proctorver-
such)
DIN 18134 Soil Testing procedures and testing equipment Plate load test (Baugrund; Versuche und Versuchsge-
rte Plattendruckversuch)
DIN 18196 Earthworks and foundations Soil classification for civil engineering purposes (Erd- und Grundbau
Bodenklassifikation fr bautechnische Zwecke)
DIN 18299 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts General rules applying to all types of construction work (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Allgemeine Regelungen fr Bauarbeiten jeder Art)
contracts Earthworks (VOB - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen
[ATV] Erdarbeiten)
contracts Dredging work (VOB - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen
[ATV] Nassbaggerarbeiten)
DIN 18315 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction con-
tracts Road construction Surfacings without binder (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbe-
dingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Verkehrswegebauarbeiten Oberschichten ohne Bindemittel)
128 // 129
contracts Road construction Surfacings with hydraulic binders (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Verkehrswegebauarbeiten Oberbauschichten mit hyd-
raulischen Bindemitteln)
DIN 18506 Hydraulic soil and road binders Composition, specifications and conformity criteria (Hydraulische
Boden- und Tragschichtbinder Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN 18915 Vegetation technology in landscaping Soil working (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau Bodenarbeiten)
DIN 18916 Vegetation technology in landscaping Plants and plant care (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau
Pflanzen und Pflanzarbeiten)
DIN 18920 Vegetation technology in landscaping Protection of trees, plantations and vegetation areas during
construction work (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau Schutz von Bumen, Pflanzenbestnden
und Vegetationsflchen bei Baumanahmen)
DIN 50929 Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from the
outside (Korrosion der Metalle, Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe bei uerer
Korrosionsbelastung)
Parts 1 and 3 Part 1: Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from
the outside; general (Teil 1: Korrosion der Metalle; Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe
bei uerer Korrosionsbelastung; Allgemeines)
Part 3: Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from
the outside; buried and underwater pipelines and structural components (Teil 3: Korrosion der Metalle;
Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe bei uerer Korrosionsbelastung; Rohrleitungen
und Bauteile in Bden und Wssern)
DIN EN 206-1 Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity (Beton Teil 1: Festlegung,
Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformitt)
DIN EN 197-1 Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
(Zement Teil 1: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Normalzement)
DIN EN 197-4 Cement Part 4: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for low early-strength blast-furnace
cements (Zement Teil 4: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Hochofen-
zement mit niedriger Anfangsfestigkeit)
DIN EN 459-1 Building lime - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria (Baukalk Teil 1: Definitionen,
Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 6: Determination of particle density and
water absorption (Prfverfahren fr mechanische und physikalische Eigenschaften von Gesteinskrnun-
gen Teil 6: Bestimmung der Rohdichte und der Wasseraufnahme)
DIN EN 1367-1 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of resistance to
freezing and thawing (Prfverfahren fr thermische Eigenschaften und Verwitterungsbestndigkeit von
Gesteinskrnungen Teil 1: Bestimmung des Widerstandes gegen Frost-Tau-Wechsel)
DIN EN 12350 Testing fresh concrete (Prfung von Frischbeton)
DIN EN 12390 Testing hardened concrete (Prfung von Festbeton)
DIN EN 13055-2 Lightweight aggregates Part 2: Lightweight aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments
and for unbound and bound applications (Leichte Gesteinskrnungen Teil 2: Leichte Gesteinskrnun-
gen fr Asphalte und Oberflchenbehandlungen sowie fr ungebundene und gebundene Verwendung)
DIN EN 14227-1 Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures (Hydraulisch
gebundene Gemische Anforderungen Teil 1: Zementgebundene Gemische)
DIN EN ISO 14688 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil (Geotechnische Erkun-
dung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden)
DIN EN ISO 14689 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of rock (Geotechnische Erkun-
dung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Fels)
DIN EN ISO 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (Allgemeine Anforderun-
gen an die Kompetenz von Prf- und Kalibrierlaboratorien)
DIN EN ISO 22475 Geotechnical investigation and testing Sampling methods and groundwater measurements (Geotechni-
sche Erkundung und Untersuchung Probenentnahmeverfahren und Grundwassermessungen)
DIN EN ISO 22476 Geotechnical investigation and testing Field testing (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung
Felduntersuchungen)
DIN report Geotextiles and geotextile-related products On-site quality control (Geotextilien und geotextil-
CEN/TR 15019 verwandte Produkte Baustellenkontrolle
FGSV 2)
Source: ) FGSV Verlag GmbH, Wesselinger Str. 17, 50999 Kln, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 22 36 - 38 46 30; Fax: +49 (0) 22 36 - 38 46 40
E-mail: [email protected]; Internet: www.fgsv-verlag.de
ATV General technical specifications in construction contracts (Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen

fr Bauleistungen [FGSV 024])
DBT Code of practice for porous concrete base layers (Merkblatt fr Drnbetontragschichten [FGSV 827])
FDVK Continuous dynamic compaction control (Flchendeckende Dynamische Verdichtungskontrolle [FGSV
547])
HBS Manual for the design of road traffic systems (Handbuch fr die Bemessung von Straenverkehrsanlagen
[FGSV 299])
H GeoMess Guidelines for the use of geotechnical and geophysical measuring procedures in road construction (Hin-
weise zur Anwendung geotechnischer und geophysikalischer Messverfahren im Straenbau [FGSV 558])
MAFS-H Code of practice for asphalt base layers in hot-application (Merkblatt fr Asphaltfundationsschichten im
Heieinbau [FGSV 759])
MBEB Code of practice for the structural maintenance of concrete traffic areas (Merkblatt fr die Bauliche Erhal-
tung von Verkehrsflchen aus Beton [FGSV 823])
MFP1 Code of practice for stone pavings and slab pavings, Part 1: Standard construction method (unbound
design) (Merkblatt fr Flchenbefestigungen mit Pflasterdecken und Plattenbelgen, Teil 1: Regelbauwei-
se (Ungebundene Ausfhrung) [FGSV 618/1])
MGUB Code of practice on geotechnical investigations and designs in road construction (Merkblatt ber geo-
technische Untersuchungen und Berechnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 511])
MKRC Code of practice on in-situ cold recycling in the road pavement (Merkblatt fr Kaltrecycling in situ im
Straenoberbau [FGSV 636])
MLs Code of practice on the use of volcanic slag in road construction (Merkblatt ber die Verwendung von
Lavaschlacke im Straen- und Wegebau [FGSV 611])
MOB Code of practice for the production of surface textures on concrete pavements (Merkblatt fr die Herstel-
lung von Oberflchentexturen auf Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 829])
MRC Code of practice on the reuse of mineral construction materials as recycled construction materials in
road construction (Merkblatt ber die Wiederverwertung von mineralischen Baustoffen als Recycling-
Baustoffe im Straenbau [FGSV 616/3])
MVB-K Code of practice for the use of reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials and reclaimed asphalt in
bituminous base layers by cold processing in mixing plants (Merkblatt fr die Verwertung von pech-
haltigen Straenausbaustoffen und von Asphaltgranulat in bitumengebundenen Tragschichten durch
Kaltaufbereitung in Mischanlagen [FGSV 535])
M Geok E Code of practice for the application of geosynthetics in road construction earthworks (Merkblatt fr die
Anwendung von Geokunststoffen im Erdbau des Straenbaues (FGSV 535)
Code of practice for the design and production of crib walls (Merkblatt fr den Entwurf und die Herstel-
lung von Raumgitterwnden und -wllen [FGSV 540])
Code of practice for the compaction of subsoil and subgrade in road construction (Merkblatt fr die
Verdichtung des Untergrundes und Unterbaues im Straenbau [FGSV 516])
130 // 131
Code of practice for the use of EPS rigid foam materials in the construction of road embankments (Merk-
blatt fr die Verwendung von EPS-Hartschaumstoffen beim Bau von Straendmmen [FGSV 550])
Code of practice for simple, environmentally compatible methods of site stabilization (Merkblatt fr ein
fache landschaftsgerechte Sicherungsbauweisen [FGSV 229)]
MGUB Code of practice for geotechnical investigations and designs in road construction (Merkblatt ber geo-
technische Untersuchungen und Berechnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 511])
M TS E Code of practice on construction methods for technical safeguarding measures when using soils and
construction materials containing environmentally relevant substances in earthworks (Merkblatt ber
Bauweisen fr technische Sicherungsmanahmen beim Einsatz von Bden und Baustoffen mit umwelt-
relevanten Inhaltsstoffen im Erdbau [FGSV 559])
Code of practice on soil improvement and soil stabilization with binders (Merkblatt ber Bodenverbesse-
rungen und Bodenverfestigungen mit Bindemitteln [FGSV 551])
Code of practice on the influence of the backfill on structures (Merkblatt ber den Einfluss der Hinterfl-
lung auf Bauwerke [FGSV 526])
Code of practice on the treatment of soils and construction materials with binders to reduce the leachabi-
lity of environmentally relevant substances (Merkblatt ber die Behandlung von Bden und Baustoffen
mit Bindemitteln zur Reduzierung der Eluierbarkeit umweltrelevanter Inhaltsstoffe [FGSV 560])
Code of practice on the non-aggressive execution of blasting and removal work on rock slopes (Merk-
blatt ber die gebirgsschonende Ausfhrung von Spreng- und Abtragsarbeiten an Felsbschungen
[FGSV 537])
Code of practice on the use of expanded clay as a lightweight construction material in the subgrade
and subsoil of roads (Merkblatt ber die Verwendung von Blhton als Leichtbaustoff im Unterbau und
Untergrund von Straen [FGSV 556])
Code of practice on rock group description for civil engineering purposes in road construction (Merkblatt
ber Felsgruppenbeschreibung fr bautechnische Zwecke im Straenbau [FGSV 532])
Code of practice on continuous dynamic procedures for testing compaction in earthworks (Merkblatt
ber flchendeckende dynamische Verfahren zur Prfung der Verdichtung im Erdbau [FGSV 547])
Code of practice for road construction on subsoil of poor bearing capacity (Merkblatt ber Straenbau
auf wenig tragfhigem Untergrund [FGSV 542])
Code of practice for the production of surface textures on concrete pavements (Merkblatt fr die Herstel-
lung von Oberflchentexturen auf Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [M OB])
Code of practice for the reuse of concrete from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederverwendung von Beton
aus Fahrbahndecken)
Code of practice for the construction of base layers and combined base and surface layers using roller-
compacted concrete for traffic areas (Merkblatt fr den Bau von Tragschichten und Tragdeckschichten
mit Walzbeton fr Verkehrsflchen)
RAA Directives for the construction of motorways (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Autobahnen [FGSV 202])
RAS-Ew Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Drainage (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen [RAS], Teil:
Entwsserung [FGSV 539])
RAS-LG Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Landscape design, Section: Biological engineering (Richt-
linien fr die Anlage von Straen [RAS], Teil: Landschaftsgestaltung [RAS-LG], Abschnitt: Lebendverbau
[FGSV 293/3])
RAS-LP Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Landscape maintenance, Section 4: Protection of trees,
existing vegetation and animals in construction measures (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen, Teil:
Landschaftspflege (RAS-LP), Abschnitt 4: Schutz von Bumen, Vegetationsbestnden und Tieren bei
Baumanahmen [FGSV 293/4])
RAS-Q Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Cross-sections (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen
(RAS), Teil: Querschnitte [FGSV 295])
RAA Directives for the construction of urban roads (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Stadtstraen [FGSV 200])
RAP Stra Directives for accreditation of test centres for building materials and building material mixtures in road
construction (Richtlinien fr die Anerkennung von Prfstellen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffgemische im
Straenbau [FGSV 916])
RiStWag Directives for civil engineering measures on roads in water protection areas (Richtlinien fr bautechnische
Manahmen an Straen in Wasserschutzgebieten [FGSV 514])
RLW Directives for rural road construction (Richtlinien fr den lndlichen Wegebau [FGSV 675/1])
RStO Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces (Richtlinien fr die Stan
dardisierung des Oberbaues von Verkehrsflchen [FGSV 499])
RuA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of industrial by-products and recycled construction
materials in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Anwendung von industriellen Neben-
produkten und Recycling-Baustoffen im Straenbau [FGSV 642])
RuVA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed materials containing tar-bound matter and
for the use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Verwertung
von Ausbaustoffen mit teer-/pechtypischen Bestandteilen sowie fr die Verwertung von Ausbauasphalt
im Straenbau [FGSV 795])
TL Asphalt-StB Technical delivery terms for asphalt mix for the construction of paved traffic areas (Technische Liefer
bedingungen fr Asphaltmischgut fr den Bau von Verkehrsflchenbefestigungen [FGSV 797])
TL BE-StB Technical delivery terms for bitumen emulsions (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bitumenemulsionen
[FGSV 793])
TL Beton-StB Technical delivery terms for construction materials and construction material mixtures for base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffge-
mische fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 891])
TL G SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound gra-
nular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffgemi-
sche und Bden zur Herstellung von Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau, Teil: Gteberwachung
[FGSV 696])
TL BuB E-StB Technical delivery terms for soils and construction materials in earthworks for road construction (Techni-
sche Lieferbedingungen fr Bden und Baustoffe im Erdbau des Straenbaues [FGSV 597])
TL Gestein-StB Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Gesteins-
krnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 613])
TL Geok E-StB Technical delivery terms for geosynthetics in earthworks for road construction (Technische Lieferbedin-
gungen fr Geokunststoffe im Erdbau des Straenbaues [FGSV 549])
TL NBM-StB Technical delivery terms for liquid concrete curing agents (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr flssige
Beton-Nachbehandlungsmittel [FGSV 814])
TL Pflaster-StB Technical delivery terms for construction products for the production of stone pavings, slab pavings and
kerbs (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbel-
gen und Einfassungen [FGSV 643])
TL SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound
granular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffge-
mische und Bden fr Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau; Teil: Gteberwachung [FGSV 697])
TP Asphalt-StB Technical testing regulations for asphalt (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Asphalt [FGSV 756])
TP Beton-StB Technical testing regulations for base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische
Prfvorschriften fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV
892])
TP BF-StB Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Boden
und Fels im Straenbau [FGSV 591])
TP D-StB Technical testing regulations to determine the thicknesses of superstructure layers in road construction
(Technische Prfvorschriften zur Bestimmung der Dicken von Oberbauschichten im Straenbau [FGSV 974])
132 // 133
TP Eben Technical testing regulations for evenness measurements on road surfaces in longitudinal and transverse
directions, Part: Measurements with contact (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ebenheitsmessungen auf
Fahrbahnoberflchen in Lngs- und Querrichtung, Teil: Berhrende Messungen (TP Eben - Berhrende
Messungen) [FGSV 404/1])
TP Eben Technical testing regulations for evenness measurements on road surfaces in longitudinal and transverse
directions, Part: Measurements without contact (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ebenheitsmessungen
auf Fahrbahnoberflchen in Lngs- und Querrichtung, Teil: Berhrungslose Messungen (TP Eben - Be-
rhrungslose Messungen) [FGSV 404/2])
TP Gestein-StB Technical testing regulations for aggregates in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ge-
steinskrnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 610])
TP HGT-StB Technical testing regulations for base layers with hydraulic binders (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Trag-
schichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln [FGSV 822; AP 52])
VOB Construction contract procedures (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen [FGSV 024])
ZTV A-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for excavations in traffic areas (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Aufgrabungen in Verkehrsflchen [FGSV 976])
ZTV Asphalt-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of asphalt pavements
(Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von Verkehrsflchenbefesti-
gungen aus Asphalt [FGSV 799])
ZTV BEA-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the structural maintenance of traffic areas
Asphalt design (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Bauliche Erhaltung
von Verkehrsflchen Asphaltbauweisen [FGSV 798])
ZTV BEB-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the structural maintenance of traffic areas
Concrete design (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Bauliche Erhaltung
von Verkehrsflchen Betonbauweisen [FGSV 898/1])
ZTV Beton-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydrau-
lic binders and concrete pavements (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den
Bau von Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 899])
ZTV E-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Erdarbeiten im Straenbau [FGSV 599])
ZTV Ew-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of drainage systems in road
construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von Entwsse-
rungseinrichtungen im Straenbau [FGSV 598])
ZTV-ING Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for civil engineering works (Zustzliche Techni-
sche Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Ingenieurbauten [FGSV 340; 782/1])
ZTV-Lsw Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the execution of noise barriers along roads
(Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Ausfhrung von Lrmschutzwnden
an Straen [FGSV 258])
ZTV-Lsw Design and calculation principles for bored pile foundations and steel posts of noise barriers along
(supplement) roads; supplement to the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the execution of
noise barriers along roads (Entwurfs- und Berechnungsgrundlagen fr Bohrpfahlgrndungen und Stahl-
pfosten von Lrmschutzwnden an Straen; Ergnzung zu den Zustzlichen Technischen Vorschriften
und Richtlinien fr die Ausfhrung von Lrmschutzwnden an Straen [FGSV 552])
ZTVLW Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the paving of rural roads (Zustzliche Tech-
nische Vorschriften und Richtlinien fr die Befestigung lndlicher Wege [FGSV 675])
ZTV Pflaster-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the production of stone pavings, slab
pavings and kerbs (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von
Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelgen und Einfassungen [FGSV 699])
ZTV SoB-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of unbound granular layers
in road construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von
Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau [FGSV 698])
134 // 135
Wirtgen GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Strasse 2 53578 Windhagen Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 26 45/131-0 Fax: +49 (0) 26 45/131-392
Internet: www.wirtgen.com E-Mail: [email protected]
Illustrations are without obligation. Technical details are subject to change without notice.
Performance data depend on operating conditions. No. 2316602 49-51 EN - 04/13 by Wirtgen GmbH 2013 Printed in Germany

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Soil Treatment

Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders

Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders

Phone: +49 (0) 26 45/131-0

The manual has been compiled based on the

1.1 Definition of terms 12

1.9.2 Types of binder 60

2 Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders 91

2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses 105

Body of technical rules and regulations 129

1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the

Fully bound pavement Stone paving

Gravel or crushed-stone base

Subsoil/subgrade (possibly stabilized)

Subgrade q 2.5% q 4.0% Subsoil

 ase layer without binder

 ase layer with binder

 ase layer with special properties

Area of application Subsoil / Subgrade

Generic term Soil treatment

Terms Soil improvement Qualified soil improvement

ZTV E-StB 1) ZTV E-StB 1)

Increase of bearing capacity Increase of bearing capacity

Base layers with

Hydraulically bound Stabilized layer with

RStO 2) RStO 2) ZTV E-StB 1) RStO 2)

Increase of bearing Reduction of pavement

Surfacing (asphalt / concrete)

Base layer with hydraulic binder

Gravel or crushed-stone base

Subsoil / subgrade possibly stabilized

1.2.1 Soil stabilization

1.2.2 Soil improvement

1.2.3 Qualified soil improvement

1.2.4 Base layers with hydraulic binders

Blocks Bo Y > 200 mm

Stones Co X from > 63 mm to 200 mm

Gravel Gr (Gravel) G from > 2 mm to 63 mm

Sand Sa (Sand) S from > 0.06 mm to 2 mm

Silt Si (Silt) U from > 0.002 mm to 0.06 mm

1.3.3 Soil classification according to DIN 18196

1.3.3.1 Soil groups

Gravels and sands with a maximum content of

1.3.3.4 Mixed-grained soils

1.3.3.5 Fine-grained soils

1.3.3.6 Organogenic and organic soils

Coarse-grained soils Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils Organic soils

non-cohesive slightly cohesive cohesive highly cohesive cohesive-loose

Fines < 0.063 mm: Fines < 0.063 mm:

Particle size fraction < 15% by mass > 15% by mass

1.3.3.8.1 Determining consistency

Consistency limits and consistency ranges

Consistency range Consistency range

Plasticity range with plasticity index Ip

Soil is easy to knead soft

Soil is difficult to knead but can be rolled into

Plastic Plastic limit wP

At the point of transition from the semi-firm to firm state,

1.1 Definition of terms 12

1.9.2 Types of binder 60

2 Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders 91

2.7.3 Minimum paving thicknesses 105

Body of technical rules and regulations 129

1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the

ase layer without binder

ase layer with binder

ase layer with special properties

improves bearing capacity;

1.5.2.2 Requirements on qualified soil improvement at subgrade level

- Binder content 3% by mass. Alternatively: