G.R. No. L-15290 May 31, 1963 MARIANO ZAMORA, petitioner, vs.

COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE and

PAREDES, J.

These are 4 cases regarding deficiency income taxes allegedly incurred by the Zamoras.

Cases Nos. L-15290 and L-15280: Mariano Zamora, owner of the Bay View Hotel and Farmacia Zamora, Manila, filed his
income tax returns the years 1951 and 1952. The Collector of Internal Revenue found that he failed to file his return of the capital
gains derived from the sale of certain real properties and claimed deductions which were not allowable. The CTA reduced the
sum due Zamora and on appeal, petitioner alleged that the CTA erred in disallowing the promotion expenses incurred by his wife
for promotion of the above businesses, depreciation of the Bayview Hotel Bldg, and in applying the Ballantyne scale of values
for determining the cost of his Manila property. The CIR, on the other hand, claimed that the CTA erred in reducing the amounts
and giving credence to the uncorroborated testimony of Mariano Zamora that he bought the said real property in question during
the Japanese occupation, partly in Philippine currency and partly in Japanese war notes.

Cases Nos. L-15289 and L-15281 Mariano Zamora and his deceased sister Felicidad Zamora, bought a piece of land located in
Manila on May 16, 1944, for P132,000.00 and sold it for P75,000.00 on March 5, 1951. They also purchased a lot located in
Quezon City for P68,959.00 on January 19, 1944, which they sold for P94,000 on February 9, 1951. The CTA ordered the estate
of the late Felicidad Zamora (represented by Esperanza A. Zamora, as special administratrix of her estate), to pay the sum of
P235.50, representing alleged deficiency income tax and surcharge due from said estate.

First issue – disallowance of the entire promotion expenses incurred by Mrs. Zamora

Petitioner: The CTA erred in disallowing P10,478.50 as promotion expenses incurred by his wife for the promotion of the Bay
View Hotel and Farmacia Zamora. He contends that the whole amount of P20,957.00 as promotion expenses should be allowed
and not merely one-half of it. on the ground that, while not all the itemized expenses are supported by receipts, the absence of
some supporting receipts has been sufficiently and satisfactorily established - to purchase machinery for a new Tiki-Tiki plant,
and to observe hotel management in modern hotels.

Respondents: Mrs. Zamora obtained only the sum of P5,000.00 from the Central Bank and that in her application for dollar
allocation, she stated that she was going abroad on a combined medical and business trip, which facts were not denied by
Mariano Zamora. The alleged expenses were not supported by receipts. Mrs. Zamora could not even remember how much money
she had when she left abroad in 1951, and how the alleged amount of P20,957.00 was spent. There having been no means by
which to ascertain which expense was incurred by her in connection with the business of Mariano Zamora and which was
incurred for her personal benefit, the respondents considered 50% of the said amount of P20,957.00 as business expenses and the
other 50%, as her personal expenses.

Held: The 50% allocation is very fair to Zamora, there being no receipt to explain the alleged business expenses as well as the
personal expenses that might have been incurred. While in situations like the present, absolute certainty is usually no possible, the
CTA should make as close an approximation as it can, bearing heavily, if it chooses, upon the taxpayer whose inexactness is of
his own making. Section 30, of the Tax Code, provides that in computing net income, there shall be allowed as deductions all the
ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year, in carrying on any trade or business (Vol. 4, Mertens,
Law of Federal Income Taxation, sec. 25.03, p. 307). Since promotion expenses constitute one of the deductions in conducting a
business, same must testify these requirements. Claim for the deduction of promotion expenses or entertainment expenses must
also be substantiated or supported by record showing in detail the amount and nature of the expenses incurred (N.H. Van
Socklan, Jr. v. Comm. of Int. Rev.; 33 BTA 544).

In the case of Visayan Cebu Terminal Co., Inc. v. Collector of Int. Rev., G.R. No. L-12798, May 30, 1960, it was declared that
representation expenses fall under the category of business expenses which are allowable deductions from gross income, if they
meet the conditions prescribed by law, particularly section 30 (a) [1], of the Tax Code; that to be deductible, said business
expenses must be ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred in carrying on any trade or business; that those expenses must
also meet the further test of reasonableness in amount; that accordingly, it is not possible to determine the actual amount covered
by supporting papers and the amount without supporting papers, the court should determine from all available data, the amount
properly deductible as representation expenses.

Second issue – disallowance/reduction of the rate of depreciation of Bayview Hotel (from 3.5% to 2.5%)
Petitioner: Contends that 1) the Ermita district is becoming a commercial district, 2) the hotel has no room for improvement, and
(3) the changing modes in architecture, styles of furniture and decorative designs, "must meet the taste of a fickle public". Also,
the reference to Bulletin F, a publication by the IRS, should have been first proved as law to be subject of judicial notice.

Held: The CTA was approximately correct in holding that the rate of depreciation must be 2.5%. An average hotel building’s
estimated useful life is 5 years, but inasmuch as it also depends on the use and location, change in population and other, it is
allowed a deprecation rate of 2.5% which corresponds to a useful life of 40 years. It is true that Bulletin F has no binding force,
but it has a strong persuasive effect considering that the same has been the result of scientific studies and observation for a long
period in the United States after whose Income Tax Law ours is patterned." Verily, courts are permitted to look into and
investigate the antecedents or the legislative history of the statutes involved (Director of Lands v. Abaya, et al., 63 Phil. 559).

Third issue- the undeclared capital gains derived from the sales in 1951 of certain real properties in Malate, Manila and
in Quezon City, acquired during the Japanese occupation.

Held: The CTA’s appraisal in this case is correct. Consequently, the total undeclared income of petitioners derived from the sales
of the Manila and Quezon City properties in 1951 is P17,111.75 (P1,750.00 plus P15,361.75), 50% of which in the sum of
P8,555.88 is taxable, the said properties being capital assets held for more than one year.

The cost basis of property acquired in Japanese war notes is the equivalent of the war notes in genuine Philippine currency in
accordance with the Ballantyne Scale of values, and that the determination of the gain derived or loss sustained in the sale of such
property is not affected by the decline at the time of sale, in the purchasing power of the Philippine currency. It was found by the
CTA that the purchase price of P132,000.00 was not entirely paid in Japanese War notes but ½ thereof or P66,000.00 was in
Philippine currency.

This being the case, the Ballantyne Scale of values, which was the result of an impartial scientific study, adopted and given
judicial recognition, should be applied. As the value of the Japanese war notes in May, 1944 when the Manila property was
bought, was 1 ½ of the genuine Philippine Peso (Ballantyne Scale), and since the gain derived or loss sustained in the disposition
of this property is to reckoned in terms of Philippine Peso, the value of the Japanese war notes used in the purchase of the
property, must be reduced in terms of the genuine Philippine Peso to determine the cost of acquisition. It, therefore, results that
since the sum of P66,000.00 in Japanese war notes in May, 1944 is equivalent to P5,500.00 in Philippine currency (P66,000.00
divided by 12), the acquisition cost of the property in question is P66,000.00 plus P5,500.00 or P71,500.00 and that as the
property was sold for P75,000.00 in 1951, the owners thereof Mariano and Felicidad Zamora derived a capital gain of P3,500.00
or P1,750.00 each.

For the Quezon City property, the CTA was correct in giving credence to Zamora’s testimony that the same was purchased in
Philippine currency, because it is quite incredible that real property with an assessed value of P46,910.00 should have been sold
in Japanese war notes with an equivalent value in Philippine currency of only P17,239.75. Thus, the gain derived from the sale is
P15,361.75, after deducting from the selling price the cost of acquisition in the sum of P68,959.00 and the expense of sale in the
sum of P9,679.25.

IN VIEW HEREOF, the petition in each of the above-entitled cases is dismissed, and the decision appealed from is affirmed,
without special pronouncement as to costs.

Bengzon, C.J., Padilla, Bautista Angelo, Concepcion, Reyes, J.B.L., Dizon, Regala and Makalintal, JJ., concur.
Labrador and Barrera, JJ., took no part.