The document discusses various optical issues related to lenses and depth of field, including diffraction, aberrations, and chromatic aberration. It also covers topics like image stabilization, autofocus techniques, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, sensor size, and depth of field.
The document discusses various optical issues related to lenses and depth of field, including diffraction, aberrations, and chromatic aberration. It also covers topics like image stabilization, autofocus techniques, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, sensor size, and depth of field.
The document discusses various optical issues related to lenses and depth of field, including diffraction, aberrations, and chromatic aberration. It also covers topics like image stabilization, autofocus techniques, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, sensor size, and depth of field.
The document discusses various optical issues related to lenses and depth of field, including diffraction, aberrations, and chromatic aberration. It also covers topics like image stabilization, autofocus techniques, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, sensor size, and depth of field.
Lectures at MIT 3 major type of issues Diffraction ripples when aperture is small
Third-order/spherical aberrations Rays dont focus Also coma, astigmatism, field curvature Chromatic aberration Focus depends on wavelength References Links http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/key=chromatic+aberration http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/aberrcon.html#c1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_coating http://www.vanwalree.com/optics.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_in_optical_systems http://www.imatest.com/docs/iqf.html http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/understanding- series/understanding-mtf.shtml Other quality issues Flare
From "The Manual of Photography" Jacobson et al
Example of flare "bug" Some of the first copies of the Canon 24-105 L had big flare problems http://www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon- EF-24-105mm-f-4-L-IS-USM-Lens-Review.aspx
Flare and Ghosting
source: canon red book
Flare/ghosting special to digital
source: canon red book
Use a hood! (and a good one) Flare ray Hood is to short Flare
Good hood
Adapted from Ray's Applied Photographic Optics
Lens hood
From Ray's Applied Photographic Optics
Coating Use destructive interferences Optimized for one wavelength
From "The Manual of Photography" Jacobson et al
Coating for digital
source: canon red book
Vignetting The periphery does not get as much light
source: canon red book
Vignetting http://www.photozone.de/3Technology/lenstec3.htm Lens design Optimization software Has revolutionized lens design E.g. zooms are good now
From Hecht's Optics
Lens design, ray tracing
source: canon red book
Optimization Free parameters Lens curvature, width, position, type of glass Some can be fixed, other vary with focal length, focus (e.g. floating elements) Multiplied by number of lens elements Energy/merit function MTF, etc. Black art of massaging the merit function Optimize for All image locations All wavelengths All apertures All focusing distances All focal lengths (zoom only) Usually uses simulated annealing Floating elements Move with focus to optimize response (but are not responsible for focusing)
source: canon red book
Image stabilization Image stabilization
source: canon red book
Image stabilization
source: canon red book
Image stabilization
source: canon red book
1000mm, 1/100s, monopod, IS Different versions Canon, Nikon: in the lens Panasonic, Konica/Minolta: move sensor 6.088 Digital and Computational Photography 6.882 Advanced Computational Photography
Focus and Depth of Field
Frdo Durand MIT - EECS Focusing Move film/sensor 1 +1 =1 Thin-lens formula D D f D D f In practice, its a little more complex Various lens elements can move inside the lens Here in blue
Source: Canon red book.
Defocus & Depth of field Circle of confusion
circle of confusion
From Basic Photographic Materials and Processes, Stroebel et al.
Depth of focus
From Basic Photographic Materials and Processes, Stroebel et al.
Size of permissible circle? Assumption on print size, viewing distance, human vision Typically for 35mm film: diameter = 0.02mm
Film/sensor resolution (8 photosites for high-end SLR ) Best lenses are around 60 lp/mm Diffraction limit Depth of field: Object space Simplistic view: double cone Only tells you about the value of one pixel Things are in fact a little more complicated to asses circles of confusion across the image We're missing the magnification factor (proportional to 1/distance and focal length) sensor
Point in focus lens Object with texture Depth of field: more accurate view Backproject the image onto the plane in focus Backproject circle of confusion Depends on magnification factor Depth of field is slightly asymmetrical
Conjugate of circle of confusion
Point in focus lens Depth of field DoF & aperture http://www.juzaphoto.com/eng/articles/depth_of_field.htm
f/2.8 f/32 Depth of field and focusing distance Quadratic (bad news for macro) (but careful, our simplifications are not accurate for macro)
f/N CD/f
d1 d2 Double cone perspective Seems to say that relationship is linear But if you add the magnification factor, it's actually quadratic
Point in focus sensor lens Depth of field & focusing distance
From Photography, London et al.
Depth of field & focal length Recall that to get the same image size, we can double the focal length and the distance Recall what happens to physical aperture size when we double the focal length for the same f number? It is doubled
24mm 50mm Depth of field & focal length Same image size (same magnification), same f number DoF Same depth of field!
See also http://luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/dof2.shtml
Important conclusion For a given image size and a given f number, the depth of field (in object space) is the same. Might be counter intuitive.
Very useful for macro where DoF is critical. You
can change your working distance without affecting depth of field
Now what happens to the background blur far far
away? Sensor size Depth of field Its all about the size of the lens aperture
Point in focus sensor lens Object with texture
lens
sensor Point in focus
Object with texture Equation Smaller sensor smaller C smaller f But the effect of f is quadratic Sensor size http://www.mediachance.com/dvdlab/dof/index.htm The coolest depth of field solution http://www.mediachance.com/dvdlab/dof/index.htm Use two optical systems
lens
sensor Point in focus
lens Object diffuser with texture The coolest depth of field solution http://www.mediachance.com/dvdlab/dof/index.htm lens sensor Point in focus diffuser lens Object with texture Seeing through occlusion Seeing beyond occlusion Photo taken through zoo bars Telephoto at full aperture The bars are so blurry that they are invisible Synthetic aperture Stanford Camera array (Willburn et al. http://graphics.stanford.edu/papers/CameraArray/) Autofocus How would you build an Auto Focus? Polaroid Ultrasound (Active AF) Time of flight (sonar principle) Limited range, stopped by glass Paved the way for use in robotics http://www.acroname.com/robotics/info/articles/sonar/sonar.html http://www.uoxray.uoregon.edu/polamod/ http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/autofocus2.htm
Infrared (Active AF) Intensity of reflected IR is assumed to be proportional to distance There are a number of obvious limitations Advantage: works in the dark This is different from Flash assistant for AF where the IR only provides enough contrast so that standard passive AF can operate Triangulation Rotating mirror sweeps the scene until the image is aligned with fixed image from mirror M pretty much stereovision and window correlation)
From The Manual of Photography
Different types of autofocus
From The Manual of Photography
Contrast Focus = highest contrast
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/autofocus3.htm Phase detection focusing Used e.g. in SLRs
From The Manual of Photography From the Canon red book
Phase detection focusing Stereo vision from two portions of the lens on the periphery In focus Detector Not at the equivalent film plane but farther phase can distinguish too far and too close Too close Look at the phase difference between the two images Too far
From The Manual of Photography
compute phase difference, deduce distance Fake Depth of Field Photoshop Using layers: One sharp layer, one blurry layer (using Gaussian blur) Input Layer (sharp mask layer) selects focus Blurred layer
Mask of blurry layer) Result
Photoshop Problem: halo around edges Photoshop lens blur Reverse-engineered algorithm: average over circle Size of circle depends on pseudo depth Discard pixels that are too much closer
