Garca et al.

International Journal of Educational Technology

in Higher Education (2016) 13:5
DOI 10.1186/s41239-016-0014-1

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access

Development and evaluation of the team

work skill in university contexts. Are virtual
environments effective?
Mercedes Garca Garca1, Chantal Biencinto Lpez1, Elvira Carpintero Molina1, Eva Expsito Casas2*
and Yovanni A. Ruiz Morales3

* Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract
2
Universidad Nacional de Educacin
a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Espaa Soft skills refer to those personal competencies affecting the way we interact with
Full list of author information is people and they include aspects such as communication, listening, negotiating, team
available at the end of the article work, leadership, ethics, commitment, etc. (Computerworld 35:24, 2001; Dubrin,
Coaching and Mentoring Skills (NetEffect Series), 2004; J Soc Work Pract 14:149-158,
2000; InfoWorld 20:104, 1998; J Coll Teach Learn 2:1-6, 2005; Comput Can 24:21-22,
1998; Waller, Soft skills for lawyers, 2007). The role of soft skills in terms of personal
growth, employability, social development, social participation, change adaptation,
etc. has been widely acknowledged although there is no agreement regarding the
differential importance of some soft skills over others. However, the latter point is
relative given that it depends on the field of reference. Despite the fact that these
competencies are highly valued in the labor market, universities seem to overlook
this demand throughout students education process and the development and
assessment of these competencies have been given but scant attention. Further,
the increasing emphasis on the use of ICTs in university education and a gradual
trend towards blended-learning and virtual environments have prevented the
development of these competencies as they are thought to require face-to-face
interaction amongst classmates and between students and teachers. This study
presents the results of an innovative proposal that intends to break these barriers
by focusing on promoting the learning and assessment of team work skills in
virtual environments. These results prove the suitability of the program when it
comes to developing and evaluating these skills in a b-learning environment.
Keywords: Blended-learning, Soft skills, Team work, Problem-based learning

Introduction
Competency is a polysemous term which has been defined from different perspectives
(European Commission 2008; Zabala and Arnau 2007), but the most widely accepted
definition seems to be the concept of competency as a set of abilities, knowledge,
procedures, techniques and attitudes a person owns and which are necessary to a)
carry out professional tasks in a specific job in an efficient way; b) solve problems in
an autonomous, free and creative way and c) collaborate in work organization and in
the socio-labor environment. In the Final Report (stage I) of the Tuning project
(Gonzlez and Wagenaar 2003) competences [sic] and skills are understood as
2016 Garca et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made.
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 2 of 11

including knowing and understanding (theoretical knowledge of an academic field,

the capacity to know and understand), knowing how to act (practical and operational
application of knowledge to certain situations), knowing how to be (values as an
integral element of the way of perceiving and living with others and in a social
context.
Today, working environments less stable than they used to be require both
students and graduates and future employees to adopt new strategies that will satisfy
the demands of a global market in constant change. The reduction of the unemploy-
ment rate in the European population between 20 and 64 years of age is one of the
strategic objectives of the EU for 2020 and one of the ways to achieve this is to provide
the population with those competencies and abilities that are suitable for current and
future jobs (European Commission 2014). Universities tend to focus on the develop-
ment of formal competencies, whereas employers give primary value to all those related
to instrumental, interpersonal and systemic skills (Riesco Gonzlez 2008).
The specialized literature in English distinguishes these so-called soft skills from
other competencies related to specific technical and methodological knowledge, or hard
skills. Hard skills are highly valued in the academic world whereas soft skills are highly
valued in the working environment. Hoffman (2003) highlighted the discrepancies
between the knowledge acquired by students and businesses actual needs. Thus, if a
close link between universities and businesses is to be promoted, higher education
needs to include generic competencies and soft skills specifically as a learning
objective and systematically evaluate them throughout the university learning process
regardless of degree or specialization. This seems to be the only way of ensuring that
these skills are learned by students and added to their competency expertise in a
gradual and efficient manner.
Thus, soft skills refer to personal competencies that affect the way we interact with
people and include communication, listening and negotiation skills, as well as team
work, leadership and planning, reflection and critical thinking, ethics and commitment
(Dash 2001; Dubrin 2004; Gorman 2000; Isaacs 1998; Nealy 2005; Schulz 1998; Waller
2007). Starting in the late 1990s, a series of studies have shown the importance of these
skills for business and industry, especially in those jobs demanding a certain level of
responsibility and a capacity to organize and structure work autonomously and work in
teams (Aquilino et al. 2006; Cameron and Whetten 2002; Gonzlez Maura and
Gonzlez Tirados 2008; Maes et al. 1997; Murnane 1996). But even when soft skills
are essential to achieve efficient work, universities still tend to overlook them.
Corominas et al. (2006) note that teachers value interpersonal relationship skills,
team work, decision making and problem solving throughout students university
education, communication and information management being the skills that are
actually developed and most valued in university classrooms. However, teachers do
not value leadership, initiative, direction, organization and management skills, which
are precisely the most valued competencies in the working environment. Palmer Pol
et al. (2009) note that both academics and employers recognize the importance of
team work, but while academics focus on those competencies related to the learning
process (analysis, problem solving, research), employers focus on capacities related
to autonomy, the efficient use of time, document writing and the use of technology.
In any case, it is necessary to develop both hard and soft competencies and,
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 3 of 11

therefore, the formal university syllabus should systematically include the possibility
of developing interpersonal and evaluation skills in a controlled and supervised
environment (Woeran and Kronsteiner 2007).

Development and evaluation of soft skills in b-learning university environments: the

Evalsoft system
The learning and evaluation of generic competencies in b-learning environments is one
of the outstanding challenges in university education and teachers tutoring work and
continuing feedback is essential when it comes to achieving students autonomy and
cooperation (Medina 2001). However, the process does not end with the development
of a particular skill; it is also necessary to take an active part in the evaluation process.
Students should be informed of their competency acquisition level in order to facilitate
maximum achievement (Tobn 2006). In relation to this, technology has opened the
possibility of making changes in the evaluation process, which is now more auto-
mated, quick, self-regulating and collaborative (Prez Pueyo et al. 2009; Rodrguez
and Ibarra 2010).
Therefore, the learning and evaluation of generic competencies in b-learning environ-
ments is one of the outstanding challenges in university education. The aim of this
study is to present the results of a comprehensive, Moodle compatible system designed
for the development and evaluation of inter-personal competencies teamwork skills
specifically in university students through virtual learning environments (VLE).
The Evalsoft system allows learning, follow up and evaluation of generic competencies
in a virtual professional environment. It is an application that functions as the persistence
layer of a virtual environment running on Moodle; it has been designed and developed to
support those needs derived from a problem-based learning (PBL) methodology. This
software allows easy and efficient management of students team work and teachers
monitoring by including different skill evaluation tools based on self-evaluation, peer-
evaluation and teacher evaluation.
Skill learning is associated with an active team learning environment that includes
the use of CTIs. Sancho, Fuentes and Fernndez-Manjn (2007, 2009) claim that the
use of learning management systems (LMS) should be part of a pedagogical approach
featuring training activities coordinated with the possibilities opened up by technology
in an educational context.
The Evalsoft system is based on a blended learning approach that combines game
and role-play dynamics with problem-based and collaborative learning strategies. Thus,
the pedagogical approach is based on role-plays in which students have to carry out a
series of tasks working in teams in order to solve a problem. Successful PBL strategies
require planning, organization and an efficient task distribution, but group cooperation
and cohesion also needs to be cared for. The former are part of what constitutes effi-
cient leadership and the latter are related to the capacity to work in teams. Therefore,
these two competencies are included in the learning process along with the specific
skills applied to solve the problem. Team work skills are developed through blended or
remote tasks in which the leading role in each mission is rotated.
Each team organizes itself, collaborates and self-regulates in order to solve the pro-
posed mission under their teachers supervision. One of the key aspects in successful
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 4 of 11

work teams is grouping. Therefore, teams are set up with 35 members in accordance
with a diagnosis of students learning styles (Vermunts Learning Styles Inventory)
(Vermunt 1992), the aim being setting up self-regulating teams. That is, groups are
intra-heterogeneous in terms of autonomy level but inter-homogeneous in relation to
all the groups in the classroom so as to ensure balance and effectiveness in all teams.
Students are assigned a functional role with specific tasks they will be responsible for
within their team.
The learning process starts with the presentation of a project or mission that students
have to solve by searching for information, analyzing and summarizing it, writing,
making decisions, planning, organizing work and cooperating in a virtual environment.
The virtual format allows for working remotely, coordinating time zones and reconcil-
ing the working pace of all the team members. As previously mentioned, the system
runs under Moodle modified with new plug-ins and with a private server in order to
facilitate the management and evaluation of team work, as well as the specific skills to
solve the learning problem proposed. Given that competency is evaluated by carrying
out tasks and is developed throughout the learning process, evaluation needs to be
anchored in this process in order to collect evidence favoring competency achievement
(Villardn 2006).
Therefore, the competencies that students have to apply in action are defined, and
the evaluation criteria and indicators that will allow assessment of the acquisition of
competencies through students answers to situations taken from a real context are
specified. To sum up, the Evalsoft system has been created to be developed cyclically in
five stages (Fig. 1). It is a continuing process, which means that once the mission is
completed, a second iteration with a new mission can be initiated.
Team building and role assignment (Stage 2) are carried out based on students inter-
personal skills scores and on the perception of satisfaction and compatibility amongst
team members. A quarterly subject can be developed through two or three iterations
depending on the extension and level of difficulty of the project or mission. Moodle
provides a series of collaborative instruments that are used in Stage 3 to facilitate work

1. Self-administration of the Learning Styles

Inventory

2. Team building and role assignments

3. Mission or project assignment

4. Team work evaluation

5. Interpersonal competences evaluation

Fig. 1 Evalsoft system stages

Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 5 of 11

development and help complete the mission or project: glossary and private group
chat through the whole course of the mission and a private group forum and private
group wiki that can be independent in each stage depending on the difficulty and
differentiation of the project tasks. Each post created by each group member can be
improved, extended and corrected by classmates and, thus, the mission is carried out
cooperatively.

Objectives
The objective is to improve university students team work skills (soft skills) in a
b-learning environment (Evalsoft system) designed for undergraduate courses. It is,
therefore, important to check the level of reliability that soft skills evaluation can
achieve in virtual contexts and, consequently, it is worth considering whether or
not team work skills can be reliably developed and evaluated in b-learning environ-
ments. Furthermore, it is also important to assess whether the Evalsoft system can
be an accessible, efficient and realistic tool allowing university teachers to incorpor-
ate the learning and evaluation of generic competencies students will require for
their future career advancement.

Population and sample

The population was made up by students enrolled in Teacher Training, Pedagogy,
Social Education, Business Management, Educational Psychology and Materials
Engineering courses at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Sampling
was non-probability and incidental. The total sample includes 893 UCM students
distributed by degree as shown in Fig. 2.
The largest percentage corresponds to degrees in the Education field (more than 80 %),
the remaining 12 % being distributed among Politics (1.2 %), Business Management (7 %)
and Materials Engineering (4 %). In terms of gender distribution, over 78 % of the sample
population was female and 22 % was male. The sample was divided into two groups in
order to verify achievement of the objectives of the study: an intervention group which
participated by using and implementing the Evalsoft tool (73.6 % of the sample) and a
non-intervention group which was given traditional education with no specific use of
virtual campus except for collecting material (26.4 %).

Materials Engineering 3.80%

Political Science Degree 1.20%

Business Management Degree 6.90%

Educational Psychology Degree 2.50%

Social Education Degree 4.80%

Childhood Education Degree 24.90%

Primary Education Degree 33%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Fig. 2 Sample distribution by degree

Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 6 of 11

Variables
Students learning context either on-site or b-learning with Evalsoft software is the
independent variable for the analysis and study work, team work skills being the
dependent variable. The agreed definition of team work in this study is to become
integrated, collaborate and cooperate with others in an active and efficient way to
achieve common objectives (Ruiz Morales 2013).

Instrument
An instrument to evaluate team work skills was designed and assessed based on a
review of the specialized literature (Bloxham and Boyd 2007; Ibarra and Rodrguez
2007). The object of this instrument is for students to self-evaluate their performance
on a 110 scale in accordance with six categories related to this skill (supporting and
motivating group members, agreement on and acceptance of team rules, participative
attendance at group meetings, contribution of ideas and research material on the
subject, analysis and preparation, contribution to the group cooperative processes).
Two contrasting criteria were set for each of the categories (semantic differential scale)
in order to help students with their self-evaluation process.

Data analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS pack (version 19.0). The instruments
internal consistency was assessed with Cronbachs Alpha, and team work skill differ-
ences between on-site and b-learning contexts were studied through an analysis of
covariance.

Results
The instrument shows a very good internal consistency level (George and Mallery
1995), Cronbachs alpha reached a 0.837 value (over 0.8). We carried out a covariance
analysis and checked the starting position in order to analyze changes in the team work
skill across different learning contexts. The results obtained reveal the environments
capacity to affect skill level. Table 1 shows that the group variable is statistically
significant (p-value < 0,000), which means there are significant differences between
the intervention group and the non-intervention group. More specifically, the
estimated values for these differences is +3.207. That is, the results in the intervention

Table 1 Ancova TW competence

Source Sum of type III squares gl Root mean square F Significance
Corrected model 2644,201b 2 1322,101 79,597 ,000
Intersection 36755,915 1 36755,915 2212,875 ,000
PREtest 1091,087 1 1091,087 65,688 ,000
GROUP 1772,382 1 1772,382 106,706 ,000
Error 14782,924 890 16,610
Total 2332308,018 893
Corrected total 17427,125 892
b
R squared = corrected R squared = .150
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 7 of 11

Table 2 Ancova TW competence

Parameter B Standard t Significance 95 % Confidence Partial Eta Non-centrality Observed
error interval squared parameter power
Lower Upper
limit limit
Interseccin 41,32 ,950 43,478 ,000 39,453 43,183 ,680 43,478 1,000
PREtest ,151 ,019 8,105 ,000 ,115 ,188 ,069 8,105 1,000
[GRUPO =1] 3,207 ,310 10,330 ,000 2,598 3,816 ,107 10,330 1,000
[GRUPO =2] 0b . . . . . . . .
b
This parameter is set to 0 because it is redundant

group are on average 3.207 points higher than those obtained in the non-intervention
group (Table 2).
Table 3 and Fig. 3 show that the the non-intervention group mean results are below
50 points, whereas the intervention group exceeds this threshold.
The results show positive empirical evidence for the b-learning context (intervention
group) in the development of team work skills. Therefore, it is safe to state that the
implementation of e-learning and evaluation tasks in a b-learning context has a direct,
positive and significant effect in the learning of team work skills.

Conclusions
Although previous studies have pointed out difficulties in the evaluation of team work,
commitment and leadership in b-learning environments (Herradn Diez et al. 2009),
this study reveals that team work soft skills reach higher achievement levels through
the Evalsoft system in a b-learning environment than in the traditional classroom
context using the virtual campus only as a document repository, these results being in
line with the work by Guitert et al. (2007).
In this regard, PBL articulated with e-tasks, simulated context, collaboration and com-
munication tools (forum and wiki) seem to facilitate the learning and development of this
skill. More specifically, e-tasks favor collaborative e-learning; that is, tasks related to
learning by doing (planning, building, designing, proposing) in turn facilitate learning
by discovery (searching, questioning, exploring) and enable e-evaluation as a form of
reflection and improvement (self-evaluation, peer-evaluation) so that students experi-
ence skill learning based on their involvement and co-responsibility in team work.
Adaptation to students needs and interests is one of the keys to the success of this
work system, characterized by an integrated use of new technologies and by the close
link to students future career course. A detailed analysis of the constitutive elements of
this system shows that the wiki and the e-forum are the key tools provided by Evalsoft
in terms of the development of team work skills observed in the intervention group.
Specifically, the wiki can be key to students team work as it enables and facilitates the

Table 3 Team work skill descriptive statistics

Group Mean Standard 95 % interval confidence
error
Lower limit Upper limit
Intervention 51,762a ,159 51,449 52,074
Non-intervention 48,555a ,266 48,033 49,077
a
Co-variables are evaluated with the following values: PRE test scoring = 47.89
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 8 of 11

Team work scores (Intervention/ Non intervention)

53

52

51

50

49

48

47

46
Intervention Non-Intervention
Fig. 3 Differences between Intervention and Non-intervention groups. Team work skill

planning of actions to be carried out in the resolution of the proposed mission or

problem and is also useful for the co-creation of the team work final document, all this
being in line with findings in similar studies (Gonzlez Pareja et al. 2006; Benito et al.
2008; Echazarreta et al. 2009; Redondo et al. 2009; Santos 2009; Vaquerizo et al. 2009;
Villanueva, 2009).
Similarly, the e-forums used throughout the intervention facilitate students inter-
action in the collaborative prosecution of the mission as they allow the sharing of ideas,
comments, messages, information and emoticons. Along these same lines, Marcelo
Garca and Perera Rodrguez (2007); Llorente (2008) and Ezeiza and Palacios (2009)
find that academic forums favor personal communication and relationships as well as
students interaction in a virtual environment. The fact that students are highly familiar
with this work tool, which they use in daily life, is also a factor worth considering as it
places this work system substantially close to students lives.
To sum up, the results obtained reveal that PBL and, more specifically, the Evalsoft tool
facilitate the learning and development of team work skills. This is in line with the find-
ings of previous studies by a series of authors (Hernndez and Lacuesta 2007; lvarez
et al. 2009; Sancho Thomas et al. 2009; Salmern et al. 2010; and Sancho Thomas et al.,
2011). Thus, the possibility of developing soft skills in remote learning environments ap-
pears to be an achievable objective thanks to ICT tools, which allow for the creating of
enriched learning environments where virtual reality brings students closer to the working
world. This results in more effective training and future professional work. The advance-
ment of remote and semi-remote learning environments needs to provide an effective an-
swer to this requirement, one which can guarantee high quality training for future
professionals. This kind of training in turn requires a specific focus on skills development,
which is essential to personal and professional development.
However, it is worth noting that the data obtained in this study, though promising in
terms of skills development in virtual environments, is still insufficient and requires
further research specifically focused on students internal processes of interrelation.
Moreover, it would be desirable to expand the study sample in order to obtain more
solid evidence in terms of the Evalsoft tools efficacy.
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 9 of 11

About the authors

Mercedes Garca Garca
[email protected]
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2942-3141
Professor at the Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin de la Universidad
Complutense de Madrid (UCM), [Department of Research Methods in the field of Education], Spain
PhD in Education Science. Director of the research group 940424 Pedagoga Adaptativa [Adaptive Pedagogy]. She has
published more than 40 scientific papers and has taken part in more than 35 research projects. Her areas of research
in recent years have focused on adaptation strategies at the ESO [Educacin Secundaria Obligatoria, compulsory stage
of secondary education in Spain], university tuition at the EHEA and evaluation of interpersonal skills in university
b-learning contexts. Director of the Servicio de Orientacin Educativa de la Facultad de Educacin [Educational
guidance services at the School of Education]. Her teaching activity is focused mainly on Differential Pedagogy
and Educational Guidance.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin
Rector Royo Villanova, s/n
28040 Madrid
Spain
Chantal Biencinto Lpez
[email protected]
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-2230
Associate Professor at the Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin de la Facultad de
Educacin de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) [Department of Research Methods in the field of
Education], Spain
PhD in Philosophy and Education Science (2003) and BA in Philosophy and Education Science (1996) at Universidad
Complutense de Madrid (UCM). She has been carrying out teaching work since 1999. She has taken part in more than
30 competitive projects and published 18 papers in indexed journals as well as books and book chapters and 22
contributions to Spanish and international congresses over the last decade. She is a member of the Grupo de
Investigacin Consolidado Pedagoga Adaptativa [Adaptive Pedagogy research group]. Her main research areas are
research methodology, statistical analysis and e-evaluation of interpersonal skills in the university context.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin
Rector Royo Villanova, s/n
28040 Madrid
Espaa
Elvira Carpintero Mollina
[email protected]
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-6857
Associate Professor at the Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin de la Facultad de
Educacin de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) [Department of Research Methods in the field of
Education] Spain.
PhD in Educational Psychology at Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Her teaching activity is focused on
Differential Pedagogy and Educational Guidance. She has taken part in 19 research projects and has published 17
papers in indexed journals as well as books and book chapters. Her main research areas are related to learning
strategies, adaptive education and the creation of objective tests.
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin
Rector Royo Villanova, s/n
28040 Madrid
Espaa
Eva Expsito Casas
[email protected]
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-3228
Assistant Professor at the Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin II [Department of
Research Methods in the field of Education], Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia (UNED), Spain
In 2008 she was granted a Formacin del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) [University teacher training] scholarship. She
worked as a teacher and researcher at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) until 2011. She is currently
doing PhD studies at the UCM with her research focusing on standard scores and their impact on large-scale
evaluation. She has been a a member of the Medida y Evaluacin de Sistemas Educativos (Grupo MESE) UCM
research group [Education System Measurement and Assessment Group] since 2007 and she joined the UNED
Grupo de Investigacin en Sistemas de Orientacin Psicopedaggica y competencias de los orientadores (GRISOP)
[Research Group on Educational and Career Guidance Systems and Guidance Professionals Competences] in 2011.
Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia
Departamento de Mtodos de Investigacin y Diagnstico en Educacin II
Juan del Rosal, 14
28040 Madrid
Espaa
Yovanni A. Ruiz Morales
[email protected]
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3818-5314
Professor at the Universidad Nacional Experimental del Tchira (UNET), Venezuela
Garca et al. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2016) 13:5 Page 10 of 11

PhD in Education at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2013) and Computer Science Teacher. He has taken part
in six funded research projects and published several articles and conference papers. In 2005 he was appointed to a
full time position at the UNET, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses. He specializes in research
methodology and e-evaluation of generic competences at the university level.
Universidad Nacional Experimental del Tchira
C/3 N 2 02
San Cristbal-5015
Estado Tchira
Venezuela

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgement
This study is part of the Evalsoft project: Evaluation of soft skills at the university level. Comparative study of virtual and
attendance-based environments. Ref: EA2009-0020. Programa de Estudios y Anlisis para la mejora de la calidad de la
enseanza superior y de la actividad del profesorado universitario. Direccin General de Universidades de la Secretara
de Estado de Universidades (Ministerio de Educacin).

Author details
1
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Espaa. 2Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia (UNED),
Madrid, Espaa. 3Universidad Nacional Experimental del Tchira (UNET), Caracas, Venezuela.

Received: 24 December 2015 Accepted: 15 January 2016

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