1

About National Institute of

Technology Arunachal Pradesh
The National Institute of Technology
Arunachal Pradesh was inaugurated on 18th
Aug 2010 as a member of a group of ten
new NITs. These new NITs were established
as centers of excellence in technical
education to combat the growing need of
technological professionals in India as well as in the World. The institute has been
through many trials since its establishment in 2010, but ultimately has triumphed
over all challenges and is thriving today with more than 350 students on roll and
many distinguished members of faculty as well as a good many numbers of
competent administrative staff.

About Electrical & Electronics Engineering:

Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a

field of engineering that generally deals
with the study and application
of electricity, electronics and
electromagnetism. The field first became
an identifiable occupation in the late
nineteenth century after
commercialization of the electric
telegraph and electrical power supply. It
now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems,
signal processing and telecommunications. The Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering was established right from inception of the institute in
2010. The department offers a four year degree program in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering with an annual intake of 30 students.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
 14

Wireless Power Transmission for Space Based Solar Power

1
Krishna Kumar, 2Vivek Hanumante, 1Santosh Shukla
1
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
2
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh
Wireless Power Transmission has been the major breakthrough in the field of
electricity in recent years of technological advancements. The significance of
greenhouse effect resulting from burning fossil fuels and escalating prices of fossil
fuels have again brought to the publics attention the possibility of utilizing
renewable energy sources. As the level of energy consumption is mounting
throughout the world, the chances for the generation of uninterrupted renewable
power is becoming more likely with the implementation of solar power systems.
The concept of wireless power transmission for Space based Solar Power (SPS)
was first proposed by Peter Glaser in 1986. This article presents the wide
possibility of generating electricity using the Solar Power in space by using solar
cells in earth orbit and utilizing wireless power transmission. Since earth suffers
from the lack of availability of solar power as is it is available only during day
time. The solar panel can be mounted on the satellite which can revolve in earths
orbit. In a geo-synchronous system, SPS can be illuminated for over 99% of the
time. Figure 1 presents the comparison of solar energy.

Figure 1: Comparison of Space and Ground solar energy.

In space, a solar energy collected and converted into DC electricity. The power
generated in space can be transmitted wirelessly to earth in three ways using:
1. Microwave signal: Collected DC energy is converted into Microwave using
a DC-to-microwave converter, and a large array to beam down the microwave
power; over the ground, a large Rectenna (rectifying antenna) to convert the
microwave power back to DC power. The main advantage of using Microwave
signal is its haze (atmosphere) penetrating property, and high travelling speed
equals to the speed of light, which in turns results into the high range of
 15

transmission of wireless power. Due to this it is remote sensing and can be

advantageous in transmitting power in hard locations.
But it suffers from major disadvantage of requirement of large antenna size.
2. LASER: LASER helps in overcoming the disadvantage of wireless power
transmission using
microwave signal. LASER
being highly directive and
having narrow beamwidth
requires less antenna
aperture.
But LASER suffers from
the disadvantages like power
losses due to atmosphere,
rain attenuation in
stratosphere.
3. Hybrid LASER-
Microwave: This method is
employed to overcome the major disadvantages of previous two methods. In this
method power is beamed using LASER from satellite to photovoltaic array on the
platform present in stratosphere at the height of 20km from the ground. Then
received power at stratosphere is again converted into microwave and is
transmitted to the ground.
In this hybrid method LASER is used to transmit power from satellite to platform
since it is highly directive and does not suffer from atmospheric losses till
stratosphere. Further power is transmitted using microwave to eliminate the losses
by LASER. Conversion and retransmission of power reduces the system
efficiency, but the combination of LASER and microwave reduces the size of
Rectenna, which in turns also reduces the total cost of the system.
Apart from utilizing the benefit of Wireless Power Transmission, one of the
sophisticated applications of SPS system is in Thunderstorm Solar Power Satellite
(TSPS). In the TSPS concept this beam is concentrated and directed into the cold
rain region of a thunderstorm. Directing this beam of intense energy into the cold
rain downdraft of a mesocyclone will heat the raindrops. This is expected to
disrupt the tornado formation process if the heating is applied to the right place to
destabilize the convective shears. This can be helpful in saving many lives and
properties.
Wireless Power Transmission is one of the prevailing fields in Power and
Energy. This includes a wide range of future scope and technological
advancement.
 16

Coreless Motor

Motors are those devices which convert electrical energy into motion. It is one of
the most beautiful applications of the theory- "current carrying conductor
experience force when placed in magnetic field for certain orientation".
First device which response to electrical signal by producing circular motion was
demonstrated by Michael Faraday in 1821.He dipped a bar magnet in a cup filled
with mercury and a free-hanging wire above it so that its one end is dipped in pool
of mercury. When current flows from wire, it will rotate around magnet. Later on,
practical motor are developed with armature placed in magnetic field and can be
used to get motion.
Conventional motors are consisting of
coil winded on a soft iron core which
together called armature. Armature is
placed between two opposite poles of
Fig: A section of Coreless Motor
magnet and when current flows from
the coil, torque experience by
armature causes rotatory motion.
Coreless motor was invented by
Nobuteru Maekawa. He published his
paper and made patent in his name in 1978.Since then, many innovations and
development were introduce to make it more efficient.
Coreless motors are those motors in which rotor is used which is analog to iron
core armature in conventional motor. But rotor shape and structure is totally
different from that of armature. Armature resemble solid cylindrical structure with
rotating stuff at its axis whereas rotor is hollow cylindrical in structure. Other
components like commutator, brushes are used but main thing which create
difference is winding of coils in rotor, rotor structure and structure of magnet. It
has a cylindrical magnet present at the center around which cup-shaped hollow
rotor is free to rotate. Cylindrical magnet has as hole through the axis in which
stuff of rotor is placed to provide support to rotating rotor. The rotor is hollow
cylindrical with one end open and other is provided with a flat circular supporting
Disc. This disc is non-conducting with attached commutator comprising a plurality
of segments vertically erected around central axis of the disk-shaped plate. Rotor
comprising a radially thin cylindrical coil formed of progressive uniform and
smoothly continuous convolutions of insulated wire. Main innovation in this motor
is the winding pattern which resembles rhombus structure. This rhombus shaped
coil is actually on the surface of cylindrical rotor.
Outside of the rotor is stator which is made up of magnetic material for encasing
rotor. Since stator is made up of magnetic material, so it concentrate magnetic field
 17

lines maximum to pass through rotor and produce maximum torque. It also protect
rotating rotor from outer disturbance. There is a narrow space present between
cylindrical magnet and stator in which rotor is free to rotate.
In coreless motor, rotor consists entirely of coil and no heavy component like iron,
so it has low inertia and attains maximum speed in very less interval of time. Some
of advantages of coreless motor over conventional motors are:
1. Smooth cog-free operation
2. Due to absence of iron core, rotor has low moment of inertia hence fast
acceleration (150,000 rad/sec2).
3. Negligible iron loss and hence higher efficiency.
4. Zero detent and low ripple torque (<1.5%) for precision speed control.
5. Low starting voltage for accurate low speed voltage.
6. Long life of brush and commmutator due to low inductance of coil because
of absence of iron core.
7. Achieve saturation speed quickly due to low inductance of coil less moment
of inertia.
8. Low time constant (typically 10ms) means sharper response capability.

But it also have some demerits like due to the lack of iron in their rotors,
coreless motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this design is
generally used just in small scale motor. So there is forced air cooling system in
high power motors. Also it is high cost motor. Commutators and brushes are
typically small, primarily because they are made of precious metals like gold,
silver, platinum, or palladium. A smaller commutator has lower peripheral
speed, less wear, and accounts for a smaller motor.

Nowadays, this coreless motor is used in much equipment due to its reliability,
compact size and
good controlling. It is used in
1. Mobile phones for vibration and in pager due to small size.
2. ATM machine cash dispenser and Card reader.
3. Coin counter/sorter.
4. Airplane LCD screens positioner.
5. Security camera pan and tilt drivers and lot more.
6. In robots for movements of arms, camera, sensor etc.

Himesh Kumar
IInd Year, EEE
 18

Latest Trends in Power Systems

Germany is considering an aggressive plan that would push high-voltage direct
current, or HVDC, from its conventional position on the periphery of AC grids to a
central role .The primary reason is simple: For the first time, HVDC seems cheaper
than patching up the AC grid .But Germanys transmission planners also have
another motivation .They want to provide as much performance and reliability as
they can to an AC grid thats already stained by excess wind power. For that they
are considering implementing power electronics that are capable of doing
something thats never before done on a commercial line: stop DC current in
milliseconds flat.

The Smartest Greenest Grid.

One Factor that has made HVDC particularly attractive is improvements to

electronic convertors-the units at either end of the line that transform AC current
 19

into DC current, and vice versa. Classic HVDC lines use convertors built from
thyristors, which are efficient but limited in their capabilities.

In the late 1990s Swedish engineering giant ABB commercialized more

sophisticated and compact convertors, built from high-frequency silicon insulated-
gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs). These Voltage source convertors (VSCs)
control their own voltage and can thus help stabilize the AC grid around them. In
an HVDC line using these advanced convertors, hundreds of IGBTs connected in
series fire synchronously to channel power from AC line and rectify it into steady
current for DC line. The convertor at the downstream end of the line powers a
similar process to convert the current back into AC .At the same time these IGBT-
based convertors can watch for and correct voltage dips or surges on the AC lines.
That has made them popular in applications such as linking offshore wind farms
where shifting power levels require dynamic regulation of voltage at the AC
connection point.

Stationary and Mobile Energy Storage Systems: According to a recent U.S.

Department of Energy (DOE) Report, a future smart grid should accommodate all
generation and storage options. Pumped hydro, compressed air, superconducting
magnetic storage units, batteries, super capacitors, and flywheels are among the
main stationary storage options envisioned for smart grids. Magnetic storage
options, e.g., superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems, are fast-
acting and suitable for load leveling, voltage and frequency stability, and
improving Power quality. Electrochemical energy storage options have been
widely adopted due to their desirable characteristics, such as rapid responses,
cycling capability, and relatively low cost. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the
fastest-growing battery technology in utility-scale applications and will make up
more than a quarter of the US$4.1 billion stationary energy Storage market by
2018. Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries are another viable large-scale storage option,
given their high energy density, high efficiency of charge and discharge, long cycle
life, and low material cost. Their high operating temperature (300350 C) and the
highly corrosive nature of their sodium polysulfide des make them more suitable
for stationary applications. Recent advancements of the technology include solid
sodium metals linked to a sulphur Compound by a paper-thin ceramic membrane.
Such batteries can operate at a lower temperature range (less than 90 C) and store
up to 40 MWh. It is expected that NaS will Become the major energy storage
technology for smart grid developments: Japan has installed more than 200 MW of
 20

NaS storage. The largest utility-scale NaS battery in the United States (4 MW),
nicknamed big old battery, is installed in Presidio, Texas.

Mobile energy storage systems, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs),
are viable storage options for future smart grids. Successful commercialization of
PHEVs as mobile storage options will correlate with onboard storage technology
development. Li-ion batteries are a viable option; their energy density is projected
to reach the practical Limit of 250 Wh/kg by 2025, and their cost should decrease
to US$250300/kWh by 2030. Lithium sulfur batteries are another high-density
energy option (350 Wh/kg). Their cycle life is expected to rise to 1,000 cycles by
2020. Lithium air batteries, with very high energy densities of up to 1,000 Wh/kg,
are expected to be commercially available by 2020. Hybrid ultra-capacitor/ battery
storage systems can benefit from ultra-capacitor characteristics such as long cycle
life, high charge and discharge efficiency, and wide range of operating
temperature. At a 2008 Los Angeles auto show, AFS Trinity demonstrated a PHEV
with an ultra-capacitor/battery storage unit that it said is six times as durable as Li-
ion batterybased PHEV storage units.

(Source: - IEEE Spectrum May 2013 and IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
2012)

Ankur Katiyar
4th year EEE
 21

THE NEXT GENERATION POWER TRANSMISSION

Japan wants to power up three million houses with wireless energy from space.
They have serious plans to send a solar-panel-equipped satellite into space that
could wirelessly beam a gig watt-strong stream of power down to earth.

Japans wireless, power-generating, solar satellite system

Space Satellite System

The concept of wireless power transmission has been an area of research that the
U.S. Department of Energy (D.O.E.) and the National Aeronautical Space
Administration (NASA) have been working to develop. NASA has been looking
into research to develop a collection of satellites with the capability to collect solar
energy and transmit the power to earth. The current design for project by NASA
and DOE is to use microwaves to transfer power to rectifying antennas on earths.

William C. Brown, the pioneer in wireless power transmission technology, has

designed, developed a unit and demonstrated to show how power can be
transferred through free space by microwaves. In the transmission side, the
microwave power source generates microwave power and the output power is
controlled by electronic control circuits. The wave guide ferrite circulator which
protects the microwave source from reflected power is connected with the
microwave power source through the Coax Wave guide Adaptor. The tuner
matches the impedance between the transmitting antenna and the microwave
source. The attenuated signals will separated which is based on the direction of
signal propagation by Directional Coupler. The transmitting antenna radiates the
power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. In the receiving side, a
rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power into
DC power. The impedance matching circuit and filter is provided to setting the
output impedance of a signal source equal to the rectifying circuit. The rectifying
circuit consists of Schottky barrier diodes converts the received microwave power
into DC power.
 22

Nikolai Tesla
Nikolai Tesla was the first to develop the designs for wireless power transmission.
Tesla was famed for his work in the research and worked with alternating current.
His wireless research began with his original transformer design and though a
series of experiments that separated the primary and the secondary coils of a
transformer. Tesla performed many wireless power transmission experiments near
Colorado Springs. Tesla in his experiment was able to light a filament with only a
single connection to earth. Teslas findings lead him to design the Wardenclyffe
plant as a giant mushroom shaped wireless power transmitter. He was unable to
complete construction of this project.

Wardenclyffe tower also known as teslas tower (187 foot) at long Island, New York.

Components of WPT System

The Primary components of Wireless Power Transmission are Microwave

Generator, Transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna (Rectenna).

Microwave Generator:- The microwave transmitting devices are classified as

Microwave Vacuum Tubes (magnetron, klystron, Travelling Wave Tube (TWT),
and Microwave Power Module (MPM)) and Semiconductor Microwave
transmitters (GaAs MESFET, GaN pHEMT, SiC MESFET, AlGaN/GaN HFET,
 23

and InGaAS). Magnetron is widely used for experimentation of WPT. The

microwave transmission often uses 2.45GHz or 5.8GHz of ISM band. The other
choices of frequencies are 8.5 GHz, 10 GHz and 35 GHz. The highest efficiency
over 90% is achieved at 2.45 GHz among all the frequencies.

Transmitting Antenna:- The slotted wave guide antenna, micro strip patch
antenna, and parabolic dish antenna are the most popular type of transmitting
antenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of
its high efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.

Rectenna:- The concept, the name Rectenna was conceived by W.C. Brown of
Raytheon Company in the early of 1960s. The Rectenna is a passive element
consists of antenna, rectifying circuit with a low pass filter between the antennas
and rectifying diode. The antenna used in rectenna may be dipole, Yagi Uda,
micro-strip or parabolic dish antenna. The patch dipole antenna achieved the
highest efficiency among all. Schottky barrier diodes (GaAs-W, Si, and GaAs) are
usually used in the rectifying circuit due to the faster reverse recovery time and
much lower forward voltage drop and good RF characteristics.

Ankit Kumar Garg

IIIrd Year, EEE
 24

How does solar power plant work

Solar power works by converting sunlight directly into electricity, which we can be
use to supply in our homes and cities. But this amazing feat does not happen by
magic. It takes a careful mix of chemistry, physics, engineering, manufacturing,
electrical work and some good old-fashioned labor.

sun has almost everything to do with solar energy; it is only sun who manages to
provide 1000 watts of power per square meter. That is enormous amount of energy
to take, if we have enough solar cells array to place on open land to capture energy.
Proper solar panels are very common these days, these solar panels can take up the
entire electricity load of a home, although this is not very common but definitely
on the way to be very useful and adoptable in near future. Where most all of our
homes will be using solar power home

Solar power plants can produce energy in two ways:

1. Solar thermal power plants - In this type, solar energy heats a transfer fluid, which is
used to heat water. That water creates steam to spin a turbine that can then produce
electricity.
 25

2. Solar photovoltaic (PV) plants - PV plants utilize solar power panels to convert solar
radiation directly into electricity.

Solar-Thermal plants:

In these plants, commonly known as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants,

several rows of trough-shaped, parabolic mirrors are strategically designed to
capture and concentrate the sun rays onto a focal point; Just like a child might use
a magnifying glass to burn ants. That point is a black pipe running the length of the
row of mirrors. Inside this pipe is a transfer fluid, which heats up to very hot
temperatures, often upwards of 300 degrees Fahrenheit, which then heats water to
create steam. The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce
electricity, Subsequently transmitted over power lines. On cloudy days, the plant
has a supplementary natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas to heat the
water, creating steam to generate electricity.

A CSP power plant allows delivery of sustainable energy to the local rural
populations of developing countrieseven in the remotest areas. The only thing
that is needed is sunlight, a large area of flat land and water. These inputs are all
available in Namibia and in Mozambique, where there is shortages of electricity.
Such shortages regularly cause shutdowns of the electricity network of several
provinces. By providing electricity generation, the CSP power plant has the
potential to enormously improve the quality of life and living for people in these
areas.

Solar Photovoltaic Plants

Photovoltaic plants are very straightforward. Several solar power panels are
installed to form an array. Typically, a handful of panels will be "strung" together
in series on a single mounting system. Each set of panels collects solar energy,
converts it directly into electricity, and sends that electricity through wiring to the
electric grid. PV power plants are relatively rare because solar thermal power is
currently much more efficient at producing electricity on a large scale.

The process begins with the solar cell. This scientific creation is the base from
which the solar panel is built. Solar cells contain one or more semiconductor
materials that are able through their makeup and positioning to convert sunlight
into electricity. These solar panels are shipped to our home, where they are
mounted by qualified installers onto our rooftop or some other mounting system.
 26

Once installed, those panels are wired together in series to form a solar array. The
electrical current running through these wires must pass through an inverter, where
the direct-current (DC) electricity created by the solar panels is converted to
alternating-current (AC) that is usable in the home. Most of the solar systems are
grid-tied, meaning that excess solar electricity is funneled back into the grid. There
may be some additional steps which can be installed by different companies to
enhance and improve the maintenance and overall performance of solar panels.
These steps may include, electric meter, weather station device, DC switch
disconnection module, Transformer, AC switch disconnection module, data
acquisition module, electricity distribution panel module

The efficiency of solar power, or more specifically a solar panel, depends on the
materials used to make each solar cell. A solar cell is that portion of a solar panel
in which sunlight is collected and converted to solar electricity. The materials
within each cell that perform this valuable duty are semiconductors. The efficiency
of a solar cell - and of solar power - is measured as the percentage of the total
sunlight striking the cell that is converted into electricity by the cell.
 27

In conventional solar panels, crystalline silicon is the semiconductor of choice.

Silicon solar panels hold the highest consistent conversion efficiencies of solar
panels in use today. They convert on and average between 15 and 20 percent of the
light that hits them.

Thin-film solar panels are considered the wave of the future. They cost much less
to manufacture than crystalline silicon panels, but as of yet cannot equal silicon in
conversion efficiency. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium-indium-gallium-
selenide (CIGS) solar panels are the current champions of thin-film solar
technologies, averaging around 11 percent efficiency. Most of the thin-film solar
cells reside in the 4-10 percent range.

Solar power is still a relatively young technology. Scientists and researchers

believe they can create solar cells that will reach 30-40 percent efficiency and
beyond in the not-too-distant future.

Ankit Kumar Garg

IIIrd Year, EEE
 28

LIGHTING, VOLTAGE SURGES AND LIGHTING

ARRESTOR
Lighting is a very important factor that is to be considering in the power system.
This can create voltage surges in several ways. Lighting can score a direct hit on
our house or can strike the overhead power lines which enters our house, or the
main power line that is blocks away from our home. Lighting can strike branch
circuitry wiring in the walls of our house or an object near our home such as a tree
or the ground itself and cause a surge.
Voltage surges can also be created by cloud to cloud lighting near your home. A
highly charged cloud which passes over our home can also induce a voltage surge.
Voltage surges can also be caused by standard on and off switching activities of
large motors or pieces of equipment. These surges can be created by a neighbor or
by a business or manufacturing facility some distance from our house. These
surges are insidious and for the most part are silent. They can occur with little or
no warning.

Method to suppress lighting and voltage surges:

When a voltage surge is created, it wants to equalize itself and it wants to do it as

quickly as possible. These things seem to have very little patience. The surges will
do whatever it takes to equalize or neutralize them, even if it means short circuiting
all of our electronic equipment. Frequently it looks for the microchips in our
electronic devices. They are an easy target. They offer a path of least resistance
The method of providing maximum protection for equipment is quite simple. By
creating a pathway for the voltage surge (electricity) to get to and into the ground
outside our house as quickly as possible. This is not, in most cases, a difficult task.
The first step is simple. We have to create an excellent grounding system for your
household electrical system. We can achieve this by driving numerous grounding
rods into virgin soil around our house, connected by a continuous heavy solid
copper wire which is welded to each grounding rod. This solid copper wire begins
on the grounding bar inside of our electrical panel and terminates at the last
grounding rod.
Step two in household surge protection is to install a lightning arrester inside of our
electric service panel. These devices can be extremely effective in intercepting
large voltage surges which travel in the electric power lines. These devices capture
the voltage surges and bleed them off to the grounding wire which.
The final step in the protection plan is to install point of use surge suppression
devices. Often these are called transient voltage surge suppressors. They are
 29

capable of only stopping the leftover voltage surge which got past the grounding
system and the lightning arrester. They cannot protect our electronic devices by
themselves. They must be used in conjunction with the grounding system and the
lightning arresters.
Some devices can also protect phone equipment at the same time. This is very
important for those individuals who have computer modems. Massive voltage
surges can come across phone lines as well. These surges can enter our computer
through the telephone line. We have to be sure the telephone ground wire is tied to
the upgraded electrical grounding system

What is a surge arrester?

Surge arresters are devices that help prevent damage to apparatus due to high
voltages. The arrester provides a low-impedance path to ground for the current
from a lightning strike or transient voltage and then restores to a normal operating
conditions. When a high voltage (greater than the normal line voltage) exists on the
line, the arrester immediately furnishes a path to ground and thus limits and drains
off the excess voltage. The arrester must provide this relief and then prevent any
further flow of current to ground. The arrester has two functions; it must provide a
point in the circuit at which an over-voltage pulse can pass to ground and second,
to prevent any follow-up current from flowing to ground.

Working Principle of LA:

The earth screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against
direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against traveling waves,
which may reach the terminal apparatus. The lightning arresters or surge diverters
provide protection against such surges. A lightning arrester or a surge diverted is a
protective device, which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to
the ground.
It consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear resistor. One end of the
diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other
end is effectively grounded. The length of the gap is so set that normal voltage is
not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air
insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-linear resistance is that its
resistance decreases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa.

The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under:

(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no
current to earth or the gap is non-conducting
 30

(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the
ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly
conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the
line.
(iii) It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation
of arrester. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short-
circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester.
Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or
current), it gives the effect of short-circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor
offers high resistance to make the gap non-conducting.

Type of LA for Outdoor Applications:

There are several types of lightning arresters in general use. They differ only in
constructional details but operate on the same principle, providing low resistance
path for the surges to the round.
1. Rod arrester
2. Horn gap arrester
3. Multi gap arrester
4. Expulsion type lightning arrester
5. Valve type lightning arrester
Installation of LA:

The arrester should be connected to ground to a low resistance for
effective discharge of the surge current.
The arrester should be mounted close to the equipment to be protected
& connected with shortest possible lead on both the line & ground
side to reduce the inductive effects of the leads while discharging
large surge current.
Maintenance of LA:
Cleaning the outside of the arrester housing.
The line should be de-energized before handling the arrester.
The earth connection should be checked periodically.
To record the readings of the surge counter.
The line lead is securely fastened to the line conductor and arrester
The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester terminal and
ground.

Santosh Shukla
4th Year EEE
 31

Inrush Current of Transformers

A problem related to the voltage level in the transformer is the problem of current
inrush at starting. Suppose voltage is:
( ) ( )
Is applied at the moment the transformer is first connected to the power line. The
maximum flux height reached on the first half cycle of the applied voltage depends
on the phase of the voltage at the time the voltage is applied. If the initial voltage is
( ) ( ) ( )
And if the initial flux in the core is zero, then the maximum flux during the first
half cycle will just equal the maximum flux at steady state:

The flux level is just the steady-state flux, so ot causes no special problems. But if
applied voltage happens to be
( )
The maximum flux during the first half cycle is given by

( ) ( )

( )

This maximum flux is twice as high as the normal steady state flux. The doubly
maximum flux in the core results in an enormous magnetization current. For this
time transformer looks like short circuit and very large current flows. For any other
phase angle the applied voltage between 90, which is no problem and 0, which is
the worst case, there is some excess current flow. The applied phase angle of the
voltage is not normally controlled on starting, so there can be huge inrush currents
during the first cycles after the transformer is connected to the line. The
transformer and the power system which it is connected must be able to withstand
these currents.

Bikash Sah
Fourth Year, EEE

(Courtesy @ Electrical Machinery Fundamentals, S. J Chapman)

 32

ANTENNA
Antenna is basically a transducer which is used to receive or transmit the
electromagnetic waves . It is also called aerial. Television antenna is designed
to receive the broadcasting TV signals. Antenna Galaxies was established like
the name of the two colliding galaxies are NGC 4038 and NGC 4039.
When a question arises in our mind of designing an antenna, then the first
thing we need to know is the basics or fundamentals of antenna. And these
basics includes the required questions- what is the desired frequency, gain,
bandwidth, impedance, polarization? These parameters are explained below-

Frequency

Frequency is the oscillating speed of the electromagnetic waves which

governs how the wave propagates and how it reflects?

Frequency Bands

Frequency bands which is the range over which an antenna can properly
radiate or receive energy.

Radiation Pattern

It is the graphical depiction of the relative field strength transmitted from or

received by an antenna .

Directivity

It is a measure of how directional an antennas radiation pattern is.

Efficiency and Antenna Gain

An antennas efficiency is a measure of how much power is radiated by

the antenna relative to antenna input power. And antenna gain is the real
power radiated in a particular direction.

BEAMWIDTHS AND SIDELOBES

An antennas radiation pattern in the far field is often characterized by its

beam width and side lobe levels.
 33

IMPEDANCE

Antenna impedance is presented as the ratio of voltage to current at the

antennas terminals. Low and high frequency models are presented for
transmission lines.

BANDWIDTH

The bandwidth of an antenna is the frequency range over which the antenna
radiates.

POLARIZATION OF WAVES

All electromagnetic plane waves have an associated polarization. The antenna

concepts of linear, circular and elliptical polarization are presented.

POLARIZATION OF ANTENNAS

This is the fundamental concept that antennas are also classified by their
polarization defining that type of plane wave polarization to which the
antennas are most sensitive.

EFFECTIVE APERTURE

Effective aperture is a basic antenna concept that is a measure of the power

captured by an antenna from a plane wave. Effective aperture can be
expressed as a function of the antenna gain and the wavelength of
interest.

FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION

Friis Transmission Formula is the most fundamental equation of antenna theory.

This equation relates transmit power, antenna gain, distance and wavelength
to received power.

ANTENNA TEMPERATURE
 34

Antenna Temperature is a property of an antenna and the environment it

operates in .It is the measure of the noise received by the antenna due to
thermal effects.
Some of the fundamental antenna types are also introduced in it-
WIRE ANTENNAS
-Short Diploma Antenna
-Diploma Antenna
-Half-Wave Antenna
-Broadband Diplomas
-Monopole Antenna
-Loop Antenna
TRAVELLING WAVE ANTENNAS
-Helical Antennas
-Spiral Antennas
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
-Rectangular microstrip (patch) antennas
-Planar Inverted F- Antennas (PIFA)
REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
-Corner Reflector
-Parabolic Reflector
APERTURE ANTENNAS
-Slot Antenna
-Cavity - Backed Slot Antenna
-Inverted F-Antenna
-Horn Antenna
-Vivaldi Antenna
-Telescopes
LOG - PERIODIC ANTENNA
-Bow Tie Antennas
-Log- Periodic Antennas
OTHER ANTENNAS-
NFC Antennas

Now after knowing the basics, we can think of designing an antenna. So, to
design a simple antenna, we have to follow the below given steps
At first, we have to determine the desired frequency. This is needed as
because of determining the antennas length
 35

Then, Get a good conductor. For the example we can use a copper wire and
a piece of copper plating. Also we will need a co-axial cable (75 ohm is
better than 50 ohm, for Wi-Fi 50 ohm is better than 75 ohm).
Work out the length we need the wire to be. This is done by using the
frequency value from step 1 to find the wavelength of the signal. To do this
we simply need to divide the speed of light (c = 299 792 458 m/s) by the
frequency (f). In the case of 2.45GHz the wavelength is 12.236cm. Usually
monopole antennas are half-wavelength structures, so the length of the wire
should be 12.236/2 = 6.118cm.
Cut the wire a little bigger than we need, about 6 .5cm or so. This way we
can pare it back based on performance.
Form a "Ground-Plane. This is basically used to form a theoretical mirror
image of the antenna. Simply we can use the copper plate that we picked up
earlier. It should be at least half a wavelength square.
Drill a hole in the center of the plate just big enough for the co-axial cable to
fit through.
Pare the Co-ax cable to reveal its ground [outer conductor], which can be
pulled back to reveal the inside insulator.
Push the cable through so that the start of outer insulation is flush with the
hole . The ground conductor is now above the ground-plane. Fold the ground
conductor back and solder it to the copper ground plane.
Pare the inside insulation back to reveal the signal conductor.
Solder the copper wire to the signal conductor of the co-ax.

We should be sure about that the antenna is kept perpendicular to the

source of the radio signals as because the radiation pattern is null at the tip
of the wire. Wire should be also kept perpendicular to the ground plane. So, if
a question is asked that how is the antenna designed? We can answer it as;
it starts with a firm understanding. Then if we know about many of the
fundamentals begin to figure out which might work for the application. An
antenna design can range from virtually impossible to very situations and
constraints. Hence, there is no general formula or order to reliably design an
antenna.

-By Bhawna Kumari

IInd Year, EEE
 36

FAQS about CORONA EFFECT

Many of us have seen

this beautiful picture.
This is corona glow,
now we try to know,
what is corona (i.e.
corona effect), how it
occur and many more
about it.

In Electric-power
transmission
practically there is a
bulk transfer of
electrical energy,
from generating
stations situated many kilometers away from the main consumption centers or the
cities. For this reason the long distance transmission cables are of utmost necessity
for effective power transfer, which in-evidently results in huge losses across the
system. Minimizing those has been a major challenge for power engineers of late
and to do that one should have a clear understanding of the type and nature of
losses. One of them being the corona effect in power system, which has a
predominant role in reducing the efficiency of EHV (extra high voltage lines)
which we are going to concentrate on, in this article.

What is corona effect?

Electric transmission lines can generate a small amount of sound energy as a result
of corona. Corona is a phenomenon associated with all transmission lines. Under
certain conditions, the localized electric field near energized components and
conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or corona that causes the
 37

surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a slight localized change of electric

charge.

Utility companies try to reduce the amount of corona because in addition to the
low levels of noise that result, corona is a power loss, and in extreme cases, it can
damage system components over time. Corona occurs on all types of transmission
lines, but it becomes more noticeable at higher voltages (345 kV and higher).
Under fair weather conditions, the audible noise from corona is minor and rarely
noticed.

During wet and humid conditions, water drops collect on the conductors and
increase corona activity. Under these conditions, a crackling or humming sound
may be heard in the immediate vicinity of the line. Corona results in a power loss.
Power losses like corona result in operating inefficiencies and increase the cost of
service for all ratepayers; a major concern in transmission line design is the
reduction of losses.

Why it occurs?
When an alternating current is made to flow across two conductors of the
transmission line whose spacing is large compared to their diameters, then air
surrounding the conductors (composed of ions) is subjected to di-electric stress.

At low values of supply end voltage, nothing really occurs as the stress is too less
to ionize the air outside. But when the potential difference is made to increase
beyond some threshold value of around 30 kV known as the critical disruptive
voltage, then the field strength increases and then the air surrounding it experiences
stress high enough to be dissociated into ions making the atmosphere conducting.

This results in electric discharge around the conductors due to the flow of these
ions, giving rise to a faint luminescent glow, along with the hissing sound
accompanied by the liberation of ozone, which is readily identified due to its
characteristic odor. This phenomen of electrical discharge occurring in
transmission line for high values of voltage is known as the corona effect in power
system.

If the voltage across the lines is still increased the glow becomes more and more
intense along with hissing noise, inducing very high power loss into the system
 38

which must be accounted for. Corona discharge usually forms at highly curved
regions on electrodes, such as sharp corners, projecting points, edges of metal
surfaces, or small diameter wires. The high curvature causes a high potential
gradient at these locations, so that the air breaks down and forms plasma there first.
In order to suppress corona formation, terminals on high voltage equipment are
frequently designed with smooth large diameter rounded shapes like balls or
toruses, and corona rings are often added to insulators of high voltage transmission
lines.

How Corona Effect Occur:

In a power system transmission lines are used to carry the power. These
transmission lines are separated by certain spacing which is large in comparison to
their diameters.

In Extra High Voltage system (EHV system ) when potential difference is applied
across the power conductors in transmission lines then air medium present between
the phases of the power conductors acts as insulator medium however the air
surrounding the conductor subjects to electro static stresses. When the potential
increases still further then the atoms present around the conductor starts ionize.
Then the ions produced in this process repel with each other and attracts towards
the conductor at high velocity which intern produces other ions by collision.

The ionized air surrounding the conductor acts as a virtual conductor and increases
the effective diameter of the power conductor. Further increase in the potential
difference in the transmission lines then a faint luminous glow of violet color
appears together along with hissing noise. This phenomenon is called virtual
corona and followed by production of ozone gas which can be detected by the
odor.

Still further increase in the potential between the power conductors makes the
insulating medium present between the power conductors to start conducting and
reaches a voltage (Critical Breakdown Voltage) where the insulating air medium
acts as conducting medium results in breakdown of the insulating medium and
flash over is observed. All this above said phenomenon constitutes CORONA
EFFECT in electrical Transmission lines.
 39

Factors Affecting Corona Effect:

Corona Effect occurs because of ionization if the atmospheric air surrounding the
voltage conductors, so it is affected by the physical state of the atmosphere as well
as by the condition of the lines.

Conductor:
Corona Effect is considerably affected by the shape, size and surface conditions of
the conductor. It decreases with increases in the size (diameter) of the conductor,
this effect is less for the conductors having round conductors compared to flat
conductors and Corona Discharge Effect is concentrated on that places more where
the conductor surface is not smooth.

Line Voltage:
It is not present when the applied line voltages are less. When the Voltage of the
system increases (In EHV system) corona Effect will be more.

Atmosphere:
Breakdown voltage directly proportional to the density of the atmosphere present
in between the power conductors. In a stormy weather the ions present around the
conductor is higher than normal weather condition. So Corona Breakdown voltage
occurs at low voltages in the stormy weather condition compared to normal
conditions.

Spacing between the Conductors:

Electro static stresses are reduced with increase in the spacing between the
conductors. Corona Discharge Effect takes place at much higher voltage when the
distance between the power conductors increases.

Manish Kumar
3rd Year, EEE
 40

KNOW MORE ABOUT SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining two metals together by the use of a solder alloy
to form a reliable electrical path. This technique was first developed in ancient
Egypt. Soldering skills are needed to
assemble any electronic circuit. Faulty
solder joints may cause failure of major
equipment. It is therefore necessary to have
high standards of workmanship in
soldering.

Soldering iron: A soldering iron consists

of three main blocks: a resistance heating
unit, a heater block that acts as a heat
reservoir and a soldering tip (also known as a bit).Soldering iron comes in variety
of shapes and wattage. The wattage varies from 15w to 100w. The advantage of
using a high wattage iron is that heat can flow quickly into a joint and soldering
can be done rapidly. The temperature of the soldering bit depends upon the mains
input voltage. Some important points to be remember while using a soldering iron:

Clean the bit by wiping it with a wet sponge.

The surface of the bit should be constantly tinned to ensure proper heat
transfer and to prevent impurities from entering the soldering joints.
When the iron is not in use, keep it in a holder, with the bit clean and coated
with solder

Bit: Soldering iron bits are available in different diameters and shapes. These can
be changed depending on the types of work. Often bits are either brighter plate or
made from unplanted copper to prolong their life. The bit should be clean
periodically to prevent a layer of oxide from accumulating between the bit and the
heating element. A bright tin surface must be maintained at the working surface of
the bit. Proper uses and care of the soldering iron bit prolong the life of the bit and
prevent soldier joint failure as well.

Solder: Solder is an alloy of tin and lead in different proportion. It is usually

available in the form of wires of different sizes and grades. The grades of solder
refer to the percentage of tin to lead as 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60. The commonly
 41

used solder for hand soldering in electronic circuit assembly is 60/40 with non-
corrosive flux-cores.

Flux: Perfect solder joints can be accomplished only with properly cleaned
soldering surfaces. The flux present in multicore solders is the chemical used for
removing the oxide films deposited on the surface to be joined. The corrosive
action of flux at melting temperatures removes metal oxides very fast, which
prevents reformation of new oxides and allows the solder to form a rigid bond.
Flux helps molten solder flow more easily over the joint. Flux melts at a
temperature lower than the solder temperature. A variety of flux is available for
many purposes and applications. The most common types specified by rosin
content are no clean, rosin mildly activated, rosin activated and water soluble.

Key to good soldering: Cleaning of the surface, soldering at the right temperature
and for the right duration, and adequate solder coverage are the key factors
affecting the quality of solder joints. It is absolutely necessary to ensure that the
leads of components are free from grease, oxidation and other contamination. The
oxide layer repels molten solder. It is very difficult to solder old components or
tracks on the PCB because of the layer of oxidation that builds up on the surface of
the component leads. Even surfaces that look clean may have a thin, invisible film
of oxide on them. So for appropriate solder bonding, surfaces must be cleaned by
using flux.

It is important that the surfaces to be soldered together are brought to the same
temperature. When both are heated at a high temperature, solder flows evenly to
make a good mechanical and electrical joint.

The parts to be joined should be heated with a soldering bit for the right time
length. Excessive heating may damage the components or the printed circuit track.
The heating period depends on the size of the joint and the temperature of the
soldering bit. Semiconductor components such as diodes, transistors and ICs are
sensitive to heat and should not be overheated.

Soldering process: When the soldering iron bit is adequately hot, apply a little
solder on the flattened tip and wipe it off with a piece of damp cloth or sponge.
The solder will form a thin layer on the bit. This process is known as tinning the
bit. Heat up the joint with the bit and continue heating while applying solder. The
molten solder flows quickly from the bit onto both parts to be joined. It is
 42

important to use the right amount of solder. Remove the iron and allow the joint to
cool. During the cooling period, if the joint is disturbed, it may become dry and
create serious problems in the working of the circuit. Sometimes it becomes very
difficult to trace out this defect.

After the soldering process is complete, remove the residual flux from the PCB.
Clean it by dissolving it in a solvent and wiping the area dry with a tissue paper.
The complete assembly should be totally free from flux and residual cleaning
agents. The cleaning method and solvent solution used should not have any
adverse effect on the components and the connection.

Re-Soldering and De-soldering: Try to prevent re-soldering of joints as much as

possible. A dry or disturbed solder joint usually requires reheating and reflow of
solder by applying a suitable quantity of flux. De-soldering is required when
components in the circuit need to be removed or replaced. To remove a damaged
or defective component, either a de-soldering pump or a de-solder braid can be
used.

(Courtesy- Electronics for you

 43

Earthing-Terms and Methods

Earthing should be a top priority of safety for both the engineer designing it and
the consumers using it. The main reason of this is to prevent or minimize the risk
of shock to human beings and livestock. Earthing provides a low resistance path
for earth leakage currents lack of which can lead to fatal injury to any person
touching the metal part.Earthing the electrical equipment needs electrode
resistance is reasonably low to activate the safety devices like earth circuit leakage
breaker, fuses to open the faulty circuit, and thereby protect men and material.

System earthing
Earhing associated with current-carrying conductors is normally essentially to the
security and is generally known as system earthing. It is done at generating stations
and substations.
Purpose:
Maintain ground as zero reference potential, thereby ensuring that the voltage on
each live conductor is restricted to such a value with respect to the potential of
general mass of the earth as is consistent with the level of insulation applied.
Protect the system when any fault occurs against which earthing is designed to give
protection, by making the protective gear to operate and make the faulty portion of
plant harmless.

Equipment earthing
This is a permanent and continuous bonding together (i.e. connecting together) of
all non-current carrying metal parts of the electrical equipment to the system
earthing electrode. Provided to ensure that the exposed metallic parts in installation
do not become dangerous by attaining a high touch potential under conditions of
faults. It should also carry the earth fault currents, till clearance by protective
devices, without creating a fire hazard.

Special requirement earthing

Static earthing is provided to prevent building up of static charges, by
connections to earth at appropriate locations. Example: Theatres and Hospitals

Multiple earthed neutral system

A system of eathing in which the parts of installation specified to be earthed are
connected to the general mass of earth, and in addition are connected within the
installation to the neutral conductor of the supply system.

Bikash Sah, 4th year EEE

44
45
46
47
 48

PERSONAL INTERVIEW
The Purpose:
Interviewing provides you with an opportunity to explain, in your own world, the
way in which your experience, knowledge, skills and aspiration combine to make
you a desirable candidate for the organization. Additionally, the interview setting
allows you to demonstrate your interpersonal skills, professionalism and personal
style. While most people claim (in resumes, profile sheet, and cover letters) to
possess interpersonal or communication skills, interviews provide you with an
opportunity to actually demonstrate such skills. Another benefit of interviewing is
the depth research you can perform on an organization as you prepare for and
participate in different interviews.
While there are many types of interview, it is safe to say that the general
purpose of an interview is to:

1. Get to know you on a personal level

2. Learn more about your qualification/ achievement
3. Allow for the gathering of information relevant to organizational needs
 49

The preparation:
Preparation is key to a successful interview
1. Find out all you can about the b-school that you are aiming at before you go
to an interview
2. Practice your answers to common question like:
Tell me about yourself
Where do you see yourself five years from now?
Describe a major goal youve set for yourself recently
What are your strengths?
We all have weaknesses. What are some of your major weakness?
Why engineering?
Why should we be considering you?
How do you spend your free time?
Tell me something about yourself that I didnt know from your resume/
profile sheet
3. Make a list of question to ask too. Almost all interviewers will ask if you
have question. This is a great opportunity for you to show that you have
done your homework and have put some thought into your questions.
Preparation will give you the confidence you need to perform well during
your interviews.
During the interview:
1. Make sure you are well groomed
Grooming For Men:
Wear shirts and trouser
It is important to button up your shirt till the collar button
Wear socks and shoes & wear clean socks to avoid bad odor
Shoes must be polished everyday
Accessories
o Not many rings, two rings- at most
o No earing &chain should be out of sight
Functional wrist watch & good pen in pocket
Grooming for women:
Wear Salwaar Kameez or formal shirts/trouser
Wear a pair with smaller heels or a flat pair. Prefer a black/brown pair
Be sure your shoes are polished and that tour heels are intact
Carry a bag for your belonging
Accessories
Earring: wear small rings
 50

Do not wear hoops or dangling earring

Bracelets/bangles: you may wear either a bracelet or a bangle
Avoid chunky bracelets or too many bangles
Rings: keep them simple and not chunky
Chains: you may wear thin chains with small lockets
2. Make a great impression:
The interviews is your chance to show that you are the best person for
the job
The employer will be looking and listening to determine if you are a
good fit
To make the best impression, sell your strength;
o arrive early, by about 10-15 minutes
o be enthusiastic
o shake hands firmly
o be an active listener
o sit up straight and maintain eye contact
o dont lean on the table, and dont slouch
o dont argue but can present you point
Dont forget to say thank you to the interviewers

3. End of the interview

Thank everyone
For a few step from your seat dont show your back
Dont rush. But move out with dignity
Shut the door gently when you leave

Guidelines to be well prepared for GD:

Expand your horizon of knowledge

Be optimistic have a friendly but optimistic attitude
Stay focused and put in efforts to improve your GDPI related skills
Practice with your friend/family
Respect others view

Ankit Kumar Garg

3rd Year, EEE
 51

CARRIER IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The very common trait among students completing their higher secondary
and thinking of choosing an Engineering subject for further higher studies think
that Electrical engineering is a kind of advanced work that of an electrician, who
comes to home to repair our electric fans and lights. But in reality its entirely
different from that and you will be learning whole lot of Electrical engineering
techniques and related stuff in the course.

During first year of engineering, EE students learn about common

engineering courses like Engineering mathematics, Physics, Engineering Drawing
and fundamentals of computing. From second year they will start learning about
Thermodynamics, introductory electronics, signal processing and instrumentation,
signals, systems and electric networks, microelectronics, control systems,
communication systems, power systems, electromagnetic systems, electrical
machines, and power generation techniques. By the end of final year students can
be well equipped with the understanding of working and application of electric
systems and engineering.

There are equally good opportunities for jobs in electrical engineering

industry and higher education. There is lot of multidisciplinary research for
developing electric vehicles with great funding and scope all over there world. On
the same time good opportunities back home in industry.

Major core companies of EE of private sectors are, ABB, Bajaj International

Private Ltd., Crompton Greaves Limited (CGL), Siemens Ltd., Reliance power
Ltd., Schneider Electric and Wipro Lighting are name to few. Besides this we have
enormous PSUs offering great scope for an Electrical Engineer to start his/her
career, which are namely as NHPC, NTPC, NPCIL, NEEPCO, THDC, DVC,
Delhi Metro Corporation, PGCIL, ASEB, BHEL, BPCL, HPCL, ONGC, NALCO,
IOCL, GAIL, etc. An engineering fresher generally starts the career with the role
of GET which commonly involves one year grace period in which the firm expects
him/her to get well acquainted with the operations and working. With performance
evaluation and on fulfillment of experience criterias one gets promoted to the tier
of AM (Asst. Manager), DM (Deputy Manager), GM (General Manager)
subsequently in various works of under different heads.

Most electrical engineers work in a multi-disciplinary project team, which is

likely to include engineers from other specialist areas as well as architects,
 52

marketing and sales staff, manufacturers, technicians and customer service

personnel. They may also work with representatives from client organizations.

Depending on the employer, the electrical engineer may be involved at every

stage of design and development or may just be involved at one particular stage.
The nature of the role varies according to industry or sector, but the range of
activities common to many posts is likely to include:

Identifying customer requirements;

Designing systems and products;
Reading design specifications and technical drawings;
Researching suitable solutions and estimating costs and timescales;
Making models and prototypes of products using three-dimensional design
software;
Working to British (BS), European (EN) and other standards;
Liaising with others in the design team;
Liaising with clients and contractors;
Attending meetings on site;
Designing and conducting tests;
Recording, analyzing and interpreting test data;
Proposing modifications and retesting products;
Qualifying the final product or system;
Servicing and maintaining equipment;
Preparing product documentation, writing reports and giving presentations;
Monitoring a product in use to improve on future design.

A degree in electrical engineering can allow you to pursue a job in almost any
industry you can think of. After all, nearly everyone uses electricity and electrical
devices, so industries demand skilled professionals to build, repair, and improve
these devices. Electrical engineers work in businesses such as:

1. Scientific research and development firms.

2. Electrical component manufacturing companies.
3. Power generation, distribution, and transmission.
4. Manufacturers of navigation controls, medical equipment, and measurement
devices
5. Architectural firms
 53

although these industries employ the most engineers, they may not be right for
everyone. Electrical engineering majors many options, more than enough for any
student to find a job in a field they love.

The following job titles represent only a handful of the choices available:

1. Research Engineer: These engineers work in the lab, testing and inventing.
This job requires a high level of creativity on the part of the engineer, as
well as a great deal of patience. Whether inventing a new optoelectronic
device or simply designing a better electric can opener, research engineers
are responsible for the discovery stage technology behind any new electronic
product.
2. Design Engineer: Once a new technology is invented, it must be applied.
The design engineer uses computer simulations and models in order to turn
innovations like wireless technology into plans for the tiny parts that make
up an actual cell phone. Design engineers must visualize how the insides of
a future product could look, while inventing several possible scenarios for
the applications of new technologies.
3. Project Engineer: The project engineer oversees many specialist engineers
through the construction of a working prototype of a new product or
technology. The project engineer must have natural leadership ability, as
well as a high proficiency in a variety of electrical engineering disciplines.
4. Test Engineer: These engineers design programs to test the functions of
electronic device and to troubleshoot those devices when things go wrong
these engineers keep technology working properly, and understand which
elements to test and in what order. Successful test engineers remain sharp,
even after long hours on the job.
5. System Engineer: Power grids, phone lines, and wireless networks all
require the skills of a system engineer for proper installation and
maintenance. High attention to detail is important for students who enter this
profession. Experienced system engineers rely on their ability to think
holistically about the systems they create.
6. Application Engineer: Application engineers work with whatever resources
are available, adapting existing equipment and technologies to fill the needs
of their employers. They need to be resourceful, while counting on their
keen understanding of the capabilities and the potential modifications of
existing equipment.
 54

Salary Expectations for Electrical Engineers

According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, starting

offers for students graduating with a Bachelor's degree in electrical
engineering in 2011 averaged around Rs. 3.5 Lacs p.a. Those graduating
with a Master's were offered about Rs. 4.0 lacs p.a. to start, and PhD
graduates began at around Rs. 6.0 p.a.

Electrical engineering is the largest segment of the engineering population,

with 292,000 professionals employed in the PSUs of India in 2010 alone.
The number of jobs available for electrical engineers in has been predicted
to increase by nearly 30% in the ten years between 2013 and 2014 because
of various upcoming projects. During the same period of time, abroad
expects a 46% increase in electrical engineering jobs.

Mr. Brajgopal Datta

Visiting Faculty
Dept. of Electrical and electronics Engg.
NIT AP
 55

BEING IN THE FIRST BATCH OF NIT ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Yupia was selected as the temporary site of NIT Arunachal Pradesh. I remember
my first day here. August 16, 2010 was the reporting day for us. As the institute
was completely new for everyone no one knew about the exact location of the
institute and hostels, after so many searchings I reached the hostel with my
parents. But to my surprise, no one was there in the hostel, I was sure that I had
been cheated, in those 2-3 minutes I remembered all the advertisements that
warned students about fake colleges and admissions. I started calculating all the
time and money that I would be wasting. But thank God!!!Dr. J P Sarkar Sir, our
coordinator from Durgapur was in boys hostel-guiding the boys who came before
me.

The formal governor of Arunachal Pradesh, Gen J. J. Singh inaugurated the

institute on 17 august 2010.In first semester faculties from Durgapur used to come
and teach us. At a time two faculties used to visit and before leaving they took the
class tests for the subjects they taught. In this way we interacted with large number
of faculties from Durgapur.

Practicals were done in NERIST. Apart from institute bus, special vehicles used to
be booked for practicals. I could remember the first day of the practical at
NERIST-we got a grand party at NERIST VIP guest house that was special packed
food on the practical days.

I could remember my first birthday in Yupia. I got the institute bus for my birthday
celebration. All the seventeen girls of our batch enjoyed the party in Malabar only
because we got the bus to go to Naharlagun. Today in the same bus I am not
allowed to travel because driver calls this as staff bus and I am a student.

But the real journey started with the second semester. Teachers from Durgapur
stopped coming. We were having classes only on weekends when faculties of
NERIST were free. For the whole week we were not having any classes.

Second semester also included water problem. Water was scarce as it was supplied
by Tata Mobile in Syntax and it did not come for a complete week in girls hostel.
The trouble faced was ultimate. We used to carry full buckets from academic
 56

blocks. We learnt to collect rainwater. I can recollect the memories of silly fights
amongst us for collecting water.

In Yupia hostels we were living alone without any teacher and warden. We were
having only Mai Bhaiya to share our problem. We used to call him for water,
teacher-he used to bring faculties from NERIST. He was our only helper.

Library wasnt there for us. We gave many subjects exams without books. No one
was there to guide us-neither our teacher nor any senior.

Today the institute has got its own director, Dr. C.T. Bhunia. Under his guidance
there are uncountable improvements in the institute. Today there is no problem of
teachers. Every department has a number of teachers, well-equipped laboratories
and a number of lab assistants. No water problem is there-even if supply water is
not there, we get water in Syntax. Library is full of books-with more than 5 books
per subject.

As the witness of the rapid growth of the institute, I sometimes feel sad that we
faced problems and stayed here when there was nothing, but today when the
institute is improving its the time for us to leave the institute. Before admission I
felt proud to be the first batch but these government policies did not allow us to
avail the facilities that we deserved. Without teachers and infrastructures, students
are admitted to the institute. A random building was selected in Yupia-which is
situated far from city. There were no transportation facilities. We were compelled
to take lifts while going to Naharlagun.

But in spite of many problems and difficulties I enjoyed my stay in Yupia with my
friends and classmates. These memories will always make me happy. Though there
is no advantage of being in first batch-still I am proud to be its first batch. Hope
this institute reaches to the top colleges of India and I could proudly introduce
myself as the first batch of this institute.

Nupur
4th Year, EEE
 57

POSITIVITY OF EXAMS

Examination brings you to a momentous period in your life when you can show
your progress as a mature person capable of handling the task that is going to be
deciding factor of your future career. Ignore the popular notion that exams are
drudgery. One cant learn something if it is unpleasant. You may like the subject
but it is necessary for you to love the learning process.

Most students get jittery when they watch their classmate studying. Preparation
and learning may be different for different people. It depends on ones mental
capacity, Comparison kills Confidence.

Exam you are going to take up are a test for endurance, self-confidence and grit. If
you cannot face these exams how will you face the obstacles that come your way
letter in life.

Stress is a mental block that itself springs from within. Be methodical and plan
well. Finish the days agenda well in time.

Take care of your health Eat well Sleep well and remember to take a break to
relive the monotony of study.

Mr. Tarak Takang

3rd Year, EEE
 58

ATULYAM13

GLITZ, GLAMOUR, CREATIVITY, WIT, SKILL

These are perfect ingredient for an extravaganza to be remembered.

ATTITUDE SPELLS ACHIEVEMENT-- These words surely go with the

idea behind organizing Atulyam as it is attitude of students of NIT AP that has
made this festival a grand success in this 1st version. Atulyam, the Inter College
annual cultural festival of NIT AP was held in the premises of NIT AP during 3 rd -
4th Oct 2013 with theme Stravaganza Infinite. This 1st version of Atulyam was
inaugurated by Dr.(Prof.) C. T. Bhunia, Director NIT AP in the august presence of
Dr. Sujit Kr. Dutta, Chairman Team Atulyam, Prof. P. D. Kashyap, Dean
Academics. The fest included events namely Rodies, Voice of NIT, Eat 2 Beat,
CID, Sports Event, Dance, Sur-e-azam, laughter express, literatureand many
more.

The event took off to a rhythmic start with the traditional dance performed the
local girls and students of NIT AP. The next event was music maestro, Antakshri
which saw the amazing participation. Various teams competed with each other in a
melodious manner by striking the right tunes and nodes. The competition was
brought to rest by a scintillating and vibrant performance by various groups.
Various dance performance and songs were given by the students.

We wont doing justice here, if we do not mention about the most glamorous and
talk about event CAPRICIOUS, the night show. The show depicted the true
essence of music. It was the live concert by Mr. Amit Sana, the most genuine voice
runner up 1st Indian Idol. It was indeed a brave and bold effort on the part of team
ATULYAM, for having added more colors to the large canvas of this festival, that
made it grand extravagant and worthwhile.

The one week festival came to an end with the most awaiting event Mr. and Ms.
ATULYAM fashion show.Hence the programe was of great success and brought
out the best in students. Atulyam was organized by Mr. Ankit Kr. Garg, convener,
Mr. Chandra Mohan rai, Coordinator, Mr. Tarak takang, Event Manager under the
guidance of Dr. S.K.Dutta, Chaiman Atulyam, Prof. Abhishek Kumar , Prof.
Subhashish Banarjee, Mr. Gomar bam, Prof. Shantnu Maity, Dr. K.R.Singh.
59
 60

Addovedi13
During may this year, in the portals of our institution, the staff and students put
their heads together to come up with a vent for their creative outbursts.
Addovedi13 took shape in its maiden year as a technical festival. The college took
the promise of handing the torch down every year with a commitment to the
highest levels of quality in the event.

Addovedi launched itself with a host of 17 events spanning across 6 genres,

addovedi 13 presented an opportunity to innovate. Innovate with creativity.
Innovate for the betterment of life. Innovate for the countrys progress and
development. And while innovation is not separate from technology, thus lays the
need to know technology, use technology and celebrate technology. Addovedi 13
gave the call to celebrate technology, to celebrate talent, to celebrate innovation.
There were almost 42 volunteers working in tandem to make this event a grand
success.

The events which addovedi13 offered included robotics, general events,

management events, presentation events, events pertaining to the areas of
electrical, electronics and computer science, software events and modeling events.

IEEE Student Chapter

The Student Chapter of NIT Arunachal Pradesh was set-up in our institute for the
need of research and development. This chapter promotes research in the field of
Engineering and let students aware of various advancement in Engineering and
Technology. Faculty in-charge for this Chapter is Mr. Subhasish Banerjee. There
are 28 students members and almost all the faculty are registered members of
IEEE. This chapter organizes monthly meeting of members and various events to
ignite students and promote the concern and the need of research in our institute
for the development of Nation and the serve the whole world with its advanced
engineering works keeping ethics and values in mind.
 61

Spoken Tutorial Project

Spoken Tutorial Project- an initiative of IIT Bombay and one of the Talk to a
Teacher projects supported by NMEICT, MHRD was undertaken in the month of
March, 2013 by this institute. The mission of this project is to make India an IT
literate country. We have a setup of RESOURCE(R obust E xtensions for S poken
T utorial project on O pen S ource S oftware U sage for R ecruitment, C ommunity
and E ducation) center for promoting this project. We are rolling out workshops all
over Arunachal in various colleges and schools. Bikash Sah, a student from the
NIT Arunachal Pradesh is the Promoter for this Project in Arunachal Pradesh.
Faculty in-charges for the RC are Dr. K.R. Singh and Mr Anish Kr. Saha.
Presently Ms. Reshmi Pillai, Training Coordinator, North East India for Spoken
Tutorial Project is assisting and guiding from IIT Bombay to take steps in making
this project a success.
 62

Project Roshni
Roshni an initiative by Atulyam is a social activity for integrated and
comprehensive social development for the deprived people of the Arunachal
Pradesh. It helps the local people of Arunachal Pradesh by various social activities,
especially in education development and awareness. It is running by the students
themselves, and both students and teachers through their combined participation
in community service, get a sense of involvement in the tasks of nation building.

ROSHNI with focussing on empowerment of women has taken essential steps for
the female society. ROSHNI has collaboration with State Women Commission and
OJU Welfare Association. To attain its objective, the students of NIT are imparting
and extending various welfare activities for orphans, needy and destitute women
and children, to serve the oppressed humanity, irrespective of cast creed and
community.
 63

National Science Congress

 64

SILICA-GEL BREATHER
Did you know, a transformer also breaths??
Might sound weird but yes, indeed a transformer
breaths!!! Well lets find out how?

BREATHING PROCESS OF TRANSFORMER:

Breathing is a process where in a transformer sucks,

in or pushes out the air from its body. When
transformer is loaded or unloaded, the oil
temperature inside the transformer tank rises or falls.
Accordingly, the air, which is being sucked in,
contains either foreign impurities and/or humidity,
which changes dielectric strength of oil. For proper
working of transformer, it is absolutely necessary that dielectric strength of
transformer oil remains unimpaired. Hence, it is necessary that, the air entering
into the transformer is free from moisture and foreign impurities

OPERATION AND WORKING:

The breather is connected to an outlet pipe of the conservator vessel and the air,
which is being sucked by transformer, is made to pass through the silica gel
breather to dehumidify the air to remove foreign impurities.
The silica gel, which is filled in the breather, is hard blue crystals, which has
considerable absorption power for moisture. When, it gets saturated with moisture,
it changes its color to pinkish white. For proper dehumidification of air, it is
absolutely necessary that this change of silica gel is reconditioned from pinkish
white to deep blue by heating it to a temperature up to 200 oc.
The air, which is passed through gel is first made to pass through the oil
compartment of the breather. This oil removes all foreign impurities from air
which enters the gel compartment. Hence, oil sealed type silica gel breather will
keep the oil properties constant, thereby ensuring proper working and hence longer
life of the transformer.
Above is a picture of a silica gel breather.
So next time when you see a transformer, dont forget to take note of the
breather

Santosh Shukla
Fourth Year, EEE
 65

Legend of NIT
Face to face to Dr. Paranamik

1. How is your teaching experience being with the students of NIT AP?
Very Nice and wonderful
2. What made you enter into the field of teaching?
Teaching is a novel profession.
3. In your opinion what are the responsibilities of a teacher?
A teacher can transmit their passion for the subject onto their students in an
interesting, clear and concise manner. They should identify students weaknesses
& should plan to provide constructive & accurate advice. Adjustment of teaching
style to meet individual needs of students.

4. Doers the environment suites for an engineering student? What is your

opinion?
Why not!! We have to proceed through the environment to have the
beautiful society.

5. Please give us some tips to increase efficiency while studying.

(i) Learn to prioritize
(ii) Stay organized
(iii) Dont procrastinate
(iv) Become a better note taker
(v) Make very second count.

6. Any message that you would like to give for NITans

I wish all the students of NITAP to have a beautiful goal of grate success.
 66

WHY AND HOW SAVE ELECTRICAL ENERGY

1. ENERGY SCANERIO
GLOBALLY
- 87% Of total energy comes from burning the fossil fuels(coal, oil, natural
gas)
- Approximately 6% of total energy comes from nuclear
- Remaining of total energy comes from renewable sources (wind, solar,
hydro)

IN INDIA

FUEL MW %age
Coal 132288.39 58.59
Gas 20359.85 9.02
Oil 1199.75 0.53
Total thermal 153847.99 68.14
Hydro 39623.40 17.55
Nuclear 4780 2.12
Renewable energy sources 27541.71 12.20
Total 225793.10 100

There are limited fuels globally, it has been projected that:-

Natural Uranium fuel is expected to last for 50 years.

Oil fuel is expected to last for 100 years
Natural gas fuel is expected to last for 150 years
Coal fuel is expected to last for 200 years

From the above scenario, it may be predicted that there wont be the availability of
raw materials for the production of electrical energy at the end of 21st century.
Therefore, we have a responsibility that we need to make a better place to living
for generations to come. This can be achieved by:-
 67

Efficient use of electrical energy

Improvement in the conversion techniques of energy
Producing the electrical energy using renewable sources

2. From the below figure, we come to know that to get 1KW of useful energy
we need 6 KW of fuel energy .Hence, every KW of loss saved in the process
drive, 6KW of fuel energy gets saved on the front end.

USEFUL 15-20KW USEFUL

ENERGY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION 15-20KW TRANSMISSION

& DISTRIBUTION LOSS
&DISTRIBUTION

65KW LOSS AT THE

GENERATION TURBINE END

100 KW OF FUEL ENERGY

3. Six decades after independence, Indias villages are groping in the dark
literally.
4. One third rural areas have no electricity.
5. In Bihar-25%, in Jharkhand-43%, in Orissa-45% and in UP-38% areas in
electrical darkness.

So, It is our moral responsibility to save electricity and to electrify the whole
country.

HOW WE CAN SAVE ELECTRICAL ENERGY

 68

1. Lighting

Turnoff the light when not in use

Take advantage of daylight by using light-coloured, loose-weave curtains on
our windows to allows day light to penetrates the room
Use task lighting instead of brightly lighting an entire room focus the light
where we need it.
Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy efficient then
incandescent bulbs and provide the same lighting
2. Fans

Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans

Install exhaust fan at a higher elevation then ceiling fans
3. Electric Iron

Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cut off

Use appropriate regulator position for ironing
Do not put more water on clothes while ironing
4. Mixers
Avoid dry grinding in our food processors(mixers and grinders) as it takes
longer time then liquid grinding
5. Microwave Ovens
Do not bake large food items
Do not open the oven door too often to check food condition as each
opening leads to a temperature drop of 25c
6. Electric Stove
Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time
Use flate-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil.
Computers
Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computers that
runs 24 hours a day, for instances, uses more power than an energy
efficient refrigerator.
If your computer must left on, turn of the monitor this device alone uses
more than half the system energy.
Setting computer, monitor, and copier to use sleep mode when not in use
helps cut energy cost by approximately 40%.
 69

Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras
draw power
Whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and
save energy.
7. Refrigerator
Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold.
Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently
Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge, leave the fridge
door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape.
8. Washing Machine
Use optimal quantity of water
Use timer facility to save energy
Use the correct amount of detergent
Use hot water only for very dirty clothes
Always use cold water in the rinse cycle
Prefer natural drying over electric dryers
9. Air Conditioners
Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off
Keep regulators at low cool position
Seal the doors and windows properly

CONCLUSION
Benefits of saving electrical energy:-

Save money
Increase the life time of electrical equipment
Save the raw materials

Fahad Alam
3rd Year, EEE
 70

Arunachal Pradesh, at a glance

Are you a nature loving person?? If yes then, Arunachal Pradesh is paradise for
you. Picturesque mountains, unexplored passes, tranquil lakes, famous
monasteries, huge variety of wildlife and flora are main highlights of this beautiful
state. Arunachal Pradesh is located in the north eastern end of India and shares
International border with Peoples Republic China (PRC) in the north, Bhutan in
the west and Myanmar in the east.

The largest state in the North-East region of India, Arunachal Pradesh is also the
abode of the mighty Himalayas. Literally, the name means land of the rising sun
and called as the orchid state of India.

Most of Arunachal Pradesh is thickly forested, and surging rivers merge with each
other to become part of the 1,800 mile (2,900 km) long Brahmaputra, one of the
biggest rivers in the world. Arunachal Pradesh has rich tradition and culture and it
includes ancient lifestyles of 26 tribes and 110 sub tribes. Stunning beauty o
Himalaya is an additional captivation of Arunachal Pradesh.
 71

Arunachal Pradesh is the happy home of the great Indian Hornbills-the set
extraordinary bird with an inordinately large beak which is also the State bird. The
white winged wood duck, a rare endangered species, has been sheltered in
Namdapha National Park. State animal is Mithun. The 'Mithun' (Bos Frontails)
exist both in wild and semi-domesticated form. This animal has religious
significance and intimate relation with socio-cultural life of the people.
Traditionally, the Mithun is a unit of wealth and is allowed to move freely in
jungle till it is either used for food on festive occasions and marriage feasts, or for
barter.

Hunting being one of the traditional practices of the indigenous people, wildlife is
not easily sighted outside of the National Parks. Even then, the state has the highest
diversity of mammals in the country. The forest cover is quite thick in places and
orchids grow abundantly all over the trees.

Weather:
It is the state of heaviest rainfall due to Himalayan. Monsoon is between the
months of May and September. November and December are usually devoid of
any rainfall.

Nearest Railway Station to Arunachal Pradesh: Arunachal Pradesh

doesnt have any railway station. A new railway link is being developed here and
will be functioning by the late 2013. Harmuti Railway Station (Assam) is the
nearest railway station to Itanagar with a distance of 35 km.

Nearest Airport to Arunachal Pradesh: Lilabari Airport (Assam) is the

nearest one to Itanagar and located at a distance of 70 km from here.

Activities to do in Arunachal Pradesh: Sightseeing, Explore History and

Tribal Culture, Religious, watch Wildlife, adventure like Rafting and Mountain
climbing.

Some popular tourist sites are Tawang, Bomdila, Itanagar, Anini, Ziro, Along,
Namdapha, Changlang, Roing, Yingkiong etc.

-Editorial
 72

Scilab

The story of Scilab begins when it was developed by researchers form INRIA and
ENPC in 1990.That time it was called as lab (psilab). The Scilab consortium was
formed in May 2003 to broaden contributions and promote Scilab as world-wide
reference software in academia and industry. In June 2010, the consortium
announced the creation of Scilab Enterprise. Since July 2012, Scilab is developed
and published by Scilab enterprise.
It is a freely distributed open source scientific package/software. In open source
software we have freedom to change or modify source code. It is funded by Scilab
enterprise. Due to the open source nature of the software, some user contributions
have been integrated in the main program. In our country it is characterized as
FOSS (free and open source software) under spoken tutorial project, IIT, Bombay.
It is consisting of three main components: -
As interpreter
Libraries of function (Scilab procedures)
Libraries of Fotran and C routines.

Scilab is a high-level, numerically oriented programing language. The language

provides an interpreted programming environment, with matrices as the main data
type. By using matrix based computation, dynamic typing, and automatic memory
management, many numerical problems may be expressed in a reduced number of
code lines as compared to C, C++ etc. Therefore it allows users to rapidly construct
models of mathematical problems.
As the syntax of Scilab is similar to MATLAB, it includes a source code translator
for assisting the conversion of code from MATLAB to Scilab.
Scilab as a platform: It has ability to interconnect with third-party technologies and
applications, Scilab can act as a unique platform to bring together codes written in
different programing language in a single, unified language, thus facilitating their
distribution, their back-up and use.
Application of Scilab: It is software for numerical computation providing a
powerful computing environment for engineering and scientific applications. It
includes hundreds of mathematical functions; it has a high level programming
 73

language allowing access to advanced data structures, 2D and 3D graphical

functions. A large number of functionalities are included in Scilab.
 74

Maths & simulation: For usual engineering and science applications including
mathematical operations and data analysis. Also it can be used as scientific
calculator.
2D & 3D visualization: Graphics function to visualize, add notes and export data.
There are many ways to create and customize various types of plots and charts.
Application development: Increase Scilab native functionalities and manage data
exchange with external tools. Hence, has good platform for application
development.
Some commands:
Scilab can also works as stopwatch.
tic: to start stopwatch.
toc: to stop stopwatch.
Scilab can be used to convert value form one unit to other. Example:
function [degrees]=radians2degrees(radians)
degrees=radians*(180/%pi)
endfunction
and much more.
You can download latest version of this software from www.scilab.org and can
learn it, implement it and can develop applications.

Kanchan Bharati (2nd Year)

Nanhi Kiran (2nd Year)
 75

Q&A
Q1. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the other pins?

Ans:- It depends upon R=L/A where area (A) is inversely proportional to resistance (R), so if
area (A) increases, R decreases & if R is less the leakage current will take low resistance path so
the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer because the First to make the connection and last to
disconnect should be earth Pin. This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical
instrument.

Q2. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?

Ans: - MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit
protection in small current rating circuit. Normally it is used where normal current is less than
100A.

MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic
operation for instant trip in short circuit condition. Under voltage and under frequency may be
inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.

Q3. Which is more dangerous AC or DC?

Ans:- Low frequency (50 60 Hz) AC currents can be more dangerous than similar levels of DC
current since the alternating fluctuations can cause the heart to lose coordination, inducing
ventricular fibrillation, which then rapidly leads to death.

Q4. What is the difference between earthing and neutral?

Ans: - Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that
provides a low impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on
equipment (the terms "ground" (North American practice) and "earth" (most other English-
speaking countries) are used synonymously here). Under normal conditions, a grounding
conductor does not carry current.

Neutral is a circuit conductor that carries current in normal operation, which is connected to
ground (or earth).

Q5. How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

Ans: - A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit.
When supply is provided, the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden
change of supply the chock will generate around 1000volts. This volt will capable of to break the
electrons inside the tube to make electron flow. Once the current passes through the tube the
starter circuit will be out of part. Now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage
normalized and act as minimize the current.
 76

Q6. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor?

Ans: - LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded, whereas surge arrestor
installed inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect
of surge.

Q7. What is the count of HVDC transmission lines in India?

Ans: - At present there are three HVDC transmission lines in India

(i) Chandrapur to Padghe(mumbai)--(1500 MW at 500 kV DC)

(ii) Rehand to Delhi (1500 MW at 500 kV DC)
(iii) Talchal to Kolar (2500 MW)
Q8. What is rotary phase converter?

Ans: - Rotary phase converter converts single phase power into true balanced 3 phase power, so
it is often called as single phase to three phase converter .Often the advantages of 3 phase
motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so
that small and large consumers need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service but
may still wish to use 3 phase equipment.

Q9. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Ans: - Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance. In case of DC supply there is
no inductance, only resistance will act in the electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow
through primary side of the transformer. So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.

Q10. Why should be the frequency 50 Hz or 60Hz only why not others like 45, 95 56 or
anything?

Ans: - We can have the frequency at any frequency we like, but then we must also make our
own motors, high voltage transformers or any other equipment we want to use. We maintain the
frequency at 50 Hz or 60 Hz because the world maintains a standard at 50 /60 Hz and the
equipments are made to operate at these frequency.

Q11. What is inrush current?

Ans: - Inrush current is the current drawn by a piece of electrically operated equipment when
power is first applied. It can occur with AC or DC powered equipment, and can happen even
with low supply voltages.

Aman Parasar
Fourth Year, EEE
 77

FEEDBACK FORM
VIDYUT SANCHAR
To be filled by Reader
(Submit to the chef Adviser or mail us at
[email protected])

Name : .

Institute/Company Name : .

Mob. Number: E-Mail: .

City: .. State: .

Status: Student Assistant/ Clerk Faculty Head Others

Very
Poor (1) Average (2) Good (3) Good (4) Excellent (5)
Overall Verdict
Book Structure
Content Selection
Quality of articles
Article Length
Graphics
I learnt something useful
Im glad to receive

What did you like about the Magazine?

..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

What do you think could be improved?

..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

Outline 3 things that you will take with you/have learnt in this book
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................

Do you have any suggestions for next edition? (If so, please give details and if you would like to be
contacted about this idea please include your email address)
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
 78

Brajgopal Datta (Faculty)

Abhishek Yadav
Aman Parasar
Ankur Katiyar
Bhavna Kumari
Fahad Alam
Himesh Kumar
Kanchan Bharati
Krishna Kumar
Manish Kumar
Nanhi Kiran
Nganga gumsar sorum
Nupur
Papum oni gogoi
Prince Kumar
Sandip Kumar
Vivek Hanumate
79